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id="toc-Functional_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperative_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperative_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Imperative programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperative_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object-oriented_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object-oriented_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Object-oriented programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object-oriented_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asynchronous_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asynchronous_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Asynchronous programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asynchronous_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallel_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Parallel programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units_of_measure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units_of_measure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Units of measure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units_of_measure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaprogramming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaprogramming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Metaprogramming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaprogramming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information-rich_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information-rich_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Information-rich programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information-rich_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agent_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agent_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Agent programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agent_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Development tools </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development tools subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Comparison of integrated development environments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Application areas </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Application_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Application areas subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Application_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Web programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-platform_app_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-platform_app_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cross-platform app development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-platform_app_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analytical_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analytical_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Analytical programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analytical_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Scripting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open-source_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-source_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Open-source community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-source_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Compatibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">F Sharp (programming language)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="إف شارب (لغة برمجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إف شارب (لغة برمجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-Sharp" title="F-Sharp – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="F-Sharp" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="اف شارپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اف شارپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_%EC%83%A4%ED%94%84" title="F 샤프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="F 샤프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp_(programifo-linguo)" title="F Sharp (programifo-linguo) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="F Sharp (programifo-linguo)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_sharp" title="F sharp – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="F sharp" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="എഫ് ഷാർപ്പ് (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഫ് ഷാർപ്പ് (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp_(bahasa_pengaturcaraan)" title="F Sharp (bahasa pengaturcaraan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="F Sharp (bahasa pengaturcaraan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_sharp" title="F sharp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="F sharp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_sharp" title="F sharp – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="F sharp" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B" title="ภาษาเอฟชาร์ป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเอฟชาร์ป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Sharp" title="F Sharp – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="F Sharp" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%E2%99%AF" title="F♯ – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="F♯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%E2%99%AF" title="F♯ – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="F♯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q648619#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">F#</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:F_Sharp_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/F_Sharp_logo.svg/128px-F_Sharp_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/F_Sharp_logo.svg/192px-F_Sharp_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/F_Sharp_logo.svg/256px-F_Sharp_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="224" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm#Multi-paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agent-oriented_programming" title="Agent-oriented programming">agent-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>: <a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">Caml</a>: <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Don_Syme" title="Don Syme">Don Syme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_Software_Foundation" title="F Sharp Software Foundation">The F# Software Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">2005; 20 years ago (2005), version 1.0</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">9.0<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-b7795cdbe1c986c396615d64dda8a870f8c35d4c-v18-1">[1]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q648619?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 12 November 2024; 3 months ago (12 November 2024)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">Static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">inferred</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a>: <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> framework, <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.fs, .fsi, .fsx, .fsscript</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsharp.org/">fsharp.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fsharp">learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fsharp</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskellInfluence-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>,<a href="#cite_note-historyMSR-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ocamlOrigins-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a>, <a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a>, <a href="/wiki/LiveScript_(programming_language)" title="LiveScript (programming language)">LiveScript</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/F_Sharp_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:F Sharp Programming">F Sharp Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> F# (pronounced F sharp) is a <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strongly typed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm#Multi-paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">multi-paradigm</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> that encompasses <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> methods. It is most often used as a <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">cross-platform</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a> (CLI) language on <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a>, but can also generate <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a><a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing unit</a> (GPU) code.<a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> F# is developed by the <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_Software_Foundation" title="F Sharp Software Foundation">F# Software Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fsharporg-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and open contributors. An <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a>, cross-platform compiler for F# is available from the F# Software Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-fsharposg-11">[11]</a> F# is a fully supported language in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/JetBrains#IDEs" title="JetBrains">JetBrains Rider</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">Plug-ins</a> supporting F# exist for many widely used editors including <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>. F# is a member of the <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> language family and originated as a <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a> implementation of a core of the programming language <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>.<a href="#cite_note-historyMSR-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ocamlOrigins-6">[6]</a> It has also been influenced by <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskellInfluence-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versions">Versions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Versions">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>F# version </th> <th>Language specification </th> <th>Date </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platforms</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">Runtime</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.x </td> <td> </td> <td>May 2005<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> 1.0 - 3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.0 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsharp.org/specs/language-spec/index.html#f-20">August 2010</a> </td> <td>April 2010<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> 2.0 - 4.0, <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.0 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsharp.org/specs/language-spec/index.html#f-30">November 2012</a> </td> <td>August 2012<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>; <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> 2.0 - 4.5, <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.1 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsharp.org/specs/language-spec/index.html#f-31">November 2013</a> </td> <td>October 2013<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>; <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> 2.0 - 4.5, <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.0 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsharp.org/specs/language-spec/index.html#f-40">January 2016</a> </td> <td>July 2015<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.1 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsharp.org/specs/language-spec/index.html#f-41">May 2018</a> </td> <td>March 2017<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> 3.5 - 4.6.2, <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.5 </td> <td> </td> <td>August 2018<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> 4.5 - 4.7.2,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> Core SDK 2.1.400<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.6 </td> <td> </td> <td>March 2019<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> 4.5 - 4.7.2,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> Core SDK 2.2.300<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.7 </td> <td> </td> <td>September 2019<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> 4.5 - 4.8,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> Core SDK 3.0.100<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>November 2020<a href="#cite_note-blogs.msdn.microsoft.com2-29">[29]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> SDK 5.0.100<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>November 2021<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> SDK 6.0.100<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>November 2022<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> SDK 7.0.100<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>November 2023<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> SDK 8.0.100<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>November 2024<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> SDK 9.0.0<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_evolution">Language evolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language evolution">edit</a>]</div> F# uses an open development and engineering process. The language evolution process is managed by <a href="/wiki/Don_Syme" title="Don Syme">Don Syme</a> from <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictator_for_life" title="Benevolent dictator for life">benevolent dictator for life</a> (BDFL) for the language design, together with the F# Software Foundation. Earlier versions of the F# language were designed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a> using a closed development process. F# was first included in Visual Studio in the <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio#2010" title="Visual Studio">2010 edition</a>, at the same level as <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">Visual Basic (.NET)</a> and C# (albeit as an option), and remains in all later editions, thus making the language widely available and well-supported. F# originates from Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK. The language was originally designed and implemented by <a href="/wiki/Don_Syme" title="Don Syme">Don Syme</a>,<a href="#cite_note-historyMSR-5">[5]</a> according to whom in the fsharp team, they say the F is for "Fun".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Andrew Kennedy contributed to the design of units of measure.<a href="#cite_note-historyMSR-5">[5]</a> The Visual F# Tools for Visual Studio are developed by Microsoft.<a href="#cite_note-historyMSR-5">[5]</a> The F# Software Foundation developed the F# open-source compiler and tools, incorporating the open-source compiler implementation provided by the Microsoft Visual F# Tools team.<a href="#cite_note-fsharporg-10">[10]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Summary of versions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>F# version </th> <th>Features added </th></tr> <tr> <th>1.0 </th> <td valign="top"> <ul><li>Functional programming</li> <li>Discriminated unions</li> <li>Records</li> <li>Tuples</li> <li>Pattern matching</li> <li>Type abbreviations</li> <li>Object-oriented programming</li> <li>Structs</li> <li>Signature files</li> <li>Scripting files</li> <li>Imperative programming</li> <li>Modules (no functors)</li> <li>Nested modules</li> <li>.NET interoperability</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2.0 </th> <td> <ul><li>Active patterns</li> <li>Units of measure</li> <li>Sequence expressions</li> <li>Asynchronous programming</li> <li>Agent programming</li> <li>Extension members</li> <li>Named arguments</li> <li>Optional arguments</li> <li>Array slicing</li> <li>Quotations</li> <li>Native interoperability</li> <li>Computation expressions</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3.0<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>Type providers</li> <li>LINQ query expressions</li> <li>CLIMutable attribute</li> <li>Triple-quoted strings</li> <li>Auto-properties</li> <li>Provided units-of-measure</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3.1<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>Named union type fields</li> <li>Extensions to array slicing</li> <li>Type inference enhancements</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4.0<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>Printf on unitized values</li> <li>Extension property initializers</li> <li>Non-null provided types</li> <li>Primary constructors as functions</li> <li>Static parameters for provided methods</li> <li>Printf interpolation</li> <li>Extended #if grammar</li> <li>Tailcall attribute</li> <li>Multiple interface instantiations</li> <li>Optional type args</li> <li>Params dictionaries</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4.1<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>Struct tuples which inter-operate with C# tuples</li> <li>Struct annotations for Records</li> <li>Struct annotations for Single-case Discriminated Unions</li> <li>Underscores in numeric literals</li> <li>Caller info argument attributes</li> <li>Result type and some basic Result functions</li> <li>Mutually referential types and modules within the same file</li> <li>Implicit "Module" syntax on modules with shared name as type</li> <li>Byref returns, supporting consuming C# ref-returning methods</li> <li>Error message improvements</li> <li>Support for 'fixed'</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4.5<a href="#cite_note-blogs.msdn.microsoft.com2-29">[29]</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>Versioning alignment of binary, package, and language</li> <li>Support for 'Span<T>' and related types</li> <li>Ability to produce 'byref' returns</li> <li>The 'voidptr' type</li> <li>The 'inref<'T>' and 'outref<'T>' types to represent readonly and write-only 'byref's</li> <li>'IsByRefLike' structs</li> <li>'IsReadOnly' structs</li> <li>Extension method support for 'byref<'T>'/'inref<'T>'/'outref<'T>'</li> <li>'match!' keyword in computation expressions</li> <li>Relaxed upcast with 'yield' in F# seq/list/array expressions</li> <li>Relaxed indentation with list and array expressions</li> <li>Enumeration cases emitted as public</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4.6 </th> <td> <ul><li>Anonymous record types</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4.7<a href="#cite_note-blogs.msdn.microsoft.com.4.7-44">[44]</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>Implicit yields</li> <li>No more required double underscore</li> <li>Indentation relaxations for parameters passed to constructors and static methods</li> <li>'nameof' function</li> <li>Open static classes</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5.0<a href="#cite_note-blogs.msdn.microsoft.com.5.0-45">[45]</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>FSharp.Core now targets netstandard2.0 only</li> <li>Package references in F# scripts</li> <li>Support for Jupyter, nteract, and VSCode Notebooks</li> <li>String Interpolation</li> <li>Support for nameof</li> <li>Open Type declarations</li> <li>Enhanced Slicing</li> <li>F# quotations improvements</li> <li>Applicative Computation Expressions</li> <li>Improved stack traces in F# async and other computation expressions</li> <li>Improved .NET interop</li> <li>Improved Map and Set performance in FSharp.Core</li> <li>Improved compiler performance</li> <li>Improved compiler analysis for library authors</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6.0<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>Tasks</li> <li>Simpler indexing</li> <li>Augments to "active patterns"</li> <li>Overloaded custom operations in computation expressions</li> <li>“as” patterns</li> <li>Indentation syntax revisions</li> <li>More implicit conversions</li> <li>More implicit upcast conversions</li> <li>Implicit integer conversions</li> <li>First-class support for .NET-style implicit conversions</li> <li>Optional warnings for implicit conversions</li> <li>Formatting for binary numbers</li> <li>Discards on use bindings</li> <li>InlineIfLambda optimizer directive</li> <li>Resumable code</li> <li>More collection functions</li> <li>Map has Keys and Values</li> <li>More intrinsics for NativePtr</li> <li>More numeric types with unit annotations</li> <li>Informational warnings for rarely used symbolic operators</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7.0<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>Static abstract members support in interfaces</li> <li>Making working with SRTPs (statically resolved type parameters) easier</li> <li>Required properties checking</li> <li>Init scope and init-only properties</li> <li>Reference assemblies support</li> <li>F# self-contained deployments & Native AOT</li> <li>Added support for N-d arrays up to rank 32.</li> <li>Result module functions parity with Option.</li> <li>Fixes in resumable state machines codegen for the tasks builds.</li> <li>Better codegen for compiler-generated side-effect-free property getters</li> <li>ARM64 platform-specific compiler and ARM64 target support in F# compiler. Dependency manager #r caching support</li> <li>Parallel type-checking and project-checking support (experimental, can be enabled via VS setting, or by tooling authors)</li> <li>Miscellaneous bugfixes and improvements.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8.0<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </th> <td> <ul><li>_.Property shorthand for (fun x -> x.Property)</li> <li>Nested record field copy and update</li> <li>while! (while bang) feature <a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li>Extended string interpolation syntax</li> <li>Use and compose string literals for printf and related functions</li> <li>Arithmetic operators in literals</li> <li>Type constraint intersection syntax</li> <li>Extended fixed binding</li> <li>Easier [<Extension>] method definition</li> <li>Static members in interfaces</li> <li>Static let in discriminated unions, records, structs, and types without primary constructors</li> <li>try-with within seq{}, [], and [||] collection expressions</li> <li>Recursive calls and yield! within exception handler</li> <li>Tail call attribute</li> <li>[<Struct>] unions can now have > 49 cases</li> <li>Strict indentation rules</li> <li>New diagnostics from the compiler</li> <li>Switches for compiler parallelization</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_overview">Language overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language overview">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_programming">Functional programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Functional programming">edit</a>]</div> F# is a <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strongly typed</a> functional-first language with a large number of capabilities that are normally found only in <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a> languages, while supporting object-oriented features available in C#. Together, these features allow F# programs to be written in a completely functional style and also allow functional and object-oriented styles to be mixed. Examples of functional features are: <ul><li>Everything is an expression</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">Type inference</a> (using <a href="/wiki/Hindley%E2%80%93Milner_type_system" title="Hindley–Milner type system">Hindley–Milner type inference</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-class_function" title="First-class function">Functions as first-class citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous functions</a> with capturing semantics (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computer science)">closures</a>)</li> <li>Immutable variables and objects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">Lazy evaluation</a> support</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">Higher-order functions</a></li> <li>Nested functions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currying" title="Currying">Currying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">Pattern matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_data_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic data types">Algebraic data types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuple_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuple (computer science)">Tuples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">List comprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(functional_programming)" title="Monad (functional programming)">Monad</a> pattern support (called computation expressions<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_call" title="Tail call">Tail call optimisation</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li></ul> F# is an expression-based language using <a href="/wiki/Eager_evaluation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eager evaluation">eager evaluation</a> and also in some instances <a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy evaluation</a>. Every statement in F#, including <code>if</code> expressions, <code>try</code> expressions and loops, is a composable expression with a static type.