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<span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fenian_raids_into_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fenian_raids_into_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fenian raids into Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fenian_raids_into_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1867_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1867_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1867 and after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1867_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germandat_Feniana" title="Germandat Feniana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Germandat Feniana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fenian Brotherhood" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniar_Anaitasuna" title="Feniar Anaitasuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Feniar Anaitasuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fenian Brotherhood" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1ithreachas_na_bhF%C3%ADn%C3%ADn%C3%AD" title="Bráithreachas na bhFíníní – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bráithreachas na bhFíníní" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1" title="फिनियन ब्रदरहुड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फिनियन ब्रदरहुड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fenian Brotherhood" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenianai" title="Fenianai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fenianai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenianie" title="Fenianie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fenianie" data-language-autonym="Polski" 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #4B882B; border-bottom:2px solid #4B882B; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Fenian Brotherhood</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fenian_Brotherhood_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Fenian_Brotherhood_logo.jpg/180px-Fenian_Brotherhood_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Fenian_Brotherhood_logo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Mahony" title="John O'Mahony">John O'Mahony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1858</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1880</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Emmet_Monument_Association" title="Emmet Monument Association">Emmet Monument Association</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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.sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#169B62; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; color:black; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism"><span style="color:white;">Irish republicanism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Republic_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irish_Republic_Flag.svg/122px-Irish_Republic_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irish_Republic_Flag.svg/183px-Irish_Republic_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irish_Republic_Flag.svg/244px-Irish_Republic_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">Abstentionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalite_and_ballot_box_strategy" title="Armalite and ballot box strategy">Armalite and ballot box strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_republican" title="Dissident republican">Dissident republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire_Nua" title="Éire Nua">Éire Nua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republican_legitimism" title="Irish republican legitimism">Irish republican legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(Ireland)" title="New Departure (Ireland)">New Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">Irish rebellion of 1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland_rebellion" title="Young Ireland rebellion">Young Ireland rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_dynamite_campaign" title="Fenian dynamite campaign">Fenian dynamite campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Ireland" title="1918 United Kingdom general election in Ireland">1918 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Irish revolutionary period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election" title="1932 Irish general election">1932 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Plan" title="S-Plan">S-Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Crisis" title="Arms Crisis">Arms Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">1981 Irish hunger strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">Dissident Irish republican campaign</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_Brugha" title="Cathal Brugha">Cathal Brugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Blaney" title="Neil Blaney">Neil Blaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Costello" title="Seamus Costello">Seamus Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet" title="Robert Emmet">Robert Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_Goulding" title="Cathal Goulding">Cathal Goulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Kelly_(Irish_nationalist)" title="Thomas J. Kelly (Irish nationalist)">Thomas J. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in" title="Seán Mac Stíofáin">Seán Mac Stíofáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_MacSwiney" title="Terence MacSwiney">Terence MacSwiney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Constance Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Devlin_McAliskey" title="Bernadette Devlin McAliskey">Bernadette Devlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Ruairí Ó Brádaigh">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Conaill" title="Dáithí Ó Conaill">Dáithí Ó Conaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peadar_O%27Donnell" title="Peadar O'Donnell">Peadar O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Mahony" title="John O'Mahony">John O'Mahony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Russell" title="Seán Russell">Seán Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(Fenian)" title="James Stephens (Fenian)">James Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfe_Tone" title="Wolfe Tone">Wolfe Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Twomey" title="Moss Twomey">Moss Twomey</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Active parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aont%C3%BA" title="Aontú">Aontú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%ADg%C3%AD" title="Éirígí">Éirígí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party" title="Irish Republican Socialist Party">Irish Republican Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Network_for_Unity" title="Republican Network for Unity">Republican Network for Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoradh" title="Saoradh">Saoradh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Ireland_Anti-Partition_League" title="All Ireland Anti-Partition League">All Ireland Anti-Partition League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_H-Block" title="Anti H-Block">Anti H-Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aontacht_%C3%89ireann" title="Aontacht Éireann">Aontacht Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_na_Poblachta" title="Clann na Poblachta">Clann na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_%C3%89ireann" title="Clann