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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="فهرس أبجدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فهرس أبجدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Канкарданс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канкарданс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Канкарданс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канкарданс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordance" title="Konkordance – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konkordance" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynegair" title="Mynegair – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynegair" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordans" title="Konkordans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konkordans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordanz_(Textwissenschaft)" title="Konkordanz (Textwissenschaft) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konkordanz (Textwissenschaft)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Συμφραστικός πίνακας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμφραστικός πίνακας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordanco" title="Konkordanco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konkordanco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="واژه‌یاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واژه‌یاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordance_(livre)" title="Concordance (livre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Concordance (livre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkord%C3%A2nsje" title="Konkordânsje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Konkordânsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%EC%96%B4_%EC%83%89%EC%9D%B8" title="용어 색인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용어 색인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD" title="Կոնկորդանս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնկորդանս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अनुक्रमणिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुक्रमणिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordansi" title="Konkordansi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konkordansi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordanze" title="Concordanze – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Concordanze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="קונקורדנציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונקורדנציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordansas" title="Konkordansas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konkordansas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordancia" title="Konkordancia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konkordancia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordantie" title="Concordantie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Concordantie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="コンコルダンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンコルダンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordans" title="Konkordans – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konkordans" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordans_i_litteratur" title="Konkordans i litteratur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konkordans i litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordancja" title="Konkordancja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konkordancja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%C3%A2ncia_(editora%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Concordância (editoração) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concordância (editoração)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Конкорданс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конкорданс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkordanz" title="Konkordanz – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Konkordanz" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="தொடரடைவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொடரடைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Конкорданс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конкорданс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q839018#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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book</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>concordance</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabetical">alphabetical</a> list of the principal <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a> used in a book or body of work, listing every instance of each word with its immediate <a href="/wiki/Context_(language_use)#Verbal_context" class="mw-redirect" title="Context (language use)">context</a>. Historically, concordances have been compiled only for works of special importance, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> or the works of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> or classical Latin and Greek authors,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the time, difficulty, and expense involved in creating a concordance in the pre-<a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> era. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mordechai_nathan_hebrew_latin_concordance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mordechai_nathan_hebrew_latin_concordance.jpg/225px-Mordechai_nathan_hebrew_latin_concordance.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mordechai_nathan_hebrew_latin_concordance.jpg/338px-Mordechai_nathan_hebrew_latin_concordance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mordechai_nathan_hebrew_latin_concordance.jpg/450px-Mordechai_nathan_hebrew_latin_concordance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1845" /></a><figcaption>Mordecai Nathan's Hebrew-Latin Concordance of the Bible</figcaption></figure> <p>A concordance is more than an <a href="/wiki/Subject_indexing" title="Subject indexing">index</a>, with additional material such as commentary, definitions and topical <a href="/wiki/Cross-indexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-indexing">cross-indexing</a> which makes producing one a labor-intensive process even when assisted by computers. </p><p>In the precomputing era, <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engine technology">search</a> technology was unavailable, and a concordance offered readers of long works such as the Bible something comparable to search results for every word that they would have been likely to search for. Today, the ability to combine the result of queries concerning multiple terms (such as searching for words near other words) has reduced interest in concordance publishing. In addition, mathematical techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Latent_semantic_indexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Latent semantic indexing">latent semantic indexing</a> have been proposed as a means of automatically identifying linguistic information based on word context. </p><p>A <b>bilingual concordance</b> is a concordance based on <a href="/wiki/Aligned_parallel_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Aligned parallel text">aligned parallel text</a>. </p><p>A <b>topical concordance</b> is a list of subjects that a book covers (usually The Bible), with the immediate context of the coverage of those subjects. Unlike a traditional concordance, the indexed word does not have to appear in the verse. The best-known topical concordance is <a href="/wiki/Nave%27s_Topical_Bible" title="Nave's Topical Bible">Nave's Topical Bible</a>. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Bible_concordance" title="Bible concordance">Bible concordance</a> was compiled for the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> Bible by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_St_Cher" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh of St Cher">Hugh of St Cher</a> (d.1262), who employed 500 friars to assist him. In 1448, Rabbi Mordecai Nathan completed a concordance to the Hebrew Bible. It took him ten years. A concordance to the Greek New Testament was published in 1546 by <a href="/wiki/Sixt_Birck" title="Sixt Birck">Sixt Birck</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> was done a by Conrad Kircher in 1602. The first concordance to the English Bible was published in 1550 by Mr Marbeck. According to Cruden, it did not employ the verse numbers devised by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Estienne" title="Robert Estienne">Robert Stephens</a> in 1545, but "the pretty large concordance" of Mr Cotton did. Then followed <a href="/wiki/Cruden%27s_Concordance" title="Cruden's Concordance">Cruden's Concordance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_linguistics">Use in linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordance_(publishing)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use in linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concordances are frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, when studying a text. For example: </p> <ul><li>comparing different usages of the same word</li> <li>analysing keywords</li> <li>analysing <a href="/wiki/Word_frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Word frequencies">word frequencies</a></li> <li>finding and analysing phrases and <a href="/wiki/Idioms" class="mw-redirect" title="Idioms">idioms</a></li> <li>finding <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translations</a> of subsentential elements, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">terminology</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bitext#Bitexts_and_translation_memories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitext">bitexts and translation memories</a></li> <li>creating indexes and word lists (also useful for publishing)</li></ul> <p>Concordancing techniques are widely used in national <a href="/wiki/Text_corpora" class="mw-redirect" title="Text corpora">text corpora</a> such as <a href="/wiki/American_National_Corpus" title="American National Corpus">American National Corpus</a> (ANC), <a href="/wiki/British_National_Corpus" title="British National Corpus">British National Corpus</a> (BNC), and <a href="/wiki/Corpus_of_Contemporary_American_English" title="Corpus of Contemporary American English">Corpus of Contemporary American English</a> (COCA) available on-line. Stand-alone applications that employ concordancing techniques are known as <a href="/wiki/Concordancer" title="Concordancer">concordancers</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or more advanced <a href="/wiki/Corpus_manager" title="Corpus manager">corpus managers</a>. Some of them have integrated <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech_tagging" class="mw-redirect" title="Part of speech tagging">part-of-speech taggers</a> (POS taggers) and enable the user to create their own <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">POS</a>-annotated corpora to conduct various types of searches adopted in corpus linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inversion">Inversion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordance_(publishing)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reconstruction of the text of some of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> involved a concordance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Access to some of the scrolls was governed by a "secrecy rule" that allowed only the original International Team or their designates to view the original materials. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Vaux" title="Roland de Vaux">Roland de Vaux</a> in 1971, his successors repeatedly refused to even allow the publication of photographs to other scholars. This restriction was circumvented by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Abegg" title="Martin Abegg">Martin Abegg</a> in 1991, who used a computer to "invert" a concordance of the missing documents made in the 1950s which had come into the hands of scholars outside of the International Team, to obtain an approximate reconstruction of the original text of 17 of the documents.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was soon followed by the release of the original text of the scrolls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordance_(publishing)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Vedic_Word_Concordance" title="A Vedic Word Concordance">A Vedic Word Concordance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_concordance" title="Bible concordance">Bible concordance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-reference" title="Cross-reference">Cross-reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Word_in_Context" title="Key Word in Context">Key Word in Context</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termbase" title="Termbase">Termbase</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordance_(publishing)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBloomfield1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bloomfield" title="Maurice Bloomfield">Bloomfield, Maurice</a> (1990). <i>A Vedic Concordance</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0654-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0654-9"><bdi>81-208-0654-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vedic+Concordance&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=81-208-0654-9&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcordance+%28publishing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisbey1962" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wisbey" title="Roy Wisbey">Wisbey, Roy</a> (April 1962). "Concordance Making by Electronic Computer: Some Experiences with the Wiener Genesis". <i>The Modern Language Review</i>. <b>57</b> (2). Modern Humanities Research Association: 161–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3720960">10.2307/3720960</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3720960">3720960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=Concordance+Making+by+Electronic+Computer%3A+Some+Experiences+with+the+Wiener+Genesis&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-172&rft.date=1962-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3720960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3720960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wisbey&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcordance+%28publishing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lexically.net/wordsmith/introduction.htm?gclid=COjFnvGKhakCFVJX4Qod-RqjjQ">"Introduction to WordSmith"</a>. <i>lexically.