<a href="#cite_note-overview-52">[52]</a> Functions and expressions that do not return any value have a return type of <code>unit</code>. F# uses the <code>let</code> keyword for binding values to a name.<a href="#cite_note-overview-52">[52]</a> For example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let x = 3 + 4 </pre></div> binds the value <code>7</code> to the name <code>x</code>. New types are defined using the <code>type</code> keyword. For functional programming, F# provides tuple, record, discriminated union, list, option, and result types.<a href="#cite_note-overview-52">[52]</a> A <a href="/wiki/N-tuple" class="mw-redirect" title="N-tuple">tuple</a> represents a set of n values, where n ≥ 0. The value n is called the <a href="/wiki/Arity" title="Arity">arity</a> of the tuple. A 3-tuple would be represented as <code>(A, B, C)</code>, where A, B, and C are values of possibly different types. A tuple can be used to store values only when the number of values is known at design-time and stays constant during execution. A record is a type where the data members are named. Here is an example of record definition: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> type R = { Name : string Age : int } </pre></div> Records can be created as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">let r = { Name="AB"; Age=42</code>}. The <code>with</code> keyword is used to create a copy of a record, as in <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">{ r with Name="CD"</code>}, which creates a new record by copying <code>r</code> and changing the value of the <code>Name</code> field (assuming the record created in the last example was named <code>r</code>). A <a href="/wiki/Tagged_union" title="Tagged union">discriminated union</a> type is a <a href="/wiki/Type-safe" class="mw-redirect" title="Type-safe">type-safe</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Union_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union (computer science)">C unions</a>. For example, <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> type A = | UnionCaseX of string | UnionCaseY of int </pre></div> Values of the union type can correspond to either union case. The types of the values carried by each union case is included in the definition of each case. The list type is an immutable <a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">linked list</a> represented either using a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">head::tail</code> notation (<code>::</code> is the <a href="/wiki/Cons" title="Cons">cons</a> operator) or a shorthand as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[item1; item2; item3]</code>. An empty list is written <code>[]</code>. The option type is a discriminated union type with choices <code>Some(x)</code> or <code>None</code>. F# types may be <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a>, implemented as generic .NET types. F# supports <a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">lambda functions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computing)">closures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-overview-52">[52]</a> All functions in F# are first class values and are immutable.<a href="#cite_note-overview-52">[52]</a> Functions can be <a href="/wiki/Curry_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Curry function">curried</a>. Being first-class values, functions can be passed as arguments to other functions. Like other functional programming languages, F# allows <a href="/wiki/Function_composition_(computer_science)" title="Function composition (computer science)">function composition</a> using the <code>>></code> and <code><<</code> operators. F# provides <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>sequence expressions<a href="#cite_note-seq-53">[53]</a> that define a sequence <code>seq { ... }</code>, list <code>[ ... ]</code> or array <code>[| ... |]</code> through code that generates values. For example, <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> seq { for b in 0 .. 25 do if b < 15 then yield b*b } </pre></div> forms a sequence of squares of numbers from 0 to 14 by filtering out numbers from the range of numbers from 0 to 25. Sequences are <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">generators</a> – values are generated on-demand (i.e., are <a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazily evaluated</a>) – while lists and arrays are evaluated eagerly. F# uses <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a> to bind values to names. Pattern matching is also used when accessing discriminated unions – the union is value matched against pattern rules and a rule is selected when a match succeeds. F# also supports active patterns as a form of extensible pattern matching.<a href="#cite_note-activePatterns-54">[54]</a> It is used, for example, when multiple ways of matching on a type exist.<a href="#cite_note-overview-52">[52]</a> F# supports a general syntax for defining compositional computations called <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">computation expressions. Sequence expressions, asynchronous computations and queries are particular kinds of computation expressions. Computation expressions are an implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Monad_(functional_programming)" title="Monad (functional programming)">monad</a> pattern.<a href="#cite_note-seq-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperative_programming">Imperative programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Imperative programming">edit</a>]</div> F# support for imperative programming includes <ul><li><code>for</code> <a href="/wiki/Control_flow#Loops" title="Control flow">loops</a></li> <li><code>while</code> <a href="/wiki/Control_flow#Loops" title="Control flow">loops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">arrays</a>, created with the <code>[| ... |]</code> syntax</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">hash table</a>, created with the <code>dict [ ... ]</code> syntax or <code>System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<_,_></code> type.</li></ul> Values and record fields can also be labelled as <code>mutable</code>. For example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// Define 'x' with initial value '1' let mutable x = 1 // Change the value of 'x' to '3' x <- 3 </pre></div> Also, F# supports access to all CLI types and objects such as those defined in the <code>System.Collections.Generic</code> namespace defining imperative data structures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object-oriented_programming">Object-oriented programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Object-oriented programming">edit</a>]</div> Like other <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a> (CLI) languages, F# can use CLI types through object-oriented programming.<a href="#cite_note-overview-52">[52]</a> F# support for object-oriented programming in expressions includes: <ul><li>Dot-notation, e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">x.Name</code></li> <li>Object expressions, e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">{ new obj() with member x.ToString() = "hello"</code>}</li> <li>Object construction, e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">new Form()</code></li> <li>Type tests, e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">x :? string</code></li> <li>Type coercions, e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">x :?> string</code></li> <li>Named arguments, e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">x.Method(someArgument=1)</code></li> <li>Named setters, e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">new Form(Text="Hello")</code></li> <li>Optional arguments, e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">x.Method(OptionalArgument=1)</code></li></ul> Support for object-oriented programming in patterns includes <ul><li>Type tests, e.g., <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">:? string as s</code></li> <li>Active patterns, which can be defined over object types<a href="#cite_note-activePatterns-54">[54]</a></li></ul> F# object type definitions can be class, struct, interface, enum, or delegate type definitions, corresponding to the definition forms found in <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>. For example, here is a class with a constructor taking a name and age, and declaring two properties. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/// A simple object type definition type Person(name : string, age : int) = member x.Name = name member x.Age = age </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asynchronous_programming">Asynchronous programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asynchronous programming">edit</a>]</div> F# supports <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous programming">asynchronous programming</a> through asynchronous workflows.<a href="#cite_note-aw-55">[55]</a> An asynchronous workflow is defined as a sequence of commands inside an <code>async{ ... }</code>, as in <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let asynctask = async { let req = WebRequest.Create(url) let! response = req.GetResponseAsync() use stream = response.GetResponseStream() use streamreader = new System.IO.StreamReader(stream) return streamreader.ReadToEnd() } </pre></div> The <code>let!</code> indicates that the expression on the right (getting the response) should be done asynchronously but the flow should only continue when the result is available. In other words, from the point of view of the code block, it's as if getting the response is a blocking call, whereas from the point of view of the system, the thread won't be blocked and may be used to process other flows until the result needed for this one becomes available. The async block may be invoked using the <code>Async.RunSynchronously</code> function. Multiple async blocks can be executed in parallel using the <code>Async.Parallel</code> function that takes a list of <code>async</code> objects (in the example, <code>asynctask</code> is an async object) and creates another async object to run the tasks in the lists in parallel. The resultant object is invoked using <code>Async.RunSynchronously</code>.<a href="#cite_note-aw-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inversion_of_control" title="Inversion of control">Inversion of control</a> in F# follows this pattern.<a href="#cite_note-aw-55">[55]</a> Since version 6.0, F# supports creating, consuming and returning .NET tasks directly. <a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> open System.Net.Http let fetchUrlAsync (url:string) = // string -> Task<string> task { use client = new HttpClient() let! response = client.GetAsync(url) let! content = response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync() do! Task.Delay 500 return content } // Usage let fetchPrint() = let task = task { let! data = fetchUrlAsync "https://example.com" printfn $"{data}" } task.Wait() </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallel_programming">Parallel programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parallel programming">edit</a>]</div> Parallel programming is supported partly through the <code>Async.Parallel</code>, <code>Async.Start</code> and other operations that run asynchronous blocks in parallel. Parallel programming is also supported through the <code>Array.Parallel</code> functional programming operators in the F# standard library, direct use of the <code>System.Threading.Tasks</code> task programming model, the direct use of .NET thread pool and .NET threads and through dynamic translation of F# code to alternative parallel execution engines such as <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> code. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Units_of_measure">Units of measure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Units of measure">edit</a>]</div> The F# type system supports <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">units of measure</a> checking for numbers.