Éireann">Clann Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3ras_na_Poblachta" title="Córas na Poblachta">Córas na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_Poblachta" title="Cumann na Poblachta">Cumann na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_Poblachta_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann">Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_Uladh" title="Fianna Uladh">Fianna Uladh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Independent Fianna Fáil">Independent Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Anti-Partition_League" title="Irish Anti-Partition League">Irish Anti-Partition League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independence_Party" title="Irish Independence Party">Irish Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Irish Socialist Republican Party">Irish Socialist Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Workers%27_Group_(1976)" title="Irish Workers' Group (1976)">Irish Workers' Group <small>(1976)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Council_for_Unity" title="Northern Council for Unity">Northern Council for Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Congress" title="Republican Congress">Republican Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Labour_Party" title="Republican Labour Party">Republican Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Socialist_Collective" title="Republican Socialist Collective">Republican Socialist Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_%C3%89ire" title="Saor Éire">Saor Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sligo%E2%80%93Leitrim_Independent_Socialist_Organisation" title="Sligo–Leitrim Independent Socialist Organisation">SLISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republican_Party_(Ireland)" title="Socialist Republican Party (Ireland)">Socialist Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Militant groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arm_na_Poblachta" title="Arm na Poblachta">Arm na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Liberation_Army" title="Irish Republican Liberation Army">Irish Republican Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Movement">Irish Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Irish_Republican_Army" title="New Irish Republican Army">New IRA</a></li></ul> <p><b>Inactive</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann_(Real_IRA_splinter_group)" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)">Óglaigh na hÉireann <small>(Real IRA splinter group)</small></a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Column" title="Connolly Column">Connolly Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(World_War_I)" title="Irish Brigade (World War I)">Irish Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Invincibles" title="Irish National Invincibles">Irish National Invincibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)">Irish Republican Army <small>(1919–1922)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Irish Republican Army <small>(1922–1969)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Revolutionary_Forces" title="Irish Revolutionary Forces">Irish Revolutionary Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Official Irish Republican Army">Official IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Republican Action Against Drugs">Republican Action Against Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Defence_Army" title="Republican Defence Army">Republican Defence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_%C3%89ire_(1967%E2%80%931975)" title="Saor Éire (1967–1975)">Saor Éire <small>(1967–1975)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_Uladh" title="Saor Uladh">Saor Uladh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">Society of United Irishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">South Armagh Republican Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Active Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/32_County_Sovereignty_Movement" title="32 County Sovereignty Movement">32 County Sovereignty Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Imperialist_Action_Ireland" title="Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland">Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabhair" title="Cabhair">Cabhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Association" title="Connolly Association">Connolly Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Youth_Movement" title="Connolly Youth Movement">Connolly Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRPWA" title="IRPWA">IRPWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Congress" title="Irish National Congress">Irish National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Committees_of_North_America" title="Irish Republican Socialist Committees of North America">IRSCNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAID" title="NORAID">NORAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Graves_Association" title="National Graves Association">National Graves Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Graves_Association,_Belfast" title="National Graves Association, Belfast">National Graves Association, Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93gra_Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Ógra Fianna Fáil">Ógra Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93gra_Shinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Ógra Shinn Féin">Ógra Shinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Housing_League" title="Revolutionary Housing League">Revolutionary Housing League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfe_Tone_Societies" title="Wolfe Tone Societies">Wolfe Tone Societies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Clann na hÉireann">Clann na hÉireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_na_Poblachta" title="Comhairle na Poblachta">Comhairle na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungannon_Clubs" title="Dungannon Clubs">Dungannon Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_Monument_Association" title="Emmet Monument Association">Emmet Monument Association</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fenian Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Irish_Freedom" title="Friends of Irish Freedom">Friends of Irish Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Voice" title="Irish Republican Voice">Irish Republican Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Socialist_Federation" title="Irish Socialist Federation">Irish Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communist_Republicans" title="League of Communist Republicans">League of Communist Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Resistance_Movement" title="Northern Resistance Movement">Northern Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(Ireland)" title="People's Democracy (Ireland)">People's Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_National_and_Literary_Society" title="Phoenix National and Literary Society">Phoenix National and Literary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troops_Out_Movement" title="Troops Out Movement">Troops Out Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Phoblacht" title="An Phoblacht">An Phoblacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Press" title="Evening Press">Evening Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Days_in_Ireland" title="Guerrilla Days in Ireland">Guerrilla Days