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id="toc-基本性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 基本性質 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-基本性質-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关基本性質子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-基本性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-物理性质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物理性质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 物理性质 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-物理性质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化学性质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化学性质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 化学性质 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化学性质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同位素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同位素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 同位素 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同位素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分布與含量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分布與含量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 分布與含量 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分布與含量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生產製造" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生產製造"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 生產製造 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生產製造-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 化合物 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-化合物-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关化合物子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-氧化物與硫属化物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氧化物與硫属化物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 氧化物與硫属化物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氧化物與硫属化物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鹵化物和卤氧化物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鹵化物和卤氧化物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 鹵化物和卤氧化物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鹵化物和卤氧化物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-配位錯合物與有機金屬" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#配位錯合物與有機金屬"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 配位錯合物與有機金屬 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-配位錯合物與有機金屬-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發展史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發展史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 發展史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發展史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-应用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#应用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 应用 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-应用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关应用子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-应用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-催化劑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#催化劑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 催化劑 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-催化劑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-勻相催化劑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#勻相催化劑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 勻相催化劑 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-勻相催化劑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非勻相催化劑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非勻相催化劑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 非勻相催化劑 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非勻相催化劑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新興應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新興應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 新興應用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新興應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对健康的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对健康的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 对健康的影响 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对健康的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 参考文献 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">钌</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。139种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" > 139种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%89%B4%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ሩቴኒየም – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሩቴኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="روثينيوم – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روثينيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="روثينيوم – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روثينيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="روثينيوم – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روثينيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ruteniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutel" title="Rutel – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rutel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%C3%A9nium" title="Ruthénium – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ruthénium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenyo" title="Rutenyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rutenyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Рутэній – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рутэній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Рутэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рутэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रुथेनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रुथेनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="রুথিনিয়াম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুথিনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="རུ་ཐེ་ནིམ་། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རུ་ཐེ་ནིམ་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniom" title="Ruteniom – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ruteniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenij" title="Rutenij – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rutenij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ruteni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenyo" title="Rutenyo – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rutenyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ڕوتینیۆم – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوتینیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ruteniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwtheniwm" title="Rwtheniwm – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwtheniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ρουθήνιο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρουθήνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteenium" title="Ruteenium – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ruteenium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="روتنیم – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روتنیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%C3%A9nium" title="Ruthénium – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ruthénium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteenium" title="Ruteenium – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruteenium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ruteni" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruit%C3%A9iniam" title="Ruitéiniam – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ruitéiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="રુથેનિયમ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રુથેનિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutainium" title="Rutainium – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rutainium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רותניום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רותניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रुथेनियम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रुथेनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenij" title="Rutenij – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rutenij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A9nium" title="Ruténium – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ruténium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ռութենիում – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռութենիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAten" title="Rúten – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rúten" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ルテニウム – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルテニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rukyjinme" title="rukyjinme – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rukyjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A8niyum" title="Rutèniyum – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rutèniyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რუთენიუმი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუთენიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%CA%8At%C9%9Bn%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Rʊtɛnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Rʊtɛnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ರುಥೇನಿಯಮ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರುಥೇನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%85%8C%EB%8A%84" title="루테늄 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루테늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBteny%C3%BBm" title="Rûtenyûm – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rûtenyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniom" title="Rutheniom – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rutheniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutennio" title="Rutennio – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rutennio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rutenio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenis" title="Rutenis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rutenis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C4%93nijs" title="Rutēnijs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rutēnijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Рутени – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Рутени" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рутениум – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рутениум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="റുഥീനിയം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റുഥീനിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Рутени – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рутени" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯔꯨꯊꯦꯅꯤꯌꯝ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯨꯊꯦꯅꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रुथेनियम – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रुथेनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ရက်သီနီယမ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရက်သီနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रुथेनियम – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रुथेनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A8ni" title="Rutèni – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rutèni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenii" title="Rutenii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Rutenii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਰੂਥੇਨੀਅਮ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਥੇਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रुथेनियम – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रुथेनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten" title="Ruten – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruten" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ruteni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="روتھینیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روتھینیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="روتېنيوم – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روتېنيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%AAnio" title="Rutênio – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rutênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthinyu" title="Ruthinyu – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruthinyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ruteniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ruteniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रुथेनियम – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रुथेनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A8niu" title="Rutèniu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rutèniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ruteniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenijum" title="Rutenijum – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rutenijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A9nium" title="Ruténium – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruténium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenij" title="Rutenij – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rutenij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniyaam" title="Rutheniyaam – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rutheniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniumi" title="Rutheniumi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rutheniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рутенијум – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рутенијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rutenium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rutheni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உருத்தேனியம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருத்தேனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="รูทีเนียม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูทีเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutinyo" title="Rutinyo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rutinyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenyum" title="Rutenyum – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rutenyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рутений" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="رۇتېنىي – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رۇتېنىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Рутеній – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рутеній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="روتھینیئم – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روتھینیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteniy" title="Ruteniy – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ruteniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenii" title="Rutenii – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rutenii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rutheni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenyo" title="Rutenyo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rutenyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%AF%D0%BC" title="Рүтениүм – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Рүтениүм" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רוטעניום – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוטעניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%95" title="釕 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="釕" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ruthenium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%95" title="釕 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="釕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISalanqwali" title="ISalanqwali – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ISalanqwali" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1086#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c">条目</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%92%8C" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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.Yuansuzhouqibiao_p_block{background-color:#99ccff}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_p_block_predicted{background-color:#CEF}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_d_block{background-color:#ccff99}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_d_block_predicted{background-color:#DFC}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_ds_block{background-color:#90ffb0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_ds_block_predicted{background-color:#C7FFD7}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_f_block{background-color:#66ffcc}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_f_block_predicted{background-color:#BFE}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block{background-color:#ffcc66}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block_predicted{background-color:#FDA}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block{background-color:#F0908C}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block_predicted{background-color:#F0B6B4}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown{background-color:#e8e8e8}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_error_type{background-color:#000000}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_null{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_maybe_not_exist{background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_none_type{background-color:#c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_gas{color:green}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_liquid{color:blue}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_solid{color:black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknow_phase{color:grey}</style><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">鋰（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">鈹（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">鈉（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">鎂（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">鋁（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">矽（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">磷（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氬（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">鉀（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">鈣（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">鈧（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">鈦（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">釩（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">鉻（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">錳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">鐵（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">鈷（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">鎳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">銅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">鋅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">鎵（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">鍺（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">硒（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">氪（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">銣（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">鍶（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">釔（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">鋯（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">鈮（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">鉬（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">鎝（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">釕（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">銠（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">鈀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">銀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">鎘（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">銦（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">錫（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">銻（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">碲（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">氙（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">銫（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">鋇（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">鑭（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">鈰（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">鐠（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">釹（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">鉕（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">釤（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">銪（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">釓（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">鋱（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">鏑（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">鈥（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">鉺（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">銩（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">鐿（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">鎦（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">鉿（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">鉭（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">鎢（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">錸（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">鋨（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">銥（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">鉑（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">鉈（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">鉛（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">鉍（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">釙（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">砈（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">鍅（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">鐳（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">錒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">釷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">鏷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">錼（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">鈽（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">鋂（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">鋦（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">鉳（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">鉲（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">鑀（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">鐨（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">鍆（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">鍩（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">鐒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">鑪（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">𨧀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">𨭎（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">𨨏（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">𨭆（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">䥑（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">鐽（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">錀（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">鎶（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">鉨（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">鈇（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">鏌（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">鉝（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">鿬（預測為鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">鿫（預測為惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">铁</a> ↑ 钌 ↓ <a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">锇</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">鎝</a> ← 钌 → <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">铑</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#;;">外觀</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">銀白色金屬 <a href="/wiki/File:Ruthenium_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ruthenium_crystals.jpg/250px-Ruthenium_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ruthenium_crystals.jpg/375px-Ruthenium_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ruthenium_crystals.jpg/500px-Ruthenium_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="2092" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#;;">概況</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">名稱·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元素列表">符號</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">序數</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">钌（Ruthenium）·Ru·44</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">元素類別</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="過渡金屬">過渡金屬</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="族 (化学)">族</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="元素周期">週期</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="元素分区">區</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/8%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="8族元素">8</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC5%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第5周期元素">5</a>·<a