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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Voices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Voices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Voices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocal_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vocal classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocal_registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vocal registration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocal_resonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_resonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vocal resonation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_resonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chest_voice_and_head_voice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chest_voice_and_head_voice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Chest voice and head voice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chest_voice_and_head_voice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>History and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocal_registers:_General_discussion_of_transitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_registers:_General_discussion_of_transitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Vocal registers: General discussion of transitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_registers:_General_discussion_of_transitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocal_registers_and_transitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_registers_and_transitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Vocal registers and transitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_registers_and_transitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocal_pedagogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_pedagogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vocal pedagogy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocal_pedagogy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocal pedagogy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocal_pedagogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocal_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vocal technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Developing_the_singing_voice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_the_singing_voice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Developing the singing voice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_the_singing_voice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extending_vocal_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extending_vocal_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Extending vocal range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extending_vocal_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Posture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breathing_and_breath_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathing_and_breath_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Breathing and breath support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breathing_and_breath_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vibrato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vibrato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Vibrato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vibrato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_vocal_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_vocal_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Extended vocal technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_vocal_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocal_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vocal music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocal_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocal music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocal_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genres_of_vocal_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres_of_vocal_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Genres of vocal music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres_of_vocal_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_and_traditional_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_and_traditional_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Popular and traditional music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_and_traditional_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Careers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Careers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Careers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Careers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singing_competitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singing_competitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Singing competitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singing_competitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singing_and_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singing_and_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Singing and language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Singing_and_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Singing and language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Singing_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Sign_Language:_Artistic_Song_Signing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Sign_Language:_Artistic_Song_Signing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>American Sign Language: Artistic Song Signing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Sign_Language:_Artistic_Song_Signing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurological_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurological_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Neurological aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurological_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accents_and_singing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accents_and_singing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Accents and singing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accents_and_singing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Art music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Other music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Singing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangkuns" title="Sangkuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sangkuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesang" title="Gesang – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gesang" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangcr%C3%A6ft" title="Sangcræft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sangcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="غناء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غناء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cante" title="Cante – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cante" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܙܡܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܡܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purah%C3%A9i" title="Purahéi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Purahéi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxumaq" title="Oxumaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oxumaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="গাওয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গাওয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%B9%E2%81%BF-koa" title="Chhiùⁿ-koa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiùⁿ-koa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Спеў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спеў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Сьпеў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьпеў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="गायकी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गायकी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Пеене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пеене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gsang" title="Gsang – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gsang" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="གཞས་གཏོང་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཞས་གཏོང་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjevanje" title="Pjevanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pjevanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C3%B1" title="Kanañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kanañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant" title="Cant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Юрлав – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юрлав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zp%C4%9Bv" title="Zpěv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zpěv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1vlun" title="Lávlun – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Lávlun" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesang" title="Gesang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gesang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laulmine" title="Laulmine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laulmine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto" title="Canto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantado" title="Kantado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kantado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantu" title="Kantu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kantu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="خوانندگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوانندگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chant" title="Chant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjongen" title="Sjongen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sjongen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhr%C3%A1na%C3%ADocht" title="Amhránaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Amhránaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraneys" title="Arraneys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Arraneys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto" title="Canto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B1%E6%AD%8C" title="唱歌 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="唱歌" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%B0%BD" title="가창 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가창" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing" title="Singing – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Singing" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երգեցողություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երգեցողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="गायन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गायन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjevanje" title="Pjevanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pjevanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menyanyi" title="Menyanyi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menyanyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto_(action)" title="Canto (action) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Canto (action)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ngur" title="Söngur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Söngur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto" title="Canto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%94" title="זמרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זמרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8" title="ಗಾಯನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾಯನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვოკალისტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვოკალისტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A0%D9%88%D9%8F%D9%86" title="گؠوُن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گؠوُن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chant%C3%A8" title="Chantè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chantè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan" title="Chan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Chan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Ырдоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ырдоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B3" title="ການຂັບລຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຂັບລຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantus" title="Cantus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cantus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzied%C4%81%C5%A1ana" title="Dziedāšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dziedāšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainavimas" title="Dainavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dainavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zank" title="Zank – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zank" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajo" title="Pajo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pajo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sanga" title="sanga – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sanga" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nekl%C3%A9s" title="Éneklés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Éneklés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="गायन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गायन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Пеење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пеење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഗാനാലാപനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗാനാലാപനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვოკალისტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვოკალისტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="غنا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غنا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4" title="خونش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خونش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyanyian" title="Nyanyian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nyanyian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangkunst" title="Zangkunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zangkunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangkeunst" title="Zangkeunst – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zangkeunst" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95" title="गायक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गायक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1" title="歌唱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歌唱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant" title="Cant – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cant" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%A8" title="ଗାୟନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗାୟନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਗਾਇਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਾਇਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گلوکاری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گلوکاری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canta" title="Canta – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Canta" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singin" title="Singin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Singin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant" title="Cant – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cant" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Apiew" title="Śpiew – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śpiew" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Canto (música) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canto (música)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ntare" title="Cântare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cântare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taki" title="Taki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Taki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Пение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A7" title="ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singin" title="Singin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Singin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantu" title="Cantu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cantu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ගායකයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගායකයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing" title="Singing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Singing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Apjyw" title="Śpjyw – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Śpjyw" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%8C" title="گۆرانیبێژی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆرانیبێژی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevanje" title="Pevanje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pevanje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjevanje" title="Pjevanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pjevanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laulu" title="Laulu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjunga" title="Sjunga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjunga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-awit" title="Pag-awit – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pag-awit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பாடுதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாடுதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="గానం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87" title="การร้องเพลง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การร้องเพลง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Овозхонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Овозхонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eark%C4%B1_s%C3%B6yleme" title="Şarkı söyleme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şarkı söyleme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Спів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گلوکاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گلوکاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1t" title="Hát – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchantaedje" title="Tchantaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchantaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayeechi" title="Jayeechi – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Jayeechi" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B1%E6%AD%8C" title="唱歌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="唱歌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="געזאנג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געזאנג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B1%E6%AD%8C" title="唱歌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="唱歌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyrwan" title="Deyrwan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Deyrwan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1" title="歌唱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歌唱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagu" title="Belagu – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Belagu" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li 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style="display:none">Act of producing musical sounds with the voice</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sing", "Singer", and "Vocals" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sing (disambiguation)">Sing (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Singer (disambiguation)">Singer (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocals_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vocals (disambiguation)">Vocals (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ah_cricket_20122_(7364759010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ah_cricket_20122_%287364759010%29.jpg/220px-Ah_cricket_20122_%287364759010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ah_cricket_20122_%287364759010%29.jpg/330px-Ah_cricket_20122_%287364759010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ah_cricket_20122_%287364759010%29.jpg/440px-Ah_cricket_20122_%287364759010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5450" data-file-height="3509" /></a><figcaption>Singing children</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windsbacher_d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Windsbacher_d.jpg/220px-Windsbacher_d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Windsbacher_d.jpg/330px-Windsbacher_d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Windsbacher_d.jpg/440px-Windsbacher_d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Children's choir</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hals,_Frans_-_Singing_Girl_-_1626-30.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hals%2C_Frans_-_Singing_Girl_-_1626-30.png/220px-Hals%2C_Frans_-_Singing_Girl_-_1626-30.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hals%2C_Frans_-_Singing_Girl_-_1626-30.png/330px-Hals%2C_Frans_-_Singing_Girl_-_1626-30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hals%2C_Frans_-_Singing_Girl_-_1626-30.png/440px-Hals%2C_Frans_-_Singing_Girl_-_1626-30.png 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Girl_Singing_(Hals)" title="Girl Singing (Hals)"><i>Girl Singing</i> (Frans Hals, about 1628)</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Singing</b> is the art of creating <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice">voice</a>. It is the oldest form of musical expression, and the human voice can be considered the first musical instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-HB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of singing varies across sources.<sup id="cite_ref-HB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources define singing as the act of creating <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sounds</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice">voice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other common definitions include "the utterance of words or sounds in tuneful succession"<sup id="cite_ref-HB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "the production of musical tones by means of the human voice".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person whose profession is singing is called a <b>singer</b> or a <b>vocalist</b> (in <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singers perform music (<a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">arias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">songs</a>, etc.) that can be sung <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">with</a> or <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">without accompaniment</a> by <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>. Singing is often done in an <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble (music)">ensemble</a> of musicians, such as a <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a>. Singers may perform as <a href="/wiki/Soloist_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soloist (music)">soloists</a> or accompanied by anything from a single instrument (as in <a href="/wiki/Art_song" title="Art song">art songs</a> or some <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz styles</a>) up to a <a href="/wiki/Symphony_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony orchestra">symphony orchestra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a>. Many styles of singing exist throughout the world. </p><p>Singing can be formal or informal, arranged, or improvised. It may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, as part of a ritual, during <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">music education</a> or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular <a href="/wiki/Practice_(learning_method)" title="Practice (learning method)">practice</a>. If practice is done regularly then the sounds can become clearer and stronger.<sup id="cite_ref-ayatsguides_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayatsguides-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional singers usually build their <a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">careers</a> around one specific <a href="/wiki/Musical_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical genre">musical genre</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, although there are singers with crossover success (singing in more than one genre). Professional singers usually take <a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">voice training</a> provided by voice teachers or <a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">vocal coaches</a> throughout their careers. </p><p>Singing should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rap_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap (music)">rapping</a> as they are not the same.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SLSS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLSS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to music scholar and rap historian Martin E. Connor, "Rap is often defined by its very opposition to singing."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While also a form of <a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">vocal music</a>, rap differs from singing in that it does not engage with <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a> in the same way and does not require <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-SLSS_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLSS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like singing, rap does use rhythm in connection to words but these are spoken rather than sung on specific pitches.<sup id="cite_ref-SLSS_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLSS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i> states that "Within the historical context of popular music in the United States, rap can be seen as an alternative to singing that could connect directly with stylistic speech practices in African American English."<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some rap artists do employ singing as well as rapping in their music; using the switch between the rhythmic speech of rapping and the sung pitches of singing as a striking contrast to grab the attention of the listener.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voices">Voices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Voices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1204.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray1204.png/300px-Gray1204.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray1204.png/450px-Gray1204.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray1204.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In its physical aspect, singing has a well-defined technique that depends on the use of the lungs, which act as an air supply or <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a>; on the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, which acts as a <a href="/wiki/Reed_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed (instrument)">reed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vibrator_(mechanical)" title="Vibrator (mechanical)">vibrator</a>; on the <a href="/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">chest</a>, head cavities and the skeleton, which have the function of an <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a>, as the tube in a <a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">wind instrument</a>; and on the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, which together with the <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">lips</a> articulate and impose <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> on the amplified sound. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are nevertheless coordinated in the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Vocal_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal technique">vocal technique</a> and are made to interact upon one another.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphragm (anatomy)">diaphragm</a> while exhalation occurs without any effort. Exhalation may be aided by the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal">abdominal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_intercostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal intercostal">internal intercostal</a> and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of <a href="/wiki/External_intercostals" class="mw-redirect" title="External intercostals">external intercostals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scalenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalenes">scalenes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternocleidomastoid muscles">sternocleidomastoid muscles</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> is altered with the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a>. With the lips closed, this is called <a href="/wiki/Humming" title="Humming">humming</a>. </p><p>The sound of each individual's singing voice is entirely unique not only because of the actual shape and size of an individual's <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a>, but also due to the size and shape of the rest of that person's body. Humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a>, the position of the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, and the tightness of otherwise unrelated muscles can be altered. Any one of these actions results in a change in <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, volume (<a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a>), <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individual's size and bone structure can affect the sound produced by an individual. </p><p>Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">vocal resonation</a>. Another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of laryngeal function are described as different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Vocal_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal registers">vocal registers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vennard_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vennard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the <a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">singer's formant</a>; which has been shown to match particularly well to the most sensitive part of the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a>'s frequency range.