<a href="#cite_note-units-msdn-57">[57]</a> In F#, you can assign units of measure, such as meters or kilograms, to floating point, unsigned integer<a href="#cite_note-units_extended-58">[58]</a> and signed integer values. This allows the compiler to check that arithmetic involving these values is dimensionally consistent, helping to prevent common programming mistakes by ensuring that, for instance, lengths aren't mistakenly added to times. The units of measure feature integrates with F# type inference to require minimal type annotations in user code.<a href="#cite_note-units-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>[<Measure>] type m // meter [<Measure>] type s // second let distance = 100.0<m> // float<m> let time = 5.0<s> // float<s> let speed = distance/time // float<m/s> [<Measure>] type kg // kilogram [<Measure>] type N = (kg * m)/(s^2) // Newtons [<Measure>] type Pa = N/(m^2) // Pascals [<Measure>] type days let better_age = 3u<days> // uint<days> </pre></div> The F# static type checker provides this functionality at compile time, but units are erased from the compiled code. Consequently, it is not possible to determine a value's unit at runtime. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaprogramming">Metaprogramming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Metaprogramming">edit</a>]</div> F# allows some forms of syntax customizing via <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a> to support embedding custom <a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific languages</a> within the F# language, particularly through computation expressions.<a href="#cite_note-overview-52">[52]</a> F# includes a feature for run-time meta-programming called quotations.<a href="#cite_note-quotations-60">[60]</a> A quotation expression evaluates to an abstract syntax tree representation of the F# expressions. Similarly, definitions labelled with the <code>[<ReflectedDefinition>]</code> attribute can also be accessed in their quotation form. F# quotations are used for various purposes including to compile F# code into <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a><a href="#cite_note-js-8">[8]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a><a href="#cite_note-gpgpu-9">[9]</a> code. Quotations represent their F# code expressions as data for use by other parts of the program while requiring it to be syntactically correct F# code. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information-rich_programming">Information-rich programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Information-rich programming">edit</a>]</div> F# 3.0 introduced a form of compile-time meta-programming through statically extensible type generation called F# type providers.<a href="#cite_note-typeproviders-61">[61]</a> F# type providers allow the F# compiler and tools to be extended with components that provide type information to the compiler on-demand at compile time. F# type providers have been used to give strongly typed access to connected information sources in a scalable way, including to the <a href="/wiki/Freebase_(database)" title="Freebase (database)">Freebase</a> knowledge graph.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In F# 3.0 the F# quotation and computation expression features are combined to implement <a href="/wiki/LINQ" class="mw-redirect" title="LINQ">LINQ</a> queries.<a href="#cite_note-queries-63">[63]</a> For example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// Use the OData type provider to create types that can be used to access the Northwind database. open Microsoft.FSharp.Data.TypeProviders type Northwind = ODataService<"http://services.odata.org/Northwind/Northwind.svc"> let db = Northwind.GetDataContext() // A query expression. let query1 = query { for customer in db.Customers do select customer } </pre></div> The combination of type providers, queries and strongly typed functional programming is known as information rich programming.<a href="#cite_note-irp-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agent_programming">Agent programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Agent programming">edit</a>]</div> F# supports a variation of the <a href="/wiki/Actor_model" title="Actor model">actor</a> programming model through the in-memory implementation of lightweight asynchronous agents. For example, the following code defines an agent and posts 2 messages: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> type Message = | Enqueue of string | Dequeue of AsyncReplyChannel<Option<string>> // Provides concurrent access to a list of strings let listManager = MailboxProcessor.Start(fun inbox -> let rec messageLoop list = async { let! msg = inbox.Receive() match msg with | Enqueue item -> return! messageLoop (item :: list) | Dequeue replyChannel -> match list with | [] -> replyChannel.Reply None return! messageLoop list | head :: tail -> replyChannel.Reply (Some head) return! messageLoop tail } // Start the loop with an empty list messageLoop [] ) // Usage async { // Enqueue some strings listManager.Post(Enqueue "Hello") listManager.Post(Enqueue "World") // Dequeue and process the strings let! str = listManager.PostAndAsyncReply(Dequeue) str |> Option.iter (printfn "Dequeued: %s") } |> Async.Start </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_tools">Development tools</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Development tools">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a>, with the Visual F# tools from <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> installed, can be used to create, run and debug F# projects. The Visual F# tools include a Visual Studio-hosted <a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">read–eval–print loop</a> (REPL) interactive console that can execute F# code as it is written. Visual Studio for Mac also fully supports F# projects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a> contains full support for F# via the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ionide.io/">Ionide extension</a>.</li> <li>F# can be developed with any text editor. Specific support exists in editors such as <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JetBrains" title="JetBrains">JetBrains</a> Rider is optimized for the development of F# Code starting with release 2019.1.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LINQPad" title="LINQPad">LINQPad</a> has supported F# since version 2.x.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">whose?</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments">Comparison of integrated development environments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Comparison of integrated development environments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#F#" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Comparison of integrated development environments § F#</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> (standard) <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a> (community edition) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Binary_code" title="Binary code">binary code</a>) <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> (<a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rider_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rider (software)">Rider</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-proprietary"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JetBrains" title="JetBrains">JetBrains</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_areas">Application areas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Application areas">edit</a>]</div> F# is a <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose programming language</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_programming">Web programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Web programming">edit</a>]</div> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://safe-stack.github.io/">SAFE Stack</a> is an end-to-end F# stack to develop web applications. It uses <a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Core" title="ASP.NET Core">ASP.NET Core</a> on the server side and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fable.io">Fable</a> on the client side.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> An alternative end-to-end F# option is the <a href="/wiki/WebSharper" title="WebSharper">WebSharper</a> framework.<a href="#cite_note-websharper-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-platform_app_development">Cross-platform app development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cross-platform app development">edit</a>]</div> F# can be used together with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/xamarin/">Visual Studio Tools for Xamarin</a> to develop apps for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/fsprojects/Fabulous">Fabulous</a> library provides a more comfortable functional interface. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analytical_programming">Analytical programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Analytical programming">edit</a>]</div> Among others, F# is used for quantitative finance programming,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> energy trading and portfolio optimization,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> machine learning,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> business intelligence<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and social gaming on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In the 2010s, F# has been positioned as an optimized alternative to <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>. F#'s scripting ability and inter-language compatibility with all Microsoft products have made it popular among developers.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scripting">Scripting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Scripting">edit</a>]</div> F# can be used as a scripting language, mainly for desktop <a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">read–eval–print loop</a> (REPL) scripting.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open-source_community">Open-source community</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Open-source community">edit</a>]</div> The F# <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open-source</a> community includes the F# Software Foundation<a href="#cite_note-fsharporg-10">[10]</a> and the F# Open Source Group at <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fsharposg-11">[11]</a> Popular open-source F# projects include: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fable.io/">Fable</a>, an F# to Javascript transpiler based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babeljs.io">Babel</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsprojects.github.io/Paket/">Paket</a>, an alternative package manager for .NET that can still use <a href="/wiki/NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a> repositories, but has centralised version-management.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fake.build/">FAKE</a>, an F# friendly build-system.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/giraffe-fsharp/Giraffe">Giraffe</a>, a functionally oriented middleware for <a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Core" title="ASP.NET Core">ASP.NET Core</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suave.io/">Suave</a>, a lightweight web-server and web-development library.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compatibility">Compatibility</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Compatibility">edit</a>]</div> F# features a legacy "ML compatibility mode" that can directly compile programs written in a large subset of OCaml roughly, with no functors, objects, polymorphic variants, or other additions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> A few small samples follow: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// This is a comment for a sample hello world program. printfn "Hello World!" </pre></div> A record type definition. Records are immutable by default and are compared by structural equality. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>type Person = { FirstName: string LastName: string Age: int } // Creating an instance of the record let person = { FirstName = "John"; LastName = "Doe"; Age = 30 } </pre></div> A Person class with a constructor taking a name and age and two immutable properties. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/// This is a documentation comment for a type definition. type Person(name : string, age : int) = member x.Name = name member x.Age = age /// class instantiation let mrSmith = Person("Smith", 42) </pre></div> A simple example that is often used to demonstrate the syntax of functional languages is the <a href="/wiki/Factorial_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Factorial function">factorial function</a> for non-negative 32-bit integers, here shown in F#: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/// Using pattern matching expression let rec factorial n = match n with | 0 -> 1 | _ -> n * factorial (n - 1) /// For a single-argument functions there is syntactic sugar (pattern matching function): let rec factorial = function | 0 -> 1 | n -> n * factorial (n - 1) /// Using fold and range operator let factorial n = [1..n] |> Seq.fold (*) 1 </pre></div> Iteration examples: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/// Iteration using a 'for' loop let printList lst = for x in lst do printfn $"{x}" /// Iteration using a higher-order function let printList2 lst = List.iter (printfn "%d") lst /// Iteration using a recursive function and pattern matching let rec printList3 lst = match lst with | [] -> () | h :: t -> printfn "%d" h printList3 t </pre></div> Fibonacci examples: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/// Fibonacci Number formula [<TailCall>] let fib n = let rec g n f0 f1 = match n with | 0 -> f0 | 1 -> f1 | _ -> g (n - 1) f1 (f0 + f1) g n 0 1 /// Another approach - a lazy infinite sequence of Fibonacci numbers let fibSeq = Seq.unfold (fun (a,b) -> Some(a+b, (b, a+b))) (0,1) // Print even fibs [1 .. 10] |> List.map fib |> List.filter (fun n -> (n % 2) = 0) |> printList // Same thing, using a list expression [ for i in 1..10 do let r = fib i if r % 2 = 0 then yield r ] |> printList </pre></div> A sample Windows Forms program: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// Open the Windows Forms library open System.Windows.Forms // Create a window and set a few properties let form = new Form(Visible=true, TopMost=true, Text="Welcome to F#") // Create a label to show some text in the form let label = let x = 3 + (4 * 5) new Label(Text = $"{x}") // Add the label to the form form.Controls.Add(label) // Finally, run the form [<System.STAThread>] Application.Run(form) </pre></div> Asynchronous parallel programming sample (parallel CPU and I/O tasks): <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/// A simple prime number detector let isPrime (n:int) = let bound = int (sqrt (float n)) seq {2 .. bound} |> Seq.forall (fun x -> n % x <> 0) // We are using async workflows let primeAsync n = async { return (n, isPrime n) } /// Return primes between m and n using multiple threads let primes m n = seq {m .. n} |> Seq.map primeAsync |> Async.Parallel |> Async.RunSynchronously |> Array.filter snd |> Array.map fst // Run a test primes 1000000 1002000 |> Array.iter (printfn "%d") </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/dotnet/fsharp/releases/tag/v12.9.100-beta.24522.2">https://github.com/dotnet/fsharp/releases/tag/v12.9.100-beta.24522.2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fdotnet%2Ffsharp%2Freleases%2Ftag%2Fv12.9.100-beta.24522.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/fsharp/fsharp/blob/master/License.txt">"F# Software Foundation's License"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. 14 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=F%23+Software+Foundation%27s+License&rft.date=2021-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ffsharp%2Ffsharp%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2FLicense.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Microsoft/visualfsharp/blob/master/License.txt">"Microsoft's F# License"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. 16 October 2021.</cite><span 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href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/f-at-microsoft-research/">"F# Historical Acknowledgements"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=F%23+Historical+Acknowledgements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fresearch%2Fproject%2Ff-at-microsoft-research%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocamlOrigins-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ocamlOrigins_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocamlOrigins_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Syme" title="Don Syme">Syme, Don</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=147193">"Leveraging .NET 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Microsoft. Retrieved May 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+.NET+Core+2.2+%28Linux%2C+macOS%2C+and+Windows%29&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdotnet.microsoft.com%2Fdownload%2Fdotnet%2F2.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/announcing-f-4-7/">"Announcing F# 4.7"</a>. Microsoft. 23 September 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+F%23+4.7&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Fdotnet%2Fannouncing-f-4-7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuget.org/packages/FSharp.Core/4.7.0">"FSharp.Core 4.7.0"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FSharp.Core+4.7.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuget.org%2Fpackages%2FFSharp.Core%2F4.7.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download/dotnet/3.0">"Download .NET Core 3.0 (Linux, macOS, and Windows)"</a>. Microsoft. Retrieved May 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+.NET+Core+3.0+%28Linux%2C+macOS%2C+and+Windows%29&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdotnet.microsoft.com%2Fdownload%2Fdotnet%2F3.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blogs.msdn.microsoft.com2-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blogs.msdn.microsoft.com2_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blogs.msdn.microsoft.com2_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/announcing-f-5/">"Announcing F# 5"</a>. November 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+F%23+5&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Fdotnet%2Fannouncing-f-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download/dotnet/5.0">"Download .NET 5.0 (Linux, macOS, and Windows)"</a>. Microsoft. Retrieved May 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+.NET+5.0+%28Linux%2C+macOS%2C+and+Windows%29&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdotnet.microsoft.com%2Fdownload%2Fdotnet%2F5.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/fsharp-6-is-officially-here/">"F# 6 is officially here!"</a>. November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F%23+6+is+officially+here%21&rft.date=2021-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Fdotnet%2Ffsharp-6-is-officially-here%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download/dotnet/6.0">"Download .NET 6.0 (Linux, macOS, and Windows)"</a>. Microsoft. Retrieved November 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+.NET+6.0+%28Linux%2C+macOS%2C+and+Windows%29&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdotnet.microsoft.com%2Fdownload%2Fdotnet%2F6.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/announcing-fsharp-7/">"Announcing F# 7"</a>. November 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+F%23+7&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Fdotnet%2Fannouncing-fsharp-7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dotnet.microsoft.com/en-us/download/dotnet/7.0">"Download .NET 7.0 (Linux, macOS, and Windows)"</a>. Microsoft. Retrieved November 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+.NET+7.0+%28Linux%2C+macOS%2C+and+Windows%29&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdotnet.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdownload%2Fdotnet%2F7.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/announcing-fsharp-8/">"Announcing F# 8"</a>. November 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+F%23+8&rft.date=2023-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Fdotnet%2Fannouncing-fsharp-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dotnet.microsoft.com/en-us/download/dotnet/8.0">"Download .NET 8.0 (Linux, macOS, and Windows)"</a>. Microsoft. Retrieved November 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+.NET+8.0+%28Linux%2C+macOS%2C+and+Windows%29&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdotnet.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdownload%2Fdotnet%2F8.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fsharp/whats-new/fsharp-9">"What's new in F# 9"</a>. November 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+new+in+F%23+9&rft.date=2024-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdotnet%2Ffsharp%2Fwhats-new%2Ffsharp-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dotnet.microsoft.com/en-us/download/dotnet/9.0">"Download .NET 9.0 (Linux, macOS, and Windows)"</a>. Microsoft. Retrieved January 13, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+.NET+9.0+%28Linux%2C+macOS%2C+and+Windows%29&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdotnet.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdownload%2Fdotnet%2F9.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2008" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Kathryn (23 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210720/https://www.networkworld.com/article/2271225/software/the-a-z-of-programming-languages--f-.html">"The A-Z of programming languages: F#"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Network_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Network World">Network World</a>. IDG. 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F# Software Foundation. Retrieved 2018-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=F%23+Software+Foundation&rft.atitle=Use+F%23+on+Windows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffsharp.org%2Fuse%2Fwindows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jetbrains.com/rider/features/">"Features – Rider"</a>. JetBrains. Retrieved 2018-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JetBrains&rft.atitle=Features+%E2%80%93+Rider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetbrains.com%2Frider%2Ffeatures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fable.io/">"Fable: JavaScript you can be proud of!"</a>. fable.io. Retrieved 2017-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fable.io&rft.atitle=Fable%3A+JavaScript+you+can+be+proud+of%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffable.io%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-websharper-69"><a href="#cite_ref-websharper_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntellifactory" class="citation web cs1">Intellifactory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://websharper.com">"WebSharper home"</a>. Retrieved 2012-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WebSharper+home&rft.au=Intellifactory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebsharper.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/casestudies/Case_Study_Detail.aspx?casestudyid=4000006794">"Microsoft Case Studies:Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 - Financial Services Firm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Retrieved 2012-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Case+Studies%3AMicrosoft+Visual+Studio+2012+-+Financial+Services+Firm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fcasestudies%2FCase_Study_Detail.aspx%3Fcasestudyid%3D4000006794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/dsyme/archive/2011/01/12/f-for-energy-trading-and-energy-portfolio-optimization.aspx">"F# for Energy Trading and Portfolio Optimization"</a>. Retrieved 2012-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F%23+for+Energy+Trading+and+Portfolio+Optimization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fdsyme%2Farchive%2F2011%2F01%2F12%2Ff-for-energy-trading-and-energy-portfolio-optimization.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/casestudies/Case_Study_Detail.aspx?CaseStudyID=4000005226">"Microsoft Case Study: Grange Insurance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Retrieved 2012-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Case+Study%3A+Grange+Insurance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fcasestudies%2FCase_Study_Detail.aspx%3FCaseStudyID%3D4000005226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrelford2007" class="citation book cs1">Trelford, Phil (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1362702.1362709&coll=ACM&dl=ACM&type=series&idx=SERIES824%25E2%2588%2582=series&WantType=Proceedings&title=ICFP">"Learning with F#"</a>. Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGPLAN workshop on Commercial users of functional programming - CUFP '07. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1362702.1362709">10.1145/1362702.1362709</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450378444" title="Special:BookSources/9781450378444"><bdi>9781450378444</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24018363">24018363</a>. Retrieved 2012-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Learning+with+F%23&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+ACM+SIGPLAN+workshop+on+Commercial+users+of+functional+programming+-+CUFP+%2707&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24018363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1362702.1362709&rft.isbn=9781450378444&rft.aulast=Trelford&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D1362702.1362709%26coll%3DACM%26dl%3DACM%26type%3Dseries%26idx%3DSERIES824%2525E2%252588%252582%3Dseries%26WantType%3DProceedings%26title%3DICFP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/dsyme/archive/2012/10/23/f-job-in-social-gaming-inn-london.aspx">"F# Job in Facebook Social Gaming"</a>. Retrieved 2012-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F%23+Job+in+Facebook+Social+Gaming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fdsyme%2Farchive%2F2012%2F10%2F23%2Ff-job-in-social-gaming-inn-london.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsharp.org/testimonials/">"F# Developer Testimonials"</a>. Retrieved May 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F%23+Developer+Testimonials&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffsharp.org%2Ftestimonials%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/archive/blogs/chrsmith/scripting-in-f">"Scripting in F#"</a>. 12 September 2008. Retrieved 2020-01-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scripting+in+F%23&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-gb%2Farchive%2Fblogs%2Fchrsmith%2Fscripting-in-f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymeGraniczCisternino2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Don_Syme" title="Don Syme">Syme, Don</a>; Granicz, Adam; Cisternino, Antonio (2007), Expert F#, <a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expert+F%23&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Granicz%2C+Adam&rft.au=Cisternino%2C+Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrop2010" class="citation cs2">Harrop, Jon (2010), Visual F# 2010 for Technical Computing, Flying Frog Consultancy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+F%23+2010+for+Technical+Computing&rft.pub=Flying+Frog+Consultancy&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Harrop&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering2007" class="citation cs2">Pickering, Robert (2007), Foundations of F#, <a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+F%23&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation cs2">Smith, Chris (2009), Programming F#, <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+F%23&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetricek2009" class="citation cs2">Petricek, Tomas (2009), Real World Functional Programming With Examples in F# and C#, <a href="/wiki/Manning_Publications" title="Manning Publications">Manning Publications</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+World+Functional+Programming+With+Examples+in+F%23+and+C%23&rft.pub=Manning+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Petricek&rft.aufirst=Tomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenRischel2013" class="citation cs2">Hansen, Michael; Rischel, Hans (2013), Functional Programming Using F#, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Functional+Programming+Using+F%23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Rischel%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstborg2013" class="citation cs2">Astborg, Johan (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.packtpub.com/big-data-and-business-intelligence/f-quantitative-finance">F# for Quantitative Finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Packt_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Packt Publishing">Packt Publishing</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%23+for+Quantitative+Finance&rft.pub=Packt+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Astborg&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.packtpub.com%2Fbig-data-and-business-intelligence%2Ff-quantitative-finance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundin2015" class="citation cs2">Lundin, Mikael (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/testing-f">Testing with F#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Packt_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Packt Publishing">Packt Publishing</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testing+with+F%23&rft.pub=Packt+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lundin&rft.aufirst=Mikael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.packtpub.com%2Fapplication-development%2Ftesting-f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF+Sharp+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Sharp_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style 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<a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/F_Sharp_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:F Sharp Programming">F Sharp Programming</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsharp.org/">Official website</a> The F# Software Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsharp.github.io">The F# Open Source Group at GitHub</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsharp.net/">The Visual F# Developer Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081119161341/http://www.fsharp.net/">Archived</a> 2008-11-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130163443/http://www.tryfsharp.org/">Try F#, for learning F# in a web browser</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fssnip.net">F# Snippets Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/fsharpteam/">The Visual F# team blog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/f-at-microsoft-research/">The original Microsoft Research website for F#</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715231625/http://www.ctocorner.com/fsharp/book/default.aspx">The F# Survival Guide, Dec 2009 (Web-based book)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsharp.org/specs/language-spec/">The F# Language Specification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.developerfusion.com/article/122079/intro-to-f/">An introduction to F# programming</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713133206/http://www.developerfusion.com/article/122079/intro-to-f/">Archived</a> 2011-07-13 at the <a 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programming</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">Caml</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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language)">Ur</a>°</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Programming tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-Ergo" title="Alt-Ergo">Alt-Ergo</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astr%C3%A9e_(static_analysis)" title="Astrée (static analysis)">Astrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlp4" title="Camlp4">Camlp4</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFTW" title="FFTW">FFTW</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frama-C" title="Frama-C">Frama-C</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marionnet" title="Marionnet">Marionnet</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTASC" title="MTASC">MTASC</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplog" title="Poplog">Poplog</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semgrep" title="Semgrep">Semgrep</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLAM_project" title="SLAM project">SLAM project</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">Theorem provers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proof_assistant" title="Proof assistant">proof assistants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coq_(software)" title="Coq (software)">Coq</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOL_(proof_assistant)" title="HOL (proof assistant)">HOL</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HOL_Light" title="HOL Light">HOL Light</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_(proof_assistant)" title="Isabelle (proof assistant)">Isabelle</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEGO_(proof_assistant)" title="LEGO (proof assistant)">LEGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_for_Computable_Functions" title="Logic for Computable Functions">Logic for Computable Functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matita" title="Matita">Matita</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelf" title="Twelf">Twelf</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeneWeb" title="GeneWeb">GeneWeb</a>°</li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:OCaml_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OCaml_Logo.svg/110px-OCaml_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OCaml_Logo.svg/165px-OCaml_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OCaml_Logo.svg/220px-OCaml_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="144" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Designers9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Augustsson" title="Lennart Augustsson">Lennart Augustsson</a> (Lazy ML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_Doligez" title="Damien Doligez">Damien Doligez</a> (OCaml)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Huet" title="Gérard Huet">Gérard Huet</a> (Caml)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Leroy" title="Xavier Leroy">Xavier Leroy</a> (Caml, OCaml)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Milner" title="Robin Milner">Robin Milner</a> (ML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Sannella" title="Don Sannella">Don Sannella</a> (Extended ML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Syme" title="Don Syme">Don Syme</a> (F#)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Coquand" title="Thierry Coquand">Thierry Coquand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_G._Johnson" title="Steven G. Johnson">Steven G. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Paulin-Mohring" title="Christine Paulin-Mohring">Christine Paulin-Mohring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pfenning" title="Frank Pfenning">Frank Pfenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thompson_(professor)" title="Simon Thompson (professor)">Simon Thompson</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li>Italics = discontinued</li> <li>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OCaml" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:OCaml">Book</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:ML_programming_language_family" title="Category:ML programming language family">Category:Family:ML</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:OCaml_programming_language_family" title="Category:OCaml programming language family">Category:Family:OCaml</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:OCaml_software" title="Category:OCaml 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Data">Dynamic Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_MVC" title="ASP.NET MVC">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">Razor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia_(software_framework)" title="Avalonia (software framework)">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClickOnce" title="ClickOnce">ClickOnce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Language_Runtime" title="Dynamic Language Runtime">Dynamic Language Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Application_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Application Markup Language">Extensible Application Markup Language</a> (XAML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Integrated_Query" title="Language Integrated Query">Language Integrated Query</a> (LINQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_Extensibility_Framework" title="Managed Extensibility Framework">Managed Extensibility Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Microsoft Silverlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_XNA" title="Microsoft XNA">Microsoft XNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Extensions" title="Parallel Extensions">Parallel Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Windows Communication Foundation</a> (WCF) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WCF_Data_Services" title="WCF