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<span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-hCG_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#hCG_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>hCG forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-hCG_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Testing</span> </div> </a> <button 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id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations_with_pathologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations_with_pathologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Associations with pathologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations_with_pathologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tumor_marker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tumor_marker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tumor marker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tumor_marker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Fertility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_in_Males" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_Males"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Use in Males</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_Males-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HCG_Pubergen,_Pregnyl_warnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HCG_Pubergen,_Pregnyl_warnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>HCG Pubergen, Pregnyl warnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HCG_Pubergen,_Pregnyl_warnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anabolic_steroid_adjunct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anabolic_steroid_adjunct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Anabolic steroid adjunct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anabolic_steroid_adjunct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HCG_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HCG_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>HCG diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HCG_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homeopathic_HCG_for_weight_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeopathic_HCG_for_weight_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Homeopathic HCG for weight control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeopathic_HCG_for_weight_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tetanus_vaccine_conspiracy_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetanus_vaccine_conspiracy_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tetanus vaccine conspiracy theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetanus_vaccine_conspiracy_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human chorionic gonadotropin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موجهة الغدد التناسلية المشيمائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موجهة الغدد التناسلية المشيمائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="هاش سی جی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هاش سی جی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хорион гонадотропин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хорион гонадотропин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horionski_gonadotropin_%C4%8Dovjeka" title="Horionski gonadotropin čovjeka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Horionski gonadotropin čovjeka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropina_cori%C3%B2nica_humana" title="Gonadotropina coriònica humana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gonadotropina coriònica humana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choriogonadotropin" title="Choriogonadotropin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Choriogonadotropin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCG" title="HCG – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="HCG" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanes_Choriongonadotropin" title="Humanes Choriongonadotropin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Humanes Choriongonadotropin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%B0_%DE%8E%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%91%DE%AE%DE%93%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AE%DE%95%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ހިއުމަން ކޮރިއޮނިކް ގޯނާޑޮޓްރޮޕިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހިއުމަން ކޮރިއޮނިކް ގޯނާޑޮޓްރޮޕިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inimese_koorioni_gonadotropiin" title="Inimese koorioni gonadotropiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inimese koorioni gonadotropiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ανθρώπινη χοριακή γοναδοτροπίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρώπινη χοριακή γοναδοτροπίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropina_cori%C3%B3nica_humana" title="Gonadotropina coriónica humana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gonadotropina coriónica humana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_gonadotropina_korioniko" title="Giza gonadotropina korioniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giza gonadotropina korioniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="اچ‌سی‌جی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اچ‌سی‌جی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_chorionique_gonadotrope_humaine" title="Hormone chorionique gonadotrope humaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hormone chorionique gonadotrope humaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropina_cori%C3%B3nica_humana" title="Gonadotropina coriónica humana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gonadotropina coriónica humana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%84_%EC%9C%B5%EB%AA%A8%EC%84%B1_%EC%83%9D%EC%8B%9D%EC%84%A0_%EC%9E%90%EA%B7%B9%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%AC" title="인간 융모성 생식선 자극호르몬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인간 융모성 생식선 자극호르몬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Մարդու խորիոնային գոնադոտրոպին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդու խորիոնային գոնադոտրոպին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin_korionik_manusia" title="Gonadotropin korionik manusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gonadotropin korionik manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropina_corionica" title="Gonadotropina corionica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gonadotropina corionica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99" title="גונדוטרופין כוריוני אנושי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גונדוטרופין כוריוני אנושי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorioninis_gonadotropinas" title="Chorioninis gonadotropinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chorioninis gonadotropinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хуман хорионичен гонадотропин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хуман хорионичен гонадотропин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humaan_choriongonadotrofine" title="Humaan choriongonadotrofine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Humaan choriongonadotrofine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E7%B5%A8%E6%AF%9B%E6%80%A7%E3%82%B4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%89%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3" title="ヒト絨毛性ゴナドトロピン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒト絨毛性ゴナドトロピン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humant_chorion-gonadotropin" title="Humant chorion-gonadotropin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Humant chorion-gonadotropin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropina_kosm%C3%B3wkowa" title="Gonadotropina kosmówkowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gonadotropina kosmówkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotrofina_cori%C3%B4nica_humana" title="Gonadotrofina coriônica humana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gonadotrofina coriônica humana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хорионический гонадотропин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хорионический гонадотропин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Гонадотропин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гонадотропин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human chorionic gonadotropin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%DA%95%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%95%DA%95%DA%98%DB%8E%D9%86" title="ھۆڕمۆنی کۆریۆنی ھاندەری توخمەڕژێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆڕمۆنی کۆریۆنی ھاندەری توخمەڕژێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humani_horionski_gonadotropin" title="Humani horionski gonadotropin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Humani horionski gonadotropin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humani_horionski_gonadotropin" title="Humani horionski gonadotropin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Humani horionski gonadotropin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istukkahormoni" title="Istukkahormoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Istukkahormoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humant_koriongonadotropin" title="Humant koriongonadotropin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Humant koriongonadotropin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="மனிதக்கரு வெளியுறை கருவகவூக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனிதக்கரு வெளியுறை கருவகவூக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_koryonik_gonadotropin" title="İnsan koryonik gonadotropin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan koryonik gonadotropin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%BB%92%E6%AF%9B%E8%86%9C%E4%BF%83%E6%80%A7%E8%85%BA%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="人绒毛膜促性腺激素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人绒毛膜促性腺激素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q407172#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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searchaux" style="display:none">Hormone</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Human_Growth_Hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Growth Hormone">Human Growth Hormone</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_gonadotropin_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorionic gonadotropin alpha">Chorionic gonadotropin,<br />alpha polypeptide</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HCG_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/HCG_structure.png/220px-HCG_structure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/HCG_structure.png/330px-HCG_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/HCG_structure.png/440px-HCG_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_gonadotropin_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorionic gonadotropin alpha">CGA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Alt. symbols</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">FSHA, GPHa, GPHA1, HCG, LHA, TSHA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=1081&rn=1">1081</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:1885">1885</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/118850">118850</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_000735">NM_000735</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01215">P01215</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_6_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 6 (human)">Chr. 