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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins and prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Asian cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Western classical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Early music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_practice_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_practice_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Common practice period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_practice_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2.1</span> <span>Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2.2</span> <span>Classicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2.3</span> <span>Romanticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>20th and 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Creation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Creation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improvisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improvisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Improvisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improvisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_and_entertainment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art and entertainment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_and_aural_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_and_aural_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Oral and aural tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_and_aural_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pitch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pitch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pitch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Melody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Rhythm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Texture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timbre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timbre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Timbre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timbre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neuroscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Neuroscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognitive_musicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_musicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cognitive musicology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_musicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoacoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoacoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Psychoacoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoacoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_musicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_musicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Evolutionary musicology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_musicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Cultural effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perceptual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceptual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Perceptual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perceptual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociological_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociological_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sociological aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociological_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sociological aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sociological_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Role of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Media and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-institutional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-institutional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Non-institutional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-institutional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Institutional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Academic study</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_study-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academic study subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Musicology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Music theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoomusicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoomusicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Zoomusicology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoomusicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnomusicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnomusicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Ethnomusicology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnomusicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 232 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-232" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">232 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiek" title="Musiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Musiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Musik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%99%E1%8B%9A%E1%89%83" title="ሙዚቃ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሙዚቃ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muusik" title="Muusik – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Muusik" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%93am" title="Drēam – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Drēam" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89" title="موسيقى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica" title="Musica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Musica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܙܡܪܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܡܪܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երաժշտութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երաժշտութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C3%A2" title="Muzicâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Muzicâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica" title="Musica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Musica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="সংগীত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংগীত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica" title="Música – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Música" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupoty" title="Pupoty – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pupoty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыка – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Музыка" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaylliphust%27a" title="Jaylliphust'a – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jaylliphust'a" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiqi" title="Musiqi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Musiqi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="موسیقی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موسیقی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%94likan" title="Fɔlikan – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Fɔlikan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="সঙ্গীত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সঙ্গীত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im-ga%CC%8Dk" title="Im-ga̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Im-ga̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Musik" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыка – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Музыка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Музыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Музыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="संगीत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संगीत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugtug" title="Tugtug – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tugtug" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Музика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musi" title="Musi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Musi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="རོལ་དབྱངས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རོལ་དབྱངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika" title="Muzika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Muzika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonerezh" title="Sonerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sonerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Хүгжэм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүгжэм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica" title="Música – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Мусăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мусăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musika" title="Musika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Musika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudba" title="Hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimhanzi" title="Mimhanzi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mimhanzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica" title="Musica – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Musica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerddoriaeth" title="Cerddoriaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerddoriaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yila" title="Yila – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Yila" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Musik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89" title="موسيقى – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موسيقى" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musihkka" title="Musihkka – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Musihkka" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%A9%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="ސަންގީތު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސަންގީތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muusika" title="Muusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μουσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica" title="Música – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziko" title="Muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica" title="Música – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Música" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musika" title="Musika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Musika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="موسیقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music" title="Music – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Music" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nleikur" title="Tónleikur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tónleikur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique" title="Musique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyk" title="Muzyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Muzyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiche" title="Musiche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Musiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceol" title="Ceol – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceol" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiaull" title="Kiaull – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kiaull" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ce%C3%B2l" title="Ceòl – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ceòl" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica" title="Música – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Мукъам – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Мукъам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="音樂 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="音樂" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A4" title="સંગીત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંગીત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="संगीत – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="संगीत" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AEm-ngo%CC%8Dk" title="Yîm-ngo̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yîm-ngo̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C9%97a" title="Kiɗa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kiɗa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mele" title="Mele – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mele" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երաժշտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երաժշտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="संगीत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संगीत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazba" title="Glazba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glazba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziko" title="Muziko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Muziko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musika" title="Musika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Musika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="এলা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="এলা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica" title="Musica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Musica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica" title="Musica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Musica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atuutit" title="Atuutit – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Atuutit" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Музыкæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Музыкæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umculo" title="Umculo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umculo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umculo" title="Umculo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umculo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nlist" title="Tónlist – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tónlist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica" title="Musica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מוזיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Musik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minziiki" title="Minziiki – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Minziiki" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipilersorneq" title="Nipilersorneq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Nipilersorneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4" title="ಸಂಗೀತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಗೀತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigtigan" title="Tigtigan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tigtigan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыка – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Музыка" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მუსიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%82%DB%8C" title="موٗسیٖقی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="موٗسیٖقی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9zyka" title="Mùzyka – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mùzyka" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Музыка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilow" title="Ilow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ilow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuziki" title="Umuziki – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umuziki" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziki" title="Muziki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muziki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexa" title="Lexa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Lexa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizik" title="Mizik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mizik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanmizik" title="Lanmizik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanmizik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muz%C3%AEk" title="Muzîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Muzîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыка – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Музыка" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiga" title="Musiga – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Musiga" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika" title="Muzika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Muzika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыка – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Музыка" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5" title="ດົນຕີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດົນຕີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica" title="Musica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ABzika" title="Mūzika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mūzika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musek" title="Musek – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Musek" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika" title="Muzika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Muzika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muxica" title="Muxica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Muxica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meziek" title="Meziek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Meziek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miz%C3%ADki" title="Mizíki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mizíki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica" title="Musica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Musica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zgike" title="zgike – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zgike" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCsega" title="Müsega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Müsega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zene" title="Zene – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zene" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Музика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozika" title="Mozika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mozika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സംഗീതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംഗീതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%BCika" title="Mużika – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mużika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="संगीत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संगीत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მუსიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="مزيكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مزيكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B3%E1%80%90" title="ဂဳတ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂဳတ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ساز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ساز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik" title="Muzik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%ACng-ng%C5%8Fk" title="Ĭng-ngŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭng-ngŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica" title="Música – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Música" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Седямась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Седямась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Хөгжим – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөгжим" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90" title="ဂီတ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂီတ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatzohtzonaliztli" title="Tlatzohtzonaliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlatzohtzonaliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivakatagi" title="Ivakatagi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ivakatagi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziek" title="Muziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meziek" title="Meziek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Meziek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="सङ्गीत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सङ्गीत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="संगीत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="संगीत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museca" title="Museca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Museca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мусик – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мусик" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiik" title="Musiik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Musiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myuusik" title="Myuusik – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Myuusik" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikk" title="Musikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Musikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikk" title="Musikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Musikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BBsique" title="Mûsique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mûsique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musike" title="Musike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Musike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica" title="Musica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Musica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A4" title="ସଂଗୀତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସଂଗୀତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuziqaa" title="Muuziqaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Muuziqaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiqa" title="Musiqa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Musiqa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸੰਗੀਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਗੀਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Musik" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Musik" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="موسیقی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موسیقی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90" title="ဂီတ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂီတ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsika" title="Músika – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Músika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%8A" title="موسیقي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="موسیقي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myuuzik" title="Myuuzik – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Myuuzik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="តន្ត្រី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តន្ត្រី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9sica" title="Mùsica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mùsica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Musik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka" title="Muzyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μουσική – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μουσική" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica" title="Música – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muz%C4%B1ka" title="Muzıka – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Muzıka" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiqiy" title="Musiqiy – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Musiqiy" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musick" title="Musick – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Musick" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83" title="Muzică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taki_kapchiy" title="Taki kapchiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Taki kapchiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Музика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Музыка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ABsika" title="Mūsika – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Mūsika" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सङ्गीतम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सङ्गीतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9siga/campidanesu" title="Mùsiga/campidanesu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mùsiga/campidanesu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisic" title="Muisic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Muisic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Musik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmino" title="Mmino – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Mmino" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika" title="Muzika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muzika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9sica" title="Mùsica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mùsica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music" title="Music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="موسيقي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="موسيقي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudba" title="Hudba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hudba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasba" title="Glasba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glasba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka" title="Muzyka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Muzyka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muusig" title="Muusig – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Muusig" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="مۆسیقا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆسیقا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika" title="Muzika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Muzika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Musik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiikki" title="Musiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik" title="Musik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugtugin" title="Tugtugin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tugtugin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="இசை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%BA%93awan" title="Aẓawan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aẓawan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%BA%93awan" title="Aẓawan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aẓawan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музыка – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Музыка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="సంగీతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంగీతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAzika" title="Múzika – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Múzika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ดนตรี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดนตรี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%9B%D3%A3" title="Мусиқӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мусиқӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%9B" title="ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCzik" title="Müzik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müzik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnwom" title="Nnwom – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nnwom" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1bwomtsot" title="A̱bwomtsot – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱bwomtsot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Музика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="موسیقی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موسیقی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7" title="مۇزىكا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مۇزىكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinhyoz" title="Yinhyoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yinhyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9zega" title="Mùzega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mùzega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik" title="Muzik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Muzik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âm nhạc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm nhạc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musig" title="Musig – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Musig" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muusiga" title="Muusiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Muusiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzike" title="Muzike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Muzike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musika" title="Musika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Musika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way" title="Way – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Way" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="音乐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="音乐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vunanga" title="Vunanga – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vunanga" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מוזיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מוזיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="音樂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音樂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik" title="Muzik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Muzik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziek" title="Muziek – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Muziek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moz%C4%97ka" title="Mozėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mozėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="音乐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音乐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gending" title="Gending – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gending" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik" title="Muzik – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Muzik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musi%C7%A7i" title="Musiǧi – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Musiǧi" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of art using sound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Music_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Music (disambiguation)">Music (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sounds_of_Earth_-_GPN-2000-001976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Sounds_of_Earth_-_GPN-2000-001976.jpg/260px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_-_GPN-2000-001976.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Sounds_of_Earth_-_GPN-2000-001976.jpg/390px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_-_GPN-2000-001976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Sounds_of_Earth_-_GPN-2000-001976.jpg/520px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_-_GPN-2000-001976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2389" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>Grooved side of the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a> launched along the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program"><i>Voyager</i> probes</a> to space, which feature music from around the world</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts" title="Category:Performing arts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;;display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">Acrobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circus_skills" title="List of circus skills">Circus skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_performance" title="Street performance">Street performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Performing_arts" title="Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Performing_arts" title="Template talk:Performing arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Performing_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Music</b> is the arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> to create some combination of <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">form</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a>, or otherwise <a href="/wiki/Musical_expression" title="Musical expression">expressive content</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''§&nbsp;1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''§&nbsp;1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''AHD''§&nbsp;1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''AHD''§&nbsp;1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpperson2022§_para._1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpperson2022§_para._1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music is generally agreed to be a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">cultural universal</a> that is present in all human societies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley20135_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley20135-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitions of music">Definitions of music</a> vary widely in substance and approach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithen200526–27_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen200526–27-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While scholars agree that music is defined by a small number of <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_music" title="Elements of music">specific elements</a>, there is no consensus as to what these necessary elements are.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1983104_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1983104-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music is often characterized as a highly versatile medium for expressing human <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diverse activities are involved in the creation of music, and are often divided into categories of <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">composition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvisation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§III_"3._Music_among_the_arts"_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§III_"3._Music_among_the_arts"-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music may be performed using a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Human_voice" title="Human voice">human voice</a>. It can also be composed, sequenced, or otherwise produced to be indirectly played mechanically or electronically, such as via a <a href="/wiki/Music_box" title="Music box">music box</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">barrel organ</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstation</a> software on a computer. </p><p>Music often plays a key role in social events and <a href="/wiki/Religious_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious ceremony">religious ceremony</a>. The techniques of making music are often transmitted as part of a cultural tradition. Music is played in public and private contexts, highlighted at events such as <a href="/wiki/Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals">festivals</a> and concerts for various different types of ensembles. Music is used in the production of other media, such as in <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtracks</a> to films, TV shows, operas, and video games. </p><p>Listening to music is a common means of <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>. The culture surrounding music extends into areas of <a href="#academic_study">academic study</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">journalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">therapy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a> includes songwriters, performers, <a href="/wiki/Sound_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound engineer">sound engineers</a>, producers, tour organizers, distributors of instruments, accessories, and publishers of <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recording_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording (music)">recordings</a>. Technology facilitating the <a href="/wiki/Recording_and_reproduction_of_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording and reproduction of music">recording and reproduction of music</a> has historically included <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphones">microphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonographs">phonographs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">tape machines</a>, with playback of <a href="/wiki/Digital_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital music">digital musics</a> being a common use for <a href="/wiki/MP3_players" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 players">MP3 players</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD_players" class="mw-redirect" title="CD players">CD players</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muses_sarcophagus_Louvre_MR880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Muses_sarcophagus_Louvre_MR880.jpg/390px-Muses_sarcophagus_Louvre_MR880.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Muses_sarcophagus_Louvre_MR880.jpg/585px-Muses_sarcophagus_Louvre_MR880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Muses_sarcophagus_Louvre_MR880.jpg/780px-Muses_sarcophagus_Louvre_MR880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2670" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the nine <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muses</a> were the inspiration for many creative endeavors, including <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>, and eventually became closely aligned with music specifically.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern English word '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/music" class="extiw" title="wikt:music">music</a>' came into use in the 1630s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is derived from a long line of successive precursors: the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> '<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">musike</i></span>' of the mid-13th century; the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">musique</i></span> of the 12th century; and the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mūsica</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin word itself derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mousiké</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">technē</i></span>)—<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μουσική">μουσική</a></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7#Ancient_Greek#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τέχνη">τέχνη</a></span>)—literally meaning "(art) of the Muses".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a> were nine <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek mythology">Ancient Greek mythology</a> who presided over <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray202013–14_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray202013–14-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were included in tales by the earliest Western authors, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001§_para_2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001§_para_2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually came to be associated with music specifically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, <a href="/wiki/Polyhymnia" title="Polyhymnia">Polyhymnia</a> would reside over music more prominently than the other muses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel1969548_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel1969548-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">musica</i></span> was also the originator for both the Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">música</i></span> and French <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">musique</i></span> via spelling and linguistic adjustment, though other European terms were probably <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, including the Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">musica</i></span>, German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Musik</i></span>, Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">muziek</i></span>, Norwegian <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">musikk</i></span>, Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">muzyka</i></span> and Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">muzïka</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> usually defines music as an all-encompassing term used to describe diverse genres, styles, and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"1._Contemporary_Western_culture"_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"1._Contemporary_Western_culture"-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not the case worldwide, and languages such as modern Indonesian (<i><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">musik</i></span></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> (<i><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">musakazo</i></span></i>) have recently adopted words to reflect this universal conception, as they did not have words that fit exactly the Western scope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Western contact in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, neither Japan nor China had a single word that encompasses music in a broad sense, but culturally, they often regarded music in such a fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"2._East_Asia"_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"2._East_Asia"-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closest word to mean music in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yue</i></span>, shares a character with <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">le</i></span>, meaning joy, and originally referred to all the arts before narrowing in meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"2._East_Asia"_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"2._East_Asia"-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Africa is too diverse to make firm generalizations, but the musicologist <a href="/wiki/J._H._Kwabena_Nketia" title="J. H. Kwabena Nketia">J. H. Kwabena Nketia</a> has emphasized African music's often inseparable connection to dance and speech in general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"5._Some_African_cultures"_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"5._Some_African_cultures"-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some African cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Songye_people" title="Songye people">Songye people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv people</a> of Nigeria, have a strong and broad conception of 'music' but no corresponding word in their native languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"5._Some_African_cultures"_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"5._Some_African_cultures"-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other words commonly translated as 'music' often have more specific meanings in their respective cultures: the Hindi word for music, <i><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">sangita</i></span></i>, properly refers to <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"4._India"_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"4._India"-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a> have words for music that refer specifically to song but describe instrumental music regardless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"6._Some_Amerindian_and_Oceanian_cultures"_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"6._Some_Amerindian_and_Oceanian_cultures"-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">musiqi</i></span></i> can refer to all music, it is usually used for instrumental and metric music, while <i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">khandan</i></span></i> identifies vocal and improvised music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"3._Iran_and_the_Middle_East"_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"3._Iran_and_the_Middle_East"-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_prehistory">Origins and prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of music">Origins of music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Super_alte_Fl%C3%B6te.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Super_alte_Fl%C3%B6te.jpg/150px-Super_alte_Fl%C3%B6te.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Super_alte_Fl%C3%B6te.jpg/225px-Super_alte_Fl%C3%B6te.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Super_alte_Fl%C3%B6te.jpg/300px-Super_alte_Fl%C3%B6te.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3706" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">Bone flute</a> from <a href="/wiki/Geissenkl%C3%B6sterle" title="Geissenklösterle">Geissenklösterle</a>, Germany, dated around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 43,150–39,370</span> BP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley201343_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley201343-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It is often debated to what extent the origins of music will ever be understood,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerkerMorleyZuidema2015§_"Introduction"_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkerMorleyZuidema2015§_"Introduction"-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are competing theories that aim to explain it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley20132–3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley20132–3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars highlight a relationship between the origin of music and the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">origin of language</a>, and there is disagreement surrounding whether music developed before, after, or simultaneously with language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallinMerkerBrown20008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallinMerkerBrown20008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar source of contention surrounds whether music was the intentional result of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> or was a byproduct <a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">spandrel</a> of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallinMerkerBrown20008_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallinMerkerBrown20008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest influential theory was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in 1871, who stated that music arose as a form of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>, perhaps via mating calls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuron200361_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuron200361-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin's original perspective has been heavily criticized for its inconsistencies with other sexual selection methods,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuron200362_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuron200362-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though many scholars in the 21st century have developed and promoted the theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallinMerkerBrown200011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallinMerkerBrown200011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other theories include that music arose to assist in organizing labor, improving long-distance communication, benefiting communication with the <a href="/wiki/Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine">divine</a>, assisting in community cohesion or as a defense to scare off predators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§&nbsp;8_"On_the_Origins_of_Music"_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§&nbsp;8_"On_the_Origins_of_Music"-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> can only be theorized based on findings from <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> archaeology sites. The disputed <a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a>, a perforated <a href="/wiki/Cave_bear" title="Cave bear">cave bear</a> <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>, is at least 40,000 years old, though there is considerable debate surrounding whether it is truly a <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> or an object formed by animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley201338–39_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley201338–39-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest objects whose designations as musical instruments are widely accepted are <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">bone flutes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Caves_and_Ice_Age_Art_in_the_Swabian_Jura" title="Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura">Swabian Jura</a>, Germany, namely from the <a href="/wiki/Geissenkl%C3%B6sterle" title="Geissenklösterle">Geissenklösterle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hohle_Fels" title="Hohle Fels">Hohle Fels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vogelherd_Cave" title="Vogelherd Cave">Vogelherd</a> caves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley201342_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley201342-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dated to the <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> (of the Upper Paleolithic) and used by <a href="/wiki/Early_European_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Early European modern humans">Early European modern humans</a>, from all three caves there are eight examples, four made from the <a href="/wiki/Bird_wing" title="Bird wing">wing bones</a> of birds and four from <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_ivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammoth ivory">mammoth ivory</a>; three of these are near complete.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley201342_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley201342-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three flutes from the Geissenklösterle are dated as the oldest, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 43,150–39,370</span> BP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley201343_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley201343-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient music</a></div> <p>The earliest material and representational evidence of Egyptian musical instruments dates to the <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Egypt">Predynastic period</a>, but the evidence is more securely attested in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> when <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Double_clarinet" title="Double clarinet">double clarinets</a> were played.