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocal_classification">Vocal classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vocal classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music" title="Voice classification in non-classical music">Voice classification in non-classical music</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:10em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf"> Female</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf"> Male</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voice_type" title="Template:Voice type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voice_type" title="Template talk:Voice type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voice_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voice type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">European classical music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, voices are treated like <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Composers" class="mw-redirect" title="Composers">Composers</a> who write vocal music must have an understanding of the skills, talents, and vocal properties of singers. <b>Voice classification</b> is the process by which human singing voices are evaluated and are thereby designated into <a href="/wiki/Voice_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice types">voice types</a>. These qualities include but are not limited to <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">vocal weight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocal_tessitura" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal tessitura">vocal tessitura</a>, vocal <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocal_transition_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal transition points">vocal transition points</a> such as breaks and lifts within the voice. Other considerations are physical characteristics, speech level, scientific testing, and <a href="/wiki/Vocal_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal registration">vocal registration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shewan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shewan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The science behind voice classification developed within European <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> has been slow in adapting to more modern forms of singing. Voice classification is often used within <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> to associate possible roles with potential voices. There are currently several different systems in use within classical music including the German <i><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></i> system and the choral music system among many others. No system is universally applied or accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Stark_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, most classical music systems acknowledge seven different major voice categories. Women are typically divided into three groups: <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a>. Men are usually divided into four groups: <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bass_(vocal_range)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (vocal range)">bass</a>. With regard to voices of pre-pubescent children, an eighth term, <a href="/wiki/Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">treble</a>, can be applied. Within each of these major categories, several sub-categories identify specific vocal qualities like <a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">coloratura</a> facility and <a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">vocal weight</a> to differentiate between voices.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within <a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">choral music</a>, singers' voices are divided solely on the basis of vocal range. Choral music most commonly divides vocal parts into high and low voices within each sex (SATB, or soprano, alto, tenor, and bass). As a result, the typical choral situation gives many opportunities for misclassification to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since most people have medium voices, they must be assigned to a part that is either too high or too low for them; the mezzo-soprano must sing soprano or alto and the baritone must sing tenor or bass. Either option can present problems for the singer, but for most singers, there are fewer dangers in singing too low than in singing too high.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within contemporary forms of music (sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_commercial_music" title="Contemporary commercial music">contemporary commercial music</a>), singers are classified by the <a href="/wiki/Music_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Music style">style of music</a> they sing, such as jazz, pop, blues, soul, country, folk, and rock styles. There is currently no authoritative voice classification system within non-classical music. Attempts have been made to adopt classical voice type terms to other forms of singing but such attempts have been met with controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of voice categorizations were made with the understanding that the singer would be using classical vocal technique within a specified range using unamplified (no microphones) vocal production. Since contemporary musicians use different vocal techniques and microphones and are not forced to fit into a specific vocal role, applying such terms as soprano, tenor, baritone, etc. can be misleading or even inaccurate.<sup id="cite_ref-Appelman_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appelman-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocal_registration">Vocal registration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vocal registration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vocal_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal registration">Vocal registration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passagio" class="mw-redirect" title="Passagio">Passagio</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal registers</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; font-size:100%;"> <small>Highest</small><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>  <a href="/wiki/Whistle_register" title="Whistle register">Whistle</a></li><li>  <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li><li>  <a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal</a></li><li>  <a href="/wiki/Vocal_fry_register" title="Vocal fry register">Vocal fry</a></li></ul></div><small>Lowest</small></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vocal_registration" title="Template:Vocal registration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vocal_registration" title="Template talk:Vocal registration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vocal_registration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vocal registration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Vocal registration</i> refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a particular series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal fold">vocal folds</a>, and possessing the same quality. Registers originate in <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">laryngeal</a> function. They occur because the vocal folds are capable of producing several different vibratory patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these vibratory patterns appears within a particular range of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a> and produces certain characteristic sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Large_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Large-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occurrence of registers has also been attributed to the effects of the acoustic interaction between the vocal fold oscillation and the vocal tract.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "register" can be somewhat confusing as it encompasses several aspects of the voice. The term register can be used to refer to any of the following:<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A particular part of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a> such as the upper, middle, or lower registers.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a> area such as <a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">chest voice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">head voice</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonatory</a> process (phonation is the process of producing vocal sound by the vibration of the vocal folds that is in turn modified by the resonance of the vocal tract)</li> <li>A certain vocal <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> or vocal "color"</li> <li>A region of the voice which is defined or delimited by vocal breaks.</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, a <b>register language</b> is a language which combines <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> and vowel <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> into a single <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> system. Within <a href="/wiki/Speech_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech pathology">speech pathology</a>, the term vocal register has three constituent elements: a certain vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, a certain series of pitches, and a certain type of sound. Speech pathologists identify four vocal registers based on the physiology of laryngeal function: the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_fry_register" title="Vocal fry register">vocal fry register</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Modal_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal register">modal register</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Falsetto_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsetto register">falsetto register</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Whistle_register" title="Whistle register">whistle register</a>. This view is also adopted by many vocal pedagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocal_resonation">Vocal resonation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vocal resonation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">Vocal resonation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu01_head_neck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/220px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/330px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of the head and neck</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vocal resonation</b> is the process by which the basic product of <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> is enhanced in timbre or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air. Various terms related to the resonation process include amplification, enrichment, enlargement, improvement, intensification, and prolongation, although in strictly scientific usage acoustic authorities would question most of them. The main point to be drawn from these terms by a singer or speaker is that the result of resonation is, or should be, to make a better sound.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are seven areas that may be listed as possible vocal resonators. In sequence from the lowest within the body to the highest, these areas are the <a href="/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">chest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">tracheal tree</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> itself, the <a href="/wiki/Human_pharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pharynx">pharynx</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Human_oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human oral cavity">oral cavity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sinuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinuses">sinuses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene2001_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chest_voice_and_head_voice">Chest voice and head voice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chest voice and head voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Passagio" class="mw-redirect" title="Passagio">Passagio</a></div> <p><i>Chest voice</i> and <i>head voice</i> are terms used within <a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">vocal music</a>. The use of these terms varies widely within vocal pedagogical circles and there is currently no one consistent opinion among vocal music professionals in regards to these terms. Chest voice can be used in relation to a particular part of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a> or type of <a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">vocal register</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal resonance">vocal resonance</a> area; or a specific vocal timbre.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Head voice can be used in relation to a particular part of the vocal range or type of vocal register or a vocal resonance area.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Men, the head voice is commonly referred to as the falsetto. The transition from and combination of chest voice and head voice is referred to as vocal mix or vocal mixing in the singer's performance.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vocal mixing can be inflected in specific modalities of artists who may concentrate on smooth transitions between chest voice and head voice, and those who may use a <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey_(album)" title="Mariah Carey (album)">"flip"</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe the sudden transition from chest voice to head voice for artistic reasons and enhancement of vocal performances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_and_development">History and development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first recorded mention of the terms chest voice and head voice was around the 13th century when it was distinguished from the "throat voice" (pectoris, guttoris, capitis—at this time it is likely that head voice referred to the <a href="/wiki/Falsetto_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsetto register">falsetto register</a>) by the writers <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Garlandia_(music_theorist)" title="Johannes de Garlandia (music theorist)">Johannes de Garlandia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome_of_Moravia" title="Jerome of Moravia">Jerome of Moravia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-groveONE_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groveONE-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms were later adopted within <a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">bel canto</a>, the Italian opera singing method, where chest voice was identified as the lowest and head voice the highest of three vocal registers: the chest, <a href="/wiki/Passagio" class="mw-redirect" title="Passagio">passagio</a>, and head registers.<sup id="cite_ref-Stark_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach is still taught by some <a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogists" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal pedagogists">vocal pedagogists</a> today. Another current popular approach that is based on the bel canto model is to divide both men and women's voices into three registers. Men's voices are divided into "chest register", "head register", and "falsetto register" and woman's voices into "chest register", "middle register", and "head register". Such pedagogists teach that the head register is a <a href="/wiki/Vocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal">vocal</a> technique used in singing to describe the resonance felt in the singer's head.