href="/wiki/D%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="D区元素">d</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">標準原子質量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">101.07(2)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" title="电子排布">电子排布</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">Kr</a>] 4d7 5s1 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 <div style="border:0; margin:0 auto;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_shell_044_Ruthenium_-_no_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="钌的电子層（2, 8, 18, 15, 1）"><img alt="钌的电子層（2, 8, 18, 15, 1）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Electron_shell_044_Ruthenium_-_no_label.svg/153px-Electron_shell_044_Ruthenium_-_no_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Electron_shell_044_Ruthenium_-_no_label.svg/230px-Electron_shell_044_Ruthenium_-_no_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Electron_shell_044_Ruthenium_-_no_label.svg/306px-Electron_shell_044_Ruthenium_-_no_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>钌的电子層（2, 8, 18, 15, 1）</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#;;">歷史</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化學元素發現年表">發現</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ernst_Claus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ernst Claus（页面不存在）">Karl Ernst Claus</a>（1844年）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">分離</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ernst_Claus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ernst Claus（页面不存在）">Karl Ernst Claus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#;;">物理性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E6%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="室溫">室温</a>） 12.364<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">g</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3" title="厘米">cm</a>−3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a>時液體密度</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">10.65 g·cm−3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2607 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，2334 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，4233 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">4423 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，4150 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，7502 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">38.59 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="汽化热">汽化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">591.6 kJ·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" title="比熱容">比熱容</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">24.06 J·mol−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" title="蒸氣壓">蒸氣壓</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable nowrap" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td>壓/Pa </td> <td>1 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>1 k </td> <td>10 k </td> <td>100 k </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>溫/K </td> <td>2588 </td> <td>2811 </td> <td>3087 </td> <td>3424 </td> <td>3845 </td> <td>4388 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#;;">原子性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化态</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">−4<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>、−2<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>、0、+1<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>、+2、+3、+4、+5、+6、+7、+8 （弱酸性氧化物）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7" title="电负性">电负性</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2.3（鲍林标度）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD" title="电离能">电离能</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">第一：710.2 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a> 第二：1620 kJ·mol−1 第三：2747 kJ·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="原子半径">原子半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">134 <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%B1%B3" title="皮米">pm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="共价半径">共价半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">146±7 pm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>钌的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B0%B1%E7%BA%BF" title="原子谱线">原子谱线</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#;;">雜項</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构">晶体结构</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">六方密排晶格</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁序</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="順磁性">順磁性</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">電阻率</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（0 °C）7.1×10-8 Ω·m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱導率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">117 W·m−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">膨脹係數</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（25 °C）6.4 µm·m−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%80%9F" title="音速">聲速</a>（細棒）</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（20 °C）5970 <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92" title="米每秒">m·s−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%B0%8F%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="杨氏模量">杨氏模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">447 GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E5%88%87%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="剪切模量">剪切模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">173 GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%A7%AF%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="体积模量">体积模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">220 GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8A%E6%9D%BE%E6%AF%94" title="泊松比">泊松比</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">0.30</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" title="莫氏硬度">莫氏硬度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">6.5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="布氏硬度试验">布氏硬度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2160 MPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/CAS%E5%8F%B7" title="CAS号">CAS号</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-18-8">7440-18-8</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="text-align:center; color:#;;">同位素<div style="float:right;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_ruthenium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox ruthenium isotopes"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Infobox_ruthenium_isotopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Infobox ruthenium isotopes（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Infobox_ruthenium_isotopes" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Infobox ruthenium isotopes"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="钌的同位素">钌的同位素</a> <div> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="丰度">丰度</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>（t1/2） </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7#衰变" title="放射性">衰變</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="衰變方式">方式</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E8%83%BD" title="衰变能">能量</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV</a>） </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">產物</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">96Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">5.54% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="稳定同位素">穩定</a>，帶52粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">98Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">1.87% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">穩定，帶54粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">99Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">12.76% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">穩定，帶55粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">100Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">12.60% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">穩定，帶56粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">101Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">17.06% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">穩定，帶57粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">102Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">31.55% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">穩定，帶58粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">103Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="人造同位素">人造</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">39.245 <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5" title="日">天</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98#β-衰变" title="Β衰变">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">0.764 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A0-103" class="mw-redirect" title="銠-103">103Rh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">104Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">18.62% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">穩定，帶60粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">105Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">人造 </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">4.439 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%B6" title="小时">小时</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98#β-衰变" title="Β衰变">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">1.917 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91-105" class="mw-redirect" title="铑-105">105Rh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">106Ru </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">人造 </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">371.8 <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5" title="日">天</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98#β-衰变" title="Β衰变">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">0.040 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A0-106" class="mw-redirect" title="銠-106">106Rh</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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.ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_English plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium" class="extiw" title="en:Ruthenium">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充。 若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80905552">.mw-parser-output ruby.zy{text-align:justify;text-justify:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rp{user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt{font-feature-settings:"ruby"1;font-size:90%;user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt+rt{padding-left:0.15em}</style><ruby class="zy center"><rb>釕</rb><rp>（</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">liǎo</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>（英語：Ruthenium），是一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>，其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="化學符號">化學符號</a>为Ru，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>为44，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">原子量</a>為7002101070000000000♠101.07 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="原子质量单位">u</a>，是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="元素週期表">元素週期表</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="鉑族">鉑族</a>的稀有<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="過渡金屬">過渡金屬</a>。釕與鉑族的其他金屬一樣，對大多數其他化學物質都是惰性的。1844年，俄籍的波羅的海德意志科學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡爾·恩斯特·克勞斯（页面不存在）">卡爾·恩斯特·克勞斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Claus" class="extiw" title="en:Karl Ernst Claus">Karl Ernst Claus</a>）（Karl Ernst Claus）在<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%B1%B1%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="喀山联邦大学">喀山大學</a>發現了該元素，隨後以<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="鲁塞尼亚">鲁塞尼亚</a>（Ruthenia）做為此元素的拉丁名稱，以此纪念这个被发现于俄罗斯的元素。一般而言，釕是在<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鉑">鉑</a>礦石的次要成分中被發現，年產量從2009年的約19噸<a href="#cite_note-JMM-6">[6]</a>上升到2017年的約35.5噸<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>。