6</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=6q14">q14-q21</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P01215">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P01215">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_gonadotropin_beta" title="Chorionic gonadotropin beta">chorionic gonadotropin,<br />beta polypeptide</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_gonadotropin_beta" title="Chorionic gonadotropin beta">CGB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Alt. symbols</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">CGB3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=1082&rn=1">1082</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:1886">1886</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/118860">118860</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_000737">NM_000737</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01233">P01233</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_19_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 19 (human)">Chr. 19</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=19q13.3">q13.3</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P01233">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P01233">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Human chorionic gonadotropin</b> (<b>hCG</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Maternal_recognition_of_pregnancy" title="Maternal recognition of pregnancy">maternal recognition of pregnancy</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Trophoblast" title="Trophoblast">trophoblast</a> cells that are surrounding a growing embryo (syncytiotrophoblast initially), which eventually forms the placenta after <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(human_embryo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Implantation (human embryo)">implantation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19171054_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19171054-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10235686_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10235686-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of hCG is detected in some <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">pregnancy tests</a> (HCG pregnancy strip tests). Some <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancerous tumors</a> produce this hormone; therefore, elevated levels measured when the patient is not pregnant may lead to a cancer diagnosis and, if high enough, <a href="/wiki/Paraneoplastic_syndrome" title="Paraneoplastic syndrome">paraneoplastic syndromes</a>, however, it is unknown whether this production is a contributing cause or an effect of <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">carcinogenesis</a>. The pituitary analog of hCG, known as <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH), is produced in the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> of males and females of all ages.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19171054_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19171054-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1695224_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1695224-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beta-hCG is initially secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Syncytiotrophoblast" title="Syncytiotrophoblast">syncytiotrophoblast</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin is a <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoprotein</a> composed of 237 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular mass</a> of 36.7 <a href="/wiki/KDa" class="mw-redirect" title="KDa">kDa</a>, approximately 14.5kDa αhCG and 22.2kDa βhCG.<sup id="cite_ref-Canfield_1987_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canfield_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is <a href="/wiki/Heterodimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodimer">heterodimeric</a>, with an α (alpha) <a href="/wiki/Protein_subunit" title="Protein subunit">subunit</a> identical to that of <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH), <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH), <a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">thyroid-stimulating hormone</a> (TSH), and a β (beta) subunit that is unique to hCG. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Chorionic_gonadotropin_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorionic gonadotropin alpha">α (alpha)</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein_subunit" title="Protein subunit">subunit</a> is 92 amino acids long.<sup id="cite_ref-urlGlycoprotein_hormones_alpha_chain_precursor_-_Homo_sapiens_(Human)_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlGlycoprotein_hormones_alpha_chain_precursor_-_Homo_sapiens_(Human)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The β-subunit of hCG gonadotropin (<b>beta-hCG</b>) contains 145 amino acids, encoded by six highly homologous <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> that are arranged in tandem and inverted pairs on <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_19" title="Chromosome 19">chromosome 19q</a>13.3 - <i>CGB</i> (<a href="/wiki/CGB1" title="CGB1"><i>1</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CGB2_(gene)" title="CGB2 (gene)"><i>2</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CGB3_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CGB3 (gene)"><i>3</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CGB5" title="CGB5"><i>5</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CGB7" title="CGB7"><i>7</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CGB8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGB8 (page does not exist)"><i>8</i></a>). It is known that CGB7 has a sequence slightly different from that of the others.<sup id="cite_ref-urlChoriogonadotropin_subunit_beta_precursor_-_Homo_sapiens_(Human)_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlChoriogonadotropin_subunit_beta_precursor_-_Homo_sapiens_(Human)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The two subunits create a small <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> core surrounded by a high surface area-to-volume ratio: 2.8 times that of a sphere. The vast majority of the outer amino acids are <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8202136_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8202136-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>beta-hCG is mostly similar to <a href="/wiki/Beta-LH" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-LH">beta-LH</a>, with the exception of a Carboxy Terminus Peptide (beta-CTP) containing four glycosylated serine residues that is responsible for hCG's longer half-life.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin interacts with the <a href="/wiki/LHCG_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="LHCG receptor">LHCG receptor</a> of the ovary and promotes the maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_luteum" title="Corpus luteum">corpus luteum</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Maternal_recognition_of_pregnancy" title="Maternal recognition of pregnancy">maternal recognition of pregnancy</a> at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>. This allows the corpus luteum to <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secrete</a> the hormone <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a> during the first trimester. Progesterone enriches the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> with a thick <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">lining</a> of <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a> so that it can sustain the growing <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been hypothesized that hCG may be a placental link for the development of local maternal <a href="/wiki/Immune_tolerance" title="Immune tolerance">immunotolerance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, hCG-treated endometrial cells induce an increase in T cell <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> (dissolution of <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>). These results suggest that hCG may be a link in the development of peritrophoblastic immune tolerance, and may facilitate the <a href="/wiki/Trophoblast" title="Trophoblast">trophoblast</a> invasion, which is known to expedite fetal development in the endometrium.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that hCG levels are linked to the severity of <a href="/wiki/Morning_sickness" title="Morning sickness">morning sickness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">hyperemesis gravidarum</a> in pregnant women.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10636378_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10636378-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its similarity to LH, hCG can also be used clinically to induce ovulation in the ovaries as well as testosterone production in the testes. As the most abundant biological source is in women who are presently pregnant, some organizations collect urine from pregnant women to extract hCG for use in fertility treatment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Human chorionic gonadotropin also plays a role in cellular differentiation/proliferation and may activate apoptosis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naturally, it is produced in the human placenta by the <a href="/wiki/Syncytiotrophoblast" title="Syncytiotrophoblast">syncytiotrophoblast</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Like any other <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropins" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonadotropins">gonadotropins</a>, it can be extracted from the urine of pregnant women or produced from cultures of genetically modified cells using <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a> technology. </p><p>In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pubergen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pubergen (page does not exist)">Pubergen</a>, Pregnyl, Follutein, Profasi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choragon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choragon (page does not exist)">Choragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novarel" class="mw-redirect" title="Novarel">Novarel</a>, it is extracted from the urine of pregnant women. In <a href="/wiki/Ovidrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovidrel">Ovidrel</a>, it is produced with <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19007609_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19007609-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="hCG_forms">hCG forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: hCG forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three major forms of hCG are produced by humans, with each having distinct physiological roles. These include regular hCG, hyperglycosylated hCG, and the free beta-subunit of hCG. Degradation products of hCG have also been detected, including nicked hCG, hCG missing the C-terminal peptide from the beta-subunit, and free alpha-subunit, which has no known biological function. Some hCG is also made by the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> with a pattern of <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylation</a> that differs from placental forms of hCG.