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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Barndom_och_utbildning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barndom_och_utbildning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Barndom och utbildning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barndom_och_utbildning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidentskap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidentskap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Presidentskap</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidentskap-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Presidentskap</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidentskap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mänskliga_rättigheter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mänskliga_rättigheter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mänskliga rättigheter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mänskliga_rättigheter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utrikespolitik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utrikespolitik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Utrikespolitik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utrikespolitik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upproren_2011–2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upproren_2011–2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Upproren 2011–2024</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Upproren_2011–2024-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Upproren 2011–2024</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Upproren_2011–2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Västmakterna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Västmakterna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Västmakterna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Västmakterna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konstitutionsfrågan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konstitutionsfrågan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Konstitutionsfrågan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konstitutionsfrågan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privatliv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privatliv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Privatliv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privatliv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bashar al-Assad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 114 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basjar_al-Assad" title="Basjar al-Assad – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Basjar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baschar_al-Assad" title="Baschar al-Assad – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Baschar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%BD%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%B5" title="በሽር አል አሳድ – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በሽር አል አሳድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="بشار الأسد – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بشار الأسد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixar_al-Assad" title="Baixar al-Assad – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Baixar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AB%DC%90%DC%AA_%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%95" title="ܒܫܐܪ ܐܠܐܣܕ – arameiska" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܫܐܪ ܐܠܐܣܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Պաշշար Ասատ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաշշար Ասատ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-%C3%81sad" title="Bashar al-Ásad – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bashar al-Ásad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99%C5%9F%C9%99r_%C6%8Fs%C9%99d" title="Bəşər Əsəd – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bəşər Əsəd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="بشار اسد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بشار اسد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="বাশার আল-আসাদ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাশার আল-আসাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%88%D3%99%D1%80_%D3%98%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B4" title="Бәшәр Әсәд – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәшәр Әсәд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Башар Асад – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Башар Асад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Башар Асад – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Башар Асад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad," title="Bashar al-Assad, – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bashar al-Assad," data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Башар ал-Асад – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Башар ал-Асад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixar_al-%C3%80ssad" title="Baixar al-Àssad – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baixar al-Àssad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Башар Асад – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Башар Асад" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1%C3%A1r_al-Asad" title="Bašár al-Asad – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bašár al-Asad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="بشار لأسد – marockansk arabiska" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بشار لأسد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marockansk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baschar_al-Assad" title="Baschar al-Assad – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baschar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2_-_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6" title="बशर अल - असद – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बशर अल - असद" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashsh%C4%81r_al-Asad" title="Bashshār al-Asad – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bashshār al-Asad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%B1%CE%BB_%CE%86%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Μπασάρ αλ Άσαντ – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπασάρ αλ Άσαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-%C3%81sad" title="Bashar al-Ásad – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bashar al-Ásad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Dar_al-Asad" title="Baŝar al-Asad – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baŝar al-Asad" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxar_al-Assad" title="Baxar al-Assad – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baxar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="بشار اسد – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بشار اسد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachar_el-Assad" title="Bachar el-Assad – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bachar el-Assad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%B4_%EC%95%8C%EC%95%84%EC%82%AC%EB%93%9C" title="바샤르 알아사드 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바샤르 알아사드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Բաշշար ալ-Ասադ – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բաշշար ալ-Ասադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6" title="बशर अल-असद – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बशर अल-असद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1ar_al-Asad" title="Bašar al-Asad – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bašar al-Asad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%93" title="בשאר אל-אסד – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בשאר אל-אסד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბაშარ ალ-ასადი – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაშარ ალ-ასადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Far_Esed" title="Beşar Esed – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Beşar Esed" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1%C5%A1%C4%81r_al-Asad" title="Baššār al-Asad – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Baššār al-Asad" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1%C4%81rs_Asads" title="Bašārs Asads – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bašārs Asads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1aras_al-Asadas" title="Bašaras al-Asadas – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bašaras al-Asadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass%C3%A1r_el-Aszad" title="Bassár el-Aszad – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bassár el-Aszad" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Башар ал Асад – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Башар ал Асад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="ബഷാർ അൽ അസദ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബഷാർ അൽ അസദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="बशर अल-अस्साद – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बशर अल-अस्साद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბაშარ ალ-ასადი – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაშარ ალ-ასადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="بشار الاسد – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بشار الاسد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="بشار اسد – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بشار اسد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6" title="बसर अल असद – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बसर अल असद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B5%E3%83%89" title="バッシャール・アル＝アサド – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バッシャール・アル＝アサド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Асад, Башар – tjetjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Асад, Башар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashshor_al-Asad" title="Bashshor