in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRIS_Magazine" title="IRIS Magazine">IRIS Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Freedom" title="Irish Freedom">Irish Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_News" title="Republican News">Republican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoirse_Irish_Freedom" title="Saoirse Irish Freedom">Saoirse Irish Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in_(newspaper)" title="Sinn Féin (newspaper)">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gaelic_American" title="The Gaelic American">The Gaelic American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hibernia_Magazine" title="The Hibernia Magazine">The Hibernia Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Felon" title="The Irish Felon">The Irish Felon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_People_(1863_newspaper)" title="The Irish People (1863 newspaper)">The Irish People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Press" title="The Irish Press">The Irish Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Irish_newspaper)" title="The Nation (Irish newspaper)">The Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_(magazine)" title="The Phoenix (magazine)">The Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Plough_(magazine)" title="The Starry Plough (magazine)">The Starry Plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Press" title="The Sunday Press">The Sunday Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Irishman_(1848_newspaper)" title="United Irishman (1848 newspaper)">United Irishman <small>(1848 newspaper)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Irishman_(1948_newspaper)" title="United Irishman (1948 newspaper)">United Irishman <small>(1948 newspaper)</small></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christy_Moore" title="Christy Moore">Christy Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dubliners" title="The Dubliners">The Dubliners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebel_song" title="Irish rebel song">Irish rebel songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneecap_(band)" title="Kneecap (band)">Kneecap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wolfe_Tones" title="The Wolfe Tones">The Wolfe Tones</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/16px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/24px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_republicanism" title="Template:Irish republicanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_republicanism" title="Template talk:Irish republicanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_republicanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish republicanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Fenian Brotherhood</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Bráithreachas na bhFíníní</i>) was an <a href="/wiki/Irish_republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican">Irish republican</a> organisation founded in the United States in 1858 by <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Mahony" title="John O'Mahony">John O'Mahony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Doheny" title="Michael Doheny">Michael Doheny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a>, a sister organisation to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> (IRB). Members were commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Fenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenians">Fenians</a>". O'Mahony, who was a <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Gaelic scholar</a>, named his organisation after the <a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a>, the legendary band of Irish warriors led by <a href="/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill" title="Fionn mac Cumhaill">Fionn mac Cumhaill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenian_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fenian Brotherhood trace their origins back to 1790s, in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">rebellion</a>, seeking an end to <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a> initially for self-government and then the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a>. The rebellion was suppressed, but the principles of the United Irishmen were to have a powerful influence on the course of Irish history. </p><p>Following the collapse of the rebellion, the British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a> introduced a bill to abolish the Irish parliament and manufactured a <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Union</a> between Ireland and Britain. Opposition from the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> that controlled the <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> was countered by the widespread and open use of bribery. The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Act of Union</a> was passed and became law on 1 January 1801. The Catholics, who had been excluded from the Irish parliament, were promised <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">emancipation</a> under the Union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This promise was never kept and caused a protracted and bitter struggle for civil liberties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was not until 1829 that the British government reluctantly conceded <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Though leading to general emancipation, this process simultaneously disenfranchised the small tenants, known as <a href="/wiki/Forty_Shilling_Freeholders" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty Shilling Freeholders">'forty shilling freeholders'</a>, who were mainly Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>, who had led the emancipation campaign, then attempted the same methods in his campaign to have the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Act of Union</a> with Britain repealed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite the use of petitions and public meetings that attracted vast popular support, the government thought the Union was more important than Irish public opinion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 1840s, the younger members of the <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Association" title="Repeal Association">repeal movement</a> became impatient with O'Connell's over-cautious policies and began to question his intentions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later they were what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a> movement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the famine, the social class comprising small farmers and laborers was almost wiped out by starvation, disease and emigration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> of the 1840s caused the deaths of 1 million Irish people and another million emigrated to escape it, with a further million over following decades.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That the people starved while livestock and grain continued to be exported, quite often under military escort, would leave a legacy of bitterness and resentment among the survivors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The waves of emigration also ensured that such feelings would not be confined to Ireland, but spread to England, the United States, Australia and every country where Irish emigrants gathered.