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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vsebina</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Uporaba_dialize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uporaba_dialize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Uporaba dialize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uporaba_dialize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dializno_črevo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dializno_črevo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dializno črevo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dializno_črevo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Dializno črevo</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dializno_črevo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Priprava_dializnega_črevesa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priprava_dializnega_črevesa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Priprava dializnega črevesa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priprava_dializnega_črevesa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvedba_in_potek_dializnega_postopka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvedba_in_potek_dializnega_postopka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Izvedba in potek dializnega postopka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvedba_in_potek_dializnega_postopka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drugi_načini_uporabe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drugi_načini_uporabe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Drugi načini uporabe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drugi_načini_uporabe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperatura_dialize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperatura_dialize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Temperatura dialize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperatura_dialize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lastnosti_dializnih_pufrov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lastnosti_dializnih_pufrov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lastnosti dializnih pufrov</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lastnosti_dializnih_pufrov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Čas_izvajanja_dialize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Čas_izvajanja_dialize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Čas izvajanja dialize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Čas_izvajanja_dialize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pogoji_za_uspešno_izveden_dializni_postopek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pogoji_za_uspešno_izveden_dializni_postopek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pogoji za uspešno izveden dializni postopek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pogoji_za_uspešno_izveden_dializni_postopek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prednosti_dialize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prednosti_dialize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Prednosti dialize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prednosti_dialize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slabosti_dialize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slabosti_dialize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Slabosti dialize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slabosti_dialize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Viri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Kazalo vsebine" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dializa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 17 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dializ_(geoloji_termin)" title="Dializ (geoloji termin) – azerbajdžanščina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dializ (geoloji termin)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Дыяліз – beloruščina" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыяліз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="beloruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Диализа (биохимия) – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диализа (биохимия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialyse_(Chemie)" title="Dialyse (Chemie) – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dialyse (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysis_(chemistry)" title="Dialysis (chemistry) – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Dialysis (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1lisis_(bioqu%C3%ADmica)" title="Diálisis (bioquímica) – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diálisis (bioquímica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial%C3%BC%C3%BCs" title="Dialüüs – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dialüüs" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%94_(%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="דיאליזה (כימיה) – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיאליזה (כימיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6" title="Դիալիզ – armenščina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիալիզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialisi_(fisica)" title="Dialisi (fisica) – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialisi (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Диализ – kirgiščina" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Диализ" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialyse_(biochemie)" title="Dialyse (biochemie) – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dialyse (biochemie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dializ%C4%83_(biochimie)" title="Dializă (biochimie) – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dializă (biochimie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Диализ – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диализ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial%C3%BDza_(ch%C3%A9mia)" title="Dialýza (chémia) – slovaščina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dialýza (chémia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Діаліз – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діаліз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%9E%90_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8)" title="透析 (生物化學) – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="透析 (生物化學)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15043671#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi medjezikovne povezave" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi povezave</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dializa" title="Ogled vsebinske strani [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pogovor:Dializa" rel="discussion" title="Pogovor o vsebinski strani [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pogovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Spremeni 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href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=history" title="Prejšnje redakcije te strani [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Orodja" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Več možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dejanja </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dializa"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div class="dablink">Za medicinski postopek glej <a href="/wiki/Ledvi%C4%8Dna_dializa" title="Ledvična dializa">Ledvična dializa</a>.