al-Asad – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bashshor al-Asad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6" title="ਬਸ਼ਰ ਅਲ-ਅਸਦ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਸ਼ਰ ਅਲ-ਅਸਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="بشار الاسد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بشار الاسد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="بشارالاسد – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بشارالاسد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baszszar_al-Asad" title="Baszszar al-Asad – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baszszar al-Asad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Асад, Башар – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Асад, Башар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Башар Асад – jakutiska" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Башар Асад" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beshar_el-Asad" title="Beshar el-Asad – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beshar el-Asad" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A-%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A" title="බෂාර් අල්-අසාද් – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෂාර් අල්-අසාද්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%A1r_al-Asad" title="Baššár al-Asad – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baššár al-Asad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1ar_al_Asad" title="Bašar al Asad – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bašar al Asad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF" title="بەشار ئەسەد – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەشار ئەسەد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Башар ел Асад – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Башар ел Асад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1ar_al-Asad" title="Bašar al-Asad – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bašar al-Asad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1ar_al-Assad" title="Bašar al-Assad – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bašar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="பசார் அல்-அசத் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பசார் அல்-அசத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4%C5%9F%C5%9Far_%C3%84s%C3%A4d" title="Bäşşar Äsäd – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Bäşşar Äsäd" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94" title="บัชชาร อัลอะซัด – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บัชชาร อัลอะซัด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Башшор Асад – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Башшор Асад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9F%C5%9Far_Esad" title="Beşşar Esad – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beşşar Esad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Башар аль-Асад – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Башар аль-Асад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="بشار الاسد – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بشار الاسد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF" title="بەششار ئەسەد – uiguriska" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بەششار ئەسەد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asad_Ba%C5%A1ar" title="Asad Bašar – veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Asad Bašar" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴沙尔·阿萨德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%93" title="באשער על אסאד – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באשער על אסאד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bashar al-Assad" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙爾·阿薩德 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴沙爾·阿薩德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fer_Esad" title="Beşer Esad – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Beşer Esad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="巴沙尔·阿萨德 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴沙尔·阿萨德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99%C5%A1%C9%99r_%C6%8Fs%C9%99d" title="Bəšər Əsəd – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Bəšər Əsəd" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44329#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style> <table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; text-align: left"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold"><span class="fn">Bashar al-Assad<br />بَشَّار الْأَسَد</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bashar_al-Assad_in_May_2024.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bashar al-Assad"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bashar_al-Assad_in_May_2024.png/225px-Bashar_al-Assad_in_May_2024.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bashar_al-Assad_in_May_2024.png/338px-Bashar_al-Assad_in_May_2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bashar_al-Assad_in_May_2024.png/450px-Bashar_al-Assad_in_May_2024.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="649" /></a></span><br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em">Bashar al-Assad i maj 2024.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><hr /><div style="background:lavender;color: #202122; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_Syriens_stats%C3%B6verhuvuden" title="Lista över Syriens statsöverhuvuden">Syriens 19:e president</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center;"><b>Tid i befattningen</b><br />17 juli 2000–8 december 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Premiärminister </th> <td>Muhammad Mustafa Mero<br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ibrahim_Ghalawanji" title="Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji">Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Imad Khamis</a><br />Hussein Arnous </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vicepresident </th> <td>Abdul Halim Khaddam<br />Zuhair Masharqa<br />Farouk al-Sharaa<br />Najah al-Attar </td></tr> <tr> <th>Företrädare </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a><br />Abdul Halim Khaddam <small>(tillförordnad)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><hr /><div style="background:lavender;color: #202122; font-weight:bold">Ledare för <a href="/wiki/Baathpartiet_(Syrien)" title="Baathpartiet (Syrien)">Baathpartiet</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;color: #202122;"><b><a href="/wiki/Befattning" title="Befattning">Innehar befattningen</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Tillträdde befattningen </b><br />20 juni 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ställföreträdare </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Saeed_Bekheitan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan [inte skriven än]">Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Född </th> <td><span class="nickname">Bashar Hafez al-Assad</span><br /><a href="/wiki/11_september" title="11 september">11 september</a> <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a><span class="noprint"> (59 år)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus">Damaskus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syrien</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nationalitet </th> <td>Syrier </td></tr> <tr> <th>Politiskt parti </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Baathpartiet_(Syrien)" title="Baathpartiet (Syrien)">Baathpartiet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yrke </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Oftalmologi" title="Oftalmologi">Ögonläkare</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Religion </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shia" title="Shia">Shiaislam</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alawiter" title="Alawiter">alawiter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Maka </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Asma_al-Assad" title="Asma al-Assad">Asma al-Assad</a> g. 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Barn </th> <td>Hafez (f. 2001)<br />Zein (f. 2003)<br />Karim (f. 2004) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Namnteckning </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bashar_Hafez_al-Assad_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bashar al-Assads namnteckning"><img alt="Bashar al-Assads namnteckning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bashar_Hafez_al-Assad_Signature.png/128px-Bashar_Hafez_al-Assad_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bashar_Hafez_al-Assad_Signature.png/192px-Bashar_Hafez_al-Assad_Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bashar_Hafez_al-Assad_Signature.png/256px-Bashar_Hafez_al-Assad_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="294" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: Lavender;color: #202122;"><b>Militärtjänst</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>I tjänst för </th> <td><span class="flaggbild" title="Syrien"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Syrien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syrien</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tjänstetid </th> <td>1988 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Grad </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Muschir" title="Muschir">Fältmarskalk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Slag/Krig </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Syriska_inb%C3%B6rdeskriget" title="Syriska inbördeskriget">Syriska inbördeskriget</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Bashar Hafez al-Assad</b> (eller <b>al-Asad</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabiska" title="Arabiska">arabiska</a>: <span lang="ar">بشار حافظ الأسد</span>, <i>Bashar Hafiz al-Asad</i>) (uttal: [baʃˈʃaːr ˈħaːfezˤ elˈʔasad]), född <a href="/wiki/11_september" title="11 september">11 september</a> <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a> i <a href="/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus">Damaskus</a>, är en syrisk politiker som var <a href="/wiki/Syriens_president" title="Syriens president">landets president</a> mellan den <a href="/wiki/17_juli" title="17 juli">17 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> och den <a href="/wiki/8_december" title="8 december">8 december</a> <a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a>. Han är även ledare för det syriska <a href="/wiki/Baathpartiet_(Syrien)" title="Baathpartiet (Syrien)">Baathpartiet</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barndom_och_utbildning">Barndom och utbildning</h2></div> <p>Bashar al-Assad är son till Aniseh Makhlouf al-Assad och <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>, med <a href="/wiki/Nusayrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusayrier">alawitisk</a> bakgrund.