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shocked by the scenes of starvation and greatly influenced by the revolutions then sweeping Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Irelanders</a> moved from agitation to armed <a href="/wiki/Young_Irelander_Rebellion_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848">rebellion in 1848</a>. The attempted rebellion failed after a small skirmish in Ballingary, <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">County Tipperary</a>, coupled with a few minor incidents elsewhere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The revolt's failure was much influenced by the general weakening of the Irish population after three years of famine, mixed with premature promptings to rise up early, resulting in inadequate military preparations in turn contributing to disunity among the rebellion's leaders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Government quickly rounded up many of the instigators.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those who could, fled across the seas and their followers dispersed. The last flicker of revolt in 1849, led by amongst others <a href="/wiki/James_Fintan_Lalor" title="James Fintan Lalor">James Fintan Lalor</a>, was equally unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</a>, the most committed advocate of revolution, had been arrested early in 1848 and transported to Australia on the expressly created charge of <a href="/wiki/Treason_Felony_Act_1848" title="Treason Felony Act 1848">Treason-felony</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. He was to be joined by other leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_O%27Brien" title="William Smith O'Brien">William Smith O'Brien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Meagher" title="Thomas Francis Meagher">Thomas Francis Meagher</a> who had both been arrested after Ballingary escaped to France, as did three of the younger members, <a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(Irish_nationalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stephens (Irish nationalist)">James Stephens</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Mahony" title="John O'Mahony">John O'Mahony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Doheny" title="Michael Doheny">Michael Doheny</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding">Founding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenian_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Francis_O%27Mahony,_with_coat_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Francis_O%27Mahony%2C_with_coat_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-John_Francis_O%27Mahony%2C_with_coat_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Francis_O%27Mahony%2C_with_coat_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-John_Francis_O%27Mahony%2C_with_coat_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Francis_O%27Mahony%2C_with_coat_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-John_Francis_O%27Mahony%2C_with_coat_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Mahony" title="John O'Mahony">John O'Mahony</a> was the primary founder and initial leader of the Fenian Brotherhood</figcaption></figure> <p>After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Irelander_Rebellion_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848">'48 rebellion</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(Irish_nationalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stephens (Irish nationalist)">James Stephens</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Mahony" title="John O'Mahony">John O'Mahony</a> went to the Continent to avoid arrest. In Paris, they supported themselves by teaching and translation work and planned the next stage of "the fight to overthrow British rule in Ireland". In 1856 O'Mahony went to America and in 1858 founded the Fenian Brotherhood. Stephens returned to Ireland and in Dublin on St. Patrick's Day 1858, following an organising tour through the length and breadth of the country, founded the Irish counterpart of the American Fenians, the Irish Republican Brotherhood.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1863 the Brotherhood adopted a constitution and rules for general government.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First National Congress was organised in Chicago in November 1863. It allowed the organisation to be "reconstituted on the model of the institutions of the Republic, governing itself on the elective principle".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motions were passed to elect a Head Centre, with a Central Council of five elected members in 1863. This was extended to a Council of ten members at the second congress, held at Metropolitan Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio in January 1865, also with a President to be elected by the Council.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This established a more distinctive republican style of governance with a Central Council or Senate and a Chief of the Senate, as well as a Presidential role with limited powers; O'Mahony was made President.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, this created a divided camp, as the Senate had powers to out-vote O'Mahony on future decisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fenian_raids_into_Canada">Fenian raids into Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenian_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fenian raids into Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FENIANBOND10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/FENIANBOND10.jpg/288px-FENIANBOND10.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/FENIANBOND10.jpg/432px-FENIANBOND10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/FENIANBOND10.jpg/576px-FENIANBOND10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="26507" data-file-height="17330" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ten dollar Fenian bond</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FENIANBOND20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FENIANBOND20.jpg/288px-FENIANBOND20.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FENIANBOND20.jpg/432px-FENIANBOND20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/FENIANBOND20.jpg/576px-FENIANBOND20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="25217" data-file-height="17238" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Twenty dollar Fenian bond</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the United States, O'Mahony's presidency over the Fenian Brotherhood was being increasingly challenged by <a href="/wiki/William_R._Roberts" title="William R. Roberts">William R. Roberts</a>. Both Fenian factions raised money by the issue of bonds in the name of the "Irish Republic", which were bought by the faithful in the expectation of their being honoured when Ireland should be "<a href="/wiki/A_Nation_Once_Again" title="A Nation Once Again">A Nation Once Again</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bonds were to be redeemed "six months after the recognition of the independence of Ireland". Hundreds of thousands of Irish immigrants subscribed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_to_Ireland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Freedom_to_Ireland.png/220px-Freedom_to_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Freedom_to_Ireland.png/330px-Freedom_to_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Freedom_to_Ireland.png/440px-Freedom_to_Ireland.png 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>"Freedom to Ireland", a patriotic <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a> by <a href="/wiki/Currier_%26_Ives" class="mw-redirect" title="Currier & Ives">Currier & Ives</a>, New York, c. 