Data Services">WCF Data Services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Forms" title="Windows Forms">Windows Forms</a> (WinForms)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Identity_Foundation" title="Windows Identity Foundation">Windows Identity Foundation</a> (WIF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Windows Presentation Foundation</a> (WPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Workflow_Foundation" title="Windows Workflow Foundation">Windows Workflow Foundation</a> (WF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">.NET Remoting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompiler" title="Decompiler">Decompilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Reflector" title=".NET Reflector">.NET Reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JetBrains" title="JetBrains">dotPeek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation_(software)" title="Obfuscation (software)">Obfuscators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dotfuscator" title="Dotfuscator">Dotfuscator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redgate" title="Redgate">SmartAssembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLR_Profiler" title="CLR Profiler">CLR Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILAsm" title="ILAsm">ILAsm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Compiler_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET Compiler Platform">.NET Compiler Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Image_Generator" title="Native Image Generator">Native Image Generator</a> (NGen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAMLPad" class="mw-redirect" title="XAMLPad">XAMLPad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Blend" title="Microsoft Blend">Blend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharpDevelop" title="SharpDevelop">SharpDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamarin_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Xamarin Studio">Xamarin Studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamarin" title="Xamarin">Xamarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:.NET" title="Category:.NET">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history" title=".NET Framework version history">List</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:.NET" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:.NET">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_Language_Infrastructure106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Template:Common Language Infrastructure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Template talk:Common Language Infrastructure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Common Language Infrastructure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_Language_Infrastructure106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_domain" title="Application domain">Application domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Access_Security" title="Code Access Security">Code Access Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">Common Intermediate Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CIL_instructions" title="List of CIL instructions">instructions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Type_System" title="Common Type System">Common Type System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Invocation_Services" title="Platform Invocation Services">Platform Invocation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Execution_System" title="Virtual Execution System">Virtual Execution System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_(CLI)" title="Assembly (CLI)">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegate_(CLI)" title="Delegate (CLI)">Delegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Assembly_Cache" title="Global Assembly Cache">Global Assembly Cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_(CLI)" title="Manifest (CLI)">Manifest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_(CLI)" title="Metadata (CLI)">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Libraries_(CLI)" title="Standard Libraries (CLI)">Standard Libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microsoft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Compact_Framework" title=".NET Compact Framework">.NET Compact Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DotGNU" title="DotGNU">DotGNU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axum_(programming_language)" title="Axum (programming language)">Axum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Sharp_(.NET)" title="A Sharp (.NET)">A#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronScheme" title="IronScheme">IronScheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript_.NET" title="JScript .NET">JScript .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_J_Sharp" title="Visual J Sharp">J#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemerle" title="Nemerle">Nemerle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanger_(compiler)" title="Phalanger (compiler)">Phalanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Java" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Java">C# and Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Visual Basic .NET">C# and Visual Basic .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Visual_Basic_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Template:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Template talk:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software (FOSS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_open_source" title="Microsoft and open source">Microsoft and open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_Movie_Maker" title="3D Movie Maker">3D Movie Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_XP" title="Conference XP">Conference XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family.Show" title="Family.Show">Family.Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Manager_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="File Manager (Windows)">File Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Live_Writer" title="Open Live Writer">Open Live Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">Microsoft PowerToys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Windows Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Windows Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">Windows Package Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWide_Telescope" title="WorldWide Telescope">WorldWide Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Notepad" title="XML Notepad">XML Notepad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance_(video_game)" title="Allegiance (video game)">Allegiance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafny" title="Dafny">Dafny</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(proof_assistant)" title="Lean (proof assistant)">Lean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(programming_language)" title="P (programming language)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks, development tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Gadgeteer" title=".NET Gadgeteer">.NET Gadgeteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_MAUI" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET MAUI">.NET MAUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirSim" title="AirSim">AirSim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_AJAX" title="ASP.NET AJAX">ASP.NET AJAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Core" title="ASP.NET Core">ASP.NET Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_MVC" title="ASP.NET MVC">ASP.NET MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">ASP.NET Razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">ASP.NET Web Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia_(software_framework)" title="Avalonia (software framework)">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon.js" title="Babylon.js">Babylon.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitFunnel" title="BitFunnel">BitFunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazor" title="Blazor">Blazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidential_Consortium_Framework" title="Confidential Consortium Framework">CCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JavaScript engine)">ChakraCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLR_Profiler" title="CLR Profiler">CLR Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapr" title="Dapr">Dapr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSpeed" title="DeepSpeed">DeepSpeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskSpd" title="DiskSpd">DiskSpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Language_Runtime" title="Dynamic Language Runtime">Dynamic Language Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBPF_on_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPF on Windows">eBPF on Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_(software_framework)" title="Electron (software framework)">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluent_Design_System" title="Fluent Design System">Fluent Design System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_Framework" title="Fluid Framework">Fluid Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infer.NET" title="Infer.NET">Infer.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LightGBM" title="LightGBM">LightGBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_Extensibility_Framework" title="Managed Extensibility Framework">Managed Extensibility Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Automatic_Graph_Layout" title="Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout">Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft C++ Standard Library">Microsoft C++ Standard Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Cognitive_Toolkit" title="Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit">Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Microsoft Design Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Detours" title="Microsoft Detours">Microsoft Detours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Microsoft Enterprise Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SEAL" title="Microsoft SEAL">Microsoft SEAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimalloc" title="Mimalloc">mimalloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Reality_Toolkit" title="Mixed Reality Toolkit">Mixed Reality Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML.NET" title="ML.NET">ML.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_mono" title="Mod mono">mod_mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSBuild" title="MSBuild">MSBuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MsQuic" title="MsQuic">MsQuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Network_Intelligence" title="Neural Network Intelligence">Neural Network Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFuzz" title="OneFuzz">OneFuzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Management_Infrastructure" title="Open Management Infrastructure">Open Management Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Neural_Network_Exchange" title="Open Neural Network Exchange">Open Neural Network Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Service_Mesh" title="Open Service Mesh">Open Service Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_SDK" class="mw-redirect" title="Open XML SDK">Open XML SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_(software_framework)" title="Orleans (software framework)">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playwright_(software)" title="Playwright (software)">Playwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProcDump" title="ProcDump">ProcDump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Monitor" title="Process Monitor">ProcMon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="Python Tools for Visual Studio">Python Tools for Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="R Tools for Visual Studio">R Tools for Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RecursiveExtractor" class="mw-redirect" title="RecursiveExtractor">RecursiveExtractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roslyn_(compiler)" title="Roslyn (compiler)">Roslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandcastle_(software)" title="Sandcastle (software)">Sandcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignalR" title="SignalR">SignalR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StyleCop" title="StyleCop">StyleCop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVNBridge" title="SVNBridge">SVNBridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2_Temporal_Prover" title="T2 