<sup id="cite_ref-Headv_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Headv-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as knowledge of physiology has increased over the past two hundred years, so has the understanding of the physical process of singing and vocal production. As a result, many vocal pedagogists, such as Ralph Appelman at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Vennard" title="William Vennard">William Vennard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, have redefined or even abandoned the use of the terms chest voice and head voice.<sup id="cite_ref-Stark_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the use of the terms <i>chest register</i> and <i>head register</i> have become controversial since <a href="/wiki/Vocal_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal registration">vocal registration</a> is more commonly seen today as a product of <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">laryngeal</a> function that is unrelated to the physiology of the chest, lungs, and head. For this reason, many vocal pedagogists argue that it is meaningless to speak of registers being produced in the chest or head. They argue that the vibratory sensations which are felt in these areas are resonance phenomena and should be described in terms related to <a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal resonance">vocal resonance</a>, not to registers. These vocal pedagogists prefer the terms <i>chest voice</i> and <i>head voice</i> over the term register. This view believes that the problems which people identify as register problems are really problems of resonance adjustment. This view is also in alignment with the views of other academic fields that study vocal registration including <a href="/wiki/Speech_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech pathology">speech pathology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>. Although both methods are still in use, current vocal pedagogical practice tends to adopt the newer more scientific view. Also, some vocal pedagogists take ideas from both viewpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contemporary use of the term chest voice often refers to a specific kind of vocal coloration or vocal timbre. In classical singing, its use is limited entirely to the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Modal_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal register">modal register</a> or normal voice. Within other forms of singing, chest voice is often applied throughout the modal register. Chest timbre can add a wonderful array of sounds to a singer's vocal interpretive palette.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the use of an overly strong chest voice in the higher registers in an attempt to hit higher notes in the chest can lead to forcing. Forcing can lead consequently to vocal deterioration.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordDictOperaOne_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordDictOperaOne-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocal_registers:_General_discussion_of_transitions">Vocal registers: General discussion of transitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vocal registers: General discussion of transitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Passaggio (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[pasˈsaddʒo]</a></span>) is a term used in classical singing to describe the transition area between the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal registration">vocal registers</a>. The <i>passaggi</i> (plural) of the voice lie between the different vocal registers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">chest voice</a>, where any singer can produce a powerful sound, the middle voice, and the <a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">head voice</a>, where a penetrating sound is accessible, but usually only through vocal training. The historic Italian school of singing describes a <i>primo passaggio</i> and a <i>secondo passaggio</i> connected through a <i>zona di passaggio</i> in the male voice and a <i>primo passaggio</i> and <i>secondo passaggio</i> in the female voice. A major goal of classical voice training in classical styles is to maintain an even <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> throughout the passaggio. Through proper training, it is possible to produce a resonant and powerful sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocal_registers_and_transitions">Vocal registers and transitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vocal registers and transitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One cannot adequately discuss the vocal <i>passaggio</i> without having a basic understanding of the different vocal registers. In his book <i>The Principles of Voice Production</i>, Ingo Titze states, "The term <i>register</i> has been used to describe perceptually distinct regions of vocal quality that can be maintained over some ranges of pitch and loudness."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discrepancies in terminology exist between different fields of vocal study, such as teachers and singers, researchers, and clinicians. As Marilee David points out, "Voice scientists see registration primarily as acoustic events."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For singers, it is more common to explain registration events based on the physical sensations they feel when singing. Titze also explains that there are discrepancies in the terminology used to talk about vocal registration between speech pathologists and singing teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since this article discusses the <i>passaggio</i>, which is a term used by classical singers, the registers will be discussed as they are in the field of singing rather than speech pathology and science. </p><p>The three main registers, described as head, middle (mixed), and chest voice, are described as having a rich timbre, because of the overtones due to the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_resonance" title="Sympathetic resonance">sympathetic resonance</a> within the human body. Their names are derived from the area in which the singer feels these resonant vibration in the body. The chest register, more commonly referred to as the chest voice, is the lowest of the registers. When singing in the chest voice the singer feels sympathetic vibration in the chest. This is the register that people most commonly use while speaking. The middle voice falls in between the chest voice and head voice. The head register, or the head voice, is the highest of the main vocal registers. When singing in the head voice, the singer may feel sympathetic vibration occurring in the face or another part of the head. Where these registers lie in the voice is dependent on sex and the voice type within each sex.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are an additional two registers called <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whistle_register" title="Whistle register">flageolet</a> register, which lie above their head register.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Training is often required to access the pitches within these registers. Men and women with lower voices rarely sing in these registers. Lower-voiced women in particular receive very little if any training in the flageolet register. Men have one more additional register called the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_fry_register" title="Vocal fry register"><i>strohbass</i></a>, which lies below the chest voice. Singing in this register is hard on the vocal cords, and therefore, is hardly ever used.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocal_pedagogy">Vocal pedagogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vocal pedagogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">Vocal pedagogy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenzo_Costa_-_Un_concerto_(National_Gallery,_London).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lorenzo_Costa_-_Un_concerto_%28National_Gallery%2C_London%29.jpg/200px-Lorenzo_Costa_-_Un_concerto_%28National_Gallery%2C_London%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lorenzo_Costa_-_Un_concerto_%28National_Gallery%2C_London%29.jpg/300px-Lorenzo_Costa_-_Un_concerto_%28National_Gallery%2C_London%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lorenzo_Costa_-_Un_concerto_%28National_Gallery%2C_London%29.jpg/400px-Lorenzo_Costa_-_Un_concerto_%28National_Gallery%2C_London%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ercole_de%27_Roberti" title="Ercole de' Roberti">Ercole de' Roberti</a>: Concert, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1490</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vocal pedagogy</b> is the study of the teaching of singing. The art and science of vocal pedagogy has a long history that began in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues to develop and change today. Professions that practice the art and science of vocal pedagogy include <a href="/wiki/Vocal_coaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal coaches">vocal coaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">choral directors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">vocal music educators</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_directors" title="List of opera directors">opera directors</a>, and other teachers of singing. </p><p>Vocal pedagogy concepts are a part of developing proper <a href="/wiki/Vocal_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal technique">vocal technique</a>. Typical areas of study include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-Titze2008_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Titze2008-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Titze1994_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Titze1994-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a> and physiology as it relates to the physical process of singing <ul><li>Vocal health and <a href="/wiki/Voice_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice disorders">voice disorders</a> related to singing</li> <li>Breathing and air support for singing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">Vocal resonation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voice_projection" title="Voice projection">Voice projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal registration">Vocal registration</a>: a particular series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, and possessing the same quality, which originate in laryngeal function, because each of these vibratory patterns appears within a particular range of pitches and produces certain characteristic sounds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice classification">Voice classification</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vocal styles: for classical singers, this includes styles ranging from <a href="/wiki/Lieder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieder">Lieder</a> to <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>; for pop singers, styles can include <a href="/wiki/Belt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belt (music)">"belted out"</a> a blues ballads; for jazz singers, styles can include Swing ballads and scatting. <ul><li>Techniques used in styles such as <a href="/wiki/Sostenuto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sostenuto">sostenuto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">legato</a>, range extension, tone quality, <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">coloratura</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocal_technique">Vocal technique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vocal technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv/220px--Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="36" data-mwtitle="Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv/Morphometric-Differences-of-Vocal-Tract-Articulators-in-Different-Loudness-Conditions-in-Singing-pone.0153792.s004.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Real-time_MRI" title="Real-time MRI">Real-time MRI</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Vocal_tract" title="Vocal tract">vocal tract</a> while singing</figcaption></figure> <p>Singing when done with proper vocal technique is an integrated and coordinated act that effectively coordinates the physical processes of singing. There are four physical processes involved in producing vocal sound: <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">respiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">resonation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">articulation</a>. These processes occur in the following sequence: </p> <ol><li>Breath is taken</li> <li>Sound is initiated in the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></li> <li>The vocal resonators receive the sound and influence it</li> <li>The articulators shape the sound into recognizable units</li></ol> <p>Although these four processes are often considered separately when studied, in actual practice, they merge into one coordinated function. With an effective singer or speaker, one should rarely be reminded of the process involved as their mind and body are so coordinated that one only perceives the resulting unified function. Many vocal problems result from a lack of coordination within this process.<sup id="cite_ref-Appelman_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appelman-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since singing is a coordinated act, it is difficult to discuss any of the individual technical areas and processes without relating them to others. For example, phonation only comes into perspective when it is connected with respiration; the articulators affect resonance; the resonators affect the vocal folds; the vocal folds affect breath control; and so forth. Vocal problems are often a result of a breakdown in one part of this coordinated process which causes voice teachers to frequently focus intensively on one area of the process with their student until that issue is resolved. However, some areas of the art of singing are so much the result of coordinated functions that it is hard to discuss them under a traditional heading like phonation, resonation, articulation, or respiration. </p><p>Once the voice student has become aware of the physical processes that make up the act of singing and of how those processes function, the student begins the task of trying to coordinate them. Inevitably, students and teachers will become more concerned with one area of the technique than another. The various processes may progress at different rates, with a resulting imbalance or lack of coordination. The areas of vocal technique which seem to depend most strongly on the student's ability to coordinate various functions are:<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Extending the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a> to its maximum potential</li> <li>Developing consistent vocal production with a consistent tone quality</li> <li>Developing flexibility and agility</li> <li>Achieving a balanced <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a></li> <li>A blend of chest and head voice on every note of the range<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Developing_the_singing_voice">Developing the singing voice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Developing the singing voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singing is a skill that requires highly developed muscle reflexes. Singing does not require much muscle strength but it does require a high degree of muscle coordination. Individuals can develop their voices further through the careful and systematic practice of both songs and vocal exercises. Vocal exercises have several purposes, including<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> warming up the voice; extending the vocal range; "lining up" the voice horizontally and vertically; and acquiring vocal techniques such as legato, staccato, control of dynamics, rapid figurations, learning to sing wide intervals comfortably, singing trills, singing melismas and correcting vocal faults. </p><p>Vocal pedagogists instruct their students to exercise their voices in an intelligent manner. Singers should be thinking constantly about the kind of sound they are making and the kind of sensations they are feeling while they are singing.