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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>IBM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IBM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amdahl_Corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amdahl_Corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Amdahl Corporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amdahl_Corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1979–2015:_Entrepreneur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979–2015:_Entrepreneur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1979–2015: Entrepreneur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1979–2015:_Entrepreneur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جين أمدال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جين أمدال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin_Amdal" title="Cin Amdal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cin Amdal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جین امدال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جین امدال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="জিন আম্‌ডাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিন আম্‌ডাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جین امدال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جین امدال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84_%EC%95%94%EB%8B%AC" title="진 암달 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진 암달" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Ջին Ամդալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջին Ամդալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جين امدال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جين امدال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ジーン・アムダール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジーン・アムダール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Амдал, Джин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амдал, Джин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Џин Амдал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џин Амдал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gene Amdahl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Джин Амдал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джин Амдал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE" title="吉恩·阿姆達爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉恩·阿姆達爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62890#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">American computer architect and high-tech entrepreneur</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gene Amdahl</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Amdahl_march_13_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Amdahl_march_13_2008.jpg/220px-Amdahl_march_13_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Amdahl_march_13_2008.jpg/330px-Amdahl_march_13_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Amdahl_march_13_2008.jpg/440px-Amdahl_march_13_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="859" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Amdahl addressing a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">UW–Madison</a> Alumni gathering, March 13, 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1922-11-16</span>)</span>November 16, 1922<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Flandreau,_South_Dakota" title="Flandreau, South Dakota">Flandreau, South Dakota</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 10, 2015<span style="display:none">(2015-11-10)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_State_University" title="South Dakota State University">South Dakota State University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>, 1948)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>; <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, 1952)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founding <a href="/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation" title="Amdahl Corporation">Amdahl Corporation</a>; formulating <a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a>; IBM 360, 704</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Marian Delaine Quissell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Andrea Leigh Amdahl</li> <li>Beth Delaine Amdahl</li> <li>Carlton Gene Amdahl</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> (1967)<br /><a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> Fellow (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-chbio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chbio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Entrepreneur<br /><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">Degrees in theoretical physics from the University of Wisconsin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~bezenek/Stuff/amdahl_thesis.pdf">The Logical Design of an Intermediate Speed Digital Computer</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1953)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Sachs" title="Robert G. Sachs">Robert G. Sachs</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gene Myron Amdahl</b> (November 16, 1922 – November 10, 2015) was an American computer architect and high-tech entrepreneur, chiefly known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and later his own companies, especially <a href="/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation" title="Amdahl Corporation">Amdahl Corporation</a>. He formulated <a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a>, which states a fundamental limitation of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel computing</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Amdahl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amdahl was born to immigrant parents of Norwegian and Swedish descent in <a href="/wiki/Flandreau,_South_Dakota" title="Flandreau, South Dakota">Flandreau, South Dakota</a>. After serving in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> during World War II he completed a degree in <a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">engineering physics</a> at <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_State_University" title="South Dakota State University">South Dakota State University</a> in 1948. </p><p>He went on to study theoretical physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> under <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Sachs" title="Robert G. Sachs">Robert G. Sachs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBI1989_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBI1989-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHM2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHM2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1950, Amdahl and Charles H. "Charlie" Davidson, a fellow PhD student in the Department of Physics, approached Harold A. Peterson with the idea of a digital computer.