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Percussion instruments, <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lutes</a> were added to orchestras by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">Cymbals</a><sup id="cite_ref-ucl_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucl-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> frequently accompanied music and dance, much as they still do in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> today. Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, including the traditional <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Sufi <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dhikr</i></span></a> rituals, are the closest contemporary <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> music, having preserved many of its features, rhythms and instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Hurrian_songs" title="Hurrian songs">Hurrian Hymn to Nikkal</a>", found on <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablets</a> in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, is the oldest surviving notated work of music, dating back to approximately 1400 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music was an important part of social and cultural life in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, in fact it was one of the main subjects taught to children. Musical education was considered important for the development of an individual's soul. Musicians and singers played a prominent role in <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Greek theater</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-grove_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those who received a musical education were seen as nobles and in perfect harmony (as can be read in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic, Plato</a>). Mixed gender <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choruses</a> performed for entertainment, celebration, and spiritual ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-west_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instruments included the double-reed <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a></i></span> and a plucked <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a></i>, principally a special kind called a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara">kithara</a></i></span>. Music was an important part of education, and boys were taught music starting at age six. Greek musical literacy created significant musical development. Greek <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a> included the Greek <a href="/wiki/Musical_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">musical modes</a>, that eventually became the basis for Western <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical</a> music. Later, influences from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Eastern Europe, and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> changed Greek music. The <a href="/wiki/Seikilos_epitaph" title="Seikilos epitaph">Seikilos epitaph</a> is the oldest surviving example of a complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest surviving work written about music theory is <i><a href="/wiki/Elementa_harmonica" title="Elementa harmonica">Harmonika Stoicheia</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aristoxenus,_Henry_Stewart_Macran_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aristoxenus,_Henry_Stewart_Macran-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_cultures">Asian cultures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Music of Asia</a></div> <p>Asian music covers a swath of music cultures surveyed in the articles on <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian music">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian music">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian music">South Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian music">Southeast Asia</a>. Several have traditions reaching into antiquity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Galaxy_of_Musicians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Galaxy_of_Musicians.jpg/220px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Galaxy_of_Musicians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Galaxy_of_Musicians.jpg/330px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Galaxy_of_Musicians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Galaxy_of_Musicians.jpg/440px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Galaxy_of_Musicians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Indian women dressed in regional attire playing a variety of musical instruments popular in different parts of India</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a> is one of the oldest musical traditions in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sculptures from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> show dance<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and old musical instruments, like the seven-holed flute. Stringed instruments and drums have been recovered from <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo Daro</a> by excavations carried out by <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, an ancient Hindu text, has elements of present Indian music, with musical notation to denote the meter and mode of chanting.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian classical music (marga) is <a href="/wiki/Monophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophonic">monophonic</a>, and based on a single melody line or <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">raga</a> rhythmically organized through <a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">talas</a>. The poem <i><a href="/wiki/Cilappatikaram" title="Cilappatikaram">Cilappatikaram</a></i> provides information about how new scales can be formed by modal shifting of the tonic from an existing scale.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Present day <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindi music</a> was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian traditional music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghan</a> Mughals. <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a>, popular in the southern states, is largely devotional; the majority of the songs are addressed to the Hindu deities. There are songs emphasizing love and other social issues. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg/220px-Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg/330px-Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg/440px-Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Indonesia is the home of <a href="/wiki/Gong_chime" title="Gong chime">gong chime</a>, there are variants across Indonesia, especially in <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Java" title="Music of Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bali" title="Music of Bali">Bali</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesian music</a> has been formed since the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> culture migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" title="Indonesian archipelago">Indonesian archipelago</a> in the 2nd-3rd centuries BCE. Indonesian traditional music uses percussion instruments, especially <a href="/wiki/Kendang" title="Kendang">kendang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gongs</a>. Some of them developed elaborate and distinctive instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sasando" title="Sasando">sasando</a> stringed instrument on the island of Rote, the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">angklung</a>, and the complex and sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a> orchestras. Indonesia is the home of <a href="/wiki/Gong_chime" title="Gong chime">gong chime</a>, a general term for a set of small, high pitched pot gongs. Gongs are usually placed in order of note, with the boss up on a string held in a low wooden frame. The most popular form of Indonesian music is gamelan, an ensemble of tuned <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instruments</a> that include <a href="/wiki/Metallophone" title="Metallophone">metallophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendang" title="Kendang">drums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gongs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spike_fiddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Spike fiddle">spike fiddles</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> <a href="/wiki/Suling" title="Suling">suling</a> (like a <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classical music">Chinese classical music</a>, the traditional art or court music of China, has a history stretching over about 3,000 years. It has its own unique systems of musical notation, as well as musical tuning and pitch, musical instruments and styles or genres. Chinese music is <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentatonic">pentatonic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonic</a>, having a scale of twelve notes to an octave (5 + 7 = 12) as does European-influenced music.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_classical">Western classical</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_music">Early music</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Breves_dies_hominis.ogg" title="File:Breves dies hominis.ogg">Breves dies hominis</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="212" data-mwtitle="Breves_dies_hominis.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Breves_dies_hominis.ogg/Breves_dies_hominis.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Breves_dies_hominis.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a> or <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Christ1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Head_of_Christ1.jpg/180px-Head_of_Christ1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Head_of_Christ1.jpg/270px-Head_of_Christ1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Head_of_Christ1.jpg/360px-Head_of_Christ1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Musical notation</a> from a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1310</span>–1320</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">medieval music</a> era (500 to 1400), which took place during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, started with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonic</a> (single melodic line) <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">chanting</a> into <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> services. <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Musical notation</a> was used since ancient times in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek culture</a>, but in the Middle Ages, notation was first introduced by the Catholic Church, so chant melodies could be written down, to facilitate the use of the same melodies for religious music across the Catholic empire. The only European Medieval repertory that has been found, in written form, from before 800 is the monophonic <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">plainsong</a> chant of the Catholic Church, the central tradition of which was called <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>. Alongside these traditions of <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">sacred</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">church music</a> there existed a vibrant tradition of <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular song</a> (non-religious songs). Examples of composers from this period are <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span> to 1600) was more focused on secular themes, such as <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a>. Around 1450, the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> was invented, which made printed <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> much less expensive and easier to mass-produce (prior to the invention of the press, all notated music was hand-copied). The increased availability of sheet music spread musical styles quicker and across a larger area. Musicians and singers often worked for the church, courts and towns. Church choirs grew in size, and the church remained an important patron of music. By the middle of the 15th century, composers wrote richly polyphonic sacred music, in which different melody lines were interwoven simultaneously. Prominent composers from this era include <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a>. As musical activity shifted from the church to aristocratic courts, kings, queens and princes competed for the finest composers. Many leading composers came from the Netherlands, Belgium, and France; they are called the Franco-Flemish composers.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They held important positions throughout Europe, especially in Italy. Other countries with vibrant musical activity included Germany, England, and Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_practice_period">Common practice period</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Baroque">Baroque</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg" title="File:Toccata et Fugue BWV565.ogg">Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="514" data-mwtitle="Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg/Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor,_BWV_565" title="Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565">Toccata and Fugue</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J.S. Bach</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/110px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/165px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/220px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J._S._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="J. S. Bach">J. S. Bach</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Baroque era of music took place from 1600 to 1750, coinciding with the flourishing of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> artistic style in Europe. The start of the Baroque era was marked by the penning of the first <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">contrapuntal</a> music (music with separate, simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodic lines</a>) remained important during this period. German Baroque composers wrote for small <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">ensembles</a> including <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">strings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwinds</a>, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choirs</a> and keyboard instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">pipe organ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a>. Musical complexity increased during this time. Several major musical forms were created, some of them which persisted into later periods, seeing further development. These include the <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Invention_(musical_composition)" title="Invention (musical composition)">invention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sonata" title="Sonata">sonata</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sdsu_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdsu-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late Baroque style was polyphonically complex and richly ornamented. Important composers from the Baroque era include <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bach_cello_suites" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach cello suites">Cello suites</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Handel%27s_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel's Messiah">Messiah</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)" title="The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)">The Four Seasons</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Classicism">Classicism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period (music)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Symphony_40_g-moll_-_1._Molto_allegro.ogg" title="File:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Symphony 40 g-moll - 1. Molto allegro.ogg">Symphony No. 40 G minor</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="494" data-mwtitle="Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Symphony_40_g-moll_-_1._Molto_allegro.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Symphony_40_g-moll_-_1._Molto_allegro.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Symphony_40_g-moll_-_1._Molto_allegro.ogg/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Symphony_40_g-moll_-_1._Molto_allegro.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._40_(Mozart)" title="Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)">Symphony 40 G minor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">W.A. Mozart</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mozart-by-Croce-1780-81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mozart-by-Croce-1780-81.jpg/200px-Mozart-by-Croce-1780-81.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mozart-by-Croce-1780-81.jpg/300px-Mozart-by-Croce-1780-81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Mozart-by-Croce-1780-81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period.</figcaption></figure> <p>The music of the Classical period (1730 to 1820) aimed to imitate what were seen as the key elements of the art and philosophy of Ancient Greece and Rome: the ideals of balance, proportion and disciplined expression. (Note: the music from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a> should not be confused with Classical music in general, a term which refers to Western <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> from the 5th century to the 2000s, which includes the Classical period as one of a number of periods). Music from the Classical period has a lighter, clearer and considerably simpler texture than the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a> which preceded it. The main style was <a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophony</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a prominent <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> and a subordinate chordal <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> part are clearly distinct. Classical instrumental melodies tended to be almost voicelike and singable. New genres were developed, and the <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a>, the forerunner to the modern piano, replaced the Baroque era <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> as the main keyboard instrument (though pipe organ continued to be used in sacred music, such as Masses). </p><p>Importance was given to <a href="/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental">instrumental</a> music. It was dominated by further development of musical forms initially defined in the Baroque period: the <a href="/wiki/Sonata" title="Sonata">sonata</a>, the concerto, and the <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a>. Other main kinds were the <a href="/wiki/Trio_(music)" title="Trio (music)">trio</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serenade" title="Serenade">serenade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divertimento" title="Divertimento">divertimento</a>. The sonata was the most important and developed form. Although Baroque composers also wrote sonatas, the Classical style of sonata is completely distinct. All of the main instrumental forms of the Classical era, from string quartets to symphonies and concertos, were based on the structure of the sonata. The instruments used <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> and orchestra became more standardized. In place of the <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a> group of the Baroque era, which consisted of harpsichord, organ or lute along with a number of bass instruments selected at the discretion of the group leader (e.g., viol, cello, theorbo, serpent), Classical chamber groups used specified, standardized instruments (e.g., a <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a> would be performed by two violins, a viola and a cello). The practice of improvised chord-playing by the continuo keyboardist or lute player, a hallmark of Baroque music, underwent a gradual decline between 1750 and 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most important changes made in the Classical period was the development of public concerts. The aristocracy still played a significant role in the sponsorship of concerts and compositions, but it was now possible for composers to survive without being permanent employees of queens or princes. The increasing popularity of classical music led to a growth in the number and types of orchestras. The expansion of orchestral concerts necessitated the building of large public performance spaces. Symphonic music including symphonies, musical accompaniment to ballet and mixed vocal/instrumental genres, such as opera and <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>, became more popular.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best known composers of Classicism are <a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">Johann Christian Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>. Beethoven and Schubert are also considered to be composers in the later part of the Classical era, as it began to move towards Romanticism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Romanticism">Romanticism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg" title="File:Wagner - die walkure fantasie.ogg">Die Walküre</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1677" data-mwtitle="Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg/Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moritz_von_Schwind_Schubertiade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Moritz_von_Schwind_Schubertiade.jpg/220px-Moritz_von_Schwind_Schubertiade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Moritz_von_Schwind_Schubertiade.jpg/330px-Moritz_von_Schwind_Schubertiade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Moritz_von_Schwind_Schubertiade.jpg/440px-Moritz_von_Schwind_Schubertiade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>The piano was the centrepiece of social activity for middle-class urbanites in the 19th century (<a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Schwind" title="Moritz von Schwind">Moritz von Schwind</a>, 1868). The man at the piano is composer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Romantic music (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820</span> to 1900) from the 19th century had many elements in common with the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> styles in literature and painting of the era. Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature. Romantic music expanded beyond the rigid styles and forms of the Classical era into more passionate, dramatic expressive pieces and songs. Romantic composers such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a> attempted to increase emotional expression and power in their music to describe deeper truths or human feelings. With symphonic <a href="/wiki/Tone_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone poem">tone poems</a>, composers tried to tell stories and evoke images or landscapes using instrumental music. Some composers promoted <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a> pride with patriotic orchestral music inspired by <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>. The emotional and expressive qualities of music came to take precedence over tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romantic composers grew in idiosyncrasy, and went further in the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of exploring different art-forms in a musical context, (such as literature), history (historical figures and legends), or nature itself. <a href="/wiki/Romantic_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic love">Romantic love</a> or longing was a prevalent theme in many works composed during this period. In some cases, the formal structures from the classical period continued to be used (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a> used in <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a>), but these forms were expanded and altered. In many cases, new approaches were explored for existing genres, forms, and functions. Also, new forms were created that were deemed better suited to the new subject matter. Composers continued to develop opera and ballet music, exploring new styles and themes.