<sup id="cite_ref-Appelman_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appelman-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Learning to sing is an activity that benefits from the involvement of an instructor. A singer does not hear the same sounds inside his or her head that others hear outside. Therefore, having a guide who can tell a student what kinds of sounds he or she is producing guides a singer to understand which of the internal sounds correspond to the desired sounds required by the style of singing the student aims to re-create.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extending_vocal_range">Extending vocal range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Extending vocal range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important goal of vocal development is to learn to sing to the natural limits<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of one's vocal range without any obvious or distracting changes of quality or technique. Vocal pedagogists teach that a singer can only achieve this goal when all of the physical processes involved in singing (such as laryngeal action, breath support, resonance adjustment, and articulatory movement) are effectively working together. Most vocal pedagogists believe in coordinating these processes by (1) establishing good vocal habits in the most comfortable tessitura of the voice, and then (2) slowly expanding the range.<sup id="cite_ref-Vennard_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vennard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three factors that significantly affect the ability to sing higher or lower: </p> <ol><li>The <i>energy</i> factor – "energy" has several connotations. It refers to the total response of the body to the making of sound; to a dynamic relationship between the breathing-in muscles and the breathing-out muscles known as the breath support mechanism; to the amount of breath pressure delivered to the vocal folds and their resistance to that pressure; and to the dynamic level of the sound.</li> <li>The <i>space</i> factor – "space" refers to the size of the inside of the mouth and the position of the palate and larynx. Generally speaking, a singer's mouth should be opened wider the higher he or she sings. The internal space or position of the soft palate and larynx can be widened by relaxing the throat. Vocal pedagogists describe this as feeling like the "beginning of a yawn".</li> <li>The <i>depth</i> factor – "depth" has two connotations. It refers to the actual physical sensations of depth in the body and vocal mechanism, and to mental concepts of depth that are related to tone quality.</li></ol> <p>McKinney says, "These three factors can be expressed in three basic rules: (1) As you sing higher, you must use more energy; as you sing lower, you must use less. (2) As you sing higher, you must use more space; as you sing lower, you must use less. (3) As you sing higher, you must use more depth; as you sing lower, you must use less."<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney_1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posture">Posture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Posture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The singing process functions best when certain physical conditions of the body are put in place. The ability to move air in and out of the body freely and to obtain the needed quantity of air can be seriously affected by the posture of the various parts of the breathing mechanism. A sunken chest position will limit the capacity of the lungs, and a tense abdominal wall will inhibit the downward travel of the diaphragm. Good posture allows the breathing mechanism to fulfill its basic function efficiently without any undue expenditure of energy. Good posture also makes it easier to initiate phonation and to tune the resonators as proper alignment prevents unnecessary tension in the body. Vocal pedagogists have also noted that when singers assume good posture it often provides them with a greater sense of self-assurance and poise while performing. Audiences also tend to respond better to singers with good posture. Habitual good posture also ultimately improves the overall health of the body by enabling better blood circulation and preventing fatigue and stress on the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Vennard_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vennard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are eight components of the ideal singing posture: </p> <ol><li>Feet slightly apart</li> <li>Legs straight but knees slightly bent</li> <li>Hips facing straight forward</li> <li>Spine aligned</li> <li>Abdomen flat</li> <li>Chest comfortably forward</li> <li>Shoulders down and back</li> <li>Head facing straight forward</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breathing_and_breath_support">Breathing and breath support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Breathing and breath support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natural breathing has three stages: a breathing-in period, breathing out period, and a resting or recovery period; these stages are not usually consciously controlled. Within singing, there are four stages of breathing: a breathing-in period (inhalation); a setting up controls period (suspension); a controlled exhalation period (phonation); and a recovery period. </p><p>These stages must be under conscious control by the singer until they become conditioned reflexes. Many singers abandon conscious controls before their reflexes are fully conditioned which ultimately leads to chronic vocal problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Sundberg_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sundberg-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vibrato">Vibrato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vibrato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a> is a technique in which a sustained note wavers very quickly and consistently between a higher and a lower pitch, giving the note a slight quaver. Vibrato is the pulse or wave in a sustained tone. Vibrato occurs naturally and is the result of proper breath support and a relaxed vocal apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have shown that vibrato is the result of a neuromuscular tremor in the vocal folds. In 1922 Max Schoen was the first to make the comparison of vibrato to a tremor due to change in amplitude, lack of automatic control and it being half the rate of normal muscular discharge.<sup id="cite_ref-Stark2003_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark2003-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some singers use vibrato as a means of expression. Many successful artists can sing a deep, rich vibrato. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_vocal_technique">Extended vocal technique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Extended vocal technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Extended_vocal_technique" title="Extended vocal technique">Extended vocal techniques</a> include rapping, screaming, growling, overtones, <a href="/wiki/Guitar_slide" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar slide">sliding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yodeling" title="Yodeling">yodeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belt (music)">belting</a>, use of <a href="/wiki/Vocal_fry_register" title="Vocal fry register">vocal fry register</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement systems</a>, among others. A sound reinforcement system is the combination of microphones, signal processors, amplifiers, and loudspeakers. The combination of such units may also use reverb, echo chambers and <a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a> among other devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocal_music">Vocal music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vocal music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">Vocal music</a></div> <p><b>Vocal music</b> is <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> performed by one or more singers, which are typically called <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">songs</a>, and which may be performed with or without <a href="/wiki/Musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical instruments">instrumental</a> accompaniment, in which singing provides the main focus of the piece. Vocal music is probably the oldest form of music since it does not require any instrument or equipment besides the voice. All musical <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> have some form of vocal music and there are many long-standing singing traditions throughout the world's cultures. Music which employs singing but does not feature it prominently is generally considered instrumental music. For example, some <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a> songs may have a short, simple call-and-response chorus, but the emphasis in the song is on the instrumental melodies and improvisation. Vocal music typically features sung words called <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a>, although there are notable examples of vocal music that are performed using non-linguistic syllables or noises, sometimes as musical <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a>. A short piece of vocal music with lyrics is broadly termed a song, although, in <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, terms such as <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> are typically used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genres_of_vocal_music">Genres of vocal music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Genres of vocal music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Music genre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divine_trio_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Divine_trio_2016.jpg/220px-Divine_trio_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Divine_trio_2016.jpg/330px-Divine_trio_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Divine_trio_2016.jpg/440px-Divine_trio_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>A trio of female singers performing at the <a href="/wiki/Berwaldhallen" class="mw-redirect" title="Berwaldhallen">Berwald Hall</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Vocal music is written in many different forms and styles which are often labeled within a particular genre of music. These genres include <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">religious music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fusion_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion genre">fusions</a> of such genres. Within these larger genres are many subgenres. For example, popular music would encompass <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">easy listening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>, and several other genres. There may also be a subgenre within a subgenre such as <a href="/wiki/Vocalese" title="Vocalese">vocalese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">scat singing</a> in jazz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular_and_traditional_music">Popular and traditional music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Popular and traditional music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many modern pop <a href="/wiki/Musical_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical group">musical groups</a>, a lead singer performs the primary vocals or <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a>, as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">backing singer</a> who sings backup vocals or the <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> of a song. Backing vocalists sing some, but usually, not all, parts of the song often singing only in a song's refrain or <a href="/wiki/Hum_(sound)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hum (sound)">humming</a> in the background. An exception is five-part <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a> <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> music, where the lead is the highest of the five voices and sings a <a href="/wiki/Descant" title="Descant">descant</a> and not the <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>. Some artists may sing both the lead and backing vocals on audio recordings by overlapping recorded vocal tracks. </p><p>Popular music includes a range of vocal styles. <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rapping</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmic</a> delivery of <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhymes</a> in a rhythmic speech over a <a href="/wiki/Beats_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beats (music)">beat</a> or without accompaniment. Some types of rapping consist mostly or entirely of speech and chanting, like the Jamaican "<a href="/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)" title="Toasting (Jamaican music)">toasting</a>". In some types of rapping, the performers may interpolate short sung or half-sung passages. <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> singing is based on the use of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_note" title="Blue note">blue notes</a> – notes sung at a slightly lower pitch than that of the major scale for expressive purposes. In <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> subgenres, vocal styles can include techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">screams</a>, shouts, and unusual sounds such as the "<a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">death growl</a>". </p><p>One difference between live performances in the popular and Classical genres is that whereas Classical performers often sing without amplification in small- to mid-size halls, in popular music, a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> and <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA system</a> (amplifier and speakers) are used in almost all performance venues, even a small coffee house. The use of the microphone has had several impacts on popular music. For one, it facilitated the development of intimate, expressive singing styles such as "<a href="/wiki/Crooning" class="mw-redirect" title="Crooning">crooning</a>" which would not have enough projection and volume if done without a microphone. As well, pop singers who use microphones can do a range of other vocal styles that would not project without amplification, such as making whispering sounds, humming, and mixing half-sung and sung tones. As well, some performers use the microphone's response patterns to create effects, such as bringing the mic very close to the mouth to get an enhanced bass response, or, in the case of hip-hop <a href="/wiki/Beatboxer" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatboxer">beatboxers</a>, doing plosive "p" and "b" sounds into the mic to create percussive effects. In the 2000s, controversy arose over the widespread use of electronic <a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a> <a href="/wiki/Pitch_correction" title="Pitch correction">pitch correction</a> devices with recorded and live popular music vocals. Controversy has also arisen due to cases where pop singers have been found to be <a href="/wiki/Lip-syncing_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lip-syncing in music">lip-syncing</a> to a pre-recorded recording of their vocal performance or, in the case of the controversial act <a href="/wiki/Milli_Vanilli" title="Milli Vanilli">Milli Vanilli</a>, lip-syncing to tracks recorded by other uncredited singers. </p><p>While some bands use backup singers who only sing when they are on stage, it is common for backup singers in popular music to have other roles. In many <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">metal</a> bands, the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_guitar" title="Rhythm guitar">rhythm guitar</a>, electric bass, or drums. In <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba#African_heritage" title="Music of Cuba">Afro-Cuban</a> groups, backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing. In some pop and hip hop groups and in <a href="/wiki/Musical_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical theater">musical theater</a>, the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Careers">Careers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Careers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The salaries and working conditions for vocalists vary a great deal. While jobs in other music fields such as music education choir conductors tend to be based on full-time, salaried positions, singing jobs tend to be based on contracts for individual shows or performances, or for a sequence of shows. </p><p>Aspiring singers and vocalists must have musical skills, an excellent voice, the ability to work with people, and a sense of showmanship and drama. Additionally, singers need to have the ambition and drive to continually study and improve.