生產出的釕大部分用於製造耐磨電接頭和厚膜電阻，其次是用於<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鉑">鉑</a>合金和當成化學反應<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="催化劑">催化劑</a>，另有一項新用途則是當作極紫外光光罩的覆蓋層。釕通常和其他鉑族金屬同時蘊藏在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="乌拉尔山脉">烏拉爾山脈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美洲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲">南美洲</a>的礦石中。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%95%A5%E7%9C%81" title="安大略省">安大略省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C" title="大薩德伯里">大薩德伯里</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E9%BB%83%E9%90%B5%E7%A4%A6" title="鎳黃鐵礦">鎳黃鐵礦</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%9D%E7%9F%B3%E5%B2%A9" title="輝石岩">輝石岩</a>礦床中，也發現了稀少但有商業重要性的存量<a href="#cite_note-Platinum-Geological_Survey-8">[8]</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本性質">基本性質</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：基本性質">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="物理性质">物理性质</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：物理性质">编辑</a>]</div> 冷的时候，钌的延性较小，即使纯粹单晶也很容易弯曲。金属钌可用<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BC%A7" title="电弧">电弧</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9D%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="電子束">电子束</a>熔化。钌通常加热至1500℃时才能加工成细丝或薄板。<a href="#cite_note-Ru-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化学性质">化学性质</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：化学性质">编辑</a>]</div> 钌有四种晶态，在标准情况下不会失去光泽，它加热到 800 °C（1,070 K）时氧化。钌溶于熔融碱，产生钌酸盐（RuO2− 4）。钌不与<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="王水">王水</a>反应，但在高温下会被<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="卤素">卤素</a>攻击。<a href="#cite_note-crc-10">[10]</a>事实上，钌易被强氧化剂(比如<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%A2%98%E9%85%B8" title="高碘酸">高碘酸</a>，热浓<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92%E9%85%B8" title="硒酸">硒酸</a>和碱性次氯酸盐等)侵蚀。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1076-11">[11]</a>少量的钌可以增加<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">铂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">钯</a>的硬度。<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">钛</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%90%E8%9A%80" title="腐蚀">腐蚀</a>抗性通过添加少量钌，会显着增加。<a href="#cite_note-crc-10">[10]</a>金属可以通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%95%80" title="电镀">电镀</a>和热分解镀上钌。已知钌<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">钼</a>合金在低于10.6 <a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="開氏度">K</a>的温度下具有<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%BC%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="超导性">超导性</a>。<a href="#cite_note-crc-10">[10]</a>钌是唯一可以呈现+8氧化态的4d过渡金属。尽管如此，这个价态的稳定性也低于较重的同类物锇。与铁类似但与锇不同，钌可以在+2和+3的较低氧化态下形成水合阳离子。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1078-12">[12]</a> 在<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">钼</a>的最大值之后，钌是第一个在4d过渡金属中的熔点、沸点以及原子化焓呈下降趋势的，因为4d壳层已超过一半，电子对金属键的形成贡献较小。（前一个元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">锝</a>有不寻常低的值，因为它的电子排布 [Kr]4d55s2 呈半充满结构，尽管它违背趋势的距离并没有像3d过渡金属中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">锰</a>这么远。）<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1075-13">[13]</a>与较轻的同类物铁不同，钌在室温下是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="顺磁性">顺磁性</a>的，因为铁的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E7%82%B9" title="居里点">居里点</a>高于室温。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1074-14">[14]</a> 一些常见的钌离子在酸性水溶液中的还原电位如下：<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1077-15">[15]</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>0.455 V</td> <td>Ru2+ + 2e−</td> <td>↔ Ru </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.249 V</td> <td>Ru3+ + e−</td> <td>↔ Ru2+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.120 V</td> <td>RuO2 + 4H+ + 2e−</td> <td>↔ Ru2+ + 2H2O </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.563 V</td> <td>RuO2− 4 + 8H+ + 4e−</td> <td>↔ Ru2+ + 4H2O </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.368 V</td> <td>RuO− 4 + 8H+ + 5e−</td> <td>↔ Ru2+ + 4H2O </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.387 V</td> <td>RuO4 + 4H+ + 4e−</td> <td>↔ RuO2 + 2H2O </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同位素">同位素</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：同位素">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="钌的同位素">钌的同位素</a></div> 自然界中存在着7种钌的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>。此外，目前共发现了34种钌的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性同位素">放射性同位素</a>。在这些放射性同位素当中，较稳定的有106Ru（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>373.59天）、103Ru（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>39.26天）和97Ru（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>2.9天）。<a href="#cite_note-n1-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-n2-17">[17]</a>剩下的钌同位素除了95Ru（半衰期1.643小时）和105Ru（半衰期4.44小时）以外，半衰期都少于五分钟。<a href="#cite_note-n1-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-n2-17">[17]</a> 比最常见的钌同位素102Ru轻的钌同位素的主要<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="衰变方式">衰变方式</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8D%95%E8%8E%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="电子捕获">电子捕获</a>成<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">锝</a>，而更重的钌同位素则通过<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Β衰变">β衰变</a>衰变成<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">铑</a>。<a href="#cite_note-n1-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-n2-17">[17]</a> 106Ru是<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80" class="mw-redirect" title="铀">铀</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">钚</a>的裂变产物。大气中检测到的高浓度106Ru与2017年<a href="/w/index.php?title=2017%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%8B%E5%AD%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%A2%9E%E5%8A%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017年秋季欧洲空气中的放射性增加（页面不存在）">据称在俄罗斯未申报的核事故</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_radioactivity_increase_in_Europe_in_autumn_2017" class="extiw" title="en:Airborne radioactivity increase in Europe in autumn 2017">Airborne radioactivity increase in Europe in autumn 2017</a>）有关。<a href="#cite_note-pnas2019-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分布與含量">分布與含量</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：分布與含量">编辑</a>]</div> 钌在地壳含量非常罕见，约100 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BF%E5%88%86%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="万亿分率">ppt</a>（0.1%），居元素分布序列中的第74位。<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1071-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生產製造">生產製造</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：生產製造">编辑</a>]</div> 人们每年大约开采30吨钌<a href="#cite_note-usgs-21">[21]</a>，而钌的世界储量估计为 5,000 吨。<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-19">[19]</a>开采的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82%E6%97%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="铂族金属">铂族金属</a> (PGM) 混合物的组成变化很大，这取决于地球化学地层。例如，南非开采的铂族金属平均含有 11% 的钌，而前苏联开采的铂族金属仅含有 2%（1992年）。<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>钌、锇和铱被认为是少数铂族金属。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1074-14">[14]</a> 与其他铂族金属一样，钌是作为副产品从<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">镍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a>以及铂金属矿石加工中获得的。在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9C%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铜提取（页面不存在）">铜的电解精炼</a>和镍过程中，银、金和铂族金属等贵金属沉淀为“阳极泥”，提取<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="原材料">原材料</a>。<a href="#cite_note-USGS-YB-2006-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-CS-2008-25">[25]</a>根据原材料的组成，通过几种方法中的任何一种将金属转化为离子化溶质。一种代表性方法是与<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0" title="过氧化钠">过氧化钠</a>融合，然后溶解在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="王水">王水</a>，一种会放出<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8" title="盐酸">盐酸</a>的混合物中。<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-pt-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-kirk-pt-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">锇</a>、钌、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">铑</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">铱</a>不溶于王水并沉淀，将其他金属留在溶液中。通过用熔融的硫酸氢钠处理，可从残余物中分离出铑。含有钌、锇和铱的不溶残留物用氧化钠处理，其中铱不溶，产生溶解的钌和锇盐。在氧化成挥发性氧化物之后，RuO 4 通过和氯化铵反应，产生 (NH4)3RuCl6 的沉淀与 OsO 4 分离，或是用有机溶剂萃取挥发性的四氧化锇。<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氢气">氢气</a>可用来还原<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AD%E6%B0%AF%E5%90%88%E9%92%8C(III)%E9%85%B8%E9%93%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="六氯合钌(III)酸铵（页面不存在）">六氯合钌(III)酸铵</a>，产生粉末。<a href="#cite_note-crc-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-cotton-29">[29]</a>产物用氢气还原，产生粉末或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%BB%B5%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海绵金属（页面不存在）">海绵金属</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sponge_metal" class="extiw" title="en:sponge metal">sponge metal</a>），可以用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E6%9C%AB%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91" title="粉末冶金">粉末冶金</a>技术或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氩</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A7%E7%84%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="弧焊">弧焊</a>进行处理。<a href="#cite_note-crc-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hunt_1969_126–138-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="化合物">化合物</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：化合物">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="钌化合物（页面不存在）">钌化合物</a></div> 钌在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化态</a> 0 到 +8和 −2都有化合物。钌和锇的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>有时类似。其中，钌的 +2、+3和 +4 氧化态是最常见的。钌化合物最普遍的前体是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8C" title="三氯化钌">三氯化钌</a>，一种红色固体，化学性质不明确，但在合成其它钌化合物的方面用途广泛。<a href="#cite_note-cotton-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="氧化物與硫属化物">氧化物與硫属化物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：氧化物與硫属化物">编辑</a>]</div> 钌可以被<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="氧化">氧化</a>成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8C" title="二氧化钌">二氧化钌</a>（RuO2，氧化态 +4），之后还可以被<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%A2%98%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A0" title="高碘酸钠">高碘酸钠</a>氧化成黄色、挥发性的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8C" title="四氧化钌">四氧化钌</a> RuO4，一种腐蚀性强的氧化剂，其结构和性质类似于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%94%87" title="四氧化锇">四氧化锇</a>。RuO4 主要用作从矿石和放射性废物中提纯钌的中间体。<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> 钌酸钾（K2RuO4，氧化态+6）和高钌酸钾（KRuO4，氧化态+7）都是已知的。<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>不像四氧化锇，四氧化钌较不稳定，氧化性强到足以在室温下氧化稀<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8" title="盐酸">盐酸</a>和像是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="乙醇">乙醇</a>的有机溶剂也容易在碱性水溶液中被还原成钌酸根（RuO2− 4），它在超过 100 °C下分解成二氧化钌。不像铁但像锇，钌没有低价的 +2、+3 氧化态氧化物。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1080-33">[33]</a>钌会形成二<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%B1%9E%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="硫属化物">硫属化物</a>，它们是以<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF" title="黄铁矿">黄铁矿</a>结构结晶的抗磁性半导体。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1080-33">[33]</a> 二硫化钌（RuS2）以矿物<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%92%8C%E7%9F%BF" title="硫钌矿">硫钌矿</a>的形式在天然中存在。 类似铁，钌不容易形成氧阴离子，而是更喜欢与氢氧根离子配合，达到高配位数。四氧化钌可被又稀又冷的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%BE" title="氢氧化钾">氢氧化钾</a>还原成黑色的高钌酸钾 KRuO4，其中钌为 +7氧化态。高钌酸钾也可以由氯气氧化钌酸钾 K2RuO4而成。高钌酸根离子不稳定，会被水还原形成橙色的钌酸根。钌酸钾可以通过金属钌与熔融氢氧化钾和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E9%92%BE" title="硝酸钾">硝酸钾</a>反应而成。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1082-34">[34]</a> 一些混合氧化物也是已知的，例如 MIIRuIVO3、Na3RuVO4、Na 2RuV 2O 7和 MII 2LnIII RuV O 6。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1082-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鹵化物和卤氧化物">鹵化物和卤氧化物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：鹵化物和卤氧化物">编辑</a>]</div> 已知最高价的卤化钌是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8C" title="六氟化钌">六氟化钌</a>，一种熔点 54 °C的深棕色固体。它会剧烈水解，且容易分解成低价氟化钌的混合物，并放出氟气。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8C" title="五氟化钌">五氟化钌</a>是一种以四聚体存在的深绿色固体，也很容易水解，熔点 86.5 °C。