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years after 1800, the music developed by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a> introduced a more dramatic, expressive style. In Beethoven's case, short <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motifs</a>, developed organically, came to replace <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> as the most significant compositional unit (an example is the distinctive four note figure used in his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Fifth Symphony</a>). Later Romantic composers such as <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> used more unusual <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a> and more <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonance</a> to create dramatic tension. They generated complex and often much longer musical works. During the late Romantic period, composers explored dramatic <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic (music)">chromatic</a> alterations of <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Extended_chord" title="Extended chord">extended chords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altered_chord" title="Altered chord">altered chords</a>, which created new sound "colors." The late 19th century saw a dramatic expansion in the size of the orchestra, and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> helped to create better instruments, creating a more powerful sound. Public concerts became an important part of well-to-do <a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">urban</a> society. It also saw a new diversity in <a href="/wiki/Theatre_music" title="Theatre music">theatre music</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_musical_comedy" title="Edwardian musical comedy">musical comedy</a> and other forms of musical theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_century">20th and 21st century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/20th-century_music" title="20th-century music">20th-century music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moodswinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Moodswinger.jpg/150px-Moodswinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Moodswinger.jpg/225px-Moodswinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Moodswinger.jpg/300px-Moodswinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>Landman's 2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Moodswinger" title="Moodswinger">Moodswinger</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/3rd_bridge" title="3rd bridge">3rd-bridged</a> overtone <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a> and an example of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental musical</a> instruments</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, a key way new compositions became known to the public was by the sales of <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>, which middle class amateur music lovers would perform at home, on their piano or other common instruments, such as the violin. With <a href="/wiki/20th-century_music" title="20th-century music">20th-century music</a>, the invention of new <a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">electric technologies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_market" title="Mass market">mass market</a> availability of <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">gramophone records</a> meant <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recordings</a> heard by listeners (on the radio or record player) became the main way to learn about new songs and pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a vast increase in music listening as the radio gained popularity and <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonographs</a> were used to replay and distribute music; anyone with a radio or record player could hear operas, <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big bands</a> in their own living room. During the 19th century, the focus on sheet music had restricted access to new music to middle and upper-class people who could read music and who owned pianos and other instruments. Radios and record players allowed lower-income people, who could not afford an opera or symphony concert ticket, to hear this music. As well, people could hear music from different parts of the country, or even different parts of the world, even if they could not afford to travel to these locations. This helped to spread musical styles.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The focus of <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> in the 20th century was characterized by exploration of new rhythms, styles, and sounds. The horrors of World War I influenced many of the arts, including music, and composers began exploring darker, harsher sounds. <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">Traditional music</a> styles such as <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> were used by composers as a source of ideas for classical music. <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> were influential composers in 20th-century art music. The invention of sound recording and the ability to edit music gave rise to new subgenres of classical music, including the <a href="/wiki/Acousmatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acousmatic">acousmatic</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a> schools of electronic composition. Sound recording was a major influence on the development of popular music genres, because it enabled recordings of songs and bands to be widely distributed. The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> system had a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>, because it could do more than record a band's performance. Using a multitrack system, a band and their music producer could overdub many layers of instrument tracks and vocals, creating new sounds that would not be possible in a live performance.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jazz evolved and became an important genre of music over the course of the 20th century, and during the second half, rock music did the same. Jazz is an American musical artform that originated in the beginning of the 20th century, in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> and European music traditions. The style's West African pedigree is evident in its use of <a href="/wiki/Blue_note" title="Blue note">blue notes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Swung_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Swung note">swung note</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_Guitar_Store.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Electric_Guitar_Store.jpg/250px-Electric_Guitar_Store.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Electric_Guitar_Store.jpg/375px-Electric_Guitar_Store.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Electric_Guitar_Store.jpg/500px-Electric_Guitar_Store.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A selection of guitars and amps at Apple Music Row</figcaption></figure> <p>Rock music is a genre of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> that developed in the 1950s from <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sound of rock often revolves around the electric or acoustic guitar, and it uses a strong <a href="/wiki/Backbeat_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat (music)">back beat</a> laid down by a <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a>. Along with the guitar or keyboards, saxophone and blues-style harmonica are used as soloing instruments. In its "purest form", it "has three chords, a strong, insistent back beat, and a catchy melody."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional rhythm section for popular music is rhythm guitar, electric bass guitar, drums. Some bands have keyboard instruments such as organ, piano, or, since the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog synthesizers</a>. In the 1980s, pop musicians began using digital synthesizers, such as the <a href="/wiki/DX-7" class="mw-redirect" title="DX-7">DX-7</a> synthesizer, electronic <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/TR-808" class="mw-redirect" title="TR-808">TR-808</a> and synth bass devices (such as the <a href="/wiki/TB-303" class="mw-redirect" title="TB-303">TB-303</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Synth_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Synth bass">synth bass</a> keyboards. In the 1990s, an increasingly large range of computerized hardware musical devices and instruments and software (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstations</a>) were used. In the 2020s, <a href="/wiki/Soft_synth" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft synth">soft synths</a> and computer music apps make it possible for <a href="/wiki/Bedroom_producers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedroom producers">bedroom producers</a> to create and record types of music, such as <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, in their home, adding sampled and digital instruments and editing the recording digitally. In the 1990s, bands in genres such as <a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">nu metal</a> began including <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJs</a> in their bands. DJs create music by manipulating recorded music, using a <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Musical composition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michel_Richard_Delalande_engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Michel_Richard_Delalande_engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg/220px-Michel_Richard_Delalande_engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Michel_Richard_Delalande_engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg/330px-Michel_Richard_Delalande_engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Michel_Richard_Delalande_engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg/440px-Michel_Richard_Delalande_engraving_BNF_Gallica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5358" data-file-height="6666" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Michel_Richard_Delalande" title="Michel Richard Delalande">Michel Richard Delalande</a> (1657–1726), pen in hand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_and_synths._KayoDot_album_%22Hubardo%22_recording,_2013-06-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Coffee_and_synths._KayoDot_album_%22Hubardo%22_recording%2C_2013-06-13.jpg/220px-Coffee_and_synths._KayoDot_album_%22Hubardo%22_recording%2C_2013-06-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Coffee_and_synths._KayoDot_album_%22Hubardo%22_recording%2C_2013-06-13.jpg/330px-Coffee_and_synths._KayoDot_album_%22Hubardo%22_recording%2C_2013-06-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Coffee_and_synths._KayoDot_album_%22Hubardo%22_recording%2C_2013-06-13.jpg/440px-Coffee_and_synths._KayoDot_album_%22Hubardo%22_recording%2C_2013-06-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>People composing music in 2013 using <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">electronic keyboards</a> and computers</figcaption></figure> <p>"Composition" is the act or practice of creating a song, an <a href="/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental">instrumental</a> music piece, a work with both singing and instruments, or another type of music. In many cultures, including Western classical music, the act of composing also includes the creation of <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> "score", which is then performed by the composer or by other singers or musicians. In popular music and traditional music, the act of composing, which is typically called songwriting, may involve the creation of a basic outline of the song, called the <a href="/wiki/Lead_sheet" title="Lead sheet">lead sheet</a>, which sets out the <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord progression</a>. In classical music, the composer typically <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestrates</a> his or her own compositions, but in musical theatre and in pop music, songwriters may hire an arranger to do the orchestration. In some cases, a songwriter may not use notation at all, and instead, compose the song in her mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even when music is notated relatively precisely, as in classical music, there are many decisions that a performer has to make, because notation does not specify all of the elements of music precisely. The process of deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and notated is termed "interpretation". Different performers' interpretations of the same work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen and the playing or singing style or <a href="/wiki/Musical_phrasing" title="Musical phrasing">phrasing</a> of the melodies. Composers and songwriters who present their own music are interpreting their songs, just as much as those who perform the music of others. The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given time and a given place is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">performance practice</a>, whereas interpretation is generally used to mean the individual choices of a performer.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a musical composition often uses <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> and has a single author, this is not always the case. A work of music can have multiple composers, which often occurs in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> when a band collaborates to write a song, or in musical theatre, when one person writes the melodies, a second person writes the lyrics, and a third person orchestrates the songs. In some styles of music, such as the <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, a composer/songwriter may create, perform and record new songs or pieces without ever writing them down in music notation. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or computer programs that explain or notate how the singer or musician should create musical sounds. Examples range from avant-garde music that uses <a href="/wiki/Graphic_notation_(music)" title="Graphic notation (music)">graphic notation</a>, to text compositions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Aus_den_sieben_Tagen" title="Aus den sieben Tagen">Aus den sieben Tagen</a></i>, to computer programs that select sounds for musical pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance is called <a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">aleatoric music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th century, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a>. A commonly known example of chance-based music is the sound of <a href="/wiki/Wind_chimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind chimes">wind chimes</a> jingling in a breeze. </p><p>The study of composition has traditionally been dominated by examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is broad enough to include the creation of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional music</a> songs and instrumental pieces as well as spontaneously <a href="/wiki/Music_improvisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music improvisation">improvised</a> works like those of <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a> performers and African percussionists such as <a href="/wiki/Ewe_drumming" title="Ewe drumming">Ewe drummers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg/220px-Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg/330px-Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg/440px-Naxi_Musicians_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Nakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhi">Naxi</a> musicians</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrianfolk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Assyrianfolk.jpg/220px-Assyrianfolk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Assyrianfolk.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> playing <i><a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">zurna</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Davul" title="Davul">Davul</a></i>, instruments that go back thousands of years</figcaption></figure> <p>Performance is the physical expression of music, which occurs when a song is sung or piano piece, guitar melody, symphony, drum beat or other <a href="/wiki/Part_(music)" title="Part (music)">musical part</a> is played. In classical music, a work is written in <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a> by a composer and then performed once the composer is satisfied with its structure and instrumentation. However, as it gets performed, the interpretation of a song or piece can evolve and change. In classical music, instrumental performers, singers or conductors may gradually make changes to the phrasing or tempo of a piece. In popular and traditional music, the performers have more freedom to make changes to the form of a song or piece. As such, in popular and traditional music styles, even when a band plays a <a href="/wiki/Cover_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Cover song">cover song</a>, they can make changes such as adding a <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">guitar solo</a> or inserting an introduction.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A performance can either be planned out and rehearsed (practiced)—which is the norm in classical music, jazz <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big bands</a>, and many popular music styles–or <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvised</a> over a <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord progression</a> (a sequence of chords), which is the norm in small <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> groups. Rehearsals of orchestras, <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert bands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choirs</a> are led by a conductor. Rock, blues and jazz bands are usually led by the bandleader. A rehearsal is a structured repetition of a song or piece by the performers until it can be sung or played correctly and, if it is a song or piece for more than one musician, until the parts are together from a rhythmic and tuning perspective. </p><p>Many cultures have strong traditions of solo performance (in which one singer or instrumentalist performs), such as in Indian classical music, and in the Western art-music tradition. Other cultures, such as in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, include strong traditions of group performance. All cultures include a mixture of both, and performance may range from improvised solo playing to highly planned and organized performances such as the modern classical concert, religious processions, classical music festivals or <a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">music competitions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">Chamber music</a>, which is music for a small ensemble with only one or a few of each type of instrument, is often seen as more intimate than large symphonic works.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improvisation">Improvisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Musical improvisation</a></div> <p>Musical improvisation is the creation of spontaneous music, often within (or based on) a pre-existing harmonic framework, <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord progression</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Riffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffs">riffs</a>. Improvisers use the notes of the chord, various scales that are associated with each chord, and chromatic ornaments and passing tones which may be neither chord tones nor from the typical scales associated with a chord. Musical improvisation can be done with or without preparation. Improvisation is a major part of some types of music, such as <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a>, in which instrumental performers improvise solos, melody lines, and accompaniment parts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Western art music tradition, improvisation was an important skill during the Baroque era and during the Classical era. In the Baroque era, performers improvised ornaments, and <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a> keyboard players improvised <a href="/wiki/Chord_voicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord voicing">chord voicings</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">figured bass</a> notation. As well, the top soloists were expected to be able to improvise pieces such as <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">preludes</a>. In the Classical era, solo performers and singers improvised virtuoso <a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">cadenzas</a> during concerts. </p><p>However, in the 20th and early 21st century, as "common practice" Western <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> performance became institutionalized in symphony orchestras, opera houses, and ballets, improvisation has played a smaller role, as more and more music was notated in scores and parts for musicians to play. At the same time, some 20th and 21st century <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> composers have increasingly included improvisation in their creative work. In <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a>, improvisation is a core component and an essential criterion of performances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_entertainment">Art and entertainment</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khatia_Buniatishvilli08_(48467004567).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Khatia_Buniatishvilli08_%2848467004567%29.jpg/220px-Khatia_Buniatishvilli08_%2848467004567%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Khatia_Buniatishvilli08_%2848467004567%29.jpg/330px-Khatia_Buniatishvilli08_%2848467004567%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Khatia_Buniatishvilli08_%2848467004567%29.jpg/440px-Khatia_Buniatishvilli08_%2848467004567%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4365" data-file-height="2910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khatia_Buniatishvili" title="Khatia Buniatishvili">Khatia Buniatishvili</a> playing a <a href="/wiki/Grand_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand piano">grand piano</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. When music was only available through <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> scores, such as during the Classical and Romantic eras, music lovers would buy the sheet music of their favourite pieces and songs so that they could perform them at home on the piano. With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>, records of popular songs, rather than sheet music became the dominant way that music lovers would enjoy their favourite songs. With the advent of home <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">tape recorders</a> in the 1980s and <a href="/wiki/Digital_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital music">digital music</a> in the 1990s, music lovers could make tapes or <a href="/wiki/Playlist" title="Playlist">playlists</a> of favourite songs and take them with them on a portable <a href="/wiki/Cassette_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette player">cassette player</a> or MP3 player. Some music lovers create <a href="/wiki/Mix_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Mix tape">mix tapes</a> of favourite songs, which serve as a "self-portrait, a gesture of friendship, prescription for an ideal party... [and] an environment consisting solely of what is most ardently loved".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amateur musicians can compose or perform music for their own pleasure and derive income elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/Professional_musician" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional musician">Professional musicians</a> are employed by institutions and organisations, including armed forces (in <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert bands</a> and popular music groups), religious institutions, symphony orchestras, broadcasting or <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">film production</a> companies, and <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">music schools</a>. Professional musicians sometimes work as freelancers or <a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">session musicians</a>, seeking contracts and engagements in a variety of settings. There are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Beginning amateur musicians take <a href="/wiki/Music_lesson" title="Music lesson">lessons</a> with professional musicians. In community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with professional musicians in a variety of ensembles such as community <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert bands</a> and community orchestras. </p><p>A distinction is often made between music performed for a live audience and music that is performed in a studio so that it can be recorded and distributed through the music retail system or the broadcasting system. However, there are also many cases where a live performance in front of an audience is also recorded and distributed. Live concert recordings are popular in both classical music and in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> forms such as rock, where <a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">illegally taped live concerts</a> are prized by music lovers. In the <a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">jam band</a> scene, live, improvised <a href="/wiki/Jam_session" title="Jam session">jam sessions</a> are preferred to studio recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notation">Notation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Musical notation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.svg/420px-Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.svg/630px-Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.svg/840px-Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Sheet music is a written representation of music. <a href="/wiki/Homorhythm" title="Homorhythm">Homorhythmic</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a>-style) arrangement of the traditional "<a href="/wiki/Adeste_Fideles" class="mw-redirect" title="Adeste Fideles">Adeste Fideles</a>" in standard two-staff format for mixed voices. <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b2\/Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.mid\/Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Adeste Fideles sheet music sample.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.mid/Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.mid" title="File:Adeste Fideles sheet music sample.