<sup id="cite_ref-careers_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-careers-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professional singers continue to seek out <a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">vocal coaching</a> to hone their skills, extend their range, and learn new styles. As well, aspiring singers need to gain specialized skills in the vocal techniques used to interpret songs, learn about the vocal literature from their chosen style of music, and gain skills in choral music techniques, <a href="/wiki/Sight_singing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight singing">sight singing</a> and memorizing songs, and vocal exercises. </p><p>Some singers learn other music jobs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">composing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">music producing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">songwriting</a>. Some singers put videos on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a> apps. Singers market themselves to buyers of vocal talent, by doing <a href="/wiki/Audition" title="Audition">auditions</a> in front of a <a href="/wiki/Music_director" title="Music director">music director</a>. Depending on the style of vocal music that a person has trained in, the "talent buyers" that they seek out may be <a href="/wiki/Record_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Record company">record company</a>, <a href="/wiki/A%26R" class="mw-redirect" title="A&R">A&R</a> representatives, music directors, choir directors, nightclub managers, or concert promoters. A CD or DVD with excerpts of vocal performances is used to demonstrate a singer's skills. Some singers hire an agent or manager to help them to seek out paid engagements and other performance opportunities; the agent or manager is often paid by receiving a percentage of the fees that the singer gets from performing onstage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Singing_competitions">Singing competitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Singing competitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">Music competition</a></div> <p>There are several television shows that showcase singing. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a></i> was launched in 2002. The first singing reality show was <i><a href="/wiki/Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa" title="Sa Re Ga Ma Pa">Sa Re Ga Ma Pa</a></i> launched by <a href="/wiki/Zee_TV" title="Zee TV">Zee TV</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-year_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-year-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a></i> Contestants audition in front of a panel of judges to see if they can move on to the next round in Hollywood, from then, the competition begins. The field of contestants is narrowed down week by week until a winner is chosen. To move on to the next round, the contestants' fate is determined by a vote by viewers. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Voice (U.S. TV series)">The Voice</a></i> is another singing competition program. Similar to <i>American Idol</i>, the contestants audition in front of a panel of judges, however, the judges' chairs are faced towards the audience during the performance. If the coaches are interested in the artist, they will press their button signifying they want to coach them. Once the auditions conclude, coaches have their team of artists and the competition begins. Coaches then mentor their artists and they compete to find the best singer. Other well-known singing competitions include <i><a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor" title="The X Factor">The X Factor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Got_Talent" title="America's Got Talent">America's Got Talent</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rising Star (TV series)">Rising Star</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sing-Off" title="The Sing-Off">The Sing-Off</a></i>. </p><p>A different example of a singing competition is <i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Forget_the_Lyrics!" title="Don't Forget the Lyrics!">Don't Forget the Lyrics!</a></i>, where the show's contestants compete to win cash prizes by correctly recalling song lyrics from a variety of genres. The show contrasts to many other music-based game shows in that artistic talent (such as the ability to sing or dance in an aesthetically pleasing way) is irrelevant to the contestants' chances of winning; in the words of one of their commercials prior to the first airing, "You don't have to sing it well; you just have to sing it right." In a similar vein, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Singing_Bee_(American_game_show)" title="The Singing Bee (American game show)">The Singing Bee</a></i> combines karaoke singing with a spelling bee-style competition, with the show featuring contestants trying to remember the lyrics to popular songs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Singing_and_language">Singing and language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Singing and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every spoken language, natural or non-natural language has its own intrinsic musicality which affects singing by means of pitch, phrasing, and accent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Sign_Language:_Artistic_Song_Signing">American Sign Language: Artistic Song Signing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: American Sign Language: Artistic Song Signing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An artistic signer, a signer who translates the lyrics of a song into American Sign Language (ASL), can modify existing signs, create new signs from the three basic parameters of sign language, and manipulate the typical signing space, thus deliberately expressing "rhythm, pitch, phrasing, and timbre."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, an artistic signer can be a person who is "Deaf, hearing, or hard of hearing" such as Justina Miles, a Deaf performer who used ASL to interpret Rihanna's 2023 Super Bowl Halftime Show performance, and Stephen Torrence, a hearing person who created signed songs on YouTube.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurological_aspects">Neurological aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Neurological aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much research has been done recently on the link between music and language, especially singing. It is becoming increasingly clear that these two processes are very much alike, and yet also different. Levitin describes how, beginning with the eardrum, sound waves are translated into pitch, or a <a href="/wiki/Tonotopy" title="Tonotopy">tonotopic map</a>, and then shortly thereafter "speech and music probably diverge into separate processing circuits" (130).<sup id="cite_ref-brain_on_music_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brain_on_music-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that neural circuits used for music and language may start out in infants undifferentiated. There are several areas of the brain that are used for both language and music. For example, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_47" title="Brodmann area 47">Brodmann area 47</a>, which has been implicated in the processing of <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> in oral and sign languages, as well as musical syntax and semantic aspects of language. Levitin recounts how in certain studies, "listening to music and attending its syntactic features", similar to the syntactic processes in language, activated this part of the brain. In addition, "musical syntax ... has been localized to ... areas adjacent to and overlapping with those regions that process speech syntax, such as <a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a>" and "the regions involved in musical semantics ... appear to be [localized] near <a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area" title="Wernicke's area">Wernicke's area</a>." Both Broca's area and Wernicke's area are important steps in language processing and production. </p><p>Singing has been shown to help stroke victims recover speech. According to neurologist Gottfried Schlaug, there is a corresponding area to that of speech, which resides in the left hemisphere, on the right side of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is casually known as the "singing center". By teaching stroke victims to sing their words, this can help train this area of the brain for speech. In support of this theory, Levitin asserts that "regional specificity", such as that for speech, "may be temporary, as the processing centers for important mental functions actually move to other regions after trauma or brain damage."<sup id="cite_ref-brain_on_music_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brain_on_music-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus in the right hemisphere of the brain, the "singing center" may be <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">retrained</a> to help produce speech.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accents_and_singing">Accents and singing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Accents and singing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The speaking dialect or accent of a person may differ greatly from the general singing accent that a person uses while singing. When people sing, they generally use the accent or neutral accent that is used in the style of music they are singing in, rather than a regional accent or dialect; the style of music and the popular center/region of the style has more influence on the singing accent of a person than where they come from. For example, in the English language, British singers of rock or popular music often sing in an American accent or neutral accent instead of an English accent.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multilingual_bands_and_artists" title="List of multilingual bands and artists">List of multilingual bands and artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_singing" title="Sign singing">Sign singing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_music">Art music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Art music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">Bel canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">Chanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro_(music)" title="Chiaroscuro (music)">Chiaroscuro (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">Choral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_singing" class="mw-redirect" title="Group singing">Group singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Overtone singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">Recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singer-songwriter" title="Singer-songwriter">Singer-songwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_singing" title="Throat singing">Throat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_pedagogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice pedagogy">Voice pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_projection" title="Voice projection">Voice projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodeling" title="Yodeling">Yodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winsingad" title="Winsingad">Winsingad</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_music">Other music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_boxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Beat boxing">Beat boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belt (music)">Belt (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hum_(sound)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hum (sound)">Humming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isicathamiya" title="Isicathamiya">Isicathamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulning" title="Kulning">Kulning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbube_(genre)" title="Mbube (genre)">Mbube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">Screaming (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocoder" title="Vocoder">Vocoder</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-Acylethanolamine" title="N-Acylethanolamine"><i>N</i>-acylethanolamine</a> (NAE)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSears2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sears, Tom (2003). "Singing". In Blakemore, Colin; Jennett, Sheila (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198524038.001.0001/acref-9780198524038-e-860?rskey=d85NfO&result=857"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Body</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727511" title="Special:BookSources/9780191727511"><bdi>9780191727511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Singing&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Body&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780191727511&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198524038.001.0001%2Facref-9780198524038-e-860%3Frskey%3Dd85NfO%26result%3D857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/singing">"Definition of SINGING"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+SINGING&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsinging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/singing">"Definition of sing | Dictionary.com"</a>. <i>www.dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+sing+%7C+Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fsinging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=singing">"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: sing"</a>. <i>ahdictionary.com</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ahdictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+entry%3A+sing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dsinging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/singing">"singing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i>. 