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>Large quantities of arms were purchased, and preparations were openly made by the Roberts faction for a coordinated series of raids into Canada, which the United States government took no major steps to prevent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many in the US administration were not indisposed to the movement because of Britain's actions of what was construed as assisting the Confederacy during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/CSS_Alabama" title="CSS Alabama">CSS <i>Alabama</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">blockade runners smuggling in weapons</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Roberts' "Secretary for War" was General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Sweeny" title="Thomas William Sweeny">T. W. Sweeny</a>, who was struck off the American army list from January 1866 to November 1866 to allow him to organise the raids. The purpose of these raids was to seize the transportation network of Canada, with the idea that this would force the British to exchange Ireland's freedom for possession of their Province of Canada. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Before the invasion, the Fenians had received some intelligence from like-minded supporters within Canada but did not receive support from all Irish Catholics, as there those who saw the invasions as threatening the emerging Canadian sovereignty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In April 1866, under the command of John O'Mahony, a band of more than 700 members of the Fenian Brotherhood arrived at the Maine shore opposite <a href="/wiki/Campobello_Island" title="Campobello Island">Campobello Island</a> with the intention of seizing it from the British. British warships from Halifax, Nova Scotia were quickly on the scene and a military force dispersed the Fenians.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action served to reinforce the idea of protection for New Brunswick by joining with the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North American</a> colonies of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada#Canada_West" title="Upper Canada">Canada West</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Dominion of Canada</a>. </p><p>The command of the expedition in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, was entrusted by Roberts to Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Neill_(Fenian)" title="John O'Neill (Fenian)">John O'Neill</a>, who crossed the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> (the Niagara is the international border) at the head of at least 800 (O'Neill's figure; usually reported as up to 1,500 in Canadian sources) men on the night and morning of 31 May/1 June 1866, and briefly captured <a href="/wiki/Fort_Erie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Erie">Fort Erie</a>, defeating a Canadian force at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ridgeway" title="Battle of Ridgeway">Ridgeway</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many of these men, including O'Neill, were battle-hardened veterans of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the end, the invasion had been broken by the US authorities' subsequent interruption of Fenian supply lines across the Niagara River and the arrests of Fenian reinforcements attempting to cross the river into Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is unlikely that with such a small force they would have ever achieved their goal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other Fenian attempts to invade occurred throughout the next week in the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lawrence Valley">St. Lawrence Valley</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As many of the weapons had in the meantime been confiscated by the US army, relatively few of these men actually became involved in the fighting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There even was a small Fenian raid on a storage building that successfully got back some weapons that had been seized by the US Army. Many were eventually returned anyway by sympathetic officers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To get the Fenians out of the area, both in the St. Lawrence and Buffalo, the U.S. government purchased rail tickets for the Fenians to return to their homes if the individuals involved would promise not to invade any more countries from the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many of the arms were returned later if the person claiming them could post bond that they were not going to be used to invade Canada again, although some were possibly used in the raids that followed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In December 1867, O'Neill became president of the Roberts faction of the Fenian Brotherhood, which in the following year held a great convention in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> attended by over 400 properly accredited delegates, while 6,000 Fenian soldiers, armed and in uniform, paraded the streets. At this convention, a second invasion of Canada was conceived. The news of the <a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell_explosion" title="Clerkenwell explosion">Clerkenwell explosion</a> was a strong incentive to a vigorous policy. At the time, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Miller_Beach" title="Thomas Miller Beach">Henri Le Caron</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mole_(intelligence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole (intelligence)">mole</a> for <a href="/wiki/British_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="British Intelligence">British Intelligence</a>, held the position of "Inspector-General of the Irish Republican Army".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Le Caron later asserted that he distributed fifteen thousand stands of arms and almost three million rounds of ammunition in the care of the many trusted men stationed between <a href="/wiki/Ogdensburg,_New_York" title="Ogdensburg, New York">Ogdensburg, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Albans_(town),_Vermont" title="St. Albans (town), Vermont">St. Albans, Vermont</a>, in preparation for the intended raid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It took place in April 1870 and proved a failure just as rapid and complete as the attempt of 1866.