<sup id="cite_ref-UWM-1643_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UWM-1643-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amdahl and Davidson gained the support of Peterson and fellow electrical engineering professor Vincent C. Rideout, who encouraged them to build a computer of their unique design.<sup id="cite_ref-UWM-2120_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UWM-2120-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amdahl completed his <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> at UW–Madison in 1952 with a thesis titled <i>A Logical Design of an Intermediate Speed Digital Computer</i> and created his first computer, the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Integrally_Synchronized_Computer" title="Wisconsin Integrally Synchronized Computer">Wisconsin Integrally Synchronized Computer</a> (WISC).<sup id="cite_ref-thesis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then went straight from Wisconsin to a position at IBM in June 1952. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IBM">IBM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Amdahl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: IBM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At IBM, Amdahl worked on the <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a>, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_709" title="IBM 709">IBM 709</a>, and then the <i>Stretch</i> project, the basis for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_7030_Stretch" title="IBM 7030 Stretch">IBM 7030</a>. He left IBM in December 1955, but returned in September 1960 (after working at <a href="/wiki/TRW_Inc." title="TRW Inc.">Ramo-Wooldridge</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Aeronutronic" title="Aeronutronic">Aeronutronic</a>). He quit out of frustration with the bureaucratic structure of the organization. In an interview<sup id="cite_ref-CBI1989_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBI1989-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conducted in 1989 for the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, he addressed this: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Well, what I felt was that with that kind of an organization I'm not going to be in control of what I want to do any time in the future. It's going to be a much more bureaucratic structure. I'll work in one area of it, and that's all I'll get experience in. And I decided that I didn't want to have that kind of life, basically. It wasn't just Dunwell. It was the way the structure was set up; I was going to be a peg-in-a-hole.</p></blockquote> <p>On his return, he became the chief architect of <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> and was named an <a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">IBM Fellow</a> in 1965, and head of the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Computing_Systems_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Computing Systems Laboratory">Advanced Computing Systems Laboratory</a> (ACS) in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amdahl_Corporation">Amdahl Corporation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Amdahl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Amdahl Corporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He left IBM again in September 1970, after his ideas for computer development were rejected, and set up <a href="/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation" title="Amdahl Corporation">Amdahl Corporation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale, California</a> with major financing from <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Competing with IBM in the mainframe market, the company manufactured "<a href="/wiki/Plug_compatible" title="Plug compatible">plug-compatible</a>" mainframes, shipping its first machine in 1975 – the Amdahl 470V/6, a less expensive, more reliable and faster replacement for the System 370/168. By purchasing an Amdahl 470 and plug-compatible peripheral devices from third-party manufacturers, customers could now run S/360 and S/370 applications without buying actual IBM hardware. Amdahl's software team developed VM/PE (Virtual Machine/Performance Enhancement), software designed to optimize the performance of IBM's <a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> when running under IBM's <a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM operating system</a>. </p><p>By 1979, Amdahl Corporation had sold over US$1 billion<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of V6 and V7 mainframes and had over 6,000 employees worldwide. The corporation went on to distribute an IBM-plug-compatible <a href="/wiki/Front-end_processor" title="Front-end processor">front-end processor</a> (the 4705) as well as high-performance <a href="/wiki/Disk_storage" title="Disk storage">disk drives</a>, both jointly developed with Fujitsu engineers. </p><p>At the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Joint_Computer_Conference" title="Joint Computer Conference">Spring Joint Computer Conference</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amdahl, along with three other computer architects, most notably <a href="/wiki/ILLIAC_IV" title="ILLIAC IV">ILLIAC IV</a> architect <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Slotnick" title="Daniel Slotnick">Daniel Slotnick</a>, engaged in a discussion on future architectural trends. Amdahl articulated his arguments, both orally and in three written pages,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the fundamental physical limitations that he theorized would govern the performance of any special feature or mode introduced to new machines. This set of arguments resulted in two, <a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">major and lesser, "laws" of computer performance</a> regarding sequential versus <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel processing</a>. These arguments continue to this day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1979–2015:_Entrepreneur"><span id="1979.E2.80.932015:_Entrepreneur"></span>1979–2015: Entrepreneur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Amdahl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1979–2015: Entrepreneur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amdahl left his eponymous company in August 1979 to set up <a href="/wiki/Trilogy_Systems" title="Trilogy Systems">Trilogy Systems</a>, together with his son Carl, and Clifford Madden.