16 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=singing&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fsinging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/vocalist">"VOCALIST – meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. <i>Dictionary.cambridge.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=VOCALIST+%E2%80%93+meaning+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fvocalist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215104/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/vocalist">"Vocalist | Definition of vocalist in US English by Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/vocalist">the original</a> on 2 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vocalist+%26%23124%3B+Definition+of+vocalist+in+US+English+by+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fus%2Fvocalist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayatsguides-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ayatsguides_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalkner1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Falkner" title="Keith Falkner">Falkner, Keith</a>, ed. (1983). <i>Voice</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> music guides. London: MacDonald Young. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-356-09099-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-356-09099-3"><bdi>978-0-356-09099-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10418423">10418423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voice&rft.place=London&rft.series=Yehudi+Menuhin+music+guides&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=MacDonald+Young&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10418423&rft.isbn=978-0-356-09099-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Greenberg, Jonathan (31 January 2014). "Singing". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.A2258282">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2258282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Singing&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.A2258282&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLSS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLSS_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLSS_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLSS_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley2015" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Martin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Singing_in_the_Lower_Secondary_School/OJ58CAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22rap+is+not+singing%22&pg=PA122&printsec=frontcover"><i>Singing in the Lower Secondary School</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing+in+the+Lower+Secondary+School&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FSinging_in_the_Lower_Secondary_School%2FOJ58CAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3D%2522rap%2Bis%2Bnot%2Bsinging%2522%26pg%3DPA122%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondry1999" class="citation book cs1">Condry, Ian (1999). <i>Japanese Rap Music: An Ethnography of Globalization in Popular Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-33445-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-33445-2"><bdi>978-1-349-33445-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Rap+Music%3A+An+Ethnography+of+Globalization+in+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-349-33445-2&rft.aulast=Condry&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2018" class="citation book cs1">Connor, Martin E. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Musical_Artistry_of_Rap/s81HDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22rap%22+singing%22&pg=PA71&printsec=frontcover"><i>The Musical Artistry of Rap</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786498987" title="Special:BookSources/9780786498987"><bdi>9780786498987</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Musical+Artistry+of+Rap&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780786498987&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Musical_Artistry_of_Rap%2Fs81HDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3D%2522rap%2522%2Bsinging%2522%26pg%3DPA71%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2018" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Michael (2018). "Chapter 3: Listening to the Voice". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Listening_to_Rap/OWJgDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22rap%22+singing%22&pg=PT33&printsec=frontcover"><i>Listening to Rap: An Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315315867" title="Special:BookSources/9781315315867"><bdi>9781315315867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Listening+to+the+Voice&rft.btitle=Listening+to+Rap%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781315315867&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FListening_to_Rap%2FOWJgDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3D%2522rap%2522%2Bsinging%2522%26pg%3DPT33%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545880/singing">"Singing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica_Online_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica Online Encyclopedia">Britannica Online Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Singing&rft.btitle=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F545880%2Fsinging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vennard-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vennard_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vennard_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vennard_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">polka dots <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVennard1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Vennard" title="William Vennard">Vennard, William</a> (1967). <i>Singing: the mechanism and the technic</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Fischer_Music" title="Carl Fischer Music">Carl Fischer Music</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8258-0055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8258-0055-9"><bdi>978-0-8258-0055-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248006248">248006248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing%3A+the+mechanism+and+the+technic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carl+Fischer+Music&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248006248&rft.isbn=978-0-8258-0055-9&rft.aulast=Vennard&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterTitze2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, Eric J; <a href="/wiki/Ingo_Titze" title="Ingo Titze">Titze, Ingo R</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222005258/http://web.ku.edu/~cmed/923/Hunter1.pdf">"Overlap of hearing and voicing ranges in singing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Singing" title="Journal of Singing">Journal of Singing</a></i>. <b>61</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>392. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763406">2763406</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19844607">19844607</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ku.edu/~cmed/923/Hunter1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Singing&rft.atitle=Overlap+of+hearing+and+voicing+ranges+in+singing.&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E392&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2763406%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19844607&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Eric+J&rft.au=Titze%2C+Ingo+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ku.edu%2F~cmed%2F923%2FHunter1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterŠvecTitze2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, Eric J; Švec, Jan G; Titze, Ingo R (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4782147">"Comparison of the produced and perceived voice range profiles in untrained and trained classical singers"</a>. <i>J Voice</i>. <b>20</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">513–</span>526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvoice.2005.08.009">10.1016/j.jvoice.2005.08.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4782147">4782147</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16325373">16325373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Voice&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+produced+and+perceived+voice+range+profiles+in+untrained+and+trained+classical+singers&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E513-%3C%2Fspan%3E526&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4782147%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16325373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvoice.2005.08.009&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Eric+J&rft.au=%C5%A0vec%2C+Jan+G&rft.au=Titze%2C+Ingo+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4782147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitze1995" class="citation journal cs1">Titze, I. R. (23 September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14719965.300-whats-in-a-voice.html">"What's in a voice"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>: <span class="nowrap">38–</span>42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+voice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1995-09-23&rft.aulast=Titze&rft.aufirst=I.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg14719965.300-whats-in-a-voice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2002/03/19/502634.htm">Speak and Choke 1</a>, by Karl S. Kruszelnicki, ABC Science, News in Science, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucero1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lucero, Jorge C. (1995). "The minimum lung pressure to sustain vocal fold oscillation". <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>98</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">779–</span>784. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ASAJ...98..779L">1995ASAJ...98..779L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.414354">10.1121/1.414354</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4966">0001-4966</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7642816">7642816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24053484">24053484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=The+minimum+lung+pressure+to+sustain+vocal+fold+oscillation&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E779-%3C%2Fspan%3E784&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24053484%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995ASAJ...98..779L&rft.issn=0001-4966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.414354&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7642816&rft.aulast=Lucero&rft.aufirst=Jorge+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shewan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shewan_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShewan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Shewan, Robert (January–February 1979). "Voice classification: An examination of methodology". <i>The NATS Bulletin</i>. <b>35</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0884-8106">0884-8106</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16072337">16072337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+NATS+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Voice+classification%3A+An+examination+of+methodology&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1979-01%2F1979-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16072337&rft.issn=0884-8106&rft.aulast=Shewan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stark-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stark_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2003" class="citation book cs1">Stark, James (2003). <i>Bel Canto: A history of vocal pedagogy</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8614-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8614-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-8614-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53795639">53795639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bel+Canto%3A+A+history+of+vocal+pedagogy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53795639&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8614-3&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKinney_1994-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_1994_23-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney1994" class="citation book cs1">McKinney, James C (1994). <i>The diagnosis and correction of vocal faults</i>. Nashville, TN: Genovex Music Group. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56593-940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56593-940-0"><bdi>978-1-56593-940-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30786430">30786430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+diagnosis+and+correction+of+vocal+faults&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Genovex+Music+Group&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30786430&rft.isbn=978-1-56593-940-0&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=James+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithThayer_Sataloff2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Brenda; Thayer Sataloff, Robert (2005). <i>Choral pedagogy</i>. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59756-043-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59756-043-6"><bdi>978-1-59756-043-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64198260">64198260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choral+pedagogy&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pub=Plural+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64198260&rft.isbn=978-1-59756-043-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft.au=Thayer+Sataloff%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckham2005" class="citation book cs1">Peckham, Anne (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vocalworkoutsfor0000peck/page/117"><i>Vocal workouts for the contemporary singer</i></a>. Boston: Berklee Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vocalworkoutsfor0000peck/page/117">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87639-047-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87639-047-4"><bdi>978-0-87639-047-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60826564">60826564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocal+workouts+for+the+contemporary+singer&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Berklee+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60826564&rft.isbn=978-0-87639-047-4&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvocalworkoutsfor0000peck%2Fpage%2F117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appelman-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Appelman_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appelman_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appelman_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppelman1986" class="citation book cs1">Appelman, Dudley Ralph (1986). <i>The science of vocal pedagogy: theory and application</i>. Bloomington, IN: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35110-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35110-4"><bdi>978-0-253-35110-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13083085">13083085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+science+of+vocal+pedagogy%3A+theory+and+application&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=434&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13083085&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35110-4&rft.aulast=Appelman&rft.aufirst=Dudley+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucero1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lucero, Jorge C. (1996). "Chest- and falsetto-like oscillations in a two-mass model of the vocal folds". <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>100</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">3355–</span>3359. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ASAJ..100.3355L">1996ASAJ..100.3355L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.416976">10.1121/1.416976</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4966">0001-4966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Chest-+and+falsetto-like+oscillations+in+a+two-mass+model+of+the+vocal+folds&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3355-%3C%2Fspan%3E3359&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0001-4966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.416976&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996ASAJ..100.3355L&rft.aulast=Lucero&rft.aufirst=Jorge+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Large-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Large_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge1972" class="citation journal cs1">Large, John W (February–March 1972). "Towards an integrated physiologic-acoustic theory of vocal registers". <i><a href="/wiki/The_NATS_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="The NATS Bulletin">The NATS Bulletin</a></i>. <b>28</b>: <span class="nowrap">30–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0884-8106">0884-8106</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16072337">16072337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+NATS+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Towards+an+integrated+physiologic-acoustic+theory+of+vocal+registers&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1972-02%2F1972-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16072337&rft.issn=0884-8106&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=John+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuceroLourençoHermantHirtum2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lucero, Jorge C.; Lourenço, Kélem G.; Hermant, Nicolas; Hirtum, Annemie Van; Pelorson, Xavier (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00726367/file/LucEtAlJASA2012.pdf">"Effect of source–tract acoustical coupling on the oscillation onset of the vocal folds"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>132</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">403–</span>411. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ASAJ..132..403L">2012ASAJ..132..403L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4728170">10.1121/1.4728170</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4966">0001-4966</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22779487">22779487</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29954321">29954321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Effect+of+source%E2%80%93tract+acoustical+coupling+on+the+oscillation+onset+of+the+vocal+folds&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E411&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29954321%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ASAJ..132..403L&rft.issn=0001-4966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.4728170&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22779487&rft.aulast=Lucero&rft.aufirst=Jorge+C.&rft.au=Louren%C3%A7o%2C+K%C3%A9lem+G.&rft.au=Hermant%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Hirtum%2C+Annemie+Van&rft.au=Pelorson%2C+Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00726367%2Ffile%2FLucEtAlJASA2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene2001-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greene2001_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_C._L._GreeneMathieson,_Lesley2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_C._L._Greene" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret C. L. Greene">Margaret C. L. Greene</a>; Mathieson, Lesley (2001). <i>The voice and its disorders</i> (6th ed.). <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86156-196-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86156-196-1"><bdi>978-1-86156-196-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47831173">47831173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+voice+and+its+disorders&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47831173&rft.isbn=978-1-86156-196-1&rft.au=Margaret+C.+L.+Greene&rft.au=Mathieson%2C+Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"What is Chest Voice, Head Voice, and Mix?" by KO NAKAMURA. SWVS journal. MARCH 11, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.spencerwelch.com/chest-voice-head-voice-mix/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickson1998" class="citation cs2">Nickson, Chris (1998), <i>Mariah Carey revisited: her story</i>, <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>, p. 32, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19512-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19512-0"><bdi>978-0-312-19512-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mariah+Carey+revisited%3A+her+story&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-19512-0&rft.aulast=Nickson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-groveONE-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-groveONE_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroveSadie1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/George_Grove" title="George Grove">Grove, George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>, eds. (1980). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_%26_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians"><i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians</i></a>. Vol. 6: Edmund to Fryklunde. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-174-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-174-9"><bdi>978-1-56159-174-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191123244">191123244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+%26+Musicians&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191123244&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-174-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Headv-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Headv_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClippinger1917" class="citation book cs1">Clippinger, David Alva (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.156980"><i>The head voice and other problems: Practical talks on singing</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ditson" title="Oliver Ditson">Oliver Ditson</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.156980/page/n28">12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+head+voice+and+other+problems%3A+Practical+talks+on+singing&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oliver+Ditson&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Clippinger&rft.aufirst=David+Alva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.156980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/19493">Singing</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(singer)" title="Richard Miller (singer)">Miller, Richard</a> (2004). <i>Solutions for singers</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516005-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516005-5"><bdi>978-0-19-516005-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51258100">51258100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solutions+for+singers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51258100&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516005-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfordDictOperaOne-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxfordDictOperaOne_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrackWest1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Warrack" title="John Warrack">Warrack, John Hamilton</a>; West, Ewan (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00warr"><i>The Oxford dictionary of opera</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-869164-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-869164-8"><bdi>978-0-19-869164-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25409395">25409395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+opera&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25409395&rft.isbn=978-0-19-869164-8&rft.aulast=Warrack&rft.aufirst=John+Hamilton&rft.au=West%2C+Ewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00warr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingo R. Titze, <i>The Principles of Voice Production</i>, Second Printing (Iowa City: National Center for Voice and Speech, 2000) 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marilee David, The New Voice Pedagogy, 2nd ed. (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2008) 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingo R. Titze, <i>The Principles of Voice Production</i>, Second Printing (Iowa City: National Center for Voice and Speech, 2000) 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1986" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Richard (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structureofsingi0000mill/page/115"><i>The Structure of Singing</i></a>. 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(Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2008) 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Miller, The Structure of Singing: System and Art in Vocal Technique (New York: Schirmer Books: A Division of Macmillan, Inc., 1986) 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Music/">"Ancient Greek Music"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(19 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/explainer/2012/11/skyfall_theme_song_by_adele_why_do_british_singers_sound_american.html">"Why Do British Singers Sound American?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Why+Do+British+Singers+Sound+American%3F&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=L.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fexplainer%2F2012%2F11%2Fskyfall_theme_song_by_adele_why_do_british_singers_sound_american.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blackwood, Alan. <i>The Performing World of the Singer</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981. 113 p., amply ill. (mostly with photos.). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-10588-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-10588-9">0-241-10588-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Platte, S. L.; et al. (2024). "Breathing with the Conductor? A Prospective, Quasi-Experimental Exploration of Breathing Habits in Choral Singers". <i>Journal of Voice</i>. <b>38</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">152–</span>160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvoice.2021.07.020">10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.07.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34551860">34551860</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237608913">237608913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Voice&rft.atitle=Breathing+with+the+Conductor%3F+A+Prospective%2C+Quasi-Experimental+Exploration+of+Breathing+Habits+in+Choral+Singers&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237608913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34551860&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvoice.2021.07.020&rft.aulast=Platte&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinging" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Reid, Cornelius. <i>A Dictionary of Vocal Terminology: an Analysis</i>. New York: J. Patelson Music House, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915282-07-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-915282-07-0">0-915282-07-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singing&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Singing" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Singing">Singing</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vocal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vocal">vocal</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/singing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:singing">singing</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Singing" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Singing">Singing</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lawrence.edu/fast/KOOPMAJO/brief.html">A Brief History of Singing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130811143304/http://www.canterbury.ac.uk/Research/Centres/SDHR/ResearchProjects/CompletedPojects/SingingAndHealth.aspx">Singing and Health: A systematic mapping and review of non-clinical research</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singing138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singing" title="Template:Singing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singing" title="Template talk:Singing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singing138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Singing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singing types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_singing" title="Bathroom singing">Bathroom singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended technique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throat_singing" title="Throat singing">Throat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Overtone singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversinging" title="Oversinging">Oversinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_singing" title="Sign singing">Sign singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing-along" title="Sing-along">Sing-along</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">Karaoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">Lip sync</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_percussion" title="Vocal percussion">Vocal percussion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">Beatboxing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms · Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-lexical_vocables_in_music" title="Non-lexical vocables in music">Vocables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voice classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music" title="Voice classification in non-classical music">Non-classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts · Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belting_(music)" title="Belting (music)">Belting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner">Crooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_(vocal_music)" title="Quintus (vocal music)">Quintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">Vocal pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">Vocal resonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound equipment<br />(popular music)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-ear_monitor" title="In-ear monitor">In-ear monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_correction" title="Pitch correction">Pitch correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_monitor_system" title="Stage monitor system">Monitor speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">Vocal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1829" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1829" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27939#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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