<sup id="cite_ref-Zisser20_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zisser20-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans uppväxt präglades av politik och det faktum att hans far Hafez al-Assad tagit över <a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_Syriens_presidenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista över Syriens presidenter">presidentskapet i Syrien</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">med våld genom militärkupp</a> under 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Zisser20_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zisser20-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Till skillnad från sina bröder, Bassel och Maher samt sin syster Bushra, var Bashar tyst och reserverad samt saknade intresse för både politiken och det militära.<sup id="cite_ref-Zisser21_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zisser21-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han har vid ett senare tillfälle berättat att han endast varit inne på sin fars kontor en gång under dennes presidentskap, och då pratade de inte politik.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Han fick sin grundskole- och gymnasieutbildning i den <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">arabisk</a>-<a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">franska</a> al-Hurriya-skolan i Damaskus<sup id="cite_ref-Zisser21_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zisser21-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och sägs ha varit en exemplarisk elev som utmärkte sig akademiskt.<sup id="cite_ref-Leverett59_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leverett59-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under 1982 tog han examen från gymnasiet och började då studera <a href="/wiki/Medicin_(vetenskap)" title="Medicin (vetenskap)">medicin</a> vid <a href="/wiki/Damaskus_universitet" title="Damaskus universitet">universitetet i Damaskus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leverett59_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leverett59-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> År 1988 utexaminerades al-Assad från universitetet och började arbeta som <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4kare" title="Läkare">läkare</a> på <a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syriens</a> största militära sjukhus, "Tishrin" i utkanten av Damaskus.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fyra år senare flyttade al-Assad till <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a> för att studera vid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Eye_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Eye Hospital [inte skriven än]">Western Eye Hospital</a> i <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leverett60_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leverett60-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bashar hade vid denna tidpunkt få politiska ambitioner.<sup id="cite_ref-Minahan83_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minahan83-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans far hade bestämt sig för att Bashars äldre bror, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bassel_al-Assad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassel al-Assad [inte skriven än]">Bassel al-Assad</a>, skulle bli landets framtida president. Bashar fick återvända till Syrien under 1994 för gå med i den syriska armén, efter Bassels oväntade död i en bilolycka.<sup id="cite_ref-Leverett60_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leverett60-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidentskap">Presidentskap</h2></div> <p>När Hafez al-Assad dog år 2000, övertog Bashar presidentposten och rollerna som ledare för Socialistiska Baathpartiet och <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r" title="Militär">militären</a>. En förutsättning var att <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majlis_Al_Sha%27ab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majlis Al Sha'ab [inte skriven än]">Majlis Al Sha'ab</a> (parlamentet) hade röstat igenom att åldersgränsen för presidentposten sänktes från 40 till 34 år (al-Assads ålder vid tillfället). Bashar tillträdde den <a href="/wiki/17_juli" title="17 juli">17 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>. Han omvaldes för en andra mandatperiod i valet 2007 där han enligt syriska regeringskällor fick 97,6% av rösterna.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inrikespolitiskt har al-Assad kritiserats för bristen på mänskliga rättigheter, ekonomiskt förfall och korruption.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I sin utrikespolitik har al-Assad intagit en kritisk hållning mot <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> och <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samtidigt har han hyllats av anhängare och samhällsanalytiker för att stå för ett sekulärt, progressivt och icke-diskriminerande styre och att ha motarbetat islamistiskt konservativ extremism. Anhängare av Bashar Al-Assad lyfter ofta fram exempel såsom modernismen<sup>[<span title="Förklaring behövs"><i>förklaring behövs</i></span>]</sup> och till viss del kvinnors stärkta rättigheter (i jämförelse med andra länders styren i regionen<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) och roll i samhället i Syrien.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kritik riktades ofta från konservativt islamistiska strömningar mot Al-Assad som en "fiende till islam" på grund av hans progressiva<sup>[<span title="Förklaring behövs"><i>förklaring behövs</i></span>]</sup> hållning.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baathpartiet har i parlamentet full majoritet och ses som det <a href="/wiki/Statsb%C3%A4rande_parti" title="Statsbärande parti">statsbärande partiet</a>. Fram till dess att han blev president var al-Assad inte involverad i politik; hans enda publika roll var som chef för <i>Syrian Computer Society</i> som introducerade <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> i Syrien under 2001. Al-Assad bekräftades som president genom en folkomröstning utan motkandidater år 2000. Han förväntades inta en mer liberal inställning än sin far. I en intervju har han förklarat att han ser demokrati i Syrien som "ett verktyg till ett bättre liv" men hävdade att det skulle ta tid för demokratin att komma till stånd och att det måste få ta den tid det tar.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Syria.BasharAlAssad.02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Syria.BasharAlAssad.02.jpg/250px-Syria.BasharAlAssad.02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Syria.BasharAlAssad.02.jpg/375px-Syria.BasharAlAssad.02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Syria.BasharAlAssad.02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Plansch med ett porträtt av al-Assad och texten <i>Gud skyddar Syrien</i> år 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Ekonomisk <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalisering</a> i Syrien har varit väldigt begränsad, och de flesta <a href="/wiki/Industri" title="Industri">industrier</a> är fortfarande hårt kontrollerade av <a href="/wiki/Stat" title="Stat">staten</a>. Dock har vissa förändringar skett, bland annat införandet av privata <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banker</a> och uppmuntran av utländska investeringar i vissa sektorer, framför allt inom oljesektorn. Behovet av en diversifiering av ekonomin har tryckts på från olika håll, framför allt eftersom det har förutspåtts att Syrien kommer att gå över från att exportera till att behöva importera <a href="/wiki/Olja" title="Olja">olja</a> år 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beroendet av olja återspeglas i att tillverkningsexporten endast representerar 3,1 procent av Syriens <a href="/wiki/Bruttonationalprodukt" title="Bruttonationalprodukt">BNP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dessa frågor är särskilt relevanta eftersom Syriens befolkning väntas fördubblas till över 34 miljoner fram till år 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Till och från har det varit mildare ekonomiska sanktioner mot Syrien <i>(Syrien Accountability Act)</i> som har tillämpats <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>, vilket ytterligare komplicerar situationen. Av stor betydelse är de pågående förhandlingarna om ett <a href="/wiki/Frihandelsavtal" title="Frihandelsavtal">frihandelsavtal</a> med <a href="/wiki/Europeiska_unionen" title="Europeiska unionen">Europeiska unionen</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undvik_f%C3%B6rs%C3%A5tliga_referenser" title="Wikipedia:Undvik försåtliga referenser">[<span title="enligt vem (2024-12)"><i>enligt vem?</i></span>]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mänskliga_rättigheter"><span id="M.C3.A4nskliga_r.C3.A4ttigheter"></span>Mänskliga rättigheter</h3></div> <p>I en lag från 2007 krävs det att <a href="/wiki/Internetkaf%C3%A9" title="Internetkafé">internetkaféer</a> registrerar alla kommentarer besökare gör via chattforum.