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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">David Freedberg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Director of <a href="/wiki/Warburg_Institute" title="Warburg Institute">Warburg Institute</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 2015 – April 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mack_(academic)" title="Peter Mack (academic)">Peter Mack</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Sherman_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Sherman (academic)">Bill Sherman</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Town, South Africa">Cape Town, South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Art_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Art historian">Art historian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">Administrator</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>David Freedberg</b> is <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Matisse" title="Pierre Matisse">Pierre Matisse</a> Professor of the History of Art and Director of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Academy_for_Advanced_Studies_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America">Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also Director of the <a href="/wiki/Warburg_Institute" title="Warburg Institute">Warburg Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> from July 2015 to April 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_and_career">Early years and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Freedberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, David Freedberg was educated at the <a href="/wiki/South_African_College_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="South African College High School">South African College High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newlands,_Cape_Town" title="Newlands, Cape Town">Newlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (1961–65), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> (1966), <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (B.A. 1969), and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> (D.Phil. 1973).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freedberg’s first degree was in Classics, but he switched to art history while at Oxford as the result of the influence of <a href="/wiki/E.H._Gombrich" class="mw-redirect" title="E.H. Gombrich">E.H. Gombrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Baxandall" title="Michael Baxandall">Michael Baxandall</a> with whom he studied at the Warburg Institute in London.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He taught at the <a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" title="Courtauld Institute of Art">Courtauld Institute of Art</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> before being appointed Professor of the History of Art at Columbia in 1984. He has also been <a href="/wiki/Slade_Professor_of_Fine_Art" title="Slade Professor of Fine Art">Slade Professor of Fine Art</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> in 1983–1984 and at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> in 2016-2017, Andrew W. Mellon Professor at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a> (1996–1998), Nat C. Robertson Professor of Science and Society at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> (2006), Rudolf Wittkower Professor at the Biblioteca Hertziana in Rome (2008-2009), etc. He is a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Accademia_Nazionale_di_Agricultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accademia Nazionale di Agricultura (page does not exist)">Accademia Nazionale di Agricultura</a> in Bologna, and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istitutoveneto.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/1">Istituto Veneto per le Scienze, Lettere e Arti</a>. </p><p>A volume of <i>Tributes to David A. Freedberg: Image and Insight</i> was published in 2019, edited by Claudia Swan.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Freedberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David Freedberg is best known for his work on psychological responses to art, and particularly for his studies on iconoclasm and censorship. He first investigated this topic in the early 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in preparation for his dissertation <i>Iconoclasm and Painting in the Revolt of the Netherlands</i> (University of Oxford 1973) and in <i>Iconoclasts and Their Motives</i>, 1984, which was followed by the landmark book, <i>The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response</i>, published by the University of Chicago Press in 1989 and in several subsequent editions in many languages.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freedberg's more traditional art historical writing originally centered on the fields of Dutch and Flemish art. Within these fields he specialized in the history of Dutch printmaking (<i>Dutch Landscape Prints of the Seventeenth Century</i>, 1980), and in the paintings and drawings of Bruegel and Rubens (<i>The Prints of <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a></i>, 1989, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>: The Life of Christ after the Passion</i>, 1984). </p><p>Freedberg then turned his attention to seventeenth-century Roman art and to the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a series of important discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a> and the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia dei Lincei">Accademia dei Lincei</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> of drawings made under the auspices of Galileo's closest friends and collaborators, he began working on the intersection of art and science in the circle of the first modern scientific academy, the Accademia dei Lincei. While much of his work in this area has been published in articles and catalogues, his chief publication in this field is <i>The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History</i> (2002). </p><p>During