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Music notation typically means the written expression of music notes and rhythms on paper using symbols. When music is written down, the pitches and rhythm of the music, such as the notes of a <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, are notated. Music notation often provides instructions on how to perform the music. For example, the sheet music for a song may state the song is a "slow blues" or a "fast swing", which indicates the tempo and the genre. To read notation, a person must have an understanding of <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Performance_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance practice">performance practice</a> associated with a particular song or piece's genre. </p><p>Written notation varies with the style and period of music. Nowadays, notated music is produced as <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> or, for individuals with computer <a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">scorewriter</a> programs, as an image on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer screen">computer screen</a>. In ancient times, music notation was put onto stone or clay tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To perform music from notation, a singer or instrumentalist requires an understanding of the rhythmic and pitch elements embodied in the symbols and the performance practice that is associated with a piece of music or genre. In genres requiring <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">musical improvisation</a>, the performer often plays from music where only the <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord changes</a> and form of the song are written, requiring the performer to have a great understanding of the music's structure, harmony and the styles of a particular genre e.g., jazz or <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>. </p><p>In Western art music, the most common types of written notation are scores, which include all the music parts of an ensemble piece, and parts, which are the music notation for the individual performers or singers. In popular music, jazz, and blues, the standard musical notation is the <a href="/wiki/Lead_sheet" title="Lead sheet">lead sheet</a>, which notates the melody, chords, <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> (if it is a vocal piece), and structure of the music. Fake books are also used in jazz; they may consist of lead sheets or simply chord charts, which permit <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a> members to improvise an <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> part to jazz songs. Scores and parts are also used in popular music and jazz, particularly in large ensembles such as jazz "<a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big bands</a>." In popular music, guitarists and electric bass players often read music notated in <a href="/wiki/Tablature" title="Tablature">tablature</a> (often abbreviated as "tab"), which indicates the location of the notes to be played on the instrument using a diagram of the guitar or bass fingerboard. Tablature was used in the Baroque era to notate music for the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, a stringed, fretted instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_and_aural_tradition">Oral and aural tradition</h3></div> <p>Many types of music, such as traditional <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> were not written down in <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>; instead, they were originally preserved in the memory of performers, and the songs were handed down <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">orally</a>, from one musician or singer to another, or aurally, in which a performer learns a song "<a href="/wiki/Playing_by_ear_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing by ear (music)">by ear</a>". When the composer of a song or piece is no longer known, this music is often classified as "traditional" or as a "folk song". Different musical traditions have different attitudes towards how and where to make changes to the original source material, from quite strict, to those that demand improvisation or modification to the music. A culture's history and stories may also be passed on by ear through song.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_music" title="Elements of music">Elements of music</a></div> <p>Music has many different fundamentals or elements. Depending on the definition of "element" being used, these can include pitch, beat or pulse, tempo, rhythm, melody, harmony, texture, style, allocation of voices, timbre or color, dynamics, expression, articulation, form, and structure. The elements of music feature prominently in the music curriculums of Australia, the UK, and the US. All three curriculums identify pitch, dynamics, timbre, and texture as elements, but the other identified elements of music are far from universally agreed upon. Below is a list of the three official versions of the "elements of music": </p> <ul><li>Australia: pitch, timbre, texture, dynamics and expression, rhythm, form and structure.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>UK: pitch, timbre, texture, dynamics, duration, tempo, structure.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>USA: pitch, timbre, texture, dynamics, rhythm, form, harmony, style/articulation.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In relation to the UK curriculum, in 2013 the term: "appropriate <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notations</a>" was added to their list of elements and the title of the list was changed from the "elements of music" to the "inter-related dimensions of music". The inter-related dimensions of music are listed as: pitch, duration, dynamics, tempo, timbre, texture, structure, and appropriate musical notations.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "the elements of music" is used in a number of different contexts. The two most common contexts can be differentiated by describing them as the "rudimentary elements of music" and the "perceptual elements of music".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pitch">Pitch</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch (music)</a></div> <p>Pitch is an aspect of a sound that we can hear, reflecting whether one musical sound, note, or tone is "higher" or "lower" than another musical sound, note, or tone. We can talk about the highness or lowness of pitch in the more general sense, such as the way a listener hears a piercingly high <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a> note or <a href="/wiki/Whistling" title="Whistling">whistling</a> tone as higher in pitch than a deep thump of a <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>. We also talk about pitch in the precise sense associated with musical <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a>. Precise pitch can only be determined in sounds that have a frequency that is clear and stable enough to distinguish from noise. For example, it is much easier for listeners to discern the pitch of a single note played on a piano than to try to discern the pitch of a <a href="/wiki/Crash_cymbal" title="Crash cymbal">crash cymbal</a> that is struck.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melody">Melody</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">Melody</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Popgoesweasel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Popgoesweasel.jpg/620px-Popgoesweasel.jpg" decoding="async" width="620" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Popgoesweasel.jpg/930px-Popgoesweasel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Popgoesweasel.jpg/1240px-Popgoesweasel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="123" /></a><figcaption>The melody to the traditional song "<a href="/wiki/Pop_Goes_the_Weasel" title="Pop Goes the Weasel">Pop Goes the Weasel</a>" <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d5\/Pop_Goes_the_Weasel.ogg\/Pop_Goes_the_Weasel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pop Goes the Weasel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Pop_Goes_the_Weasel.ogg/Pop_Goes_the_Weasel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pop_Goes_the_Weasel.ogg" title="File:Pop Goes the Weasel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A melody, also called a "tune", is a series of pitches (notes) sounding in succession (one after the other), often in a rising and falling pattern. The notes of a melody are typically created using pitch systems such as <a href="/wiki/Musical_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical scale">scales</a> or <a href="/wiki/Musical_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">modes</a>. Melodies also often contain notes from the chords used in the song. The melodies in simple folk songs and traditional songs may use only the notes of a single scale, the scale associated with the tonic note or <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a> of a given song. For example, a folk song in the key of C (also referred to as C major) may have a melody that uses only the notes of the C major scale (the individual notes C, D, E, F, G, A, B, and C; these are the "<a href="/wiki/White_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="White notes">white notes</a>" on a piano keyboard. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a>-era jazz from the 1940s and contemporary music from the 20th and 21st centuries may use melodies with many <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic note">chromatic notes</a> (i.e., notes in addition to the notes of the major scale; on a piano, a chromatic scale would include all the notes on the keyboard, including the "white notes" and "black notes" and unusual scales, such as the <a href="/wiki/Whole_tone_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole tone scale">whole tone scale</a> (a whole tone scale in the key of C would contain the notes C, D, E, F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> and A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>). A low musical line played by bass instruments, such as double bass, electric bass, or <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a>, is called a <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">bassline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harmony">Harmony</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frets,_guitar_neck,_C-major_chord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Frets%2C_guitar_neck%2C_C-major_chord.jpg/220px-Frets%2C_guitar_neck%2C_C-major_chord.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Frets%2C_guitar_neck%2C_C-major_chord.jpg/330px-Frets%2C_guitar_neck%2C_C-major_chord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Frets%2C_guitar_neck%2C_C-major_chord.jpg/440px-Frets%2C_guitar_neck%2C_C-major_chord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>A player performing a chord (combination of many different <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">notes</a>) on a guitar</figcaption></figure> <p>Harmony refers to the "vertical" sounds of pitches in music, which means pitches that are played or sung together at the same time to create a <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a>. Usually, this means the notes are played at the same time, although harmony may also be implied by a melody that outlines a harmonic structure (i.e., by using melody notes that are played one after the other, outlining the notes of a chord). In music written using the system of major-minor <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a> ("keys"), which includes most classical music written from 1600 to 1900 and most Western pop, rock, and traditional music, the key of a piece determines the "home note" or <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</a> to which the piece generally resolves, and the character (e.g. major or minor) of the scale in use. Simple classical pieces and many pop and traditional music songs are written so that all the music is in a single key. More complex Classical, pop, and traditional music songs and pieces may have two keys (and in some cases three or more keys). Classical music from the Romantic era (written from about 1820–1900) often contains multiple keys,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a> jazz from the 1940s, in which the key or "home note" of a song may change every four bars or even every two bars.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhythm">Rhythm</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></div> <p>Rhythm is the arrangement of sounds and silences in time. <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">Meter</a> animates time in regular pulse groupings, called <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">measures or bars</a>, which in Western classical, popular, and traditional music often group notes in sets of two (e.g., 2/4 time), three (e.g., 3/4 time, also known as <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">Waltz</a> time, or 3/8 time), or four (e.g., 4/4 time). Meters are made easier to hear because songs and pieces often (but not always) place an emphasis on the first beat of each grouping. Notable exceptions exist, such as the <a href="/wiki/Backbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat">backbeat</a> used in much Western pop and rock, in which a song that uses a measure that consists of four beats (called 4/4 time or <a href="/wiki/Common_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Common time">common time</a>) will have accents on beats two and four, which are typically performed by the drummer on the <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a>, a loud and distinctive-sounding percussion instrument. In pop and rock, the rhythm parts of a song are played by the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a>, which includes chord-playing instruments (e.g., electric guitar, acoustic guitar, piano, or other keyboard instruments), a bass instrument (typically electric bass or for some styles such as <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluegrass (music)">bluegrass</a>, double bass) and a drum kit player.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texture">Texture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">Texture (music)</a></div> <p>Musical texture is the overall sound of a piece of music or song. The texture of a piece or song is determined by how the melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic materials are combined in a composition, thus determining the overall nature of the sound in a piece. Texture is often described in regard to the density, or thickness, and range, or width, between lowest and highest pitches, in relative terms as well as more specifically distinguished according to the number of voices, or parts, and the relationship between these voices (see common types below). For example, a thick texture contains many 'layers' of instruments. One layer can be a string section or another brass. The thickness is affected by the amount and the richness of the instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texture is commonly described according to the number of and relationship between <a href="/wiki/Part_(music)" title="Part (music)">parts</a> or lines of music: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophony</a>: a single <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> (or "tune") with neither instrumental <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> nor a <a href="/wiki/Harmony_part" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmony part">harmony part</a>. A mother singing a <a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">lullaby</a> to her baby would be an example.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterophony" title="Heterophony">heterophony</a>: two or more instruments or singers playing/singing the same melody, but with each performer slightly varying the rhythm or speed of the melody or adding different <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornaments</a> to the melody. Two <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiddler" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiddler">fiddlers</a> playing the same <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional</a> fiddle tune together will typically each vary the melody by some degree and each add different ornaments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>: multiple independent melody lines that interweave together, which are sung or played at the same time. <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choral</a> music written in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a> era was typically written in this style. A <a href="/wiki/Round_(music)" title="Round (music)">round</a>, which is a song such as "<a href="/wiki/Row,_Row,_Row_Your_Boat" title="Row, Row, Row Your Boat">Row, Row, Row Your Boat</a>", which different groups of singers all start to sing at a different time, is an example of polyphony.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophony</a>: a clear melody supported by <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chordal</a> <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a>. Most Western <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> songs from the 19th century onward are written in this texture.</li></ul> <p>Music that contains a large number of independent <a href="/wiki/Part_(music)" title="Part (music)">parts</a> (e.g., a double concerto accompanied by 100 orchestral instruments with many interweaving melodic lines) is generally said to have a "thicker" or "denser" texture than a work with few parts (e.g., a solo <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> melody accompanied by a single cello). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timbre">Timbre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_(Mike_Tribulas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.jpg/220px-9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.jpg/330px-9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.jpg/440px-9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">Spectrogram</a> of the first second of an E9 <a href="/wiki/Suspended_chord" title="Suspended chord">suspended chord</a> played on a <a href="/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster" title="Fender Stratocaster">Fender Stratocaster</a> guitar. Below is the E9 suspended chord audio: <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_(Mike_Tribulas).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.ogg/9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Timbre, sometimes called "color" or "tone color" is the quality or sound of a voice or instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timbre is what makes a particular musical sound different from another, even when they have the same pitch and loudness. For example, a 440 Hz A note sounds different when it is played on <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a>, piano, violin, or electric guitar. Even if different players of the same instrument play the same note, their notes might sound different due to differences in instrumental technique (e.g., different <a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">embouchures</a>), different types of accessories (e.g., mouthpieces for brass players, reeds for oboe and bassoon players) or strings made out of different materials for string players (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gut_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut string">gut strings</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Steel_strings" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel strings">steel strings</a>). Even two instrumentalists playing the same note on the same instrument (one after the other) may sound different due to different ways of playing the instrument (e.g., two string players might hold the bow differently). </p><p>The physical characteristics of sound that determine the perception of timbre include the <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Envelope_(waves)" title="Envelope (waves)">envelope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">overtones</a> of a note or musical sound. For <a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">electric</a> instruments developed in the 20th century, such as electric guitar, electric bass and <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric piano</a>, the performer can also change the tone by adjusting <a href="/wiki/Graphic_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic equalizer">equalizer controls</a>, tone controls on the instrument, and by using <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">electronic effects units</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a> pedals. The tone of the electric <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a> is controlled by adjusting <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ#Drawbars" title="Hammond organ">drawbars</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expression">Expression</h3></div> <p>Expressive qualities are those elements in music that create change in music without changing the main pitches or substantially changing the rhythms of the melody and its accompaniment. Performers, including singers and instrumentalists, can add musical expression to a song or piece by adding <a href="/wiki/Musical_phrasing" title="Musical phrasing">phrasing</a>, by adding effects such as <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a> (with voice and some instruments, such as guitar, violin, brass instruments, and woodwinds), dynamics (the loudness or softness of piece or a section of it), tempo fluctuations (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ritardando" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritardando">ritardando</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">accelerando</a>, which are, respectively slowing down and speeding up the tempo), by adding pauses or <a href="/wiki/Fermata" title="Fermata">fermatas</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Cadence_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadence (music)">cadence</a>, and by changing the articulation of the notes (e.g., making notes more pronounced or accented, by making notes more <a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">legato</a>, which means smoothly connected, or by making notes shorter). </p><p>Expression is achieved through the manipulation of pitch (such as inflection, vibrato, slides etc.), volume (dynamics, accent, tremolo etc.), duration (tempo fluctuations, rhythmic changes, changing note duration such as with legato and staccato, etc.), timbre (e.g. changing vocal timbre from a light to a resonant voice) and sometimes even texture (e.g. doubling the bass note for a richer effect in a piano piece). Expression therefore can be seen as a manipulation of all elements to convey "an indication of mood, spirit, character etc."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as such cannot be included as a unique perceptual element of music,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it can be considered an important rudimentary element of music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form">Form</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Binary_form" title="Binary form">Binary form</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ternary_form" title="Ternary form">Ternary form</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Development_(music)" title="Development (music)">Development (music)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingle_Bells_refrain_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jingle_Bells_refrain_vector.svg/330px-Jingle_Bells_refrain_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jingle_Bells_refrain_vector.svg/495px-Jingle_Bells_refrain_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jingle_Bells_refrain_vector.svg/660px-Jingle_Bells_refrain_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">Sheet music</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">notation</a> for the chorus (refrain) of the Christmas song "<a href="/wiki/Jingle_Bells" title="Jingle Bells">Jingle Bells</a>" <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/10\/Jingle_Bells_refrain_vector.mid\/Jingle_Bells_refrain_vector.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Jingle Bells refrain vector.mid"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Jingle Bells refrain vector.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Jingle_Bells_refrain_vector.mid/Jingle_Bells_refrain_vector.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Jingle Bells refrain vector.mid</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingle_Bells_refrain_vector.mid" title="File:Jingle Bells refrain vector.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>In music, <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">form</a> describes the overall structure or plan of a song or piece of music,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it describes the layout of a composition as divided into sections.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a> songs and <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Broadway musical</a> songs were often in AABA <a href="/wiki/Thirty-two-bar_form" title="Thirty-two-bar form">thirty-two-bar form</a>, in which the A sections repeated the same eight bar melody (with variation) and the B section provided a contrasting melody or harmony for eight bars. From the 1960s onward, Western pop and rock songs are often in <a href="/wiki/Verse-chorus_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse-chorus form">verse-chorus form</a>, which comprises a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Verse_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse (popular music)">verse</a> and chorus ("<a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">refrain</a>") sections, with new <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> for most verses and repeating lyrics for the choruses. Popular music often makes use of <a href="/wiki/Strophic_form" title="Strophic form">strophic form</a>, sometimes in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_bar_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve bar blues">twelve bar blues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the tenth edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Music" title="The Oxford Companion to Music">The Oxford Companion to Music</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Scholes" title="Percy Scholes">Percy Scholes</a> defines musical form as "a series of strategies designed to find a successful mean between the opposite extremes of unrelieved repetition and unrelieved alteration."