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Webbsidor som arabiska <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youtube" title="Youtube">Youtube</a> och <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> var blockerade mellan 2008 och 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oberoende organisationer som <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> och <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> har ett flertal gånger rapporterat om hur Bashars regering och den <a href="/wiki/Hemlig_polis" title="Hemlig polis">hemliga polisen</a> systematiskt <a href="/wiki/Tortyr" title="Tortyr">torterar</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4ngelse" class="mw-redirect" title="Fängelse">fängslar</a> och <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6den" title="Döden">dödar</a> motståndare till landets styrelse.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedan 2006 har användningen av reseförbud mot oliktänkande utvidgats, en praxis som är olaglig enligt <a href="/wiki/Internationell_r%C3%A4tt" title="Internationell rätt">internationell rätt</a>. I det avseendet är Syrien det värsta landet bland <a href="/wiki/Arabv%C3%A4rlden" title="Arabvärlden">arabstaterna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utrikespolitik">Utrikespolitik</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Lula_Al-Assad_Itamaraty_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lula_Al-Assad_Itamaraty_2010.jpg/250px-Lula_Al-Assad_Itamaraty_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lula_Al-Assad_Itamaraty_2010.jpg/375px-Lula_Al-Assad_Itamaraty_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lula_Al-Assad_Itamaraty_2010.jpg/500px-Lula_Al-Assad_Itamaraty_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien">Brasiliens</a> president <a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> och Bashar al-Assad 30 juni 2010.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Dmitry_Medvedev_21_August_2008-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dmitry_Medvedev_21_August_2008-1.jpg/250px-Dmitry_Medvedev_21_August_2008-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dmitry_Medvedev_21_August_2008-1.jpg/375px-Dmitry_Medvedev_21_August_2008-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Dmitry_Medvedev_21_August_2008-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Assad tillsammans med <a href="/wiki/Rysslands_president" title="Rysslands president">Rysslands dåvarande president</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitrij_Medvedev" title="Dmitrij Medvedev">Dmitrij Medvedev</a> under ett besök i <a href="/wiki/Sotji" title="Sotji">Sotji</a> i augusti 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>Assads första officiella statsbesök var till <a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a> för att möta president <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, med vilken han hade goda relationer <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undvik_f%C3%B6rs%C3%A5tliga_referenser" title="Wikipedia:Undvik försåtliga referenser">[<span title="enligt vem (2024-11)"><i>enligt vem?</i></span>]</a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europeiska_unionen" title="Europeiska unionen">Europeiska unionen</a>, <a href="/wiki/14_mars-r%C3%B6relsen" title="14 mars-rörelsen">14 mars-rörelsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> och <a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a> har anklagat Assad för att ge ekonomiskt stöd till militanta grupper som är aktiva mot Israel och mot oppositionella politiska grupper <sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2024-11)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup>. Den senare kategorin skulle omfatta de flesta politiska partier förutom <a href="/wiki/Hizbollah" title="Hizbollah">Hizbollah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> och <a href="/wiki/Islamiska_jihad" title="Islamiska jihad">Islamiska Jihad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enligt <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">MEMRI</a> har Assad hävdat att USA kan dra nytta av den syriska erfarenheten med att bekämpa organisationer som <a href="/wiki/Muslimska_br%C3%B6draskapet" title="Muslimska brödraskapet">Muslimska brödraskapet</a> från exempelvis <a href="/wiki/Massakern_i_Hama" title="Massakern i Hama">Massakern i Hama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assad motsatte sig <a href="/wiki/Irakkriget" title="Irakkriget">invasionen i Irak</a> 2003 trots en långvarig konflikt mellan den syriska och den irakiska regeringen<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2024-11)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup>. Assad använde de roterande mandat i <a href="/wiki/FN:s_s%C3%A4kerhetsr%C3%A5d" title="FN:s säkerhetsråd">FN:s säkerhetsråd</a> som Syrien hade vid detta tillfälle för att försöka stoppa invasionen.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter invasionen i Irak av koalitionsstyrkorna anklagades Assad för att stödja det irakiska upproret<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2024-11)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup>. En amerikansk general anklagade honom för att tillhandahålla finansiering, logistik och utbildning för irakiska och utländska muslimer för att göra attacker mot de amerikanska styrkorna och koalitionsstyrkorna i Irak.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mordet på den förre libanesiske premiärministern <a href="/wiki/Rafik_Hariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafik Hariri">Rafik Hariri</a> i februari 2005, och de efterföljande anklagelserna om Syriens inblandning samt stöd till antiisraeliska grupper orsakade en stor kris i relationerna mellan Syrien och USA<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undvik_f%C3%B6rs%C3%A5tliga_referenser" title="Wikipedia:Undvik försåtliga referenser">[<span title="enligt vem (2024-11)"><i>enligt vem?</i></span>]</a></sup>. Assad kritiserades för Syriens närvaro i Libanon, vilken avslutades 2005, och USA utfärdade sanktioner mot Syrien delvis på grund av detta<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2024-11)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup>. Vid påven <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Paulus_II" title="Johannes Paulus II">Johannes Paulus II</a> begravning under 2005 skakade Assad hand med <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israels</a> dåvarande president <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Katsav" title="Moshe Katsav">Moshe Katsav</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2024-11)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup>. </p><p>I arabvärlden har Assad haft goda relationer till <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Organization">Palestinian Liberation Organization</a>, men relationerna till många andra arabiska stater, och i synnerhet till <a href="/wiki/Saudiarabien" title="Saudiarabien">Saudiarabien</a> har försämrats. Detta beror delvis på Assads fortsatta inblandning i Libanon och hans samarbete med <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undvik_f%C3%B6rs%C3%A5tliga_referenser" title="Wikipedia:Undvik försåtliga referenser">[<span title="enligt vem (2024-11)"><i>enligt vem?</i></span>]</a></sup>. I samband med <a href="/wiki/Kriget_i_Georgien_2008" title="Kriget i Georgien 2008">Kriget i Georgien 2008</a> gjorde Assad ett officiellt besök i <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a>. I en intervju med den ryska tv-kanalen Vesti hävdade han att man inte kan separera händelserna i <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a> från den amerikanska närvaron i Irak, som han fördömt som ett "direkt hot mot Syriens säkerhet."<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2024-11)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p><p>I en intervju med <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> 2011 berättade Assad att han ansåg sig vara "antiisraelisk" och "antiväst", och att det på grund av denna politik inte fanns någon fara för att han skulle bli störtad.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz.com_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upproren_2011–2024"><span id="Upproren_2011.E2.80.932024"></span>Upproren 2011–2024</h2></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Detta avsnitt är en sammanfattning av <a href="/wiki/Syriska_inb%C3%B6rdeskriget" title="Syriska inbördeskriget">Syriska inbördeskriget</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p>Efter en rad demonstrationer i arabvärlden började protesterna i Syrien den <a href="/wiki/26_januari" title="26 januari">26 januari</a> <a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a>. Demonstranterna krävde politiska och ekonomiska reformer och ett återinförande av <a href="/wiki/Medborgerliga_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Medborgerliga rättigheter">medborgerliga rättigheter</a> samt ett slut på det långvariga <a href="/wiki/Undantagstillst%C3%A5nd" title="Undantagstillstånd">undantagstillstånd</a> som rått i landet sedan 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett försök till samordnade demonstrationer kallad "vredesdagen" fastställdes till 4–5 februari 2011, men det slutade händelselöst.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eftersom regeringen lovat förhandla med demonstranterna kände de sig segervissa<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undvik_f%C3%B6rs%C3%A5tliga_referenser" title="Wikipedia:Undvik försåtliga referenser">[<span title="enligt vem (2024-11)"><i>enligt vem?</i></span>]</a></sup>. Demonstranterna började beväpna sig, våld utbröt spontant på flera platser. I det läget försökte polis stoppa dem. Protesterna 18–19 mars var de största i Syrien på flera decennier och den syriska myndigheten kom att svara med våld mot sina medborgare<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Hur kan man verifiera detta? (2024-11)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup>. Efter att Assad hade störtats den 8 december 2024 flydde han till Ryssland där han beviljades politisk asyl.