the late 1980s and 1990s Freedberg was involved in several exhibitions of contemporary art, and coauthored <i>The Play of the Unmentionable</i> (1992) with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kosuth" title="Joseph Kosuth">Joseph Kosuth</a>. It was at this time that he also began working on the subject of dance, and in particular on his long-term project on the dance and architecture of the Pueblo peoples. </p><p>From the mid-1980s on, Freedberg began speaking and writing about the importance of the new cognitive neurosciences for the understanding of responses to art and images. He is now devoting a substantial portion of his attention to collaborations with neuroscientists working in fields of movement, embodiment, and emotion. </p><p>A distinctive aspect of Freedberg’s work has been his many collaborative projects and publications, not only with other art historians and conservation scientists, but also botanists, paleontologists, mycologists and above all neuroscientists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanities_and_Neuroscience">Humanities and Neuroscience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Freedberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Humanities and Neuroscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of Freedberg's time is now taken up by his directorship of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Academy_for_Advanced_Studies_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America">Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America</a> and his commitment to fostering interdisciplinary work across the humanities and the sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Academy he established its pioneering <i>Humanities and Neurosciences Project</i> in 2001. The initial aim was to bring humanists and neuroscientists together to assess the possibilities for the humanities and social sciences of new understandings of the neural substrate of responses to art and to images. This was followed by a series of bi-annual conferences on neuroscientific issues of topical interest (for example those on <i>Vision, Attention, and Emotion</i> in 2008, <i>Neurotechniques</i> in 2010, <i>Music and Neuroscience</i> in 2011, and the <i>Default Mode Network</i> in 2014). </p><p>Throughout Freedberg has sought to achieve a balanced assessment of new understandings of the neural substrate of responses to humans and their representations. In encouraging such work, he has set out to minimize skepticism and allay fears that the practices and procedures of contemporary neurobiological investigations threaten the contextual approaches of the humanities and social sciences. The overall aim of the programs at the Italian Academy has been to foster the mutual understanding of new techniques and leading paradigms in the sciences and the humanities, and to achieve new epistemological frameworks for the disciplines. </p><p>In 2007, together with neuroscientist <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Gallese" title="Vittorio Gallese">Vittorio Gallese</a>, he has published an article entitles <i>Motion, Emotion and Empathy in Esthetic Experience</i> which become so polemical in the field. As Freedberg and Gallese explain, as the eye sees a work of art, the brain mimics gestures mentally, before it cognitively recognizes the conceptual context or effect of the action it’s mimicking. Freedberg and Gallese’s theory of aesthetic empathetic responses therefore introduces a possible scientific ally into the aesthetic position of nonconceptual or noncognitive formalism.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Warburg_Institute">The Warburg Institute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Freedberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Warburg Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2015 to 2017, Freedberg was Director of the <a href="/wiki/Warburg_Institute" title="Warburg Institute">Warburg Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His aim while at the Institute was to revive the promise of the work of <a href="/wiki/Aby_Warburg" title="Aby Warburg">Aby Warburg</a> and his approaches to the history of art, images, and culture more broadly: emphasizing the psychological, anthropological, political, and biological aspects of Warburg’s work.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sought to inject new energy into the main intellectual directions of the Institute, which, under threat from Nazism, was transferred from Hamburg to London in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_Heritage_and_the_Indigenous_Communities_of_North_America">Cultural Heritage and the Indigenous Communities of North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Freedberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural Heritage and the Indigenous Communities of North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freedberg’s concerns with historic preservation both in the US and across the globe also resulted in the creation (by him and Barbara Faedda) of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://italianacademy.columbia.edu/international-observatory-for-cultural-heritage">International Observatory for Cultural Heritage at the Italian Academy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903214309/http://italianacademy.columbia.edu/international-observatory-for-cultural-heritage">Archived</a> 3 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, which has so far concentrated on Italian, Middle Eastern and Native American issues and has sought to engage native peoples from affected regions as far as possible. The mission of the IOCH “recognizes the need to conserve all that is meaningful in culture at a time when so much is threatened with the imminent possibility of destruction.”<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2018 Freedberg and his colleagues organized the symposium ‘Threatened heritage: Bears Ears, Chaco and Beyond,' which explored the cultural, political and spiritual implications of the Trump administration’s decision in December 2017 to reduce the size of Bears Ears National Monument by 85%.