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19171054_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19171054-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regular hCG is the main form of hCG associated with the majority of pregnancy and in non-invasive molar pregnancies. This is produced in the <a href="/wiki/Trophoblast" title="Trophoblast">trophoblast</a> cells of the placental tissue. Hyperglycosylated hCG is the main form of hCG during the implantation phase of pregnancy, with invasive molar pregnancies, and with <a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">choriocarcinoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_preparations" title="Gonadotropin preparations">Gonadotropin preparations</a> of hCG can be produced for pharmaceutical use from <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthetic</a> sources.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testing">Testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pregnancy_test_series_starting_to_show_positive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pregnancy_test_series_starting_to_show_positive.jpg/220px-Pregnancy_test_series_starting_to_show_positive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pregnancy_test_series_starting_to_show_positive.jpg/330px-Pregnancy_test_series_starting_to_show_positive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pregnancy_test_series_starting_to_show_positive.jpg/440px-Pregnancy_test_series_starting_to_show_positive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A series of hCG tests taken at one-day intervals, gradually showing positive at the beginning of a pregnancy.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">Blood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> tests measure hCG. These can be <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">pregnancy tests</a>. hCG-positive can indicate an implanted <a href="/wiki/Blastocyst" title="Blastocyst">blastocyst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_embryogenesis" title="Mammalian embryogenesis">mammalian embryogenesis</a> or can be detected for a short time following childbirth or pregnancy loss. Tests can be done to diagnose and monitor <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor" title="Germ cell tumor">germ cell tumors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gestational_trophoblastic_disease" title="Gestational trophoblastic disease">gestational trophoblastic diseases</a>. </p><p>Concentrations are commonly reported in thousandth international units per milliliter (mIU/mL). The international unit of hCG was originally established in 1938 and has been redefined in 1964 and in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the present time, 1 international unit is equal to approximately 2.35×10<sup>−12</sup> moles,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 6×10<sup>−8</sup> grams.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also possible to test for hCG to have an approximation of the gestational age.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodology">Methodology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most tests employ a monoclonal antibody, which is specific to the <i>β-subunit</i> of hCG (β-hCG). This procedure is employed to ensure that tests do not make <a href="/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors" title="Type I and type II errors">false positives</a> by confusing hCG with LH and FSH. (The latter two are always present at varying levels in the body, whereas the presence of hCG almost always indicates pregnancy.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many hCG immunoassays are based on the <a href="/wiki/Immunoassay#Two-site,_noncompetitive_immunoassays" title="Immunoassay">sandwich principle</a>, which uses antibodies to hCG labeled with an enzyme or a conventional or luminescent dye. Pregnancy urine dipstick tests are based on the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_flow_test" title="Lateral flow test">lateral flow</a> technique. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Urine_test" title="Urine test">urine test</a> may be a <i>chromatographic <a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">immunoassay</a></i> or any of several other test formats, home-, physician's office-, or laboratory-based.<sup id="cite_ref-henry_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published detection thresholds range from 20 to 100 mIU/mL, depending on the brand of test.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in pregnancy, more accurate results may be obtained by using the first urine of the morning (when urine is most concentrated). When the urine is dilute (<a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> less than 1.015), the hCG concentration may not be representative of the blood concentration, and the test may be falsely negative.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">serum</a> test, using 2-4 mL of venous blood, is typically a chemiluminescent or fluorimetric immunoassay<sup id="cite_ref-henry_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that can detect βhCG levels as low as 5 mIU/mL and allows quantification of the βhCG concentration.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_levels_in_normal_pregnancy">Reference levels in normal pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reference levels in normal pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hCG levels grow exponentially after conception and implantation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hCG levels typically peak around weeks 8-11 of pregnancy and are generally higher in the first trimester compared to the second trimester. </p><p>The following is a list of serum hCG levels: </p><p><i>LMP</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Last_menstrual_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last menstrual period">last menstrual period</a> dated from the first day of the last menstrual period </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>weeks since LMP</th> <th>mIU/mL </th></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>5 – 50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>5 – 428 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>18 – 7,340 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>1,080 – 56,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 – 8</td> <td>7,650 – 229,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 – 12</td> <td>25,700 – 288,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 – 16</td> <td>13,300 – 254,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 – 24</td> <td>4,060 – 165,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 – 40</td> <td>3,640 – 117,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-pregnant females</td> <td><5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Postmenopausal females</td> <td><9.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If a pregnant woman has serum hCG levels that are higher than expected, they may be experiencing a <a href="/wiki/Multiple_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple pregnancy">multiple pregnancy</a> or an abnormal uterine growth. Falling hCG levels may indicate the possibility of a miscarriage. hCG levels which are rising at a slower rate than expected may indicate an <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ability to quantitate the βhCG level is useful in monitoring <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor" title="Germ cell tumor">germ cell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gestational_trophoblastic_disease" title="Gestational trophoblastic disease">trophoblastic tumors</a>, follow-up care after <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>, and diagnosis of and follow-up care after treatment of <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a>. The lack of a visible fetus on vaginal <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> after βhCG levels reach 1500 mIU/mL is strongly indicative of an ectopic pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, even an hCG over 2000 IU/L does not necessarily exclude the presence of a viable intrauterine pregnancy in such cases.<sup id="cite_ref-kirk2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As pregnancy tests, quantitative blood tests and the most sensitive urine tests usually detect hCG between 6 and 12 days after ovulation.<sup id="cite_ref-wilcox_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It must be taken into account, however, that total hCG levels may vary in a very wide range within the first 4 weeks of gestation, leading to false results during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rise of 35% over 48 hours is proposed as the minimal rise consistent with a viable intrauterine pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-kirk2013_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associations_with_pathologies">Associations with pathologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Associations with pathologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gestational trophoblastic disease like <a href="/wiki/Hydatidiform_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydatidiform mole">hydatidiform moles</a> ("molar pregnancy") or choriocarcinoma may produce high levels of βhCG due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Syncytiotrophoblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncytiotrophoblasts">syncytiotrophoblasts</a>, part of the villi that make up the placenta, and despite the absence of an embryo. This, as well as several other conditions, can lead to elevated hCG readings in the absence of pregnancy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>hCG levels are also a component of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_test" title="Triple test">triple test</a>, a screening test for certain fetal chromosomal abnormalities/birth defects. High hCG levels in the maternal serum could suggest <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>, potentially due to continued hCG production by the placenta beyond the first trimester.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of 32 normal pregnancies came to the result that a <a href="/wiki/Gestational_sac" title="Gestational sac">gestational sac</a> of 1–3 mm was detected at a mean hCG level of 1150 IU/L (range 800–1500), a <a href="/wiki/Yolk_sac" title="Yolk sac">yolk sac</a> was detected at a mean level of 6000 IU/L (range 4500–7500) and <a href="/wiki/Fetal_heartbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal heartbeat">fetal heartbeat</a> was visible at a mean hCG level of 10,000 IU/L (range 8650–12,200).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tumor_marker">Tumor marker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tumor marker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Tumor_marker" title="Tumor marker">tumor marker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as its β subunit is secreted by some <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> including <a href="/wiki/Seminoma" title="Seminoma">seminoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">choriocarcinoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teratoma" title="Teratoma">teratoma</a> with elements of <a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">choriocarcinoma</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor" title="Germ cell tumor">germ cell tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydatidiform_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydatidiform mole">hydatidiform mole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islet_cell_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islet cell tumor">islet cell tumor</a>. For this reason, a positive result in males can be a test for <a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a>. The normal range for men is between 0-5 mIU/mL. Combined with <a href="/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein" title="Alpha-fetoprotein">alpha-fetoprotein</a>, β-HCG is an excellent tumor marker for the monitoring of <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor" title="Germ cell tumor">germ cell tumors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertility">Fertility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fertility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Human chorionic gonadotropin">Human chorionic gonadotropin</span></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Novarel, Pregnyl</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/gonadotropin-chorionic.