黄色的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8C" title="四氟化钌">四氟化钌</a>可能也是聚合物结构，可以由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘</a>还原五氟化钌而成。在所有二元钌混合物中，只有氧化物和氟化物能形成高氧化态。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1083-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8C" title="三氯化钌">三氯化钌</a>是一种著名的化合物，有黑色的α相和深棕色的β相，而三水合物是红色的。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1084-36">[36]</a>在已知的三卤化物中，三氟化钌是深棕色的，超过 650 °C时会分解；三溴化钌是在 400 °C分解的深棕色固体，而三碘化钌是黑色的。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1083-35">[35]</a>在二卤化物中，二氟化钌未知，二氯化钌是棕色的，二溴化钌是黑色的，而二碘化钌是蓝色的。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1083-35">[35]</a>钌唯一已知的卤氧化物是浅绿色的四氟氧化钌 RuOF4。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1084-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="配位錯合物與有機金屬">配位錯合物與有機金屬</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：配位錯合物與有機金屬">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%8C%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钌化学（页面不存在）">有机钌化学</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II)-chloride-powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29-chloride-powder.jpg/220px-Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29-chloride-powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29-chloride-powder.jpg/330px-Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29-chloride-powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29-chloride-powder.jpg/440px-Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29-chloride-powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>氯化三(双吡啶)合钌(II)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal formula of Grubbs' catalyst." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg/220px-Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg/330px-Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg/440px-Grubbs_catalyst_Gen2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" title="格拉布催化剂">格拉布催化剂</a>使它的发明者获得诺贝尔奖，用于<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AF%E7%83%83%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="烯烃复分解反应">烯烃复分解反应</a>。</figcaption></figure> 钌有很多配合物，例子有五氨配合物 [Ru(NH3)5L]n+ ，通常存在于 Ru(II) 和 Ru(III)。<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%A1%E5%95%B6" class="mw-disambig" title="联吡啶">联吡啶</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%81%94%E5%90%A1%E5%95%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="三联吡啶">三联吡啶</a>的衍生物很多，其中最著名的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8F%91%E5%85%89" title="冷发光">冷发光</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%89(%E5%8F%8C%E5%90%A1%E5%95%B6)%E5%90%88%E9%92%8C(II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氯化三(双吡啶)合钌(II)（页面不存在）">氯化三(双吡啶)合钌(II)</a>。 钌可以形成很多有碳-钌键的化合物，例如用于烯烃复分解反应的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" title="格拉布催化剂">格拉布催化剂</a>。<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%8C%82%E9%92%8C" title="二茂钌">二茂钌</a>的结构类似<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%8C%82%E9%93%81" title="二茂铁">二茂铁</a>，但表现出独特的氧化还原特性。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA%E9%92%8C" title="五羰基钌">五羰基钌</a>是无色液体，在没有 CO 的情况下转化为深红色固体<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%89%E9%92%8C" title="十二羰基三钌">十二羰基三钌</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8C" title="三氯化钌">三氯化钌</a>和一氧化碳反应，产生很多衍生物如 RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3 和Ru(CO)2(PPh3)3（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roper%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roper配合物（页面不存在）">Roper配合物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roper%27s_complex" class="extiw" title="en:Roper's complex">Roper's complex</a>））。把三氯化钌的醇溶液和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%8B%AF%E5%9F%BA%E8%86%A6" title="三苯基膦">三苯基膦</a>一起加热，可以得到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%89(%E4%B8%89%E8%8B%AF%E5%9F%BA%E8%86%A6)%E9%92%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二氯化三(三苯基膦)钌（页面不存在）">二氯化三(三苯基膦)钌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium_dichloride" class="extiw" title="en:tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium dichloride">tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium dichloride</a>） (RuCl2(PPh3)3)，之后还可以转化成氢配合物氢氯化三(三苯基膦)钌(II) (RuHCl(PPh3)3)。<a href="#cite_note-cotton-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發展史">發展史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：發展史">编辑</a>]</div> 雖然，含有所有六種<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%91%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鉑系元素">鉑族金屬</a>的天然鉑合金，被<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="前哥倫布時期">前哥倫布時期</a>美洲人長期使用，從16世紀中葉起，被歐洲化學家稱為材料，但直到18世紀中葉，鉑才被確認為一個純元素。天然鉑金屬在19世紀的第一個十年被發現，裡面含有鈀、銠、鋨、銥<a href="#cite_note-Weeks8-38">[38]</a>。俄羅斯河流沖積沙中的鉑，從1828年開始使用於盤子和獎牌以及鑄造盧布硬幣的原物料<a href="#cite_note-Roubles-39">[39]</a>。在鍊製用於鑄幣的鉑金屬過程中，所得到的殘留物，在俄羅斯帝國是可以取得的，因此鉑的大部分研究是在東歐進行的。 在1807年，從南美的鉑金屬礦中，波蘭化學家約德澤伊•什尼亞代基有可能分離出元素44. (他稱之為vestium，是依據在不久前發現的小行星Vesta命名 )。他於1808年出版了一份他的發現公告<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>。然而，他的工作從未獲得證實，他後來撤回了他的發現聲明<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-19">[19]</a>。 約恩斯•貝澤柳斯和戈特弗裡德•奧桑在1827年幾乎發現了釕<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> 。他們試驗了以<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="王水">王水</a>溶解烏拉山脈含鉑的原礦石後留下的殘留物。貝澤柳斯沒有發現任何不尋常的金屬元素，但奧桑認為他發現了三種新金屬元素，稱之為pluranium、 ruthenium和polinium。<a href="#cite_note-crc-10">[10]</a>這種差異導致貝爾澤柳斯和奧桑之間關於殘留物成分的長期爭論。<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-42">[42]</a>由於Osann無法重複他離析釕的實驗，最終放棄了他的主張<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osann2-43">[43]</a>。Osann之所以選擇ruthenium这个名字，是因為分析的樣本來自俄羅斯的烏拉山脈<a href="#cite_note-Osann-44">[44]</a> 。這個名字本身來源於魯塞尼亞，拉丁語Ruthenia，一個歷史區域，包括今天的烏克蘭，白俄羅斯，俄羅斯西部，以及斯洛伐克和波蘭的部分地區。<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-42">[42]</a> 1844年，波羅的-德意志裔俄羅斯科學家卡爾•恩斯特•克勞斯 (Karl Ernst Claus) 發現，戈特弗裡德•奧桑備製的化合物中也含有少量的釕，克勞斯於同年曾發現的釕。克勞斯在喀山大學工作時，從盧布硬幣製程的鉑金屬殘留物中，分離出釕。就像40年前，在喀山發現釕的更重的同族元素鋨一樣。克勞斯表明，氧化釕含有一種新的金屬元素，並從不溶于王水的粗鉑中獲得6克的釕。替新元素選擇名稱，克勞斯說："我為新元素命名，以紀念我的祖國，Ruthenium。我有權使用這個名字，因為Osann先生放棄了他的釕，所以這個字還不存於化學<a href="#cite_note-DiscoRu-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>。在这样做的过程中，克劳斯开创了一种延续至今的趋势——以一个国家命名一个元素。<a href="#cite_note-Meija-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="应用">应用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：应用">编辑</a>]</div> 纯金属钌用途很少。钌是铂和钯的有效硬化剂，使用它不会降低铂和钯的抗腐蚀性。含有较大百分数（30%-70%）的钌的合金，包含有其它贵重金属或碱金属，可用在电气触点上和需要抗磨和抗腐蚀的地方，如钢笔尖和工具枢轴上。二氧化钌导电，在有机介质中以粉末状与玻璃料相混合，可用作非金属衬底制成电阻元件。<a href="#cite_note-Ru-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="催化劑">催化劑</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：催化劑">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-intercalated_halloysite_nanotubes_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ru-intercalated_halloysite_nanotubes_3.jpg/220px-Ru-intercalated_halloysite_nanotubes_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ru-intercalated_halloysite_nanotubes_3.jpg/330px-Ru-intercalated_halloysite_nanotubes_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ru-intercalated_halloysite_nanotubes_3.jpg/440px-Ru-intercalated_halloysite_nanotubes_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>嵌入催化性钌纳米颗粒的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%BE%E4%B9%90%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禾乐石（页面不存在）">禾乐石</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/halloysite" class="extiw" title="en:halloysite">halloysite</a>）纳米管。<a href="#cite_note-stam-47">[47]</a></figcaption></figure> 许多含钌化合物都有催化性。催化剂可方便地两种：可溶于反应介质的叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%87%E7%9B%B8%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="均相催化剂（页面不存在）">均相催化剂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_catalyst" class="extiw" title="en:Homogeneous catalyst">Homogeneous catalyst</a>），而不溶的则叫<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" class="mw-redirect" title="多相催化剂">多相催化剂</a>。 钌的纳米颗粒可以在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%BE%E4%B9%90%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禾乐石（页面不存在）">禾乐石</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/halloysite" class="extiw" title="en:halloysite">halloysite</a>）内部形成。这种广泛存在的矿物天然具有卷状纳米片（纳米管）的结构，可以支持钌纳米团簇的合成，用于后续工业催化。<a href="#cite_note-stam-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="勻相催化劑">勻相催化劑</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：勻相催化劑">编辑</a>]</div> 含有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8C" title="三氯化钌">三氯化钌</a>的溶液对<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AF%E7%83%83%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="烯烃复分解反应">烯烃复分解反应</a>具有高活性。此类催化剂在商业上用于生产聚降冰片烯。<a href="#cite_note-KO-48">[48]</a>某些钌的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%AE%BE%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="卡宾配合物">卡宾配合物</a>显示出相当的反应性，可提供于工业过程。<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> 例如，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" title="格拉布催化剂">格拉布催化剂</a>已用于制备药物和先进材料。 <dl><dd><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polynbornene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Polynbornene.png/440px-Polynbornene.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Polynbornene.png/660px-Polynbornene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Polynbornene.png/880px-Polynbornene.png 2x" data-file-width="3661" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>RuCl3催化<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%92%B0%E7%A7%BB%E4%BD%8D%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88" title="開環移位聚合">开环移位聚合</a>反应，产生聚降冰片烯。</figcaption></figure></dd></dl> 钌配合物用于<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96" title="转移氢化">转移氢化</a>（有时称为借氢反应）的高活性催化剂。该方法用于<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE" title="酮">酮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B" title="醛">醛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%83%BA" title="亚胺">亚胺</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="不对称氢化">不对称氢化</a>。该反应利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%80%A7" title="手性">手性</a>钌配合物，它们是<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E4%BE%9D%E8%89%AF%E6%B2%BB" title="野依良治">野依良治</a>引入的。<a href="#cite_note-citation_21-50">[50]</a> 举个例子，(cymene)Ru(S,S-Ts<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E8%8B%AF%E5%9F%BA%E4%B9%99%E4%BA%8C%E8%83%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二苯基乙二胺（页面不存在）">DPEN</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylethylenediamine" class="extiw" title="en:Diphenylethylenediamine">Diphenylethylenediamine</a>）)催化<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96" title="氢化">氢化</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%8B%AF%E5%9F%BA%E4%B9%99%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%AE" title="二苯基乙二酮">二苯基乙二酮</a>，产生 (R,R)-氢化<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E5%81%B6%E5%A7%BB" title="苯偶姻">苯偶姻</a>。在该反应中，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="甲酸盐">甲酸盐</a>和水/醇作为H2的来源：<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RuCl(S,S-TsDPEN)(cymene)-catalysed_R,R-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/RuCl%28S%2CS-TsDPEN%29%28cymene%29-catalysed_R%2CR-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg/440px-RuCl%28S%2CS-TsDPEN%29%28cymene%29-catalysed_R%2CR-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/RuCl%28S%2CS-TsDPEN%29%28cymene%29-catalysed_R%2CR-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg/660px-RuCl%28S%2CS-TsDPEN%29%28cymene%29-catalysed_R%2CR-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/RuCl%28S%2CS-TsDPEN%29%28cymene%29-catalysed_R%2CR-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg/880px-RuCl%28S%2CS-TsDPEN%29%28cymene%29-catalysed_R%2CR-hydrobenzoin_synthesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption> [RuCl(S,S-TsDPEN)(cymene)]催化的(R,R)-氢化苯偶姻（产率 100%，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%98%A0%E4%BD%93%E8%BF%87%E9%87%8F%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="对映体过量百分数">ee</a> >99%）</figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E4%BE%9D%E8%89%AF%E6%B2%BB" title="野依良治">野依良治</a>于2001年授予<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">诺贝尔化学奖</a>，以表彰他在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="不对称氢化">不对称氢化</a>领域的贡献。 2012年，Masaaki Kitano及其同事使用有机钌催化剂展示了使用稳定的电子盐来作为电子供体和可逆氢储存进行氨合成。<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="非勻相催化劑">非勻相催化劑</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：非勻相催化劑">编辑</a>]</div> 钌促进的钴催化剂用于<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E6%89%98%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="费托合成">费托合成</a>。