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of common forms of Western music include the <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Invention_(musical_composition)" title="Invention (musical composition)">invention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata-allegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Strophic">strophic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theme_and_variations" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme and variations">theme and variations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo">rondo</a>. </p><p>Scholes states that European classical music had only six stand-alone forms: simple binary, simple ternary, compound binary, rondo, air with variations, and fugue (although musicologist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mann_(musicologist)" title="Alfred Mann (musicologist)">Alfred Mann</a> emphasized that the fugue is primarily a method of composition that has sometimes taken on certain structural conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Where a piece cannot readily be broken into sectional units (though it might borrow some form from a poem, story or <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">programme</a>), it is said to be <a href="/wiki/Through-composed" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-composed">through-composed</a>. Such is often the case with a <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(musical_form)" title="Fantasia (musical form)">fantasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">prelude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(music)" title="Rhapsody (music)">rhapsody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etude" class="mw-redirect" title="Etude">etude</a> (or study), <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagatelle_(music)" title="Bagatelle (music)">Bagatelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impromptu" title="Impromptu">impromptu</a> or similar composition.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Charles Keil classified forms and formal detail as "sectional, developmental, or variational."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boldini,_Woman_in_Red.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Boldini%2C_Woman_in_Red.jpg/170px-Boldini%2C_Woman_in_Red.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Boldini%2C_Woman_in_Red.jpg/255px-Boldini%2C_Woman_in_Red.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Boldini%2C_Woman_in_Red.jpg/340px-Boldini%2C_Woman_in_Red.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><i>The Woman in Red</i> by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boldini" title="Giovanni Boldini">Giovanni Boldini</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The philosophy of music is the study of fundamental questions regarding music and has connections with questions in <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>. Questions include: </p> <ul><li>What is the <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_music" title="Definition of music">definition of music</a>? (What are the <a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_sufficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessary and sufficient">necessary and sufficient</a> conditions for classifying something as music?)</li> <li>What is the relationship between music and mind?</li> <li>What does <a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">music history</a> reveal to us about the world?</li> <li>What is the connection between <a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">music and emotions</a>?</li> <li>What is meaning in relation to music?</li></ul> <p>In ancient times, such as with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">aesthetics of music</a> explored the mathematical and <a href="/wiki/Cosmological" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological">cosmological</a> dimensions of <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmic</a> and harmonic organization. In the 18th century, focus shifted to the experience of hearing music, and thus to questions about its beauty and human enjoyment (<i><a href="/wiki/Plaisir" title="Plaisir">plaisir</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jouissance" title="Jouissance">jouissance</a></i>) of music. The origin of this philosophic shift is sometimes attributed to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten</a> in the 18th century, followed by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>. Through their writing, the ancient term 'aesthetics', meaning <a href="/wiki/Sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory perception">sensory perception</a>, received its present-day connotation. In the 2000s, philosophers have tended to emphasize issues besides beauty and enjoyment. For example, music's capacity to express emotion has been foregrounded.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, important contributions were made by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kivy" title="Peter Kivy">Peter Kivy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Levinson" title="Jerrold Levinson">Jerrold Levinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Davies_(philosopher)" title="Stephen Davies (philosopher)">Stephen Davies</a>. However, many musicians, <a href="/wiki/Music_criticism" title="Music criticism">music critics</a>, and other non-philosophers have contributed to the aesthetics of music. In the 19th century, a significant debate arose between <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Music_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Music critic">music critic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologist</a>, and composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> regarding whether music can express meaning. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Harry Partch</a> and some other <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Gann" title="Kyle Gann">Kyle Gann</a>, have studied and tried to popularize <a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">microtonal music</a> and the usage of alternate <a href="/wiki/Musical_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical scale">musical scales</a>. Modern composers like <a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhys_Chatham" title="Rhys Chatham">Rhys Chatham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Branca" title="Glenn Branca">Glenn Branca</a> paid much attention to a scale called <a href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">just intonation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is often thought that music has the ability to affect our <a href="/wiki/Emotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotions">emotions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>; it can assuage our loneliness or incite our passions. The <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> suggests in <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></i> that music has a direct effect on the soul. Therefore, he proposes that in the ideal regime music would be closely regulated by the state (Book VII).<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ancient China, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> believed that music and rituals or rites are interconnected and harmonious with nature; he stated that music was the harmonization of heaven and earth, while the order was brought by the rites order, making them extremely crucial functions in society.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></div> <p>Modern music psychology aims to explain and understand musical <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research in this field and its subfields are primarily <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">empirical</a>; their knowledge tends to advance on the basis of interpretations of data collected by systematic <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a> of and interaction with <a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">human participants</a>. In addition to its focus on fundamental perceptions and cognitive processes, music psychology is a field of research with practical relevance for many areas, including music <a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">performance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Music composition">composition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_criticism" title="Music criticism">criticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">therapy</a>, as well as investigations of human <a href="/wiki/Aptitude" title="Aptitude">aptitude</a>, skill, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>, creativity, and <a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">social behavior</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_music" title="Neuroscience of music">Neuroscience of music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brodmann_41_42.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Brodmann_41_42.png/220px-Brodmann_41_42.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Brodmann_41_42.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary auditory cortex">primary auditory cortex</a> is one of the main areas associated with superior pitch resolution.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> of music is the scientific study of brain-based mechanisms involved in the cognitive processes underlying music. These behaviours include music listening, performing, composing, reading, writing, and ancillary activities. It also is increasingly concerned with the brain basis for musical aesthetics and musical emotion. The field is distinguished by its reliance on direct observations of the brain, using such techniques as <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> (fMRI), <a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">transcranial magnetic stimulation</a> (TMS), <a href="/wiki/Magnetoencephalography" title="Magnetoencephalography">magnetoencephalography</a> (MEG), <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">electroencephalography</a> (EEG), and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_musicology">Cognitive musicology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></div> <p>Cognitive musicology is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a> concerned with <a href="/wiki/Computer_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer model">computationally modeling</a> musical knowledge with the goal of understanding both music and cognition.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of computer models provides an exacting, interactive medium in which to formulate and test theories and has roots in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This interdisciplinary field investigates topics such as the parallels between language and music in the brain. Biologically inspired models of computation are often included in research, such as neural networks and evolutionary programs.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This field seeks to model how musical knowledge is represented, stored, perceived, performed, and generated. By using a well-structured computer environment, the systematic structures of these cognitive phenomena can be investigated.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a></div> <p>Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of sound perception. More specifically, it is the branch of science studying the <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> responses associated with sound (including <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> and music). It can be further categorized as a branch of <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_musicology">Evolutionary musicology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a></div> <p>Evolutionary musicology concerns the "origins of music, the question of animal song, selection pressures underlying music evolution", and "music evolution and human evolution".<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_Merker,_Wallin_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_Merker,_Wallin-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seeks to understand music perception and activity in the context of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary theory">evolutionary theory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> speculated that music may have held an adaptive advantage and functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Protolanguage" class="mw-redirect" title="Protolanguage">protolanguage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view which has spawned several competing theories of music evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithen2005_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen2005-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternate view sees music as a by-product of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic evolution">linguistic evolution</a>; a type of "auditory cheesecake" that pleases the senses without providing any adaptive function.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view has been directly countered by numerous music researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steven_Pinker's_Cheesecake_for_the_Mind_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_Pinker's_Cheesecake_for_the_Mind-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_effects">Cultural effects</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_in_music_cognition" title="Culture in music cognition">Culture in music cognition</a></div><p>An individual's culture or <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> plays a role in their <a href="/wiki/Music_cognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Music cognition">music cognition</a>, including their <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_music_preference" title="Psychology of music preference">preferences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">emotional reaction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music-related_memory" title="Music-related memory">musical memory</a>. Musical preferences are biased toward culturally familiar musical traditions beginning in infancy, and adults' classification of the emotion of a musical piece depends on both culturally specific and universal structural features.<sup id="cite_ref-Soley_2010_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soley_2010-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balkwill_2004_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balkwill_2004-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, individuals' musical memory abilities are greater for culturally familiar music than for culturally unfamiliar music.<sup id="cite_ref-Demorest_2008_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demorest_2008-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Groussard_2010_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groussard_2010-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perceptual">Perceptual</h3></div> <p>Since the emergence of the study of <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustics</a> in the 1930s, most lists of elements of music have related more to how we <i>hear</i> music than how we learn to play it or study it. C.E. Seashore, in his book <i>Psychology of Music</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identified four "psychological attributes of sound". These were: "pitch, loudness, time, and timbre" (p. 3). He did not call them the "elements of music" but referred to them as "elemental components" (p. 2). Nonetheless, these elemental components link precisely with four of the most common musical elements: "Pitch" and "timbre" match exactly, "loudness" links with dynamics, and "time" links with the time-based elements of rhythm, duration, and tempo. This usage of the phrase "the elements of music" links more closely with <i>Webster's New 20th Century Dictionary</i> definition of an element as: "a substance which cannot be divided into a simpler form by known methods"<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and educational institutions' lists of elements generally align with this definition as well. </p><p>Although writers of lists of "rudimentary elements of music" can vary their lists depending on their personal (or institutional) priorities, the perceptual elements of music should consist of an established (or proven) list of discrete elements which can be independently manipulated to achieve an intended musical effect. It seems at this stage that there is still research to be done in this area. </p><p>A slightly different way of approaching the identification of the elements of music, is to identify the "elements of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>" as: <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">duration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">sonic texture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">spatial location</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-search.informit.com.au_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-search.informit.com.au-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then to define the "elements of music" as: sound, structure, and artistic intent.<sup id="cite_ref-search.informit.com.au_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-search.informit.com.au-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociological_aspects">Sociological aspects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_2.jpg/620px-Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="620" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_2.jpg/930px-Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_2.jpg/1240px-Gu_Hongzhong%27s_Night_Revels_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2315" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Song dynasty (960–1279) painting, <i>Night Revels of Han Xizai</i>, showing Chinese musicians entertaining guests at a party in a 10th-century household</figcaption></figure> <p>Ethnographic studies demonstrate that music is a participatory, community-based activity.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music is experienced by individuals in a range of social settings from being alone, to attending a large concert, forming a <a href="/wiki/Music_community" title="Music community">music community</a>, which cannot be understood as a function of individual will or accident; it includes both commercial and non-commercial participants with a shared set of common values. Musical performances take different forms in different cultures and socioeconomic milieus. </p><p>In Europe and North America, there was a divide between what types of music were viewed as "<a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">low culture</a>." "High culture" included Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and modern-era symphonies, concertos, and solo works, and are typically heard in formal concerts in concert halls and churches, with the audience sitting quietly. Other types of music—including jazz, blues, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>—are often performed in bars, nightclubs, and theatres, where the audience may drink, dance and cheer. Until the 20th century, the division between "high" and "low" musical forms was accepted as a valid distinction that separated out "art music", from popular music heard in bars and dance halls. Musicologists, such as David Brackett, note a "redrawing of high-low cultural-aesthetic boundaries" in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, "when industry and public discourses link categories of music with categories of people, they tend to conflate stereotypes with actual listening communities."<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stereotypes can be based on <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> standing, or social class, of the performers or audience of the different types of music. </p><p>When composers introduce styles of music that break with convention, there can be strong resistance from academics and others. Late-period Beethoven string quartets, Stravinsky ballet scores, <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">electronica</a> were controversial and criticised, when they were first introduced. Such themes are examined in the sociology of music, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">sociomusicology</a>, which is pursued in departments of sociology, media studies, or music, and is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Women in music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg/220px-Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg/330px-Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg/440px-Clara_Schumann_1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>19th-century composer and pianist <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Women have played a major role in music throughout history, as composers, songwriters, <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">instrumental performers</a>, singers, conductors, <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">music scholars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Music teacher">music educators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_criticism" title="Music criticism">music critics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Music_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Music journalist">music journalists</a> and other musical professions. In the 2010s, while women comprise a significant proportion of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> and classical music singers, and a significant proportion of songwriters (many of them being singer-songwriters), there are few women record producers, <a href="/wiki/Music_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Music journalist">rock critics</a> and rock instrumentalists. Although there have been a huge number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_women_composers" title="List of women composers">women composers</a> in classical music, from the medieval period to the present day, women composers are significantly underrepresented in the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">commonly performed classical music repertoire</a>, music history textbooks and music encyclopedias; for example, in the <i>Concise Oxford History of Music</i>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a> is one of the few female composers who is mentioned. </p><p>Women comprise a significant proportion of instrumental soloists in classical music and the percentage of women in orchestras is increasing. A 2015 article on concerto soloists in major Canadian orchestras, however, indicated that 84% of the soloists with the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Montreal Symphony Orchestra">Montreal Symphony Orchestra</a> were men. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the top-ranked <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a> orchestra. Women are less common as instrumental players in popular music genres such as rock and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, although there have been a number of notable female instrumentalists and <a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">all-female bands</a>. Women are particularly underrepresented in <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">extreme metal</a> genres.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s pop-music scene, "[l]ike most aspects of the...music business, [in the 1960s,] songwriting was a male-dominated field. Though there were plenty of female singers on the radio, women ...were primarily seen as consumers:... Singing was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument, writing songs, or producing records simply wasn't done."<sup id="cite_ref-rebeatmag.com_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rebeatmag.com-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young women "...were not socialized to see themselves as people who create [music]."<sup id="cite_ref-rebeatmag.com_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rebeatmag.com-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women are also underrepresented in orchestral conducting, music criticism/music journalism, <a href="/wiki/Music_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Music producer">music producing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sound_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound engineering">sound engineering</a>. While women were discouraged from composing in the 19th century, and there are few women <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicologists</a>, women became involved in <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">music education</a> "...to such a degree that women dominated [this field] during the later half of the 19th century and well into the 20th century."<sup id="cite_ref-parlorsongs.com_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parlorsongs.com-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Duchen" title="Jessica Duchen">Jessica Duchen</a>, a music writer for London's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, women musicians in classical music are "...too often judged for their appearances, rather than their talent" and they face pressure "...to look sexy onstage and in photos."<sup id="cite_ref-music.cbc.ca_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-music.cbc.ca-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duchen states that while "[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks,...the ones who do tend to be more materially successful."