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With over US$200 million in funds, Trilogy was aimed at designing a wafer-scale <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> for even cheaper mainframes, but the chip development failed within months of the company's $60 million public offering; thereafter, the company focused on developing its <a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">VLSI</a> technology and, when that project failed, in 1985, Trilogy merged into <a href="/wiki/Elxsi" title="Elxsi">Elxsi</a>, a computer maker with its own CPU design. Elxsi also did poorly and Amdahl left in 1989, having already founded his next venture, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andor_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andor International (page does not exist)">Andor International</a>, in 1987. Andor hoped to compete in the mid-sized mainframe market, using improved manufacturing techniques developed by one of the company's employees, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_F._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert F. Brown (page does not exist)">Robert F. Brown</a>, to make smaller, more efficient machines. Production problems and strong competition led the company into bankruptcy by 1995. </p><p>Amdahl co-founded <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commercial_Data_Servers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commercial Data Servers (page does not exist)">Commercial Data Servers</a> in 1996, again in Sunnyvale, and again developing mainframe-like machines but this time with new super-cooled processor designs and aimed at physically smaller systems. One such machine, from 1997, was the ESP/490 (Enterprise Server Platform/490), an enhancement of IBM's P/390 of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/390" title="IBM System/390">System/390</a> family. Since then, CDS has changed its name and narrowed its focus. As <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xbridge_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xbridge Systems (page does not exist)">Xbridge Systems</a>, the company now builds software to scan mainframe datasets and database tables for sensitive information such as credit card numbers, social security and other government identification numbers, sensitive medical diagnosis information that can be linked to an individual, and other information such as that needed for electronic discovery. </p><p>In November 2004, Amdahl was appointed to the board of advisors of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_Parallel_Technologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massively Parallel Technologies (page does not exist)">Massively Parallel Technologies</a>. </p><p>He died on November 10, 2015, in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, from pneumonia, six days shy of his 93rd birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-obituary_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-obituary-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-computing-obituary_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computing-obituary-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> in the last years of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gene_Amdahl_visit_to_Amdahl_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gene_Amdahl_visit_to_Amdahl_2008.JPG/220px-Gene_Amdahl_visit_to_Amdahl_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gene_Amdahl_visit_to_Amdahl_2008.JPG/330px-Gene_Amdahl_visit_to_Amdahl_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gene_Amdahl_visit_to_Amdahl_2008.JPG/440px-Gene_Amdahl_visit_to_Amdahl_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Gene and his wife, Marian, in front of the main house at Amdahl, Norway</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gene_and_Marian_Amdahl_in_front_of_the_%22Amdahl_troll%22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gene_and_Marian_Amdahl_in_front_of_the_%22Amdahl_troll%22.JPG/220px-Gene_and_Marian_Amdahl_in_front_of_the_%22Amdahl_troll%22.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gene_and_Marian_Amdahl_in_front_of_the_%22Amdahl_troll%22.JPG/330px-Gene_and_Marian_Amdahl_in_front_of_the_%22Amdahl_troll%22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gene_and_Marian_Amdahl_in_front_of_the_%22Amdahl_troll%22.JPG/440px-Gene_and_Marian_Amdahl_in_front_of_the_%22Amdahl_troll%22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>On the face of the mountain behind Gene and Marian there is a profile of a face, called the "Amdahl troll"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Amdahl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amdahl was named an <a href="/wiki/IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">IBM Fellow</a> in 1965, became a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> in 1967 and was recognized as the Centennial Alumnus of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_State_University" title="South Dakota State University">South Dakota State University</a> in 1986. He has numerous awards and patents to his credit and has received <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary Doctorates</a> from his two <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma maters</a> and two other institutions as well. </p><p>Amdahl was elected Distinguished Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a> (DFBCS) in 1979, and in 1983 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Goode_Memorial_Award" title="Harry H. Goode Memorial Award">Harry H. Goode Memorial Award</a> by the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a> "in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design, applications and manufacture of large-scale high-performance computers."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, he was made a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> "for his fundamental work in computer architecture and design, project management, and leadership."<sup id="cite_ref-chbio_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chbio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2007, Amdahl was recognized with the <a href="/wiki/Special_Interest_Group_on_Design_Automation" title="Special Interest Group on Design Automation">SIGDA</a> Pioneering Achievement Award.<sup id="cite_ref-SIGDA200711_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGDA200711-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SIGDA-PAA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGDA-PAA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A banquet dinner in his honor featured a short talk by Amdahl on his career, and a panel debate on the future of parallel processing. Panelists included <a href="/wiki/John_Gustafson_(scientist)" title="John Gustafson (scientist)">John Gustafson</a> (known for <a href="/wiki/Gustafson%27s_law" title="Gustafson's law">Gustafson's law</a>). The talk and debate were both videotaped, and are available through the SIGDA Web page, and the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> Digital Library.