<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="新興應用">新興應用</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：新興應用">编辑</a>]</div> Intel 在自家半導體10nm製程上，在後端製程BEOL中首次使用金屬釕材料<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="对健康的影响">对健康的影响</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：对健康的影响">编辑</a>]</div> 人们对钌对健康的影响知之甚少<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[56]</a>，因为人们遇到钌化合物的情况相对较少。<a href="#cite_note-:1-57">[57]</a>金属钌是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化学惰性（页面不存在）">化学惰性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemically_inert" class="extiw" title="en:Chemically inert">Chemically inert</a>）的。<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[56]</a>一些像是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8C" title="四氧化钌">四氧化钌</a>（RuO4）的钌化合物有挥发性且剧毒。<a href="#cite_note-:1-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：参考文献">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, 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New York: Springer Science & Business Media. 2008-12-16: 98. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-387-09848-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-387-09848-7">ISBN 978-0-387-09848-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.btitle=Landmarks+in+Organo-Transition+Metal+Chemistry&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-387-09848-7&rft.pages=98&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.my%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdP4LTfaPzAMC%26pg%3DPA98%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期2011-03-03., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press. </li> <li id="cite_note-JMM-6"><a href="#cite_ref-JMM_6-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427171654/http://www.platinum.matthey.com/services/market-research/market-review-archive/platinum-2009">Platinum 2009 - PMM</a>. www.platinum.matthey.com. [2021-10-04]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinum.matthey.com/services/market-research/market-review-archive/platinum-2009">原始内容</a>存档于2021-04-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.atitle=Platinum+2009+-+PMM&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.platinum.matthey.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinum.matthey.com%2Fservices%2Fmarket-research%2Fmarket-review-archive%2Fplatinum-2009&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinum.matthey.com/services/market-research/pgm-market-reports">PGM Market Report.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210427135248/http://www.platinum.matthey.com/services/market-research/pgm-market-reports">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） platinum.matthey.com, p. 30 (May 2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-Platinum-Geological_Survey-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Platinum-Geological_Survey_8-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709121002/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/platimcs07.pdf">Platinum–Group Metals</a> (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries. January 2007 [2008-09-09]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/platimcs07.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2017-07-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.btitle=Platinum%26ndash%3BGroup+Metals&rft.date=2007-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey%2C+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fplatinum%2Fplatimcs07.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Ru-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ru_9-0">9.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ru_9-1">9.1</a> Henry J. Albert. Encyclopedia of Science&Technology (in 15 Volumes). Mc GRAW-Hill Book Co.,1977,4th </li> <li id="cite_note-crc-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crc_10-0">10.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_10-1">10.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_10-2">10.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_10-3">10.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_10-4">10.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_10-5">10.5</a> Haynes, p. 4.31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1076-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1076_11-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1076 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1078-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1078_12-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1078 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1075-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1075_13-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1075 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1074-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1074_14-0">14.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1074_14-1">14.1</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1074 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1077-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1077_15-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077 </li> <li id="cite_note-n1-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n1_16-0">16.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n1_16-1">16.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n1_16-2">16.2</a> <cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation">Lide, D. 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Wiley. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3527306732" title="Special:网络书源/978-3527306732">ISBN 978-3527306732</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a21_075">doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.atitle=Platinum+group+metals+and+compounds&rft.au=Dermann%2C+K.&rft.au=Diehl%2C+M.&rft.au=Drieselman%2C+R.&rft.au=Drost%2C+E.&rft.au=Kleinw%C3%A4chter%2C+I.&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6dler%2C+A.&rft.au=Kreuzer%2C+T.&rft.au=L%C3%BCschow%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=Lang%2C+J.&rft.au=Panster%2C+P.&rft.au=Renner%2C+H.&rft.au=Rothaut%2C+J.&rft.au=Schlamp%2C+G.&rft.au=Starz%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Tews%2C+P.&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a21_075&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-kirk-pt-27"><a href="#cite_ref-kirk-pt_27-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Seymour, R. 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Springer-Verlag New York, LLC. 1997: 1–20 [2021-09-14]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7514-0413-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7514-0413-5">ISBN 978-0-7514-0413-5</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VKAs6iLmwcC&pg=PA2">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Precious+Metals&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0413-5&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+New+York%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VKAs6iLmwcC%26pg%3DPA2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引用错误：带有name属性“cotton”的<code><ref></code>标签用不同内容定义了多次 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt_1969_126–138-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Hunt_1969_126–138_30-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hunt, L. B.; Lever, F. 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Platinum Metals Review. 1969, 13 (4): 126–138 [2021-09-15]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v13-i4-126-138.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2008-10-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.atitle=Platinum+Metals%3A+A+Survey+of+Productive+Resources+to+industrial+Uses&rft.au=Lever%2C+F.+M.&rft.aufirst=L.+B.&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.pages=126-138&rft.volume=13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fpdf%2Fpmr-v13-i4-126-138.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Swain, P.; Mallika, C.; Srinivasan, R.; Mudali, U. K.; Natarajan, R. Separation and recovery of ruthenium: a review. J. Radioanal. Nucl. 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Part I: History and Current Investigations</a> 48 (2): 66–69. 2004 [2019-07-13]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/article/48/2/66-69/">原始内容</a>存档于2015-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.atitle=The+Minting+of+Platinum+Roubles.+Part+I%3A+History+and+Current+Investigations&rft.aufirst=Christoph+J.&rft.aulast=Raub&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=66-69&rft.volume=48&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Farticle%2F48%2F2%2F66-69%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105232443/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/48-2-066-069">Archive</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Jędrzej Śniadecki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428172243/https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=51628&from=pubindex&dirids=87&lp=13">Rosprawa o nowym metallu w surowey platynie odkrytym</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilnius">Wilno</a>: Nakł. i Drukiem J. 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Platinum Metals Review. 1996, 40 (4): 181–188 [2019-07-13]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v40-i4-181-188">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Ruthenium&rft.aufirst=V.+N.&rft.aulast=Pitchkov&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.pages=181-188&rft.volume=40&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.platinummetalsreview.com%2Fdynamic%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fpmr-v40-i4-181-188&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Osann2-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Osann2_43-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Osann, Gottfried. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301075135/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15100n.image.f168.langDE">Berichtigung, meine Untersuchung des uralschen Platins betreffend</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" class="mw-redirect" title="Annalen der Physik">Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie</a>. 1829, 15: 158 [2021-10-07]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18290910119">doi:10.1002/andp.18290910119</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15100n.image.f168.langDE">原始内容</a>存档于2022-03-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.atitle=Berichtigung%2C+meine+Untersuchung+des+uralschen+Platins+betreffend&rft.au=Osann%2C+Gottfried&rft.date=1829&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poggendorffs+Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.pages=158&rft.volume=15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k15100n.image.f168.langDE&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18290910119&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Osann-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Osann_44-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Osann, Gottfried. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428022527/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k150998/f337.image.langDE">Fortsetzung der Untersuchung des Platins vom Ural</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" class="mw-redirect" title="Annalen der Physik">Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie</a>. 1828, 14 (6): 283–297 [2019-07-13]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1828AnP....89..283O">Bibcode:1828AnP....89..283O</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18280890609">doi:10.1002/andp.18280890609</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k150998/f337.image.langDE">原始内容</a>存档于2021-04-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.atitle=Fortsetzung+der+Untersuchung+des+Platins+vom+Ural&rft.au=Osann%2C+Gottfried&rft.date=1828&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Poggendorffs+Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.pages=283-297&rft.volume=14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k150998%2Ff337.image.langDE&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1828AnP....89..283O&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18280890609&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  The original sentence on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k150998/f347.image.langDE">p. 339</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210428200852/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k150998/f347.image.langDE">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） reads: "Da dieses Metall, welches ich nach den so eben beschriebenen Eigenschaften als ein neues glaube annehmen zu müssen, sich in größerer Menge als das früher erwähnte in dem uralschen Platin befindet, und auch durch seinen schönen, dem Golde ähnlichen metallischen Glanz sich mehr empfiehlt, so glaube ich, daß der Vorschlag, das zuerst aufgefundene neue Metall Ruthenium zu nennen, besser auf dieses angewendet werden könne." </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Claus, Karl. 