<sup id="cite_ref-music.cbc.ca_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-music.cbc.ca-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the UK's Radio 3 editor, Edwina Wolstencroft, the music industry has long been open to having women in performance or entertainment roles, but women are much less likely to have positions of authority, such as being the <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor of an orchestra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In popular music, while there are many women singers recording songs, there are very few women behind the <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixer" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mixer">audio console</a> acting as music producers, the individuals who direct and manage the recording process.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most recorded artists is <a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a>, an Indian singer best known as a playback singer in Hindi cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-indiatoday.intoday.in_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday.intoday.in-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_technology">Media and technology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_Trash.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/CD_Trash.png/240px-CD_Trash.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/CD_Trash.png/360px-CD_Trash.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/CD_Trash.png/480px-CD_Trash.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (CD-DA) revolutionized audio music formatting. It allowed for music to be played portably without the need to rewind a series of tape. The CD surpassed <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP</a> sales in 1988, and <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tapes</a> in 1991. By 1999, the CD accounted for 87.9% of the entire <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> in regard to music sales.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 20th century, live music can be broadcast over the radio, television or the Internet, or <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">recorded</a> and listened to on a <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a> or MP3 player. </p><p>In the early 20th century (in the late 1920s), as <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">talking pictures</a> emerged in the early 20th century, with their prerecorded musical tracks, an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1920s, live musical performances by orchestras, pianists, and <a href="/wiki/Theater_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater organ">theater organists</a> were common at first-run theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the coming of the talking motion pictures, those featured performances were largely eliminated. The <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">American Federation of Musicians</a> (AFM) took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices. One 1929 ad that appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Press">Pittsburgh Press</a></i> features an image of a can labeled "Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever"<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes, live performances incorporate prerecorded sounds. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockey</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">disc records</a> for <a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>, and some 20th-century works have a solo for an instrument or voice that is performed along with music that is prerecorded onto a tape. Some pop bands use recorded <a href="/wiki/Backing_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Backing tracks">backing tracks</a>. Computers and many <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard (computing)">keyboards</a> can be programmed to produce and play <a href="/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface">Musical Instrument Digital Interface</a> (MIDI) music. Audiences can also <i>become</i> performers by participating in <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a>, an activity of Japanese origin centered on a device that plays voice-eliminated versions of well-known songs. Most karaoke machines also have video screens that show lyrics to songs being performed; performers can follow the lyrics as they sing over the instrumental tracks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg/220px-Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg/330px-Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg/440px-Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Music production in the 2000s using a <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstation</a> (DAW) with an electronic keyboard and a <a href="/wiki/Multi-monitor" title="Multi-monitor">multi-monitor</a> set-up</figcaption></figure><p>The advent of the Internet and widespread high-speed broadband access has transformed the experience of music, partly through the increased ease of access to recordings of music via <a href="/wiki/Streaming_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming video">streaming video</a> and vastly increased choice of music for consumers. Another effect of the Internet arose with <a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">online communities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> websites like YouTube and Facebook, a <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a>. These sites make it easier for aspiring singers and amateur bands to distribute videos of their songs, connect with other musicians, and gain audience interest. Professional musicians also use YouTube as a free publisher of promotional material. YouTube users, for example, no longer only download and listen to MP3s, but also actively create their own. According to <a href="/wiki/Don_Tapscott" title="Don Tapscott">Don Tapscott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Williams_(author)" title="Anthony D. Williams (author)">Anthony D. Williams</a>, in their book <i><a href="/wiki/Wikinomics" title="Wikinomics">Wikinomics</a></i>, there has been a shift from a traditional consumer role to what they call a "<a href="/wiki/Prosumer" title="Prosumer">prosumer</a>" role, a consumer who both creates content and consumes. Manifestations of this in music include the production of <a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">mashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remixes</a>, and music videos by fans.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-institutional">Non-institutional</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suzuki_violin_recital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Suzuki_violin_recital.jpg/220px-Suzuki_violin_recital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Suzuki_violin_recital.jpg/330px-Suzuki_violin_recital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Suzuki_violin_recital.jpg/440px-Suzuki_violin_recital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_method" title="Suzuki method">Suzuki</a> violin recital with students of varying ages</figcaption></figure> <p>The incorporation of music into general education from <a href="/wiki/Preschool_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Preschool education">preschool</a> to <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">post secondary education</a>, is common in North America and Europe. Involvement in playing and singing music is thought to teach basic skills such as concentration, <a href="/wiki/Counting" title="Counting">counting</a>, listening, and cooperation while also promoting understanding of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, improving the ability to <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">recall</a> information, and creating an environment more conducive to learning in other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In elementary schools, children often learn to play instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a>, sing in small choirs, and learn about the history of Western art music and traditional music. Some elementary school children also learn about popular music styles. In religious schools, children sing <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> and other religious music. In secondary schools (and less commonly in elementary schools), students may have the opportunity to perform in some types of musical ensembles, such as <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choirs</a> (a group of singers), <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert bands</a>, jazz bands, or orchestras. In some school systems, music lessons on how to play instruments may be provided. Some students also take private <a href="/wiki/Music_lesson" title="Music lesson">music lessons</a> after school with a singing teacher or instrument teacher. Amateur musicians typically learn basic musical rudiments (e.g., learning about <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Musical_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical scale">musical scales</a> and rhythms) and beginner- to intermediate-level singing or instrument-playing techniques. </p><p>At the university level, students in most arts and <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> programs can receive <a href="/wiki/Credit_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (education)">credit</a> for taking a few music courses, which typically take the form of an overview course on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">history of music</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Music_appreciation" title="Music appreciation">music appreciation</a> course that focuses on listening to music and learning about different musical styles. In addition, most North American and European universities have some types of musical ensembles that students in arts and humanities are able to participate in, such as choirs, marching bands, concert bands, or orchestras. The study of Western art music is increasingly common outside of North America and Europe, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Institute_of_the_Arts,_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Institute of the Arts, Yogyakarta">Indonesian Institute of the Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta (city)">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, or the classical music programs that are available in Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, and China. At the same time, Western universities and colleges are widening their curriculum to include music of non-Western cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">music of Africa</a> or Bali (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a> music). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional">Institutional</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TimothyBCobb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/TimothyBCobb.jpg/220px-TimothyBCobb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/TimothyBCobb.jpg/330px-TimothyBCobb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/TimothyBCobb.jpg/440px-TimothyBCobb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music" title="Manhattan School of Music">Manhattan School of Music</a> professor and professional double bass player <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Cobb" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Cobb">Timothy Cobb</a> teaching a bass lesson in the late 2000s. His bass has a low C extension with a metal "machine" with buttons for playing the pitches on the extension.</figcaption></figure> <p>People aiming to become professional musicians, singers, composers, songwriters, music teachers and practitioners of other music-related professions such as <a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">music history</a> professors, <a href="/wiki/Sound_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound engineer">sound engineers</a>, and so on study in specialized post-secondary programs offered by colleges, universities and <a href="/wiki/Music_conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Music conservatory">music conservatories</a>. Some institutions that train individuals for careers in music offer training in a wide range of professions, as is the case with many of the top U.S. universities, which offer degrees in music performance (including singing and playing instruments), music history, music theory, music composition, <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">music education</a> (for individuals aiming to become elementary or high school music teachers) and, in some cases, conducting. On the other hand, some small colleges may only offer training in a single profession (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a>). </p><p>While most university and conservatory music programs focus on training students in classical music, there are universities and colleges that train musicians for careers as jazz or <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> musicians and composers, with notable U.S. examples including the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music" title="Manhattan School of Music">Manhattan School of Music</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music" title="Berklee College of Music">Berklee College of Music</a>. Two schools in Canada which offer professional jazz training are <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humber_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber College">Humber College</a>. Individuals aiming at careers in some types of music, such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> are unlikely to become professionals by completing degrees or diplomas. Instead, they typically learn about their style of music by singing or playing in bands (often beginning in amateur bands, <a href="/wiki/Cover_band" title="Cover band">cover bands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribute_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribute band">tribute bands</a>), studying recordings on DVD and the Internet, and working with already-established professionals in their style of music, either through informal <a href="/wiki/Mentoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentoring">mentoring</a> or regular <a href="/wiki/Music_lesson" title="Music lesson">music lessons</a>. Since the 2000s, the increasing popularity and availability of Internet forums and YouTube "how-to" videos have enabled singers and musicians from metal, blues and similar genres to improve their skills. Many pop, rock and country singers train informally with <a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">vocal coaches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_teacher" title="Voice teacher">voice teachers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_study">Academic study</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musicology">Musicology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a></div> <p>Musicology, the academic study of music, is studied in universities and music conservatories. The earliest definitions from the 19th century defined three sub-disciplines of musicology: <a href="/wiki/Systematic_musicology" title="Systematic musicology">systematic musicology</a>, historical musicology, and comparative musicology or <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicology</a>. In 2010-era scholarship, one is more likely to encounter a division into <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">music history</a>, and ethnomusicology. Research in musicology has often been enriched by cross-disciplinary work, for example in the field of <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustics</a>. The study of music of non-Western cultures, and cultural study of music, is called ethnomusicology. Students can pursue study of musicology, ethnomusicology, music history, and music theory through different types of degrees, including bachelor's, master's and PhD.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_theory">Music theory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Music theory</a></div> <p>Music theory is the study of music, generally in a highly technical manner outside of other disciplines. More broadly it refers to any study of music, usually related in some form with compositional concerns, and may include mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>. What is most commonly taught in beginning music theory classes are guidelines to write in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common practice period</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal music</a>. Theory, even of music of the common practice period, may take other forms.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Set_theory_(music)" title="Set theory (music)">Musical set theory</a> is the application of mathematical <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a> to music, first applied to <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonal music</a>. <i>Speculative music theory</i>, contrasted with <i>analytic music theory</i>, is devoted to the analysis and synthesis of music materials, for example <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">tuning systems</a>, generally as preparation for composition.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></div> <p>Zoomusicology is the study of the music of non-human animals, or the musical aspects of sounds produced by non-human animals. As George Herzog (1941) asked, "do animals have music?" <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Bernard_M%C3%A2che" title="François-Bernard Mâche">François-Bernard Mâche</a>'s <i>Musique, mythe, nature, ou les Dauphins d'Arion</i> (1983), a study of "ornitho-musicology" using a technique of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Ruwet" title="Nicolas Ruwet">Nicolas Ruwet</a>'s <i>Language, musique, poésie</i> (1972) <a href="/wiki/Paradigmatic_analysis" title="Paradigmatic analysis">paradigmatic segmentation analysis</a>, shows that <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">bird songs</a> are organised according to a repetition-transformation principle. Jean-Jacques Nattiez (1990), argues that "in the last analysis, it is a human being who decides what is and is not musical, even when the sound is not of human origin. If we acknowledge that sound is not organised and conceptualised (that is, made to form music) merely by its producer, but by the mind that perceives it, then music is uniquely human."<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/220px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/330px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/440px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="3724" /></a><figcaption>Ethnomusicologist <a href="/wiki/Frances_Densmore" title="Frances Densmore">Frances Densmore</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> in 1916 where she was recording <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Chief" title="Mountain Chief">Mountain Chief</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology" title="Bureau of American Ethnology">Bureau of American Ethnology</a>. In this picture, Mountain Chief is listening to a recording.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the West, much of the history of music that is taught deals with the Western civilization's art music, known as classical music. The history of music in non-Western cultures ("<a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a>" or the field of "ethnomusicology") is also taught in Western universities. This includes the documented classical traditions of Asian countries outside the influence of Western Europe, as well as the folk or indigenous music of various other cultures. Popular or folk styles of music in non-Western countries varied from culture to culture, and period to period. Different cultures emphasised different <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instruments</a>, techniques, singing styles and uses for music. Music has been used for entertainment, ceremonies, rituals, religious purposes and for practical and artistic communication. Non-Western music has also been used for propaganda purposes, as was the case with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. </p><p>There is a host of music classifications for non-Western music, many of which are caught up in the argument over the <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_music" title="Definition of music">definition of music</a>. Among the largest of these is the division between classical music (or "art" music), and popular music (or <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_commercial_music" title="Contemporary commercial music">commercial music</a> – including non-Western styles of rock, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, and pop music-related styles). Some genres do not fit neatly into one of these "big two" classifications, (such as <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>-related music). </p><p>As world cultures have come into <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">greater global contact</a>, their indigenous musical styles have often merged with other styles, which produces new styles. For example, the United States <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a> style contains elements from <a href="/wiki/Folk_Music_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Music of England">Anglo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scottish</a>, Irish, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">German</a> and African instrumental and vocal traditions, which were able to fuse in the United States' multi-ethnic "<a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>" society. Some types of world music contain a mixture of non-Western indigenous styles with Western pop music elements. Genres of music are determined as much by tradition and presentation as by the actual music. Some works, like <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue" title="Rhapsody in Blue">Rhapsody in Blue</a></i>, are claimed by both jazz and classical music, while Gershwin's <i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Side Story (musical)">West Side Story</a></i> are claimed by both opera and the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_musical" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway musical">Broadway musical</a> tradition. Many music festivals for non-Western music, include bands and singers from a particular musical genre, such as world music.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Indian music</a>, for example, is one of the oldest and longest living types of music, and is still widely heard and performed in South Asia, as well as internationally (especially since the 1960s). Indian music has mainly three forms of classical music, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhrupad" title="Dhrupad">Dhrupad</a> styles. It has also a large repertoire of styles, which involve only percussion music such as the talavadya performances famous in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Therapy">Therapy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC-05376.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/USMC-05376.jpg/220px-USMC-05376.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/USMC-05376.jpg/330px-USMC-05376.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/USMC-05376.jpg/440px-USMC-05376.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A music therapist from a "Blues in the Schools" program plays harmonica with a US Navy sailor at a Naval Therapy Center.</figcaption></figure> <p>Music therapy is an interpersonal process in which a trained therapist uses music and all of its facets—physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual—to help clients to improve or maintain their health. In some instances, the client's needs are addressed directly through music; in others they are addressed through the relationships that develop between the client and therapist. Music therapy is used with individuals of all ages and with a variety of conditions, including: psychiatric disorders, medical problems, physical disabilities, sensory impairments, developmental disabilities, substance abuse issues, communication disorders, interpersonal problems, and aging. It is also used to improve learning, build self-esteem, reduce stress, <a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">support physical exercise</a>, and facilitate a host of other health-related activities. Music therapists may encourage clients to sing, play instruments, create songs, or do other musical activities. </p><p>In the 10th century, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a> described how vocal music can stimulate the feelings and souls of listeners.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music has long been used to help people deal with their emotions. In the 17th century, the scholar <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burton_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Burton (scholar)">Robert Burton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Melancholy" title="The Anatomy of Melancholy">The Anatomy of Melancholy</a></i> argued that music and dance were critical in treating <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental illness</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted that music has an "excellent power ...to expel many other diseases" and he called it "a sovereign remedy against despair and melancholy." He pointed out that in Antiquity, Canus, a Rhodian fiddler, used music to "make a melancholy man merry, ...a lover more enamoured, a religious man more devout."<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, mental illnesses were treated with music.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2006, Michael J. Crawford and his colleagues also found that music therapy helped <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenic</a> patients.