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Fenians under O'Neill's command crossed the Canadian frontier near <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Vermont" title="Franklin, Vermont">Franklin, Vermont</a>, but were dispersed by a single volley from Canadian volunteers. O'Neill himself was promptly arrested by the United States authorities acting under the orders of President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After resigning as president of the Fenian Brotherhood, John O'Neill unsuccessfully attempted an unsanctioned raid in 1871 and joined his remaining Fenian supporters with refugee veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The raiding party crossed the border into <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pembina,_North_Dakota" title="Pembina, North Dakota">Pembina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> and took possession of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> trading post on the Canada side. U.S. soldiers from the fort at Pembina, with permission of Canadian official <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_McMicken" title="Gilbert McMicken">Gilbert McMicken</a>, crossed into Canada and arrested the Fenian raiders without resistance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Fenian threat prompted calls for <a href="/wiki/Canadian_confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian confederation">Canadian confederation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Confederation had been in the works for years but was only implemented in 1867, the year following the first raids. In 1868, a Fenian sympathiser assassinated <a href="/wiki/Irish-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish-Canadian">Irish-Canadian</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D%27Arcy_McGee" title="Thomas D'Arcy McGee">Thomas D'Arcy McGee</a> in Ottawa, allegedly in response to his condemnation of the raids.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Fear of Fenian attack plagued the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> during the 1880s, as the Fenian Brotherhood was active in both <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, but no raids ever materialized . At the inauguration of the mainline of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> in 1885, photos taken of the occasion show three large <a href="/wiki/British_warships" class="mw-redirect" title="British warships">British warships</a> sitting in the harbour just off the railhead and its docks. Their presence was explicitly because of the fear of Fenian invasion or terrorism, as were the large numbers of troops on the first train. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1867_and_after">1867 and after</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenian_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1867 and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></div> <p>During the latter part of 1866 Stephens endeavoured to raise funds in America for a fresh rising planned for the following year. He issued a bombastic proclamation in America announcing an imminent general rising in Ireland; but he was himself soon afterwards deposed by his confederates, among whom dissension had broken out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fenian Rising proved to be a "doomed rebellion", poorly organised and with minimal public support. Most of the Irish-American officers who landed at <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, in the expectation of commanding an army against England, were imprisoned; sporadic disturbances around the country were easily suppressed by the police, <a href="/wiki/British_army" class="mw-redirect" title="British army">army</a> and local militias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1867 rising, IRB headquarters in Manchester opted to support neither of the dueling American factions, promoting instead a new organisation in America, <a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a>. The Fenian Brotherhood itself, however, continued to exist until voting to disband in 1880. </p><p>In 1881, the <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Ram" title="Fenian Ram">Fenian Ram</a></i>, designed by <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Holland" title="John Philip Holland">John Philip Holland</a> for use against the British, was <a href="/wiki/Ship_launching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship launching">launched</a> by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delamater_Iron_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delamater Iron Company (page does not exist)">Delamater Iron Company</a> in New York. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenian_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters%27_Lodges" title="Hunters' Lodges">Hunters' Lodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalpa_rescue" title="Catalpa rescue"><i>Catalpa</i> rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly" title="John Boyle O'Reilly">John Boyle O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Neill_Crowley" title="Peter O'Neill Crowley">Peter O'Neill Crowley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenian_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryan, p. 92. The first organization was known as the Emmet Monument Association, founded in the early part of 1855 (<i>ibid</i>. 53–54). The Fenian Brotherhood was launched soon after the founding of the Irish Republican Brotherhood in Dublin in 1858 (<i>ibid</i>. 92)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neeson, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buescher, John. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19821">What Happened to the Fenians After 1866?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210110552/http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19821">Archived</a> 10 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachinghistory.org">Teachinghistory.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171128145619/http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24411">Archived</a> 28 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 8 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenny, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDonnelly" class="citation web cs1">Donnelly, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/famine_01.shtml">"The Irish Famine"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109095015/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/famine_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Famine&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fvictorians%2Ffamine_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFenian+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenny, pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenny, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó Broin, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cronin, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It has been suggested, notably by O'Donovan Rossa, that the original name for the organization was the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1868" class="citation book cs1">Savage, John (1868). <i>Fenian Heroes and Martyrs</i>. Boston: P. Donahoe. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fenian+Heroes+and+Martyrs&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=P.+Donahoe&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFenian+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1868" class="citation book cs1">Savage, John (1868). <i>Fenian Heroes and Martyrs</i>. Boston: P. Donahoe. pp. 56–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fenian+Heroes+and+Martyrs&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=56-57&rft.pub=P.+Donahoe&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFenian+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1868" class="citation book cs1">Savage, John (1868). <i>Fenian Heroes and Martyrs</i>. P. Donahoe. pp. 60–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fenian+Heroes+and+Martyrs&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=P.+Donahoe&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFenian+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary1896" class="citation book cs1">O'Leary, John (1896). <i>Recollections of Fenians and Fenianism: (Volume v. 1)</i>. London: Downey & Co., Limited. pp. 212–213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+Fenians+and+Fenianism%3A+%28Volume+v.