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G03" title="ATC code G03">G03GA08</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=G03GA08">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=9002-61-3">9002-61-3</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00097">DB00097</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>none</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/20ED16GHEB">20ED16GHEB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4036770">DTXSID4036770</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407172#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.029.679">100.029.679</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407172#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>1105</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>1770</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>318</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>336</sub><span title="Sulfur">S</span><sub>26</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004257197700000000♠"></span>25<span style="margin-left:.25em;">719</span>.77</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin injection is extensively used for <a href="/wiki/Final_maturation_induction" title="Final maturation induction">final maturation induction</a> in lieu of <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a>. In the presence of one or more mature ovarian follicles, ovulation can be triggered by the administration of HCG. As <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> will happen between 38 and 40 hours after a single HCG injection,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> procedures can be scheduled to take advantage of this time sequence,<sup id="cite_ref-ivf.com_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ivf.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag may rely on an unreliable or less reliable medical source. (December 2011)">unreliable medical source?</span></a></i>]</sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_insemination" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrauterine insemination">intrauterine insemination</a> or sexual intercourse. Also, patients that undergo <a href="/wiki/IVF" class="mw-redirect" title="IVF">IVF</a>, in general, receive HCG to trigger the ovulation process, but have an <a href="/wiki/Oocyte_retrieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Oocyte retrieval">oocyte retrieval</a> performed at about 34 to 36 hours after injection, a few hours before the eggs actually would be released from the ovary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As hCG supports the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_luteum" title="Corpus luteum">corpus luteum</a>, administration of hCG is used in certain circumstances to enhance the production of <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>. </p><p>Several vaccines against human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for the prevention of pregnancy are currently in clinical trials.<sup id="cite_ref-Talwar_2015_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talwar_2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_in_Males">Use in Males</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Use in Males"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In males, hCG injections are used to stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Leydig_cell" title="Leydig cell">Leydig cells</a> to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intratesticular testosterone is necessary for <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Sertoli cells">sertoli cells</a>. Typical medical uses for hCG in males include treating certain types of <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">hypogonadism</a> (either as monotherapy, or, more commonly, in combination with <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">exogenous testosterone</a>), as well as to either treat or prevent infertility, for example, during testosterone replacement therapy hCG is often used to restore or maintain fertility and prevent testicular atrophy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e876_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e876-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HCG_Pubergen,_Pregnyl_warnings"><span id="HCG_Pubergen.2C_Pregnyl_warnings"></span>HCG Pubergen, Pregnyl warnings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: HCG Pubergen, Pregnyl warnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of female patients who want to be treated with HCG Pubergen, Pregnyl:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a) Since infertile female patients who undergo medically assisted reproduction (especially those who need <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilization</a>), are known to often be suffering from tubal abnormalities, after a treatment with this drug they might experience many more <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectopic pregnancies">ectopic pregnancies</a>. This is why early ultrasound confirmation at the beginning of a pregnancy (to see whether the pregnancy is intrauterine or not) is crucial. Pregnancies that have occurred after a treatment with this drug have a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple pregnancy">multiple pregnancy</a>. Female patients who have thrombosis, severe obesity, or thrombophilia should not be prescribed this medicine as they have a higher risk of arterial or venous thromboembolic events after or during a treatment with HCG Pubergen, Pregnyl. b)Female patients who have been treated with this medicine are usually more prone to pregnancy losses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the case of male patients: A prolonged treatment with HCG Pubergen, Pregnyl is known to regularly lead to increased production of androgen. Therefore: Patients who have overt or latent cardiac failure, hypertension, renal dysfunction, migraines, or epilepsy might not be allowed to start using this medicine or may require a lower dose of HCG Pubergen, Pregnyl. This drug should be used with extreme caution in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Prepubescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepubescent">prepubescent</a> teenagers in order to reduce the risk of precocious sexual development or premature epiphyseal closure. This type of patients' skeletal maturation should be closely and regularly monitored.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Both male and female patients who have the following medical conditions must not start a treatment with HCG Pubergen, Pregnyl: (1) Hypersensitivity to this drug or to any of its main ingredients. (2) Known or possible androgen-dependent tumors for example male breast carcinoma or prostatic carcinoma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anabolic_steroid_adjunct">Anabolic steroid adjunct</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anabolic steroid adjunct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HCG is included in some sports' <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">banned substances</a> lists. </p><p>When exogenous AAS (Anabolic Androgenic Steroids) are put into the male body, natural negative-feedback loops cause the body to shut down its own production of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> via shutdown of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (<a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis">HPGA</a>). This causes testicular atrophy, among other things. HCG is commonly used during and after steroid cycles to maintain and restore testicular size as well as normal testosterone production.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High levels of AASs, that mimic the body's natural testosterone, trigger the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> to shut down its production of <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. Without GnRH, the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> stops releasing <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH). LH normally travels from the pituitary via the blood stream to the testes, where it triggers the production and release of testosterone. Without LH, the testes shut down their production of testosterone.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12740738_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12740738-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In males, HCG helps restore and maintain testosterone production in the testes by mimicking LH and triggering the production and release of testosterone. </p><p>Professional athletes who have tested positive for HCG have been temporarily banned from their sport, including a 50-game ban from <a href="/wiki/MLB" class="mw-redirect" title="MLB">MLB</a> for <a href="/wiki/Manny_Ramirez" title="Manny Ramirez">Manny Ramirez</a> in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 4-game ban from the <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> for <a href="/wiki/Brian_Cushing" title="Brian Cushing">Brian Cushing</a> for a positive urine test for HCG.<sup id="cite_ref-urlCushing_suspended_for_performance-enhancing_drugs_|_Houston_Texans_Football_|_Chron.com_-_Houston_Chronicle_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlCushing_suspended_for_performance-enhancing_drugs_|_Houston_Texans_Football_|_Chron.com_-_Houston_Chronicle-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Martial Arts">Mixed Martial Arts</a> fighter <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Siver" title="Dennis Siver">Dennis Siver</a> was fined $19,800 and suspended 9 months for being tested positive after his bout at <a href="/wiki/UFC_168" title="UFC 168">UFC 168</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HCG_diet">HCG diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: HCG diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British endocrinologist <a href="/wiki/Albert_T._W._Simeons" title="Albert T. W. Simeons">Albert T. W. Simeons</a> proposed HCG as an adjunct to an ultra-low-calorie weight-loss diet (fewer than 500 calories).