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Applied Catalysis A: General. 1999, 186 (1–2): 3–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0926-860X%2899%2900160-X">doi:10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00160-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.atitle=Short+history+and+present+trends+of+Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch+synthesis&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.jtitle=Applied+Catalysis+A%3A+General&rft.pages=3-12&rft.volume=186&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0926-860X%2899%2900160-X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation web">techinsights.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022203859/http://techinsights.com/technology-intelligence/overview/latest-reports/intel-10-nm-logic-process/">Intel 10 nm Logic Process</a>. www.techinsights.com. [2018-06-22]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techinsights.com/technology-intelligence/overview/latest-reports/intel-10-nm-logic-process/">原始内容</a>存档于2018-10-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.atitle=Intel+10+nm+Logic+Process&rft.au=techinsights.com&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.techinsights.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techinsights.com%2Ftechnology-intelligence%2Foverview%2Flatest-reports%2Fintel-10-nm-logic-process%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-0">56.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-1">56.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223113147/https://www.espimetals.com/index.php/msds/237-Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a>. espimetals.com. [2020-07-26]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espimetals.com/index.php/msds/237-Ruthenium">原始内容</a>存档于2021-12-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.atitle=Ruthenium&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=espimetals.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espimetals.com%2Findex.php%2Fmsds%2F237-Ruthenium&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_57-0">57.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_57-1">57.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715213622/https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ru.htm">Ruthenium (Ru) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects</a>. lenntech.com. [2020-07-26]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ru.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2022-07-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%8C&rft.atitle=Ruthenium+%28Ru%29+-+Chemical+properties%2C+Health+and+Environmental+effects&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lenntech.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lenntech.com%2Fperiodic%2Felements%2Fru.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%8C&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li>元素钌在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/44.shtml">洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室</a>的介紹（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Ru.html">EnvironmentalChemistry.com —— 钌</a>（英文）</li> <li>元素<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/044.htm">钌</a>在The Periodic Table of Videos（諾丁漢大學）的介紹（英文）</li> <li>元素钌在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Ru">Peter van der Krogt elements site</a>的介紹（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ru/index.html">WebElements.com – 钌</a>（英文）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="5族元素">VB 5</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/6%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="6族元素">VIB 6</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="7族元素">VIIB 7</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/8%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="8族元素">VIIIB 8</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/9%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="9族元素">VIIIB 9</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/10%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="10族元素">VIIIB 10</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/11%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="11族元素">IB 11</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/12%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="12族元素">IIB 12</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="硼族元素">IIIA 13</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素">IVA 14</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氮族元素">VA 15</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氧族元素">VIA 16</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="卤素">VIIA 17</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">VIIIA 18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第1周期元素">1</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第2周期元素">2</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">Li</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">B</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">C</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">N</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">O</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">F</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第3周期元素">3</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">Na</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">Al</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">Si</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">P</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">S</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">Cl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第4周期元素">4</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">K</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">Sc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">Ti</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">V</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">Cr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">Mn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">Fe</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">Co</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">Ni</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">Cu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">Zn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">Ga</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">Ge</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">As</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">Se</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">Br</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC5%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第5周期元素">5</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">Rb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">Sr</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">Y</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">Zr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">Nb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">Mo</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">Tc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ru</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">Rh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">Pd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">Ag</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">Cd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">In</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">Sn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">Sb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">Te</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">I</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC6%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第6周期元素">6</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">Cs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">Ba</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">La</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">Ce</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">Pr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">Nd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">Pm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">Sm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">Eu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">Gd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">Tb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">Dy</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">Ho</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">Er</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">Tm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">Yb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">Lu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">Hf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">Ta</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">W</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">Re</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">Os</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">Ir</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">Pt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">Au</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">Hg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">Tl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">Pb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">Bi</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">Po</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">At</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7周期元素">7</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">Fr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">Ra</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">Ac</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">Th</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">Pa</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">U</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">Np</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">Pu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">Am</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">Cm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">Bk</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">Cf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">Es</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">Fm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">Md</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">No</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">Lr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">Rf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">Db</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">Sg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">Bh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">Hs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">Mt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">Ds</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">Rg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">Cn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">Nh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">Fl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">Mc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">Lv</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">Ts</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">Og</a> 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style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94" class="mw-redirect" title="釔">釔</a> Y 原子序：39 原子量：88.905 熔点（K）：1799 沸点（K）：3609 电负度：1.22 