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lexically.net&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+WordSmith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flexically.net%2Fwordsmith%2Fintroduction.htm%3Fgclid%3DCOjFnvGKhakCFVJX4Qod-RqjjQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcordance+%28publishing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yatsko.zohosites.com/linguistic-toobox-a-concordancer.html">"Linguistic Toolbox"</a>. Yatsko.zohosites.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Toolbox&rft.pub=Yatsko.zohosites.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyatsko.zohosites.com%2Flinguistic-toobox-a-concordancer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcordance+%28publishing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawrysch2002" class="citation web cs1">Hawrysch, George (2002-08-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204125040/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2002/310217.shtml">"Dr. George Hawrysch's speech on concordance book launch"</a>. <i>The Ukrainian Weekly, No. 31, Vol. LXX</i>. Ukrainian National Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2002/310217.shtml">the original</a> on 2008-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Weekly%2C+No.+31%2C+Vol.+LXX&rft.atitle=Dr.+George+Hawrysch%27s+speech+on+concordance+book+launch&rft.date=2002-08-04&rft.aulast=Hawrysch&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrweekly.com%2Fold%2Farchive%2F2002%2F310217.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcordance+%28publishing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJillette" class="citation web cs1">Jillette, Penn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303021301/http://www.pennandteller.com/sincity/penn-n-teller/pcc/deadsea.html">"You May Already be a "Computer Expert"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pennandteller.com/sincity/penn-n-teller/pcc/deadsea.html">the original</a> on 2008-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+May+Already+be+a+%22Computer+Expert%22&rft.aulast=Jillette&rft.aufirst=Penn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpennandteller.com%2Fsincity%2Fpenn-n-teller%2Fpcc%2Fdeadsea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcordance+%28publishing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordance_(publishing)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Concordance" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Concordance">Concordance</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/concordance/">Shakespeare concordance</a> - A concordance of Shakespeare's complete works (from Open Source Shakespeare)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~ukr/skovoroda/NEW/">Online Concordance to the Complete Works of Hryhorii Skovoroda</a> - A concordance to <a href="/wiki/Hryhorii_Skovoroda" title="Hryhorii Skovoroda">Hryhorii Skovoroda</a>'s complete works (University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infomotions.com/alex/">Alex Catalogue of Electronic Texts</a> - The Alex Catalogue is a collection of public domain electronic texts from American and English literature as well as Western philosophy. Each of the 14,000 items in the Catalogue are available as full-text but they are also complete with a concordance. Consequently, you are able to count the number of times a particular word is used in a text or list the most common (10, 25, 50, etc.) words.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412192310/http://victorian.lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp/concordance/">Hyper-Concordance, Mitsu Matsuoka, Nagoya University</a> - The Hyper-Concordance is written in C++, a program that scans and displays lines based on a command entered by the user. Includes Victorian, British & Irish, and American literatures.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916183318/http://cherry.conncoll.edu/cohar/Programs.htm">Concord</a> - Page includes link to Concord, an on-the-fly KWIC concordance generator. Works with at least some non-Latin scripts (modern Greek, for instance). Multiple choices for sorting results; multi-platform; Open Source.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buschmeier.org/bh/study/ccd/">ConcorDance</a> - A concordance interface to the WorldWideWeb, it uses Google's or Yahoo's search engine to find concordances and can be used directly from the browser.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/tools/concordance">Chinese Text Project Concordance Tool</a> - Concordance lookup and discussion of the continued importance of printed concordances in <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">Sinology</a> - <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Text_Project" title="Chinese Text Project">Chinese Text Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khc.sourceforge.net/en/">KH Coder</a> - A free software for KWIC concordance and collocation stats generation. Various statistical analysis functions are also available such as <a href="/wiki/Co-occurrence_network" title="Co-occurrence network">co-occurrence network</a>, multidimensional scaling, hierarchical cluster analysis, and correspondence analysis of words.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concordance.am/">The electronic concordance of the Armenian literature</a> - Armenian literature of concordances has a rich history, but one of its breakthrough stages was marked by the creation of a large Armenian electronic concordance available on the website. The electronic concordances are advantageously distinguished from both typographical, printed concordances and foreign-language electronic concordances. Those differences refer to the choice of authors, the structure, and the presentation of the headword.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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