<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-615-42755-3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-615-42755-3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simeons, while studying pregnant women in India on a calorie-deficient diet, and obese boys with pituitary issues (<a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6lich%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Frölich's syndrome">Frölich's syndrome</a>) treated with low-dose HCG, observed that both lost fat rather than lean (muscle) tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-615-42755-3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-615-42755-3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reasoned that HCG must be programming the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> to do this in the former cases in order to protect the developing fetus by promoting mobilization and consumption of <i>abnormal</i>, <i>excessive</i> <a href="/wiki/Adipose" class="mw-redirect" title="Adipose">adipose</a> deposits. Simeons in 1954 published a book entitled <i>Pounds and Inches</i>, designed to combat obesity. Simeons, practicing at Salvator Mundi International Hospital in Rome, Italy, recommended low-dose daily HCG injections (125 IU) in combination with a customized ultra-low-calorie (500 cal/day, high-protein, low-carbohydrate/fat) diet, which was supposed to result in a loss of adipose tissue without loss of lean tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-615-42755-3_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-615-42755-3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other researchers did not find the same results when attempting experiments to confirm Simeons' conclusions, and in 1976 in response to complaints the FDA required Simeons and others to include the following disclaimer on all advertisements:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These weight reduction treatments include the injection of HCG, a drug which has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as safe and effective in the treatment of obesity or weight control. There is no substantial evidence that HCG increases weight loss beyond that resulting from caloric restriction, that it causes a more attractive or "normal" distribution of fat, or that it decreases the hunger and discomfort associated with calorie-restrictive diets.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>1976 FDA-mandated disclaimer for HCG diet advertisements</cite></div></blockquote> <p>There was a resurgence of interest in the "HCG diet" following promotion by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Trudeau" title="Kevin Trudeau">Kevin Trudeau</a>, who was banned from making HCG diet weight-loss claims by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> in 2008, and eventually jailed over such claims.<sup id="cite_ref-FTC_2008/10_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTC_2008/10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1976 study in the <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Clinical Nutrition">American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid786001_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid786001-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concluded that HCG is not more effective as a weight-loss aid than dietary restriction alone.<sup id="cite_ref-urlHCG_Worthless_as_Weight-Loss_Aid_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlHCG_Worthless_as_Weight-Loss_Aid-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1995 meta analysis found that studies supporting HCG for weight loss were of poor methodological quality and concluded that "there is no scientific evidence that HCG is effective in the treatment of obesity; it does not bring about weight-loss or fat-redistribution, nor does it reduce hunger or induce a feeling of well-being".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8527285_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8527285-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 15, 2016, the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> (AMA) passed policy that "The use of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) for weight loss is inappropriate."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no scientific evidence that HCG is effective in the treatment of obesity. The meta-analysis found insufficient evidence supporting the claims that HCG is effective in altering fat-distribution, hunger reduction, or in inducing a feeling of well-being. The authors stated "…the use of HCG should be regarded as an inappropriate therapy for weight reduction…" In the authors opinion, "Pharmacists and physicians should be alert on the use of HCG for Simeons therapy. The results of this meta-analysis support a firm standpoint against this improper indication. Restraints on physicians practicing this therapy can be based on our findings."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>American Society of Bariatric Physicians'<sup id="cite_ref-ASBP_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASBP-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commentary on Lijesen et al. (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8527285_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8527285-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to the American Society of Bariatric Physicians, no new clinical trials have been published since the definitive 1995 meta-analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-ASBP_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASBP-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scientific consensus is that any weight loss reported by individuals on an "HCG diet" may be attributed entirely to the fact that such diets prescribe calorie intake of between 500 and 1,000 calories per day, substantially below recommended levels for an adult, to the point that this may risk health effects associated with malnutrition.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Homeopathic_HCG_for_weight_control">Homeopathic HCG for weight control</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Homeopathic HCG for weight control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Controversy about, and shortages<sup id="cite_ref-urlBulletin_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlBulletin-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of, injected HCG for weight loss have led to substantial Internet promotion of "<a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathic</a> HCG" for weight control. The ingredients in these products are often obscure, but if prepared from true HCG via homeopathic dilution, they contain either no HCG at all or only trace amounts. Moreover, it is highly unlikely that oral HCG is bioavailable due to the fact that digestive protease enzymes and hepatic metabolism renders peptide-based molecules (such as insulin and human growth hormone) biologically inert. HCG can likely only enter the bloodstream through injection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> has stated that over-the-counter products containing HCG are fraudulent and ineffective for weight loss. They are also not protected as homeopathic drugs and have been deemed illegal substances.<sup id="cite_ref-urlHCG_weight-loss_products_are_fraudulent,_FDA_says_-_USATODAY.com_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlHCG_weight-loss_products_are_fraudulent,_FDA_says_-_USATODAY.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HCG is classified as a prescription drug in the United States and it has not been approved for over-the-counter sales by the FDA as a weight loss product or for any other purposes, and therefore neither HCG in its pure form nor any preparations containing HCG may be sold legally in the country except by prescription.<sup id="cite_ref-MedPage20111206_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedPage20111206-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2011, FDA and FTC started to take actions to pull unapproved HCG products from the market.<sup id="cite_ref-MedPage20111206_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedPage20111206-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath, some suppliers started to switch to "hormone-free" versions of their weight loss products, where the hormone is replaced with an unproven mixture of free amino acids<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or where <a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">radionics</a> is used to transfer the "energy" to the final product.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of December 6, 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> has prohibited the sale of <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> hCG <a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">diet</a> products and declared them <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraudelent</a> and banned.<sup id="cite_ref-MedPage20111206_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedPage20111206-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tetanus_vaccine_conspiracy_theory">Tetanus vaccine conspiracy theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tetanus vaccine conspiracy theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catholic Bishops in Kenya<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo-Kenya_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-Kenya-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are among those who have spread a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asserting that HCG forms part of a covert sterilization program, forcing denials from the Kenyan government.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo-Kenya_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-Kenya-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to induce a stronger immune response, some versions of human chorionic gonadotropin-based anti-fertility vaccines were designed as <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">conjugates</a> of the β subunit of HCG covalently linked to <a href="/wiki/Tetanus_toxoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanus toxoid">tetanus toxoid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Talwar_2015_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talwar_2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9459276_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9459276-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was alleged that a non-conjugated <a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">tetanus vaccine</a> used in developing countries was laced with a human chorionic gonadotropin-based anti-fertility drug and was distributed as a means of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">mass sterilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12346214_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12346214-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This charge has been vigorously denied by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) and <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have argued that an hCG-laced vaccine could not possibly be used for sterilization, since the effects of the anti-fertility vaccines are reversible (requiring <a href="/wiki/Booster_dose" title="Booster dose">booster doses</a> to maintain infertility) and a non-conjugated vaccine is likely to be ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorski_2014_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorski_2014-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, independent testing of the tetanus vaccine by Kenya's health authorities revealed no traces of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equine_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Equine chorionic gonadotropin">Equine chorionic gonadotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_preparations" title="Gonadotropin preparations">Gonadotropin preparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">Human placental lactogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_test" title="Triple test">Triple test</a> - a <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_diagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal diagnosis">screening test in pregnancy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weight-Loss_Cure_%22They%22_Don%27t_Want_You_to_Know_About" title="The Weight-Loss Cure "They" Don't Want You to Know About">The Weight-Loss Cure "They" Don't Want You to Know About</a></i> - Kevin Trudeau's book</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid19171054-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19171054_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19171054_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19171054_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCole2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cole