</div> <p><b>Dializa</b> je <a href="/wiki/Biokemija" title="Biokemija">biokemijski</a> proces ločevanja snovi, ki se uporablja predvsem za čiščenje <a href="/wiki/Beljakovina" title="Beljakovina">beljakovin</a>. Osnovana je na prehajanju delcev (poleg beljakovin še <a href="/wiki/Sol" title="Sol">soli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sladkor" title="Sladkor">sladkorjev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vode</a> itd.) skozi polprepustno <a href="/wiki/Membrana" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Membrana">membrano</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uporaba_dialize">Uporaba dialize</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Uporaba dialize" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Uporaba dialize"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dializa temelji na uporabi prozorne membrane, ki zadržuje <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekule</a>, večje od por, molekule, ki so manjše od por, pa prepušča. Uporablja se predvsem takrat, ko beljakovine obarjamo s solmi, ki pa jih moremo po obarjanju odstraniti in bi lahko motile nadaljnje določevanje; tak postopek imenujemo <a href="/wiki/Razsoljevanje" title="Razsoljevanje">razsoljevanje</a>. Dializni postopek lahko uporabimo tudi, če želimo odstraniti <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ione</a> ali majhne molekule, ki so šibko vezane na biološke molekule. Ker se lahko zgodi, da se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encimska_aktivnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encimska aktivnost (stran ne obstaja)">encimska aktivnost</a> beljakovin med dializo spremeni, je dobro, če prihranimo nekaj prvotnega vzorca za nadaljnjo analizo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dializno_črevo"><span id="Dializno_.C4.8Drevo"></span>Dializno črevo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Dializno črevo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Dializno črevo"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pri dializi uporabljamo tanko membrano v obliki črevesa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializno_%C4%8Drevo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dializno črevo (stran ne obstaja)">Dializno črevo</a> je lahko različnih razsežnosti z različno velikimi porami, navadno je narejeno iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetiliranje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetiliranje (stran ne obstaja)">acetilirane</a> <a href="/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza">celuloze</a> ali <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroceluloza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroceluloza (stran ne obstaja)">nitroceluloze</a>, lahko pa tudi iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbometilceluloza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbometilceluloza (stran ne obstaja)">karbometil celuloze</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolodij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolodij (stran ne obstaja)">kolodija</a> ali <a href="/wiki/Celofan" title="Celofan">celofana</a> z velikostjo por od 1–20 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" title="Nanometer">nm</a>, vendar običajno polprepustna membrana dializnega črevesa ne prepušča molekul, večjih od 15.000–20.000 <a href="/wiki/Enota_atomske_mase" title="Enota atomske mase">Da</a>. Pred dializo moramo dializno črevo primerno pripraviti, saj se lahko zgodi, da so že pripravljena dializna črevesa onesnažena z <a href="/wiki/Glicerol" title="Glicerol">glicerolom</a>, ioni <a href="/wiki/Te%C5%BEka_kovina" title="Težka kovina">težkih kovin</a>, spojinami, ki vsebujejo <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDveplo" title="Žveplo">žveplo</a>, ali celo <a href="/wiki/Encim" title="Encim">encimi</a>, ki jih moramo nujno odstraniti, saj bi sicer lahko nepovratno reagirali z vzorcem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Priprava_dializnega_črevesa"><span id="Priprava_dializnega_.C4.8Drevesa"></span>Priprava dializnega črevesa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Priprava dializnega črevesa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Priprava dializnega črevesa"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dializno črevo pripravimo tako, da najprej odrežemo primerno dolžino dializnega črevesa, nato pa ga za eno uro namočimo v 1% <a href="/wiki/Raztopina" title="Raztopina">raztopino</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocetna_kislina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocetna kislina">ocetne kisline</a>. Po pretečenem času ga prenesemo v destilirano vodo. Kovinske ione odstranimo s sveže pripravljeno prevreto raztopino <a href="/wiki/EDTA" title="EDTA">EDTA</a> (1% raztopina NaHCO<sub>3</sub> in 10 <a href="/wiki/Molarnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Molarnost">mM</a> EDTA) tako, da znova pustimo namakati eno uro. Nato dializno črevo še najmanj petkrat speremo z <a href="/wiki/Destilirana_voda" title="Destilirana voda">destilirano vodo</a>. Z metodo predpriprave dializnega črevesa lahko določimo, katere molekule bomo odstranjevali med postopkom dialize. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvedba_in_potek_dializnega_postopka">Izvedba in potek dializnega postopka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Izvedba in potek dializnega postopka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit&section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Izvedba in potek dializnega postopka"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metodo dialize izvedemo tako, da dializno črevo ustreznih razsežnosti in s primerno velikimi porami napolnimo z raztopino vzorca, dializno črevo na obeh straneh dobro stisnemo in spnemo ter nato potopimo v večji volumen raztopine, v katero želimo odstraniti določene snovi iz vzorčne raztopine. Molekule vode ter ioni oziroma molekule topljencev z majhno molekulsko maso lahko prehajajo iz dializnega črevesa v zunanjo raztopino (lahko pa se tudi vrnejo), beljakovine, ki pa so večje od por, pa ostanejo v dializnem črevesu. Ker gre za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasivna_difuzija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasivna difuzija (stran ne obstaja)">pasivno difuzijo</a>, je za hiter prehod topljenca skozi membrano dializnega črevesa potrebna čim večja <a href="/wiki/Koncentracija" title="Koncentracija">koncentracijska</a> razlika, ki jo lahko dosežemo z mešanjem z magnetnim mešalom. Prehajanje se ustavi, ko je koncentracija določene snovi na obeh straneh membrane enaka (ko dosežemo ravnovesje). Rezultat sta dializni preostanek (kar ne difundira skozi membrano) in dializat (vse kar preide skozi membrano). Visoke koncentracije soli ali organskih razkrojil v vzorcu povzročijo, da voda vstopi v dializno črevo, preden sol preide v okoljno raztopino. To ima za posledico povečanje volumna v dializnem črevesu, zaradi česar lahko pride do odmašitve enega ali obeh koncev dializnega črevesa, lahko pa tudi raznese dializno črevo. Temu se lahko izognemo tako, da po napolnjenju dializnega črevesa le-tega ne zapremo preveč tesno, ampak pustimo nekaj prostora. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drugi_načini_uporabe"><span id="Drugi_na.C4.8Dini_uporabe"></span>Drugi načini uporabe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Drugi načini uporabe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit&section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Drugi načini uporabe"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dializiramo lahko tudi s pomočjo posebnih aparatov. S pomočjo dialize lahko poleg razsoljevanja in zamenjave <a href="/wiki/Pufer" title="Pufer">pufrov</a> ugotavljamo tudi konstanto vezave nizkomolekularnih <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligandov</a> na molekule (npr. dvovalentnih <a href="/wiki/Kation" title="Kation">kationov</a> na encim), vendar v tem primeru potrebujemo še dodatne analitske tehnike, s katerimi lahko natančno spremljamo prehajanje nizkomolekularnega liganda skozi polprepustno membrano. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperatura_dialize">Temperatura dialize</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi razdelek: Temperatura dialize" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit&section=6" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Temperatura dialize"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Običajno se izmenjava pufrov oziroma razsoljevanje izvaja pri nizkih <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturah</a> (+4 <a href="/wiki/Celzijeva_temperaturna_lestvica" title="Celzijeva temperaturna lestvica">°C</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lastnosti_dializnih_pufrov">Lastnosti dializnih pufrov</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi razdelek: Lastnosti dializnih pufrov" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit&section=7" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Lastnosti dializnih pufrov"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pufri, ki jih uporabljamo, morajo imeti nizko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionska_mo%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionska moč (stran ne obstaja)">ionsko moč</a>, paziti pa moramo tudi na to, da ne uporabimo snovi, ki bi reagirale z molekulo, ki jo želimo izolirati, ali je celo uničile, prav tako pa moramo biti pozorni na <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> pufra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Čas_izvajanja_dialize"><span id=".C4.8Cas_izvajanja_dialize"></span>Čas izvajanja dialize</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi razdelek: Čas izvajanja dialize" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit&section=8" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Čas izvajanja dialize"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Čas, ki je potreben za uravnoteženje koncentracije, je odvisen od volumnov in mešanja, vendar postopek dialize običajno ne traja več kot tri ure. Dializni sistem, ki je dobro mešan, lahko v 2–3 urah doseže 90% <a href="/wiki/Osmoza" title="Osmoza">osmotsko</a> ravnotežje. Z eno samo dializo določenega topljenca ne moremo popolnoma odstraniti, saj je koncentracija snovi, ki je bila sprva samo v dializnem črevesu (in jo želimo iz raztopine izločiti), po enem dializnem postopku enaka znotraj dializnega črevesa in v dializnem pufru. Iz tega razloga izvedemo več zaporednih dializ, od katerih naj bi dve navadno trajali tri ure, ena pa preko noči, volumen pufra pa mora biti vsaj 100–1000-krat večji, kot je volumen vzorca. Če je volumen dializnega pufra 50–krat večji od volumna raztopine, ki se nahaja v dializnem črevesu, bo končna koncentracija topljenca, katerega koncentracijo želimo zmanjšati, kvečjemu 51–krat manjša od začetne. Nadaljnje zmanjšanje koncentracije lahko dosežemo z večkratno zamenjavo dializnega pufra. Z večkratno zamenjavo manjših volumnov pufra dosežemo boljši učinek kot pa z enkratno dializo z velikim volumnom pufra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pogoji_za_uspešno_izveden_dializni_postopek"><span id="Pogoji_za_uspe.C5.A1no_izveden_dializni_postopek"></span>Pogoji za uspešno izveden dializni postopek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi razdelek: Pogoji za uspešno izveden dializni postopek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit&section=9" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Pogoji za uspešno izveden dializni postopek"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nevarnost kemijskega onesnaženja snovi, ki jo izoliramo, je večja, kadar imamo zelo razredčeno raztopino beljakovin, medtem ko je razmerje membrana/beljakovine veliko. Za raztopine beljakovin s koncentracijo 10 mg/ml ali manj je verjetneje, da ločitev ne bo uspešna, zato je bolje, da raztopino, ki jo želimo očistiti, nalijemo v suho dializno črevo in ga zapremo šele po omočenju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prednosti_dialize">Prednosti dialize</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi razdelek: Prednosti dialize" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit&section=10" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Prednosti dialize"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prednost dialize je ta, da praktično ne pride do sprememb volumna vzorca. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slabosti_dialize">Slabosti dialize</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi razdelek: Slabosti dialize" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit&section=11" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Slabosti dialize"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dializo, ki je bila včasih standardni postopek ločevanja beljakovin, izveden pri skoraj vsakem čiščenju beljakovin, je danes zamenjala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelska_filtracija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelska filtracija (stran ne obstaja)">gelska filtracija</a>. Čeprav je postopek dialize preprost, poceni in zanj ne potrebujemo veliko opreme, pa ima dve glavni pomanjkljivosti: dolg čas, ki ga porabimo za izvedbo ene dialize, in poraba velikih volumnov dializnega pufra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viri">Viri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi razdelek: Viri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dializa&action=edit&section=12" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Viri"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kuhelj, R. (1998). <i>Biokemija v praksi: načela in tehnike</i>. Ljubljana: Fakulteta za kemijo in kemijsko tehnologijo.</li> <li>Harris, E.L.V. (1989). <i>Protein purification methods, a practical approach</i>. 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