Temporal Prover">T2 Temporal Prover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Template_Transformation_Toolkit" title="Text Template Transformation Toolkit">Text Template Transformation Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLA%2B_Toolbox" class="mw-redirect" title="TLA+ Toolbox">TLA+ Toolbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-Prove" title="U-Prove">U-Prove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vcpkg" title="Vcpkg">vcpkg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_File_System_for_Git" title="Virtual File System for Git">Virtual File System for Git</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voldemort_(distributed_data_store)" title="Voldemort (distributed data store)">Voldemort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoTT" title="VoTT">VoTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowpal_Wabbit" title="Vowpal Wabbit">Vowpal Wabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_App_SDK" title="Windows App SDK">Windows App SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Windows Communication Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Frameworks" title="Windows Driver Frameworks">Windows Driver Frameworks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="Kernel-Mode Driver Framework">KMDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="User-Mode Driver Framework">UMDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Forms" title="Windows Forms">Windows Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Windows Presentation Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_UI_Library" title="Windows UI Library">Windows UI Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinJS" title="WinJS">WinJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinObjC" class="mw-redirect" title="WinObjC">WinObjC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiX" title="WiX">WiX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDP_for_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="XDP for Windows">XDP for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSP_(software)" title="XSP (software)">XSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XUnit.net" title="XUnit.net">xUnit.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z3_Theorem_Prover" title="Z3 Theorem Prover">Z3 Theorem Prover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> (v1.25, v2.0 & v4.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrelfish_(operating_system)" title="Barrelfish (operating system)">Barrelfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SONiC_(operating_system)" title="SONiC (operating system)">SONiC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Linux" title="Azure Linux">Azure Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChronoZoom" title="ChronoZoom">ChronoZoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlexWiki" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexWiki">FlexWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FourQ" title="FourQ">FourQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum_(software)" title="Gollum (software)">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mu" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Mu">Project Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReactiveX" title="ReactiveX">ReactiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLAPS" class="mw-redirect" title="TLAPS">TLAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPM_2.0_Reference_Implementation" class="mw-redirect" title="TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation">TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiBhasha" title="WikiBhasha">WikiBhasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Public_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Public License">Microsoft Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Reciprocal_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Reciprocal License">Microsoft Reciprocal License</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forge_(software)" title="Forge (software)">Forges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CodePlex" title="CodePlex">CodePlex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_Software_Foundation" title="F Sharp Software Foundation">F# Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Letter to Hobbyists">Open Letter to Hobbyists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Security_Foundation" title="Open Source Security Foundation">Open Source Security Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outercurve_Foundation" title="Outercurve Foundation">Outercurve Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Microsoft_free_software" title="Category:Microsoft free software">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_Research_(MSR)216" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_Research" title="Template:Microsoft Research"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_Research" title="Template talk:Microsoft Research"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_Research" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft Research"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_Research_(MSR)216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research (MSR)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages, compilers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartok_(compiler)" title="Bartok (compiler)">Bartok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%CF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Cω">Cω</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(proof_assistant)" title="Lean (proof assistant)">Lean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(programming_language)" title="P (programming language)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Phoenix" title="Microsoft Phoenix">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphonic_C_Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic C Sharp">Polyphonic C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SecPAL" title="SecPAL">SecPAL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed</a>–<a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grid computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitVault" title="BitVault">BitVault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidential_Consortium_Framework" title="Confidential Consortium Framework">Confidential Consortium Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSpeed" title="DeepSpeed">DeepSpeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_(software_framework)" title="Orleans (software framework)">Orleans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>AjaxView</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_(P2P)" title="Avalanche (P2P)">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_XP" title="Conference XP">Conference XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazelle_(web_browser)" title="Gazelle (web browser)">Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HoneyMonkey" title="HoneyMonkey">HoneyMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Black_(research_project)" title="Penny Black (research project)">Penny Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallop" title="Wallop">Wallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiBhasha" title="WikiBhasha">WikiBhasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Automatic_Graph_Layout" title="Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout">Automatic Graph Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Cognitive_Toolkit" title="Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit">Cognitive Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Digits" title="Project Digits">Digits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Holoportation" title="Microsoft Holoportation">Holoportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IllumiRoom" title="IllumiRoom">IllumiRoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Composite_Editor" title="Image Composite Editor">Image Composite Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infer.NET" title="Infer.NET">Infer.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LightGBM" title="LightGBM">LightGBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveStation" title="LiveStation">LiveStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyLifeBits" title="MyLifeBits">MyLifeBits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Network_Intelligence" title="Neural Network Intelligence">Neural Network Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NodeXL" title="NodeXL">NodeXL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFuzz" title="OneFuzz">OneFuzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhotoDNA" title="PhotoDNA">PhotoDNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SEAL" title="Microsoft SEAL">SEAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLAM_project" title="SLAM project">SLAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2_Temporal_Prover" title="T2 Temporal Prover">T2 Temporal Prover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWide_Telescope" title="WorldWide Telescope">WorldWide Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z3_Theorem_Prover" title="Z3 Theorem Prover">Z3 Theorem Prover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrelfish_(operating_system)" title="Barrelfish (operating system)">Barrelfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeOS" title="HomeOS">HomeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midori_(operating_system)" title="Midori (operating system)">Midori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singularity_(operating_system)" title="Singularity (operating system)">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_(operating_system)" title="Verve (operating system)">Verve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_(library)" title="Accelerator (library)">Accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joins_(concurrency_library)" title="Joins (concurrency library)">Joins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimalloc" title="Mimalloc">mimalloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SXM_(transactional_memory)" title="SXM (transactional memory)">SXM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launched as products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Comic_Chat" title="Microsoft Comic Chat">Comic Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Detours" title="Microsoft Detours">Detours</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Gadgets" title="Windows Desktop Gadgets">Sideshow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PixelSense" title="Microsoft PixelSense">PixelSense</a> (<a href="/wiki/TouchLight" title="TouchLight">TouchLight</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SenseCam" title="Microsoft SenseCam">SenseCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClearType" title="ClearType">ClearType</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Shot" title="Group Shot">Group Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance_(video_game)" title="Allegiance (video game)">Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueSkill" title="TrueSkill">TrueSkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Songsmith" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Songsmith">Songsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinect" title="Kinect">Kinect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MSR Labs applied research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs" title="Microsoft Live Labs">Live Labs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs_Pivot" title="Microsoft Live Labs Pivot">Pivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seadragon_Software" title="Seadragon Software">Seadragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Zoom" title="Deep Zoom">Deep Zoom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs_Deepfish" title="Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish">Deepfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs_Listas" title="Microsoft Live Labs Listas">Listas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Clipboard" title="Live Clipboard">Live Clipboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynth" title="Photosynth">Photosynth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs_Volta" title="Microsoft Live Labs Volta">Volta</a></li></ul> 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