+1%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=212-213&rft.pub=Downey+%26+Co.%2C+Limited&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFenian+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeill1911255_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNeill1911">McNeill 1911</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buescher, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19821">"What Happened to the Fenians After 1866?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121216050153/http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19821">Archived</a> 16 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachinghistory.org">Teachinghistory.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171128145619/http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24411">Archived</a> 28 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 8 October 2011</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenian_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The IRB: The Irish Republican Brotherhood from The Land League to Sinn Féin</i>, Owen McGee, Four Courts Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-972-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85182-972-5">1-85182-972-5</a></li> <li><i>Fenian Fever: An Anglo-American Delemma</i>, Leon Ó Broin, Chatto & Windus, London, 1971, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-1749-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-1749-4">0-7011-1749-4</a>.</li> <li><i>The McGarrity Papers</i>, Sean Cronin, Anvil Books, Ireland, 1972</li> <li><i>Fenian Memories</i>, Dr. Mark F. Ryan, Edited by T.F. O'Sullivan, M. H. Gill & Son, LTD, Dublin, 1945</li> <li><i>The Fenians</i>, Michael Kenny, The National Museum of Ireland in association with Country House, Dublin, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946172-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-946172-42-0">0-946172-42-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenian_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beiner, Guy. "Fenianism and the Martyrdom-Terrorism Nexus in Ireland before Independence" in <i>Martyrdom and Terrorism: Pre-Modern to Contemporary Perspectives</i>, edited by D. Janes and A. Houen (Oxford University Press, 2014), 199–220.</li> <li>Comerford, R. V. <i>The Fenians in Context: Irish Politics and Society, 1848–82</i> (Wolfhound Press, 1985)</li> <li>D'Arcy, William. <i>The Fenian Movement in the United States, 1858–86</i> (Catholic University of America Press, 1947)</li> <li>Jenkins, Brian. <i>Fenians and Anglo-American Relations during Reconstruction</i> (Cornell University Press, 1969).</li> <li>Jenkins, Brian, <i>The Fenian Problem: Insurgency and Terrorism in a Liberal State, 1858–1874</i> (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press. 2008).</li> <li>Keogan, William L. <i>Irish Nationalism and Anglo-American Naturalization: The Settlement of the Expatriation Question 1865–1872</i> (1982)</li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_McNeill,_1st_Baron_Cushendun" title="Ronald McNeill, 1st Baron Cushendun">McNeill, Ronald John</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fenians" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fenians">Fenians</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fenians&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=254-256&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=Ronald+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFenian+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._W._Moody" class="mw-redirect" title="T. W. Moody">Moody, T. W.</a> (ed.) <i>The Fenian Movement</i> (Mercier Press, 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_Neeson" title="Eoin Neeson">Eoin Neeson</a>, <i>Myths from Easter 1916</i>, Aubane Historical Society, Cork, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903497-34-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903497-34-0">978-1-903497-34-0</a></li> <li>O'Brien, William and Desmond Ryan (eds.) <i>Devoy's Post Bag</i> 2 Vols. (Fallon, 1948, 1953)</li> <li>O'Broin, Leon. <i>Revolutionary Underground: The Story of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, 1858–1924</i> (Gill and Macmillan, 1976)</li> <li>Owen, David. <i>The Year of the Fenians</i>. Buffalo: Western New York Heritage Institute, 1990.</li> <li>Ryan, Desmond. <i>The Fenian Chief: A Biography of James Stephens</i>, Hely Thom LTD, Dublin, 1967</li> <li>Senior, Hereward. <i>Canadian Battle Series No. 10: The Battles of Ridgeway and Fort Erie, 1866</i>. Toronto: Balmuir Book Publishing, 1993.</li> <li>Vronsky, Peter. <i>Ridgeway: The American Fenian Invasion and the 1866 Battle That Made Canada</i>. Toronto: Alan Lane/Penguin Books, 2011.</li> <li>_____. <i>The Fenians and Canada</i>. Toronto: MacMillan, 1978.</li> <li>_____. <i>The Last Invasion of Canada</i>. Toronto and Oxford: Dundurn Press, 1991.</li> <li>Whelehan, Niall. <i>The Dynamiters: Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World, 1867–1900</i> Cambridge, 2012.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenian_Brotherhood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fenians.org">Fenians.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aladin.wrlc.org/dl/collection/hdr?fenian">Fenian Brotherhood Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.villanova.edu/Catholica%20Collection/American%20Catholic%20Historical%20Society/Historic%20Papers/Fenian%20Brotherhood/">Fenian Brotherhood Collection at the American Catholic Historical Society, digitized by Villanova University's Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exhibits.library.villanova.edu/torn-between-brothers-a-look-at-the-internal-division-that-weake/">"Torn Between Brothers: A Look at the Internal Divisions that Weakened the Fenian Brotherhood"</a> – Jean Turner for Villanova University's Digital Library</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_Francis_John1940" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Francis John (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?t20.2">"Fenianism and the Celtic Renaissance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>A dissertation studying the interrelation between the exponents of physical force and the literature produced in, or about, Ireland during the period between 1858 and 1916</i>. University of South Florida Tampa Library: New York University. pp. 1281, 5 vols.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+dissertation+studying+the+interrelation+between+the+exponents+of+physical+force+and+the+literature+produced+in%2C+or+about%2C+Ireland+during+the+period+between+1858+and+1916&rft.atitle=Fenianism+and+the+Celtic+Renaissance&rft.pages=1281%2C+5+vols&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Francis+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.usf.edu%2F%3Ft20.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFenian+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_Francis_John1936" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Francis John (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?t20.1">"Francis J. Thompson Diary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>A journal of Francis Thompson research for Fenianism and the Celtic Renaissance</i>. University of South Florida Tampa Library. p. 229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+journal+of+Francis+Thompson+research+for+Fenianism+and+the+Celtic+Renaissance&rft.atitle=Francis+J.