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Västmakterna"><span id="V.C3.A4stmakterna"></span>Västmakterna</h3></div> <p>Den 18 maj 2011 undertecknade <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA:s_president" title="USA:s president">USA:s president</a>, en verkställande order om sanktioner mot Bashar al-Assad i ett försök att pressa hans regering "att avsluta sin användning av våld mot sin befolkning och börja en övergång till ett demokratiskt system som skyddar rättigheterna för det syriska folket."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanktionerna fryste direkt Bashar al-Assads alla tillgångar inom USA samt inom USA:s jurisdiktion.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den 23 maj 2011 enades <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU:s</a> <a href="/wiki/Utrikesminister" title="Utrikesminister">utrikesministrar</a> vid ett möte i <a href="/wiki/Bryssel" title="Bryssel">Bryssel</a> att ge al-Assad och nio andra ledande syriska tjänstemän reseförbud inom EU samt frysning av deras tillgångar.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den 24 maj 2011 införde även <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> sanktioner mot ett flertal syriska styresmän, bland annat al-Assad <sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2024-11)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup>. I augusti samma år krävde president Obama tillsammans med ledande företrädare för EU att al-Assad skulle avgå.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den 20 juni 2011, i ett tal som varade nästan en timme, lovade al-Assad en nationell dialog med en riktning mot nya reformer, nya parlamentsval samt större frihet. Han uppmanade också flyktingar att återvända hem från <a href="/wiki/Turkiet" title="Turkiet">Turkiet</a> samtidigt som han försäkrade dem <a href="/wiki/Amnesti" title="Amnesti">amnesti</a> och skyllde all oro på ett litet antal sabotörer.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I augusti 2011 attackerade syriska säkerhetsstyrkor landets mest kända politiska tecknare, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Farzat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Farzat [inte skriven än]">Ali Farzat</a>, en välkänd kritiker av Syriens regering och dess fem månader långa attacker mot demokratiaktivister, demonstranter och oliktänkare. Anhöriga till den svårt misshandlade tecknaren berättade för västerländska medier att angriparna hotade att bryta Farzats ben som en varning för att få honom att sluta med karikatyrerna av regeringstjänstemän, särskilt president Bashar al-Assad. Farzat var på sjukhus med frakturer i både händerna och huvudet.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konstitutionsfrågan"><span id="Konstitutionsfr.C3.A5gan"></span>Konstitutionsfrågan</h3></div> <p>Den 10 januari 2012 höll Assad ett tal där han anklagade upproren för att vara andra länders påhitt och hävdade att "segern var nära". Han sade också att <a href="/wiki/Arabf%C3%B6rbundet" title="Arabförbundet">Arabförbundet</a>, genom utestängningen av Syrien, visade att det inte längre var ett arabförbund. Assad sade också att landet inte kommer "hålla dörrarna stängda" för en arabisk-medlad lösning så länge landets "nationella <a href="/wiki/Suver%C3%A4nitet" title="Suveränitet">suveränitet</a>" respekteras. Han sade också att en folkomröstning om en ny konstitution kommer att hållas i mars 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En omröstning som vissa såg som en skenmanöver för att dämpa protesterna. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Folkomr%C3%B6stning" title="Folkomröstning">folkomröstning</a> om en ny konstitution hölls redan den 26 februari 2012. Valdeltagandet blev att av <span style="white-space:nowrap">14 580 000</span> röstberättigade tog sig <span style="white-space:nowrap">8 376 000</span> (ungefär 57 %) till valurnorna. I folkomröstningen röstade 89,4 % av dessa röstberättigade för den nya konstitutionen som tillåter en mångfald av politiska partier, dock inte partier med en uttalad religiös linje. Den nya konstitutionen stipulerar att en president kan sitta två mandatperioder om sju år och att nästa presidentval skulle hållas 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privatliv">Privatliv</h2></div> <p>I december 2000 gifte Bashar al-Assad sig med <a href="/wiki/Asma_al-Assad" title="Asma al-Assad">Asma Assad</a> (<i>född Akhras</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, en brittisk sunnimuslim av syrisk härstamning som han mötte när han studerade i London. De är föräldrar till tre barn, Hafez (född 2001), Zein (född 2003) och Karim (född 2004).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/15px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> Wikiquote har citat av eller om <a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" class="extiw" title="q:Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>.<div class="interProject wikiquote" style="display:none;"><a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" class="extiw" title="q:Bashar al-Assad">Citat</a></div></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/bashar-al-asad">”Bashar al-Asad - Uppslagsverk - NE.se”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/bashar-al-asad">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/bashar-al-asad</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 februari 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bashar+al-Asad+-+Uppslagsverk+-+NE.se&rft.atitle=www.ne.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Fbashar-al-asad&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zisser20-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Zisser20_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zisser20_2-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFZisser2007">Zisser, Eyal (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=pVovmiI-ijQC&dq=bashar+assad&q=bashar+assad#v=onepage&q=1965&f=false">Commanding Syria : Bashar al-Asad and the first years in power</a></i> ([Online-Ausg.]). London [u.a.]: Tauris. sid. 20. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9781845111533" title="Special:Bokkällor/9781845111533">ISBN 9781845111533</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=pVovmiI-ijQC&dq=bashar+assad&q=bashar+assad#v=onepage&q=1965&f=false">http://books.google.com/books?id=pVovmiI-ijQC&dq=bashar+assad&q=bashar+assad#v=onepage&q=1965&f=false</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanding+Syria+%3A+Bashar+al-Asad+and+the+first+years+in+power&rft.aulast=Zisser&rft.aufirst=Eyal&rft.au=Zisser%2C+Eyal&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B20&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.isbn=9781845111533&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpVovmiI-ijQC%26dq%3Dbashar%2Bassad%26q%3Dbashar%2Bassad%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D1965%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zisser21-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Zisser21_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zisser21_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFZisser2007">Zisser, Eyal (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=oL_S9OykXwYC&pg=PA58&dq=bashar+assad&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false">Commanding Syria : Bashar al-Asad and the first years in power</a></i> ([Online-Ausg.]). London [u.a.]: Tauris. sid. 21. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9781845111533" title="Special:Bokkällor/9781845111533">ISBN 9781845111533</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=oL_S9OykXwYC&pg=PA58&dq=bashar+assad&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false">http://books.google.com/books?id=oL_S9OykXwYC&pg=PA58&dq=bashar+assad&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanding+Syria+%3A+Bashar+al-Asad+and+the+first+years+in+power&rft.aulast=Zisser&rft.aufirst=Eyal&rft.au=Zisser%2C+Eyal&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B21&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.isbn=9781845111533&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoL_S9OykXwYC%26pg%3DPA58%26dq%3Dbashar%2Bassad%26source%3Dgbs_selected_pages%26cad%3D3%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091025083543/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/11/syria/belt-text/2">”Arkiverade kopian”</a>. <i>National Geographic</i> (Damascus). 1 november 2009. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/11/syria/belt-text/2">originalet</a> den 25 oktober 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091025083543/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/11/syria/belt-text/2">https://web.archive.org/web/20091025083543/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/11/syria/belt-text/2</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 november 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arkiverade+kopian&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.date=1+november+2009&rft.place=Damascus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091025083543%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2009%2F11%2Fsyria%2Fbelt-text%2F2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leverett59-5">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Leverett59_5-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leverett59_5-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFLeverett2005">Leverett, Flynt (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=pVovmiI-ijQC&dq=bashar+assad&q=lebanonese+file#v=onepage&q=lebanonese%20file&f=false">Inheriting Syria Bashar's trial by fire</a></i> ([Online-Ausg.]). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. sid. 59. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9780815752042" title="Special:Bokkällor/9780815752042">ISBN 9780815752042</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=pVovmiI-ijQC&dq=bashar+assad&q=lebanonese+file#v=onepage&q=lebanonese%20file&f=false">http://books.google.com/books?id=pVovmiI-ijQC&dq=bashar+assad&q=lebanonese+file#v=onepage&q=lebanonese%20file&f=false</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inheriting+Syria+Bashar%27s+trial+by+fire&rft.aulast=Leverett&rft.aufirst=Flynt&rft.au=Leverett%2C+Flynt&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B59&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.isbn=9780815752042&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpVovmiI-ijQC%26dq%3Dbashar%2Bassad%26q%3Dlebanonese%2Bfile%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dlebanonese%2520file%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFBeeston2005">Beeston, Richard (22 oktober 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article581373.ece">”We are going to send him on a trip Bye bye Hariri Rot in hell”</a>. <i>The Times</i> (London)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article581373.ece">http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article581373.ece</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 april 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=We+are+going+to+send+him+on+a+trip+Bye+bye+Hariri+Rot+in+hell&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.aulast=Beeston&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Beeston%2C+Richard&rft.date=22+oktober+2005&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Farticle581373.ece&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B6da_l%C3%A4nkar" title="Wikipedia:Döda länkar">[<span title="Denna externa länk fungerar inte (2024-11)"><i>död länk</i></span>]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leverett60-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Leverett60_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leverett60_7-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFLeverett2005">Leverett, Flynt (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=oL_S9OykXwYC&pg=PA58&dq=bashar+assad&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false">Inheriting Syria Bashar's trial by fire</a></i> ([Online-Ausg.]). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. sid. 60. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9780815752042" title="Special:Bokkällor/9780815752042">ISBN 9780815752042</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=oL_S9OykXwYC&pg=PA58&dq=bashar+assad&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false">http://books.google.com/books?id=oL_S9OykXwYC&pg=PA58&dq=bashar+assad&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inheriting+Syria+Bashar%27s+trial+by+fire&rft.aulast=Leverett&rft.aufirst=Flynt&rft.au=Leverett%2C+Flynt&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B60&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.isbn=9780815752042&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoL_S9OykXwYC%26pg%3DPA58%26dq%3Dbashar%2Bassad%26source%3Dgbs_selected_pages%26cad%3D3%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan83-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Minahan83_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFMinahan2002">Minahan, James (2002). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OLKKVXgEpkoC&pg=PA80&dq=alawite+confederation&hl=en&ei=G_h8TpLNO8_GswaE4pBN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q&f=false">A - C.</a></i> (1. publ.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. sid. 83. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9780313321092" title="Special:Bokkällor/9780313321092">ISBN 9780313321092</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OLKKVXgEpkoC&pg=PA80&dq=alawite+confederation&hl=en&ei=G_h8TpLNO8_GswaE4pBN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q&f=false">http://books.google.com/books?id=OLKKVXgEpkoC&pg=PA80&dq=alawite+confederation&hl=en&ei=G_h8TpLNO8_GswaE4pBN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+-+C.&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Minahan%2C+James&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B83&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.isbn=9780313321092&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLKKVXgEpkoC%26pg%3DPA80%26dq%3Dalawite%2Bconfederation%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DG_h8TpLNO8_GswaE4pBN%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/27/AR2007052701117.html">”Syrians Vote For Assad in Uncontested Referendum”</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 28 maj 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/27/AR2007052701117.html">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/27/AR2007052701117.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrians+Vote+For+Assad+in+Uncontested+Referendum&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.date=28+maj+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F05%2F27%2FAR2007052701117.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6700021.stm">”Syria's Assad wins another term”</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 maj 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6700021.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6700021.stm</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Assad+wins+another+term&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=29+maj+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6700021.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/16/syria-al-asads-decade-power-marked-repression-0">”Syria: Al-Asad's Decade in Power Marked By Repression”</a>. Human Rights Watch<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/16/syria-al-asads-decade-power-marked-repression-0">http://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/16/syria-al-asads-decade-power-marked-repression-0</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 oktober 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Al-Asad%27s+Decade+in+Power+Marked+By+Repression&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2010%2F07%2F16%2Fsyria-al-asads-decade-power-marked-repression-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140123074426/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gQuKnhbmiACbfgBT-1i3o6uE-aVA?docId=CNG.de2f9507caf8e9c4dbed479b7e7fb210.6a1">”Canada announces sanctions against Syria”</a>. AFP. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gQuKnhbmiACbfgBT-1i3o6uE-aVA?docId=CNG.de2f9507caf8e9c4dbed479b7e7fb210.6a1">originalet</a> den 23 januari 2014<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140123074426/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gQuKnhbmiACbfgBT-1i3o6uE-aVA?docId=CNG.de2f9507caf8e9c4dbed479b7e7fb210.6a1">https://web.archive.org/web/20140123074426/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gQuKnhbmiACbfgBT-1i3o6uE-aVA?docId=CNG.de2f9507caf8e9c4dbed479b7e7fb210.6a1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 oktober 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Canada+announces+sanctions+against+Syria&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=AFP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20140123074426%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5gQuKnhbmiACbfgBT-1i3o6uE-aVA%3FdocId%3DCNG.de2f9507caf8e9c4dbed479b7e7fb210.6a1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4959de24c.html">”Corruption on the rise”</a>. Institute for War and Peace Reporting<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4959de24c.html">http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4959de24c.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 oktober 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Corruption+on+the+rise&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Institute+for+War+and+Peace+Reporting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fdocid%2F4959de24c.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz.com-14">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-haaretz.com_14-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz.com_14-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFIssacharoff2010">Issacharoff, Avi (10 november 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/syria-s-assad-regime-strong-because-of-my-anti-israel-stance-1.340454">”Syria's Assad: Regime strong because of my anti-Israel stance”</a>. Haaretz.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/syria-s-assad-regime-strong-because-of-my-anti-israel-stance-1.340454">http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/syria-s-assad-regime-strong-because-of-my-anti-israel-stance-1.340454</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 februari 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+Assad%3A+Regime+strong+because+of+my+anti-Israel+stance&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Issacharoff&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft.au=Issacharoff%2C+Avi&rft.date=10+november+2010&rft.pub=Haaretz.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fsyria-s-assad-regime-strong-because-of-my-anti-israel-stance-1.340454&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112005404/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Syria-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf">”SYRIA MENA Gender Equality Profile”</a>. Unicef. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Syria-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf">originalet</a> den 12 november 2020<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112005404/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Syria-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20201112005404/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Syria-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 29 juni 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=SYRIA+MENA+Gender+Equality+Profile&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Unicef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20201112005404%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fgender%2Ffiles%2FSyria-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/06/28/how-a-victorious-bashar-al-assad-is-changing-syria">https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/06/28/how-a-victorious-bashar-al-assad-is-changing-syria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20150402-syria-women-soldiers-assad-army-propaganda">https://www.france24.com/en/20150402-syria-women-soldiers-assad-army-propaganda</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/magda-gads-dagbok/assad-ar-den-enda-som-kan-skapa-fred-i-syrien/">https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/magda-gads-dagbok/assad-ar-den-enda-som-kan-skapa-fred-i-syrien/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube.com-19"><a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_19-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CE2o7Hg2ITQ">”Syrian President speaks about democracy in Syria”</a>. YouTube<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CE2o7Hg2ITQ">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CE2o7Hg2ITQ</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 augusti 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Syrian+President+speaks+about+democracy+in+Syria&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCE2o7Hg2ITQ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723000226/http://www.1stjordan.net/actuuk/archivesuk/resultat.php?id=1152&debut=0">”Syria's economy requires broader reforms to reach and sustain higher growth”</a> (på <span style="font-size:.95em;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(franska)</span>). 1stjordan.net. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1stjordan.net/actuuk/archivesuk/resultat.php?id=1152&debut=0">originalet</a> den 23 juli 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723000226/http://www.1stjordan.net/actuuk/archivesuk/resultat.php?id=1152&debut=0">https://web.archive.org/web/20110723000226/http://www.1stjordan.net/actuuk/archivesuk/resultat.php?id=1152&debut=0</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 augusti 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+economy+requires+broader+reforms+to+reach+and+sustain+higher+growth&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=1stjordan.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110723000226%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.1stjordan.net%2Factuuk%2Farchivesuk%2Fresultat.php%3Fid%3D1152%26debut%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meepas.com/Syriaeconomicsnapshot.htm">”meepas Syria country profile–Economic snapshot”</a>. Meepas.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.meepas.com/Syriaeconomicsnapshot.htm">http://www.meepas.com/Syriaeconomicsnapshot.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 augusti 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=meepas+Syria+country+profile%E2%80%93Economic+snapshot&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Meepas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meepas.com%2FSyriaeconomicsnapshot.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Countries/Syria.aspx">”Syria - Population Reference Bureau”</a>. Prb.org<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.prb.org/Countries/Syria.aspx">http://www.prb.org/Countries/Syria.aspx</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 augusti 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Syria+-+Population+Reference+Bureau&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Prb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2FCountries%2FSyria.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055816/http://en.rsf.org/predator-bashar-al-assad%2C37213.html">”Bashar Al-Assad, President, Syria”</a>. Reporters Without Borders. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/predator-bashar-al-assad,37213.html">originalet</a> den 4 mars 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055816/http://en.rsf.org/predator-bashar-al-assad%2C37213.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055816/http://en.rsf.org/predator-bashar-al-assad%2C37213.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bashar+Al-Assad%2C+President%2C+Syria&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160304055816%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fen.rsf.org%2Fpredator-bashar-al-assad%252C37213.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/11792330">”Red lines that cannot be crossed - The authorities don’t want you to read or see too much”</a>. The Economist. 24 juli 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.economist.com/node/11792330">http://www.economist.com/node/11792330</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Red+lines+that+cannot+be+crossed+-+The+authorities+don%E2%80%99t+want+you+to+read+or+see+too+much&rft.atitle=&rft.date=24+juli+2008&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F11792330&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/middleeast/10syria.html">Syria Restores Access to Facebook and YouTube</a>, Jennifer Preston, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 9 februari 2011</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-syria,39779.html">Internet Enemies: Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518055039/http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-syria%2C39779.html">Arkiverad</a> 18 maj 2011 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reporters_Without_Borders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reporters Without Borders [inte skriven än]">Reporters Without Borders</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/node/91580/section/4">Wasted Decade Human Rights in Syria during Bashar al-Asad’s First Ten Years in Power</a><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, July 16, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,SYR,,4da56d83a2,0.html">2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019171745/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2C%2CSYR%2C%2C4da56d83a2%2C0.html">Arkiverad</a> 19 oktober 2012 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>., <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>, 8 april 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/17155868">”How Syria controls its dissidents - Banning travel”</a>. The Economist. 30 september 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.economist.com/node/17155868">http://www.economist.com/node/17155868</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=How+Syria+controls+its+dissidents+-+Banning+travel&rft.atitle=&rft.date=30+september+2010&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F17155868&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7021986.stm">”Assad sets conference conditions”</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 oktober 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7021986.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7021986.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 april 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assad+sets+conference+conditions&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=1+oktober+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F7021986.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=countries&Area=syria&ID=SP33202">”Assad claims United States could benefit from syrian counterterrorism techniques”</a>. Memri.org<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=countries&Area=syria&ID=SP33202">http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=countries&Area=syria&ID=SP33202</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 augusti 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Assad+claims+United+States+could+benefit+from+syrian+counterterrorism+techniques&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Memri.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memri.org%2Fbin%2Farticles.cgi%3FPage%3Dcountries%26Area%3Dsyria%26ID%3DSP33202&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3661134.stm">”Iraq war illegal, says Annan”</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 september 2004<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3661134.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3661134.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 april 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq+war+illegal%2C+says+Annan&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=16+september+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F3661134.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFPost_Store2004">Post Store (17 december 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5886-2004Dec16.html">”General: Iraqi Insurgents Directed From Syria”</a>. washingtonpost.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5886-2004Dec16.html">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5886-2004Dec16.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 augusti 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=General%3A+Iraqi+Insurgents+Directed+From+Syria&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Post+Store&rft.au=Post+Store&rft.date=17+december+2004&rft.pub=washingtonpost.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA5886-2004Dec16.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/2011/02/201129135657367367.html">Q&A: Syrian activist Suhair Atassi</a></i>. Al Jazeera English. 9 februari 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/2011/02/201129135657367367.html">http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/2011/02/201129135657367367.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 februari 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Q%26A%3A+Syrian+activist+Suhair+Atassi&rft.date=9+februari+2011&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Findepth%2F2011%2F02%2F201129135657367367.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41400687/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/">”'Day of rage' protest urged in Syria - World news - Mideast/N. Africa - msnbc.com”</a>. MSNBC<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41400687/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/">http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41400687/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 februari 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27Day+of+rage%27+protest+urged+in+Syria+-+World+news+-+Mideast%2FN.