<sup id="cite_ref-ICCAD2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICCAD2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Amdahl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation" title="Amdahl Corporation">Amdahl Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">IBM mainframe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty_and_doubt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear, uncertainty and doubt">FUD</a> – a term coined by Amdahl to describe IBM's competitive tactics</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Amdahl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chbio-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chbio_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chbio_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/gene-amdahl">"Gene Amdahl"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gene+Amdahl&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Ffellowawards%2Fhall%2Fgene-amdahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Amdahl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBI1989-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBI1989_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBI1989_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmdahl1989" class="citation interview cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amdahl, Gene M.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/104341">"Oral history interview with Gene M. Amdahl"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Arthur L. Norberg. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299%2F104341">11299/104341</a>. OH 107<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Gene+M.+Amdahl&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11299%2F104341&rft.aulast=Amdahl&rft.aufirst=Gene+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F104341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Amdahl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHM2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHM2000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmdahl2000" class="citation interview cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amdahl, Gene M.</a> (September 24, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102702492">"Amdahl, Gene oral history"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by William Aspray. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. CHM Ref: X5988.2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amdahl%2C+Gene+oral+history&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2000-09-24&rft.aulast=Amdahl&rft.aufirst=Gene+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fcollections%2Fcatalog%2F102702492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Amdahl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, William S. (2007). "An Interview with Gene M. Amdahl". <i>IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 10–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FN-SSC.2007.4785613">10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785613</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1098-4232">1098-4232</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42621761">42621761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Solid-State+Circuits+Society+Newsletter&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Gene+M.+Amdahl&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=10-16&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42621761%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1098-4232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FN-SSC.2007.4785613&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Amdahl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UWM-1643-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UWM-1643_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111209053111/https://www.secfac.wisc.edu/senate/2002/0506/1643(mem_res).pdf">"On the Death of Professor Emeritus Harold A. Peterson"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. May 6, 2002. Faculty Document: 1643. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.secfac.wisc.edu/senate/2002/0506/1643(mem_res).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Death+of+Professor+Emeritus+Harold+A.+Peterson&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft.date=2002-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.secfac.wisc.edu%2Fsenate%2F2002%2F0506%2F1643%28mem_res%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Amdahl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UWM-2120-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UWM-2120_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111209044016/https://www.secfac.wisc.edu/senate/2009/0504/2120(mem_res).pdf">"On the Death of Professor Emeritus Charles H. Davidson"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. May 4, 2009. Faculty Document: 2120. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.secfac.wisc.edu/senate/2009/0504/2120(mem_res).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Goode Memorial Award"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awards.computer.org/ana/award/viewPastRecipients.action?id=17">the original</a> on February 19, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Amdahl</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. Amdahl discusses his graduate work at the University of Wisconsin and his design of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Integrally_Synchronized_Computer" title="Wisconsin Integrally Synchronized Computer">WISC</a>. Discusses his role in the designing of several computers for IBM including the <a href="/wiki/IBM_7030_Stretch" title="IBM 7030 Stretch">IBM 7030 Stretch</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_701" title="IBM 701">IBM 701</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a>. He discusses his work with <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester_(computer_scientist)" title="Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist)">Nathaniel Rochester</a> and IBM's management of the design process. Mentions work with <a href="/wiki/TRW_Inc." title="TRW Inc.">Ramo-Wooldridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeronutronic" title="Aeronutronic">Aeronutronic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_Sciences_Corporation" title="Computer Sciences Corporation">Computer Sciences Corporation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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