LA (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649930">"New discoveries on the biology and 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reproductive+Biology+and+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=New+discoveries+on+the+biology+and+detection+of+human+chorionic+gonadotropin&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2649930%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19171054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1477-7827-7-8&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2649930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+chorionic+gonadotropin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10235686-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10235686_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryFinlay1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gregory JJ, Finlay JL (April 1999). "Alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin: their clinical significance as tumour markers". <i>Drugs</i>. <b>57</b> (4): 463–467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003495-199957040-00001">10.2165/00003495-199957040-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10235686">10235686</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46975142">46975142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs&rft.atitle=Alpha-fetoprotein+and+beta-human+chorionic+gonadotropin%3A+their+clinical+significance+as+tumour+markers&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=463-467&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46975142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10235686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00003495-199957040-00001&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Finlay%2C+JL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+chorionic+gonadotropin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1695224-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1695224_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoermannSpoettlMoncayoMann1990" class="citation journal cs1">Hoermann R, Spoettl G, Moncayo R, Mann K (July 1990). "Evidence for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and free beta-subunit of hCG in the human pituitary". <i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>71</b> (1): 179–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem-71-1-179">10.1210/jcem-71-1-179</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1695224">1695224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+the+presence+of+human+chorionic+gonadotropin+%28hCG%29+and+free+beta-subunit+of+hCG+in+the+human+pituitary&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=179-186&rft.date=1990-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem-71-1-179&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1695224&rft.aulast=Hoermann&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Spoettl%2C+G&rft.au=Moncayo%2C+R&rft.au=Mann%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+chorionic+gonadotropin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canfield_1987-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canfield_1987_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanfieldO'ConnorBirkenKrichevsky1987" class="citation journal cs1">Canfield RE, O'Connor JF, Birken S, Krichevsky A, Wilcox AJ (October 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1474496">"Development of an assay for a biomarker of pregnancy and early fetal loss"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>74</b>: 57–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.877457">10.1289/ehp.877457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1474496">1474496</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3319556">3319556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Development+of+an+assay+for+a+biomarker+of+pregnancy+and+early+fetal+loss&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=57-66&rft.date=1987-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1474496%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3319556&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.877457&rft.aulast=Canfield&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+JF&rft.au=Birken%2C+S&rft.au=Krichevsky%2C+A&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+AJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1474496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+chorionic+gonadotropin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlGlycoprotein_hormones_alpha_chain_precursor_-_Homo_sapiens_(Human)-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlGlycoprotein_hormones_alpha_chain_precursor_-_Homo_sapiens_(Human)_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01215">"Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain precursor - Homo sapiens (Human)"</a>. <i>UniProt accession number P01215</i>. UniProt Consortium. <q>P01215[25-116]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UniProt+accession+number+P01215&rft.atitle=Glycoprotein+hormones+alpha+chain+precursor+-+Homo+sapiens+%28Human%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniprot.org%2Funiprot%2FP01215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+chorionic+gonadotropin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlChoriogonadotropin_subunit_beta_precursor_-_Homo_sapiens_(Human)-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlChoriogonadotropin_subunit_beta_precursor_-_Homo_sapiens_(Human)_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0DN86">"Choriogonadotropin subunit beta 3 - Homo sapiens (Human)"</a>. <i>UniProt accession number P01233</i>. 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(5 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/article/2000140459/health-officials-want-to-punish-doctor-in-tetanus-vaccine-dispute">"Health officials want to punish doctor in tetanus vaccine dispute"</a>. <i>Standard Digital</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard+Digital&rft.atitle=Health+officials+want+to+punish+doctor+in+tetanus+vaccine+dispute&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft.aulast=Shiundu&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standardmedia.co.ke%2Fhealth%2Farticle%2F2000140459%2Fhealth-officials-want-to-punish-doctor-in-tetanus-vaccine-dispute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+chorionic+gonadotropin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Chorionic+Gonadotropin">Chorionic+Gonadotropin</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.nih.gov/exhibits/thinblueline/">"History of pregnancy test"</a>. <i>U.S. National Institutes of Health</i>.</cite><span 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decoding="async" width="180" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PDB_1hcn_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1hcn_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PDB_1hcn_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1hcn_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1hcn</b>: STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN AT 2.6 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION FROM MAD ANALYSIS OF THE SELENOMETHIONYL PROTEIN</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1hrp_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1hrp: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN"><img alt="1hrp: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PDB_1hrp_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1hrp_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PDB_1hrp_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1hrp_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PDB_1hrp_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1hrp_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1hrp</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1qfw_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1qfw: TERNARY COMPLEX OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN WITH FV ANTI ALPHA SUBUNIT AND FV ANTI BETA SUBUNIT"><img alt="1qfw: TERNARY COMPLEX OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN WITH FV ANTI ALPHA SUBUNIT AND FV ANTI BETA SUBUNIT" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PDB_1qfw_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1qfw_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PDB_1qfw_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1qfw_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PDB_1qfw_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1qfw_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1qfw</b>: TERNARY COMPLEX OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN WITH FV ANTI ALPHA SUBUNIT AND FV ANTI BETA SUBUNIT</div> </li> </ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GnRHTooltip_Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_and_gonadotropins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GnRH_and_gonadotropins" title="Template:GnRH and gonadotropins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GnRH_and_gonadotropins" title="Template talk:GnRH and gonadotropins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GnRH_and_gonadotropins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GnRH and gonadotropins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GnRHTooltip_Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_and_gonadotropins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone"><abbr title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</span> and <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_modulator" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone modulator"><abbr title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> modulators</a><br />(incl. <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue">analogues</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_agonist" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist">Agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Peptide:</i> <a href="/wiki/Azagly-nafarelin" title="Azagly-nafarelin">Azagly-nafarelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buserelin" title="Buserelin">Buserelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deslorelin" title="Deslorelin">Deslorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertirelin" title="Fertirelin">Fertirelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadorelin" title="Gonadorelin">Gonadorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goserelin" title="Goserelin">Goserelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrelin" title="Histrelin">Histrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecirelin" title="Lecirelin">Lecirelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">Leuprorelin (leuprolide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafarelin" title="Nafarelin">Nafarelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peforelin" title="Peforelin">Peforelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptorelin" title="Triptorelin">Triptorelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_antagonist" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist">Antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Peptide:</i> <a href="/wiki/Abarelix" title="Abarelix">Abarelix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetrorelix" title="Cetrorelix">Cetrorelix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degarelix" title="Degarelix">Degarelix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganirelix" title="Ganirelix">Ganirelix</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Non-peptide:</i> <a