+Africa+-+msnbc.com&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F41400687%2Fns%2Fworld_news-mideastn_africa%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aysor.am/en/news/2011/02/03/syrian-facebook-twitter/">”"Day of Rage" planned for Syria; protests scheduled for Feb 4-5 - aysor.am - Hot news from Armenia”</a>. aysor.am<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.aysor.am/en/news/2011/02/03/syrian-facebook-twitter/">http://www.aysor.am/en/news/2011/02/03/syrian-facebook-twitter/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 februari 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Day+of+Rage%22+planned+for+Syria%3B+protests+scheduled+for+Feb+4-5+-+aysor.am+-+Hot+news+from+Armenia&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=aysor.am&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aysor.am%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2011%2F02%2F03%2Fsyrian-facebook-twitter%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-rebels-celebrate-captured-homs-set-sights-damascus-2024-12-07/">Assad gets asylum in Russia, rebels sweep through Syria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREF18_maj_2011">18 maj 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1181.aspx">”Administration Takes Additional Steps to Hold the Government of Syria Accountable for Violent Repression Against the Syrian People”</a>. <i><span><a href="/wiki/USA:s_finansdepartement" title="USA:s finansdepartement">USA:s finansdepartement</a></span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1181.aspx">http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1181.aspx</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 maj 2011</span>.  ”Today, President Obama signed an Executive Order (E.O.) imposing sanctions against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and six other senior officials of the Government of Syria in an effort to increase pressure on the Government of Syria to end its use of violence against its people and to begin a transition to a democratic system that protects the rights of the Syrian people.”</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Administration+Takes+Additional+Steps+to+Hold+the+Government+of+Syria+Accountable+for+Violent+Repression+Against+the+Syrian+People&rft.atitle=%5B%5BUSA%3As+finansdepartement%5D%5D&rft.aulast=18+maj+2011&rft.au=18+maj+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Fpress-center%2Fpress-releases%2FPages%2Ftg1181.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFOweis2011">Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (18 maj 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153051/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/18/us-syria-idUSLDE73N02P20110518">”U.S. imposes sanctions on Syria's Assad”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/18/us-syria-idUSLDE73N02P20110518">originalet</a> den 24 september 2015<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153051/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/18/us-syria-idUSLDE73N02P20110518">https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153051/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/18/us-syria-idUSLDE73N02P20110518</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 maj 2011</span>.  ”The U.S. move, announced by the Treasury Department, freezes any of the Syrian officials' assets that are in the United States or otherwise fall within U.S. jurisdiction and generally bars U.S. individuals and companies from dealing with them.”</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+imposes+sanctions+on+Syria%27s+Assad&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BReuters%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Oweis&rft.aufirst=Khaled+Yacoub&rft.au=Oweis%2C+Khaled+Yacoub&rft.date=18+maj+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150924153051%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F05%2F18%2Fus-syria-idUSLDE73N02P20110518&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13500395">”Syria: EU imposes sanctions on President Assad”</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 maj 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13500395">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13500395</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+EU+imposes+sanctions+on+President+Assad&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=23+maj+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-13500395&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFMcGreal,_Chris2011">McGreal, Chris (19 augusti 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/18/syria-assad-must-resign-obama">”Syria: Assad must resign, says Obama”</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/18/syria-assad-must-resign-obama">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/18/syria-assad-must-resign-obama</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 december 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Assad+must+resign%2C+says+Obama&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=McGreal%2C+Chris&rft.au=McGreal%2C+Chris&rft.date=19+augusti+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Faug%2F18%2Fsyria-assad-must-resign-obama&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2011/06/20/353686.htm">Speech of H.E. President Bashar al-Assad at DAMASCUS University on the situation in Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202114216/http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2011/06/20/353686.htm">Arkiverad</a> 2 februari 2012 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>., translated transcript, <i><a href="/wiki/Sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana">Sana</a></i>, 20 juni 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/25/syria-cartoonist-ali-ferzat-beaten">the Guardian; Syrian forces beat up political cartoonist Ali Ferzat</a>, 25 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Syrian-Activists-Anti-Regime-Cartoonist-Attacked-Beaten-128385448.html">Voice of America; Prominent Syrian Cartoonist Attacked, Beaten</a>, 25 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16483548">”Syria's Assad blames 'foreign conspiracy'”</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 januari 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16483548">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16483548</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 januari 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Assad+blames+%27foreign+conspiracy%27&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=10+januari+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-16483548&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rian.ru/world/20120227/171564667.html">”New Syrian Constitution Approved”</a>. <i>RIA Novosti</i>. 27 februari 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://en.rian.ru/world/20120227/171564667.html">http://en.rian.ru/world/20120227/171564667.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 juni 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Syrian+Constitution+Approved&rft.jtitle=RIA+Novosti&rft.date=27+februari+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rian.ru%2Fworld%2F20120227%2F171564667.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1630134.stm">”The road to Damascus (all the way from Acton)”</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 31 oktober 2001<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1630134.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1630134.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 april 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+road+to+Damascus+%28all+the+way+from+Acton%29&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=31+oktober+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F1630134.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016155202/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2Fcampaigns%2Fsyria%2Fsyrfigs.xml">”Syria factfile: Key figures”</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London). 24 februari 2003. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/campaigns/syria/syrfigs.xml">originalet</a> den 16 oktober 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016155202/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2Fcampaigns%2Fsyria%2Fsyrfigs.xml">https://web.archive.org/web/20071016155202/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2Fcampaigns%2Fsyria%2Fsyrfigs.xml</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 april 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+factfile%3A+Key+figures&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.date=24+februari+2003&rft.place=London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071016155202%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%252Fnews%252Fcampaigns%252Fsyria%252Fsyrfigs.xml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bashar_al-Assad"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429001818/http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/asma-al-assad-a-rose-in-the-desert/">Vouge: “Asma al-Assad: A Rose of the Desert”</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bashar_al-Assad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bashar_al-Assad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bashar al-Assad">Bilder & media</a></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/15px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> Wikiquote har citat av eller om <a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" class="extiw" title="q:Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>.<div class="interProject wikiquote" style="display:none;"><a href="https://sv.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" class="extiw" title="q:Bashar al-Assad">Citat</a></div></div></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816131509/http://www.sana.sy/eng/article/5.htm">Bashar al-Assad</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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