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freedberg is also president of The Friends of Liberty Hall, a non-profit organization dedicated to the restoration of Liberty Hall in <a href="/wiki/Machiasport,_Maine" title="Machiasport, Maine">Machiasport, Maine</a>, which overlooks the site of the first sea battle of the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Freedberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Dutch Landscape Prints of the Seventeenth Century</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> Publications, 1980.</li> <li><i>Rubens: The Life of Christ after the Passion</i>. London, New York: Harvey Miller/<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1984.</li> <li><i>Iconoclasts and Their Motives</i>. Maarssen: Gary Schwartz, 1985.</li> <li><i>The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1989.</li> <li><i>Art History, History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Getty_Center" title="Getty Center">Getty Center</a> for Education in the Arts, 1992.</li> <li><i>Joseph Kosuth: The Play of the Unmentionable.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>, 1992.</li> <li><i>Citrus Fruit: The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo, Natural History Series, I</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Miller_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Miller Publishers">Harvey Miller Publishers</a>, 1997. (With Enrico Baldini.)</li> <li><i>Fossil Woods and Other Geological Specimens: The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo, Natural History Series, III</i>. London: Harvey Miller Publishers, 2000. (With Andrew Scott.)</li> <li><i>Fungi: The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo, Natural History Series, II</i>. 3 vols. London: The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a> in association with Harvey Miller, 2005. (With David Pegler.)</li> <li><i>The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Chicago Press">The University of Chicago Press</a>, 2002.</li> <li><i>Las Mascaras de Aby Warburg</i>, with an introduction by Luis Vives-Ferrándiz Sanchez and translated by Marta Piñol Lloret, Vitoria-Gasteiz / Buenos Aires: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanssoleil.es/">Sans Soleil Ediciones</a>, 2013.</li> <li><i>Iconoclasia. Historia y psicología de la violencia contras las imágenes</i>, edited and translated by Marina Gutiérrez De Angelis, Vitoria-Gasteiz / Buenos Aires: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanssoleil.es/">Sans Soleil Ediciones</a>, 2017.</li></ul> <p>Freedberg also serves on the boards of several academic and professional journals, including Print Quarterly (London), Res (New York), Revue de l'Art, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuncius_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuncius (magazine) (page does not exist)">Nuncius</a> (Florence), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Neuroesthetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Neuroesthetics (page does not exist)">Journal of Neuroesthetics</a> (London), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Neurosciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arts and Neurosciences (page does not exist)">Arts and Neurosciences</a> (Paris), Imagines (Rome), etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Freedberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthistory.columbia.edu/content/david-freedberg">"David Freedberg - Faculty - Department of Art History and Archaeology - Columbia University"</a>. <i>www.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=David+Freedberg+-+Faculty+-+Department+of+Art+History+and+Archaeology+-+Columbia+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farthistory.columbia.edu%2Fcontent%2Fdavid-freedberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Freedberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170927000206/https://www.sas.ac.uk/about-us/news/distinguished-international-scholar-david-freedberg-appointed-director-warburg">"Distinguished international scholar David Freedberg appointed Director of The Warburg Institute | School of Advanced Study"</a>. <i>www.sas.ac.uk</i>. 23 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.ac.uk/about-us/news/distinguished-international-scholar-david-freedberg-appointed-director-warburg">the original</a> on 27 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sas.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Distinguished+international+scholar+David+Freedberg+appointed+Director+of+The+Warburg+Institute+%7C+School+of+Advanced+Study&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.ac.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fnews%2Fdistinguished-international-scholar-david-freedberg-appointed-director-warburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Freedberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthistory.columbia.edu/content/david-freedberg">David Freedberg: Curriculum Vitae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, USA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Drei Episoden ohne Aby," <i>Zeitschrift für Ideengeschichte</i>, VIII/3, 2014, pp. 97-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=David+Freedberg&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DDavid%2BFreedberg%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Freedberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9781909400702-1">"Tributes to David Freedberg"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tributes+to+David+Freedberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brepols.net%2FPages%2FShowProduct.aspx%3Fprod_id%3DIS-9781909400702-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Freedberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example "Johannes Molanus on Provocative Paintings," <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i>, XXXIV, 1971, pp. 229-245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. Spanish translation (Cátedra), 1992; Italian translation (Einaudi), 1993; French