+Thompson+Diary&rft.pages=229&rft.date=1936&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Francis+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.usf.edu%2F%3Ft20.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFenian+Brotherhood" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;background: #006633;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Template:Irish Republican Brotherhood"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFCC00">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Template talk:Irish Republican Brotherhood"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFCC00">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish Republican Brotherhood"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFCC00">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood"><span style="color: #FFCC00;">Irish Republican Brotherhood</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenianism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Physical_force_Irish_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical force Irish republicanism">Physical force Irish republicanism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish in the American Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Martyrs" title="Manchester Martyrs">Manchester Martyrs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_Five" title="Cuba Five">Cuba Five</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(Ireland)" title="New Departure (Ireland)">New Departure</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Race_Conventions" title="Irish Race Conventions">Irish Race Conventions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Obstructionism" title="Obstructionism">Obstructionism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Ram" title="Fenian Ram">Fenian Ram</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Irish Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png/120px-Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png/180px-Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png/240px-Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell_explosion" title="Clerkenwell explosion">Clerkenwell explosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalpa_rescue" title="Catalpa rescue">Catalpa rescue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fenian_dynamite_campaign" title="Fenian dynamite campaign">Fenian dynamite campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_Mutiny" title="Irish Army Mutiny">Army Mutiny</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(Fenian)" title="James Stephens (Fenian)">James Stephens</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Kelly_(Irish_nationalist)" title="Thomas J. Kelly (Irish nationalist)">Thomas J. Kelly</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._F._X._O%27Brien" title="J. F. X. O'Brien">J. F. X. O'Brien</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kickham" title="Charles Kickham">Charles Kickham</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_Power" title="John O'Connor Power">John O'Connor Power</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Leary_(Fenian)" title="John O'Leary (Fenian)">John O'Leary</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neal_O%27Boyle" title="Neal O'Boyle">Neal O'Boyle</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Mulholland_(Irish_republican)" title="John Mulholland (Irish republican)">John Mulholland</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Deakin" title="Seamus Deakin">Seamus Deakin</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denis_McCullough" title="Denis McCullough">Denis McCullough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashe" title="Thomas Ashe">Thomas Ashe</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_McGarry" title="Seán McGarry">Seán McGarry</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Boland" title="Harry Boland">Harry Boland</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moylett" title="Patrick Moylett">Patrick Moylett</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mulcahy" title="Richard Mulcahy">Richard Mulcahy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Prominent <br />members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Bourke" title="Thomas Francis Bourke">Thomas Francis Bourke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ricard_O%27Sullivan_Burke" title="Ricard O'Sullivan Burke">Ricard O'Sullivan Burke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Meagher_Condon" title="Edward O'Meagher Condon">Edward O'Meagher Condon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Daly_(Fenian)" title="John Daly (Fenian)">John Daly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Davitt" title="Michael Davitt">Michael Davitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Deasy" title="Timothy Deasy">Timothy Deasy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Devoy" title="John Devoy">John Devoy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Doheny" title="Michael Doheny">Michael Doheny</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarke_Luby" title="Thomas Clarke Luby">Thomas Clarke Luby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Mahony" title="John O'Mahony">John O'Mahony</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_O%27Donovan_Rossa" title="Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa">Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nally" title="Pat Nally">Pat Nally</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Roberts" title="William R. Roberts">William R. Roberts</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt" title="Éamonn Ceannt">Éamonn Ceannt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulmer_Hobson" title="Bulmer Hobson">Bulmer Hobson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada" title="Seán Mac Diarmada">Seán Mac Diarmada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_Lynch" title="Diarmuid Lynch">Diarmuid Lynch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Informants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Miller_Beach" title="Thomas Miller Beach">Thomas Miller Beach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Plot" title="Jubilee Plot">Francis Frederick Millen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmet_Monument_Association" title="Emmet Monument Association">Emmet Monument Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fenian Brotherhood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Irish_Freedom" title="Friends of Irish Freedom">Friends of Irish Freedom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1917%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Army (1917–22)">Irish Republican Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Freedom" title="Irish Freedom">Irish Freedom (newspaper)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_People_(1863_newspaper)" title="The Irish People (1863 newspaper)">The Irish People (newspaper)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen of America">United Irishmen of America</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Invincibles" title="Irish National Invincibles">Irish National Invincibles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Park killings">Phoenix Park killings</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2097602#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2097602#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2097602#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133621954">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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