href="/wiki/Elagolix" title="Elagolix">Elagolix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linzagolix" title="Linzagolix">Linzagolix</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relugolix" title="Relugolix">Relugolix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Relugolix/estradiol/norethisterone_acetate" title="Relugolix/estradiol/norethisterone acetate">+estradiol/norethisterone acetate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">Gonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Preparations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_preparation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonadotropin preparation">Preparations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">Follicle-stimulating hormone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human chorionic gonadotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">Luteinizing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menotropin" title="Menotropin">Menotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urofollitropin" title="Urofollitropin">Urofollitropin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others<br />(indirect)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progonadotropin" title="Progonadotropin">Progonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Sex steroid antagonists (via disinhibition of the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis"><abbr title="hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal">HPG</abbr> axis</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">flutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">enzalutamide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">Antiestrogens</a>/<a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators">SERMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">clomifene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enclomifene" title="Enclomifene">enclomifene</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">Aromatase inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Anastrozole" title="Anastrozole">anastrozole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip gonadotropin-releasing hormone</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">Antigonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Sex steroid agonists (via negative feedback on the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis"><abbr title="hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal">HPG</abbr> axis</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandrolone ester">nandrolone esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">oxandrolone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D<sub>2</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">antagonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prolactin_releaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin releaser">prolactin releasers</a>) (incl., <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">sulpiride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a> (incl., <a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">bifluranol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol ester">estradiol esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">diethylstilbestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">paroxypropione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestins</a>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">gestonorone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others (mixed or unknown mechanism of action):</i> <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallibure" title="Metallibure">Metallibure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:GnRH_and_gonadotropin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GnRH and gonadotropin receptor modulators"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> and gonadotropin receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens">Estrogens and antiestrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens">Progestogens and antiprogestogens</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Assisted_reproductive_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Template:Assisted reproductive technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Template talk:Assisted reproductive technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Assisted reproductive technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assisted_reproductive_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_infertility" title="Female infertility">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_infertility" title="Male infertility">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT reproduction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_clinic" title="Fertility clinic">Fertility clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_testing" title="Fertility testing">Fertility testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_tourism" title="Fertility tourism">Fertility tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_infertility_crisis" title="Male infertility crisis">Male infertility crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility medication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogen antagonist">Estrogen antagonists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">aromatase inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">clomifene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_agonist" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist">GnRH agonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">Gonadotropins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menotropin" title="Menotropin">menotropins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Use_as_medication">hCG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">In vitro fertilisation</a> (IVF)<br /> and expansions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_zona_hatching" title="Assisted zona hatching">Assisted zona hatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autologous_endometrial_coculture" title="Autologous endometrial coculture">Autologous endometrial coculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytoplasmic_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytoplasmic transfer">Cytoplasmic transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo_transfer" title="Embryo transfer">Embryo transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational carrier">Gestational carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_maturation" title="In vitro maturation">In vitro maturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracytoplasmic_sperm_injection" title="Intracytoplasmic sperm injection">Intracytoplasmic sperm injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte_selection" title="Oocyte selection">Oocyte selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_ovarian_hyperstimulation" title="Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation">Ovarian hyperstimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner-assisted_reproduction" title="Partner-assisted reproduction">Partner-assisted reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis" title="Preimplantation genetic diagnosis">Preimplantation genetic diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaginal_oocyte_retrieval" title="Transvaginal oocyte retrieval">Transvaginal ovum retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote_intrafallopian_transfer" title="Zygote intrafallopian transfer">Zygote intrafallopian transfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">Artificial insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulation_induction" title="Ovulation induction">Ovulation induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryo_cryopreservation" title="Embryo cryopreservation">embryos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte_cryopreservation" title="Oocyte cryopreservation">oocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_tissue_cryopreservation" title="Ovarian tissue cryopreservation">ovarian tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_cryopreservation" title="Semen cryopreservation">semen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamete_intrafallopian_transfer" title="Gamete intrafallopian transfer">Gamete intrafallopian transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasectomy_reversal" title="Vasectomy reversal">Vasectomy reversal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_reduction" title="Selective reduction">Selective reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_selection" title="Sex selection">Sex selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">Surrogacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Donation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donor_registration" title="Donor registration">Donor registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Sibling_Registry" title="Donor Sibling Registry">Donor Sibling Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_donation" title="Egg donation">Egg donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo_donation" title="Embryo donation">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_donation" title="Sperm donation">Sperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_collection" title="Semen collection">Semen collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_bank" title="Sperm bank">Sperm bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ova_bank" title="Ova bank">Ova bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_incest" title="Accidental incest">Accidental incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">Fertility fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_diagnosis_of_intersex" title="Genetic diagnosis of intersex">Genetic diagnosis of intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to ART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_donation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial donation">Mitochondrial donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_selection" title="Sex selection">Sex selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reproduction_and_pregnancy_in_speculative_fiction" title="Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction">Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hormones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hormones" title="Template:Hormones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hormones" title="Template talk:Hormones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hormones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hormones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hormones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">Endocrine<br />glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hypothalamic–pituitary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–<br />pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">TRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">CRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone%E2%80%93releasing_hormone" title="Growth hormone–releasing hormone">GHRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin (GHIH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_concentrating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanin concentrating hormone">MCH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Posterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">Vasopressin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">Anterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">LH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">TSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">POMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-like_intermediate_peptide" title="Corticotropin-like intermediate