translation (Monfort), 1998; Polish translation with new introduction (Jagiellonian University Press, Cracow), 2005; Italian translation, 2nd edition with new prefaces (Einaudi), 2009; Albanian translation (Dituria), 2013; Slovenian translation (Studia Humanitatis), 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthistory.columbia.edu/content/david-freedberg">David Freedberg: Curriculum Vitae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, USA. Retrieved 2018-09-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. "Poussin, Ferrari, Cortone et l'Aetas Florea," in: <i>Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665). Actes du Colloque Poussin au Musée du Louvre....19-21 octobre 1994</i>, ed. A. Mérot, Paris: La documentation Française, 1996, I, pp. 337-362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the Academy's Annual Reports of 2002/3–present: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://italianacademy.columbia.edu/reports">https://italianacademy.columbia.edu/reports</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923190505/http://italianacademy.columbia.edu/reports">Archived</a> 23 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Foster Gage, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Theory:_Essential_Texts" title="Aesthetic Theory: Essential Texts">Aesthetic Theory: Essential Texts</a>, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., London and New York, p: 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warburg.sas.ac.uk/">"Home"</a>. <i>warburg.sas.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warburg.sas.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarburg.sas.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Freedberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170927000206/https://www.sas.ac.uk/about-us/news/distinguished-international-scholar-david-freedberg-appointed-director-warburg">"Distinguished international scholar David Freedberg appointed Director of The Warburg Institute | School of Advanced Study"</a>. <i>www.sas.ac.uk</i>. 23 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.ac.uk/about-us/news/distinguished-international-scholar-david-freedberg-appointed-director-warburg">the original</a> on 27 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sas.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Distinguished+international+scholar+David+Freedberg+appointed+Director+of+The+Warburg+Institute+%7C+School+of+Advanced+Study&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.ac.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fnews%2Fdistinguished-international-scholar-david-freedberg-appointed-director-warburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Freedberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmbH2015" class="citation news cs1">GmbH, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (7 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/1.3516403">"Im Gespräch: David Freedberg: Zurück zu Aby Warburgs Versprechen!"</a>. <i>FAZ.NET</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FAZ.NET&rft.atitle=Im+Gespr%C3%A4ch%3A+David+Freedberg%3A+Zur%C3%BCck+zu+Aby+Warburgs+Versprechen%21&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft.aulast=GmbH&rft.aufirst=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2F1.3516403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Freedberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warburg.sas.ac.uk/about-us">"About us | The Warburg Institute"</a>. <i>warburg.sas.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warburg.sas.ac.uk&rft.atitle=About+us+%7C+The+Warburg+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarburg.sas.ac.uk%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Freedberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903214309/http://italianacademy.columbia.edu/international-observatory-for-cultural-heritage">"International Observatory for Cultural Heritage"</a>. 11 October 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://italianacademy.columbia.edu/international-observatory-for-cultural-heritage">the original</a> on 3 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Observatory+for+Cultural+Heritage&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitalianacademy.columbia.edu%2Finternational-observatory-for-cultural-heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Freedberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621182149/http://italianacademy.columbia.edu/event/threatened-heritage-bears-ears-chaco-and-beyond/">"Threatened Heritage: Bears Ears, Chaco, and Beyond"</a>. 26 February 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://italianacademy.columbia.edu/event/threatened-heritage-bears-ears-chaco-and-beyond">the original</a> on 21 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Threatened+Heritage%3A+Bears+Ears%2C+Chaco%2C+and+Beyond&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitalianacademy.columbia.edu%2Fevent%2Fthreatened-heritage-bears-ears-chaco-and-beyond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Freedberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaine" class="citation web cs1">Maine, Liberty Hall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertyhallmaine.org">"Liberty Hall Maine - Home"</a>. <i>libertyhallmaine.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libertyhallmaine.org&rft.atitle=Liberty+Hall+Maine+-+Home&rft.aulast=Maine&rft.aufirst=Liberty+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibertyhallmaine.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Freedberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Freedberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthistory.columbia.edu/content/david-freedberg">David Freedberg's web page at Columbia University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italianacademy.columbia.edu/">The Italian Academy at Columbia University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216075425/http://italianacademy.columbia.edu/">Archived</a> 16 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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