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">锆</a> Zr 原子序：40 原子量：91.224 熔点（K）：2128 沸点（K）：4682 电负度：1.33 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%88%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="鈮">鈮</a> Nb 原子序：41 原子量：92.906 熔点（K）：2750 沸点（K）：5017 电负度：1.6 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">钼</a> Mo 原子序：42 原子量：95.94 熔点（K）：2896 沸点（K）：4912 电负度：2.16 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">锝</a> Tc 原子序：43 原子量：[97] 熔点（K）：2430 沸点（K）：4538 电负度：1.9 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">钌</a> Ru 原子序：44 原子量：101.07 熔点（K）：2607 沸点（K）：4423 电负度：2.2 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">铑</a> Rh 原子序：45 原子量：102.9055 熔点（K）：2237 沸点（K）：3968 电负度：2.28 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">钯</a> Pd 原子序：46 原子量：106.42 熔点（K）：1828 沸点（K）：3236 电负度：2.20 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">銀</a> Ag 原子序：47 原子量：107.8682 熔点（K）：1234 沸点（K）：2435 电负度：1.93 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:12em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">镉</a> Cd 原子序：48 原子量：112.414 熔点（K）：594.22 沸点（K）：1040 电负度：1.69 </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="珠寶款式、設計、材料" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%B6%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="Template:珠寶材料"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%B6%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="Template talk:珠寶材料"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%B6%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:珠寶材料"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="珠寶款式、設計、材料" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%B6" title="珠寶">珠寶款式、設計、材料</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">样式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E6%8C%87" title="戒指">戒指</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B9%E9%93%BE" title="项链">项链</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E9%95%AF" title="手镯">手镯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="耳環">耳環</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%BD%E7%AB%A0" title="徽章">徽章</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%86%A0" title="皇冠">皇冠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E8%A1%A8" title="怀表">怀表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E9%95%AF" title="手镯">手鏈</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E5%B8%B6%E6%89%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皮帶扣（页面不存在）">皮帶扣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%B8%B6%E5%A4%BE" title="領帶夾">領帶夾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%96%E6%89%A3" title="袖扣">袖扣</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%AE%E9%A3%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="髮飾（页面不存在）">髮飾</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">制作</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">工匠</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%8C%A0" title="金匠">金匠</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%B6%E5%8C%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="银匠（页面不存在）">银匠</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silversmith" class="extiw" title="en:Silversmith">Silversmith</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%B6%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="珠寶設計">珠寶設計师</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9F%E8%A1%A8%E5%8C%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="钟表匠">钟表匠</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%B6%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="珠寶設計">珠寶設計</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B8" title="鋸">鋸</a>  · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E7%A3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="打磨（页面不存在）">磨</a>  · <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%8A%E6%8E%A5" title="焊接">焊</a>  · <a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%9B%E9%80%A0" title="鍛造">鍛</a>  · <a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%9B%E5%85%89" title="抛光">拋</a>  · <a href="/wiki/%E9%91%B2%E5%B5%8C%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="鑲嵌藝術">鑲</a>  · <a href="/wiki/%E9%95%80%E5%B1%82" title="镀层">鍍</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E8%9C%A1%E6%B3%95" title="失蜡法">失蜡法</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%91%84%E9%80%A0" title="鑄造">鑄造</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B8%E6%B8%97" title="浸渗">浸渗</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="氧化">氧化</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E7%89%88" title="雕版">雕版</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">材质</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="貴金屬">貴金屬</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">钯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">铂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">銀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">铑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">铱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">锇</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">钌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">铼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">貴金屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E9%87%91%E7%A4%A6" title="銀金礦">琥珀金</a>（Electrum）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0%E9%87%91" title="玫瑰金">玫瑰金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%89%B2%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91" title="白色黃金">白色黃金</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="卑金屬">卑金屬</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">钨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">钛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%8A%85" title="黃銅">黃銅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C" title="青铜">青铜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%8F%BD%E9%8B%BC" title="不鏽鋼">不鏽鋼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%95%B4" title="白镴">白镴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%AE%E9%87%91" title="木目金">木目金</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">礦物<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="寶石">寶石</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="石英">石英</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="石英">黃水晶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E6%B0%B4%E6%99%B6" title="紫水晶">紫水晶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E7%91%99" title="瑪瑙">瑪瑙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%9F%E7%8E%9B%E7%91%99" title="缟玛瑙">縞瑪瑙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E9%87%91%E7%9F%B3" title="砂金石">砂金石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E7%8E%89%E9%AB%93" title="红玉髓">紅玉髓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E7%9C%BC%E7%9F%B3" title="虎眼石">虎眼石</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E6%9F%B1%E7%9F%B3" title="綠柱石">綠柱石</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%93%9D%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="海蓝宝石">海蓝宝石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E6%AF%8D%E7%B6%A0" title="祖母綠">祖母綠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%A0%B9%E7%9F%B3" title="摩根石">摩根石</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%BB%BF%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="金绿宝石">金绿宝石</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E7%9F%B3" title="變石">變石</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3" title="钻石">钻石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%89%E7%9F%B3" title="辉石">辉石</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E8%BC%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="透輝石">透辉石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%A1%E7%BF%A0" title="翡翠">翡翠</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="石榴石">石榴石</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%B3%E9%8B%81%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="錳鋁榴石">芬達石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BC%97%E4%BE%86%E7%9F%B3" title="沙弗來石">沙弗來石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="贵榴石">贵榴石</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89" title="玉">玉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%A7%E7%8E%89" title="碧玉">碧玉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%9F%B3" title="孔雀石">孔雀石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%87%91%E7%9F%B3" title="青金石">青金石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%9B%9C%E5%B2%A9" title="黑曜岩">黑曜石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%B3" title="蛋白石">蛋白石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E7%9F%B3" title="橄榄石">翠綠橄欖石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E7%8E%89" title="剛玉">剛玉</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="红宝石">红宝石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="蓝宝石">蓝宝石</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E9%92%A0%E7%9F%B3" title="方钠石">方钠石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="长石">长石</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%9F%B3" title="太阳石">太阳石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E5%85%89%E7%9F%B3" title="月光石">月光石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="拉长石">拉长石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B2%B3%E7%9F%B3" title="天河石">天河石</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E7%9F%B3" title="坦桑石">坦桑石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E7%8E%89" title="黄玉">黄玉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E6%9D%BE%E7%9F%B3" title="绿松石">绿松石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%A3%E7%9F%B3" title="電氣石">電氣石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%AF%E7%9F%B3" title="鋯石">鋯石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E5%8F%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="磷叶石">磷叶石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%8D%E7%9F%B3" title="榍石">榍石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E6%99%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="尖晶石">尖晶石</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%A8%E8%93%8B%E5%B0%96%E6%99%B6" title="馬亨蓋尖晶">馬亨蓋尖晶</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">有機寶石</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80" title="琥珀">琥珀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%84%82" title="柯巴脂">柯巴脂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A" title="紅珊瑚">貴珊瑚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%91%E5%BD%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="斑彩石">斑彩石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E7%8F%A0" title="珍珠">珍珠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E7%8F%A0%E6%AF%8D" title="珍珠母">珍珠母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E7%89%99" title="象牙">象牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%A8%E7%A3%B2%E4%BA%9E%E7%A7%91" title="硨磲亞科">硨磲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B3%E7%91%81_(%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3)" title="玳瑁 (宝石)">玳瑁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%B2%BE" title="煤精">煤玉</a>（Jet）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他自然物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%BC%E6%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沼木（页面不存在）">沼木</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog-wood" class="extiw" title="en:Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%91%E9%A5%B0(%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="发饰(珠寶)（页面不存在）">发饰(珠寶)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="extiw" title="en:Hair jewellery">Hair jewellery</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E9%A5%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝饰（页面不存在）">贝饰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_jewelry" class="extiw" title="en:Shell jewelry">Shell jewelry</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9F%BE%E8%9C%8D%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蟾蜍石（页面不存在）">蟾蜍石</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toadstone" class="extiw" title="en:Toadstone">Toadstone</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">术语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89" title="克拉">克拉</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a>：各地 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1086#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" 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