peptide">CLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">Lipotropin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">GH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">Adrenal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_medulla" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal medulla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">Thyroid hormones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triiodothyronine" title="Triiodothyronine">T<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroxine">T<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis">Thyroid axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">PTH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">Gonadal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Activin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin" title="Relaxin">Relaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_surge-attenuating_factor" title="Gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor">GnSAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">hCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">HPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">Glucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylin" title="Amylin">Amylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">Pancreatic polypeptide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">N,N-Dimethyltryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine">5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin" title="Thymosin">Thymosins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin_%CE%B11" title="Thymosin α1">Thymosin α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_thymosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta thymosin">Beta thymosins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymopoietin" title="Thymopoietin">Thymopoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymulin" title="Thymulin">Thymulin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">Gastrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">CCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide">GIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">VIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroglucagon" title="Enteroglucagon">Enteroglucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_YY" title="Peptide YY">Peptide YY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1">GLP-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>/other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor" title="Insulin-like growth factor">Insulin-like growth factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2">IGF-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiponectin" title="Adiponectin">Adiponectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistin" title="Resistin">Resistin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">EPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natriuretic_peptide" title="Natriuretic peptide">Natriuretic peptide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">ANP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptide_32" title="Brain natriuretic peptide 32">BNP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GnRHTooltip_Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_and_gonadotropin_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GnRH_and_gonadotropin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GnRH and gonadotropin receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GnRH_and_gonadotropin_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:GnRH and gonadotropin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GnRH_and_gonadotropin_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GnRH and gonadotropin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GnRHTooltip_Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_and_gonadotropin_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor"><abbr title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">GnRH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor</span> and <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_receptor" title="Gonadotropin receptor">gonadotropin receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor"><abbr title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">GnRH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <i>Peptides:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alarelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alarelin (page does not exist)">Alarelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avorelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avorelin (page does not exist)">Avorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azagly-nafarelin" title="Azagly-nafarelin">Azagly-nafarelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buserelin" title="Buserelin">Buserelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deslorelin" title="Deslorelin">Deslorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertirelin" title="Fertirelin">Fertirelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadorelin" title="Gonadorelin">Gonadorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goserelin" title="Goserelin">Goserelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrelin" title="Histrelin">Histrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">Leuprorelin (leuprolide)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutrelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutrelin (page does not exist)">Lutrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafarelin" title="Nafarelin">Nafarelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peforelin" title="Peforelin">Peforelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmon_GnRH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmon GnRH (page does not exist)">Salmon GnRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptorelin" title="Triptorelin">Triptorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoptarelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoptarelin (page does not exist)">Zoptarelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoptarelin_doxorubicin" title="Zoptarelin doxorubicin">Zoptarelin doxorubicin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <i>Peptides:</i> <a href="/wiki/Abarelix" title="Abarelix">Abarelix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acyline" title="Acyline">Acyline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azaline_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azaline B (page does not exist)">Azaline B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetrorelix" title="Cetrorelix">Cetrorelix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degarelix" title="Degarelix">Degarelix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detirelix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detirelix (page does not exist)">Detirelix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganirelix" title="Ganirelix">Ganirelix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturelix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iturelix (page does not exist)">Iturelix (antide)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LXT-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LXT-101 (page does not exist)">LXT-101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornirelix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornirelix (page does not exist)">Ornirelix (ornitide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozarelix" title="Ozarelix">Ozarelix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prazarelix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prazarelix (page does not exist)">Prazarelix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramorelix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramorelix (page does not exist)">Ramorelix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teverelix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teverelix (page does not exist)">Teverelix (antarelix)</a>; <i>Non-peptides:</i> <a href="/wiki/Elagolix" title="Elagolix">Elagolix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linzagolix" title="Linzagolix">Linzagolix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opigolix" title="Opigolix">Opigolix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relugolix" title="Relugolix">Relugolix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufugolix" title="Sufugolix">Sufugolix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_receptor" title="Gonadotropin receptor">Gonadotropin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor" title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor"><abbr title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor">LH/hCG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <i>Peptides:</i> <a href="/wiki/Choriogonadotropin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Choriogonadotropin alfa">Choriogonadotropin alfa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human chorionic gonadotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">Luteinizing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutropin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutropin alfa">Lutropin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menotropin" title="Menotropin">Menotropin (human menopausal gonadotropin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_receptor" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor"><abbr title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor">FSH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <i>Peptides:</i> <a href="/wiki/Corifollitropin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Corifollitropin alfa">Corifollitropin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">Follicle-stimulating hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follitropin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Follitropin alfa">Follitropin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follitropin_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Follitropin beta">Follitropin beta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Follitropin_epsilon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Follitropin epsilon (page does not exist)">Follitropin epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menotropin" title="Menotropin">Menotropin (human menopausal gonadotropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urofollitropin" title="Urofollitropin">Urofollitropin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varfollitropin_alfa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varfollitropin alfa (page does not exist)">Varfollitropin alfa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><abbr title="negative allosteric modulators">NAMs</abbr>:</i> <i>Non-peptides:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ADX-61623&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADX-61623 (page does not exist)">ADX-61623</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407172#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chorionic gonadotropins"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024750">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gonadotrophines chorioniques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119814821">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gonadotrophines chorioniques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119814821">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285613205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&oldid=1259945175">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&oldid=1259945175</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genes_on_human_chromosome_6" title="Category:Genes on human chromosome 6">Genes on human chromosome 6</a></li><li><a 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