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline of music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index of music articles</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/19px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/29px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/38px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Glossary of music terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_musicians" title="Lists of musicians">Lists of musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musicology_topics" title="List of musicology topics">List of musicology topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A now discredited theory held by many medieval thinkers was that 'music' was descended from the Egyptian word <i>moys</i>, meaning water, thought to connect to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel1969548_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel1969548-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the further etymological origins, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mousiké</i></span> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Feminine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine gender">feminine</a> form of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mousikos</i></span>, which is anything "pertaining to the muses", from the Ancient Greek word for Muse, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Mousa</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no agreement on the origins of the word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Mousa</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001§_para_1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001§_para_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though see <a href="/wiki/Muses#Etymology" title="Muses"><i>Muses § Etymology</i></a> for proposed theories.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFMorley2013">Morley (2013</a>, pp. 43–45) for a comprehensive table on all eight surviving flutes from the <a href="/wiki/Geissenkl%C3%B6sterle" title="Geissenklösterle">Geissenklösterle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hohle_Fels" title="Hohle Fels">Hohle Fels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vogelherd_Cave" title="Vogelherd Cave">Vogelherd</a> caves</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the 1800s, the phrases "the elements of music" and "the rudiments of music" were used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elements described in these documents refer to aspects of music that are needed to become a musician, Recent writers such as Espie Estrella seem to be using the phrase "elements of music" in a similar manner.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A definition which most accurately reflects this usage is: "the rudimentary principles of an art, science, etc.: the elements of grammar."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK's curriculum switch to the "inter-related dimensions of music" seems to be a move back to using the rudimentary elements of music.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''OED''§&nbsp;1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''OED''§&nbsp;1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED"><i>OED</i></a>, § 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''AHD''§&nbsp;1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''AHD''§&nbsp;1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAHD"><i>AHD</i></a>, § 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpperson2022§_para._1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpperson2022§_para._1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpperson2022">Epperson 2022</a>, § para. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley20135-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley20135_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley2013">Morley 2013</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen200526–27-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithen200526–27_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMithen2005">Mithen 2005</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1983104-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1983104_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1983">Gardner 1983</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoad2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hoad, T. F., ed. (2003) [1996]. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192830982.001.0001/acref-9780192830982-e-9933">"music"</a></span>. <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283098-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283098-2"><bdi>978-0-19-283098-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530222537/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192830982.001.0001/acref-9780192830982-e-9933">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=music&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+English+Etymology&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283098-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192830982.001.0001%2Facref-9780192830982-e-9933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§III_"3._Music_among_the_arts"-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§III_"3._Music_among_the_arts"_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl2001">Nettl 2001</a>, §III "3. Music among the arts".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOnline_Etymology_Dictionary"><i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i></a>, § para 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Online_Etymology_Dictionary''§_para_1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOnline_Etymology_Dictionary"><i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i></a>, § para 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel1969548-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel1969548_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel1969548_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApel1969">Apel 1969</a>, p. 548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001§_para_1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001§_para_1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonMathiesen2001">Anderson & Mathiesen 2001</a>, § para 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray202013–14-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray202013–14_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray2020">Murray 2020</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§I_"1._Etymology"_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl2001">Nettl 2001</a>, §I "1. Etymology".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001§_para_2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonMathiesen2001§_para_2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonMathiesen2001">Anderson & Mathiesen 2001</a>, § para 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"1._Contemporary_Western_culture"-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"1._Contemporary_Western_culture"_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl2001">Nettl 2001</a>, §II "1. Contemporary Western culture".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"2._East_Asia"-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"2._East_Asia"_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"2._East_Asia"_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl2001">Nettl 2001</a>, §II "2. East Asia".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"5._Some_African_cultures"-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"5._Some_African_cultures"_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"5._Some_African_cultures"_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl2001">Nettl 2001</a>, §II "5. Some African cultures".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"4._India"-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"4._India"_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl2001">Nettl 2001</a>, §II "4. India".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"6._Some_Amerindian_and_Oceanian_cultures"-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"6._Some_Amerindian_and_Oceanian_cultures"_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl2001">Nettl 2001</a>, §II "6. Some Amerindian and Oceanian cultures".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"3._Iran_and_the_Middle_East"-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§II_"3._Iran_and_the_Middle_East"_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl2001">Nettl 2001</a>, §II "3. Iran and the Middle East".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley201343-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley201343_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley201343_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley2013">Morley 2013</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkerMorleyZuidema2015§_"Introduction"-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerkerMorleyZuidema2015§_"Introduction"_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerkerMorleyZuidema2015">Merker, Morley & Zuidema 2015</a>, § "Introduction".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley20132–3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley20132–3_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley2013">Morley 2013</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallinMerkerBrown20008-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallinMerkerBrown20008_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallinMerkerBrown20008_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallinMerkerBrown2000">Wallin, Merker & Brown 2000</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuron200361-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuron200361_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuron2003">Huron 2003</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuron200362-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuron200362_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuron2003">Huron 2003</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallinMerkerBrown200011-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallinMerkerBrown200011_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallinMerkerBrown2000">Wallin, Merker & Brown 2000</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2001§&nbsp;8_"On_the_Origins_of_Music"-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2001§&nbsp;8_"On_the_Origins_of_Music"_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl2001">Nettl 2001</a>, § 8 "On the Origins of Music".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley201338–39-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley201338–39_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley2013">Morley 2013</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley201342-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley201342_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley201342_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley2013">Morley 2013</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html">Music of Ancient Egypt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151013114158/http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html">Archived</a> 13 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology" title="Kelsey Museum of Archaeology">Kelsey Museum of Archaeology</a>, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucl-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ucl_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/metal/uc33268.html">"UC 33268"</a>. digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727171041/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/metal/uc33268.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UC+33268&rft.pub=digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk%2Fmetal%2Fuc33268.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickmann1957" class="citation journal cs1">Hickmann, Hans (1957). "Un Zikr Dans le Mastaba de Debhen, Guîzah (IVème Dynastie)". <i>Journal of the International Folk Music Council</i>. <b>9</b>: 59–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F834982">10.2307/834982</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-7922">0950-7922</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/834982">834982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Folk+Music+Council&rft.atitle=Un+Zikr+Dans+le+Mastaba+de+Debhen%2C+Gu%C3%AEzah+%28IV%C3%A8me+Dynastie%29&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=59-62&rft.date=1957&rft.issn=0950-7922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F834982%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F834982&rft.aulast=Hickmann&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickmann1960" class="citation journal cs1">Hickmann, Hans (January–March 1960). "Rythme, mètre et mesure de la musique instrumentale et vocale des anciens Egyptiens". <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Musicologica" title="Acta Musicologica">Acta Musicologica</a></i>. <b>32</b> (1): 11–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F931818">10.2307/931818</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/931818">931818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Musicologica&rft.atitle=Rythme%2C+m%C3%A8tre+et+mesure+de+la+musique+instrumentale+et+vocale+des+anciens+Egyptiens&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-22&rft.date=1960-01%2F1960-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F931818&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F931818%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hickmann&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolba1995" class="citation book cs1">Stolba, K. Marie (1995). <i>The Development of Western Music: A History</i> (brief second ed.). Madison: Brown & Benchmark Publishers. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Western+Music%3A+A+History&rft.place=Madison&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=brief+second&rft.pub=Brown+%26+Benchmark+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Stolba&rft.aufirst=K.+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1994" class="citation book cs1">West, Martin Litchfield (May 1994). "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts". <i>Music and Letters</i>. Vol. 75. pp. 161–179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Babylonian+Musical+Notation+and+the+Hurrian+Melodic+Texts&rft.btitle=Music+and+Letters&rft.pages=161-179&rft.date=1994-05&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+Litchfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grove-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grove_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2001" class="citation book cs1">Savage, Roger (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425102522/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000043289"><i>Incidental music | Oxford Music</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.43289">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000043289">the original</a> on 25 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incidental+music+%26%23124%3B+Oxford+Music&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.43289&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000043289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-west-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-west_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1994" class="citation book cs1">West, Martin Litchfield (1994). <i>Ancient Greek music</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+music&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+Litchfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinnington-Ingram1929" class="citation journal cs1">Winnington-Ingram, Reginald P. (October 1929). "Ancient Greek Music: A Survey". <i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a></i>. <b>10</b> (4): 326–345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2FX.4.326">10.1093/ml/X.4.326</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/726126">726126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+%26+Letters&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek+Music%3A+A+Survey&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=326-345&rft.date=1929-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fml%2FX.4.326&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F726126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Winnington-Ingram&rft.aufirst=Reginald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aristoxenus,_Henry_Stewart_Macran-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aristoxenus,_Henry_Stewart_Macran_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristoxenus,_Henry_Stewart_Macran1902" class="citation book cs1">Aristoxenus, Henry Stewart Macran (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TseQjV_wogC&pg=PA165"><i>Harmonika Stoicheia (The Harmonics of Aristoxenus)</i></a>. Georg Olms Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-40510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-40510-0"><bdi>978-3-487-40510-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123175755">123175755</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102200636/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TseQjV_wogC&pg=PA165">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmonika+Stoicheia+%28The+Harmonics+of+Aristoxenus%29&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123175755&rft.isbn=978-3-487-40510-0&rft.au=Aristoxenus%2C+Henry+Stewart+Macran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TseQjV_wogC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard O. Nidel, <i>World Music: The Basics</i>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Kahn, <i>World History: Societies of the Past</i>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World History: Societies of the Past By Charles Kahn (p. 11)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Music: The Basics By Nidel Nidel, Richard O. Nidel (p. 10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajagopal2009" class="citation book cs1">Rajagopal, Geetha (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SgVPAQAAIAAJ"><i>Music rituals in the temples of South India, Volume 1</i></a>. D. K. Printworld. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0538-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-246-0538-7"><bdi>978-81-246-0538-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214064955/https://books.google.com/books?id=SgVPAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Basic emotions and beyond"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>4</b>: 596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00596">10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00596</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3764399">3764399</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24046758">24046758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=What+does+music+express%3F+Basic+emotions+and+beyond&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=596&rft.date=2013-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3764399%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24046758&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00596&rft.aulast=Juslin&rft.aufirst=Patrik+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3764399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundamerican.org/issues/just-intonation/field-full-rabbit-holes">"A Field Full of Rabbit Holes"</a>. <i>Sound American</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sound+American&rft.atitle=A+Field+Full+of+Rabbit+Holes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundamerican.org%2Fissues%2Fjust-intonation%2Ffield-full-rabbit-holes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onscreen.thekitchen.org/media/rhys-chatham">"Rhys Chatham: "Drastic Classical Music for Electric Instruments"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Kitchen OnScreen</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kitchen+OnScreen&rft.atitle=Rhys+Chatham%3A+%22Drastic+Classical+Music+for+Electric+Instruments%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonscreen.thekitchen.org%2Fmedia%2Frhys-chatham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2016/05/glenn-branca-symphony-guide">"Glenn Branca: A Guide to the Symphonies"</a>. <i>daily.redbullmusicacademy.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=daily.redbullmusicacademy.com&rft.atitle=Glenn+Branca%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Symphonies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.redbullmusicacademy.com%2F2016%2F05%2Fglenn-branca-symphony-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlato2006" class="citation book cs1">Plato (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1497"><i>The Republic, Book VII</i></a>. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011041106/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1497">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic%2C+Book+VII&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg+Literary+Archive+Foundation&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Plato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F1497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkendall2017" class="citation web cs1">Kirkendall, Jensen Armstrong (14 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/998/2018/11/JensenKirkendall-TheWellOrderedHeart.pdf">"The Well-Ordered Heart: Confucius on Harmony, Music, and Ritual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413045728/https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/998/2018/11/JensenKirkendall-TheWellOrderedHeart.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Well-Ordered+Heart%3A+Confucius+on+Harmony%2C+Music%2C+and+Ritual&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft.aulast=Kirkendall&rft.aufirst=Jensen+Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.wp.wsu.edu%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F998%2F2018%2F11%2FJensenKirkendall-TheWellOrderedHeart.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tan-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tan_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanPfordresherHarré2010" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Siu-Lan; Pfordresher, Peter; Harré, Rom (2010). <i>Psychology of Music: From Sound to Significance</i>. New York: Psychology Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-868-7"><bdi>978-1-84169-868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+of+Music%3A+From+Sound+to+Significance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84169-868-7&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Siu-Lan&rft.au=Pfordresher%2C+Peter&rft.au=Harr%C3%A9%2C+Rom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaske1999" class="citation book cs1">Laske, Otto (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottolaskenavigat0000unse"><i>Navigating New Musical Horizons (Contributions to the Study of Music and Dance)</i></a></span>. Westport: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30632-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navigating+New+Musical+Horizons+%28Contributions+to+the+Study+of+Music+and+Dance%29&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30632-7&rft.aulast=Laske&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fottolaskenavigat0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laske, O. (1999). AI and music: A cornerstone of cognitive musicology. In M. Balaban, K. Ebcioglu, & O. 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New York: Greenwood Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_Merker,_Wallin-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_Merker,_Wallin_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallin, Nils L./Björn Merker/Steven Brown (1999): "An Introduction to Evolutionary Musicology." 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Descent+of+Man%2C+and+Selection+in+Relation+to+Sex&rft.date=1871&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fdirs%2Fetext00%2Fdscmn10.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter III; Language</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNils_L._WallinBjörn_MerkerSteven_Brown2000" class="citation book cs1">Nils L. Wallin; Björn Merker; Steven Brown, eds. (2000). <i>The Origins of Music</i>. 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Seeking the biological roots of music in the loud calls of primates, lions, hyenas, and wolves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Musicae Scientiae</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1029864909013002131">10.1177/1029864909013002131</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39481097">39481097</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530015628/http://anthro.vancouver.wsu.edu/media/PDF/musicae.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Singer+Asha+Bhosle+enters+Guinness+World+Records+for+most+single+studio+recordings&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2Fasha-bhosle-enters-guinness-world-records%2F1%2F156966.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/u-s-sales-database/">"U.S. Music Revenue Database"</a>. <i>RIAA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIAA&rft.atitle=U.S.+Music+Revenue+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fu-s-sales-database%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405035855/http://www.afm.org/public/about/history.php">"History"</a>. <i>American Federation of Musicians</i>. 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(1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051829">"Synchronized Sound and Movie-House Musicians, 1926–29"</a>. <i>American Music</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 429–441 [429]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3051829">10.2307/3051829</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051829">3051829</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221029001344/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051829">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Music&rft.atitle=Synchronized+Sound+and+Movie-House+Musicians%2C+1926%E2%80%9329&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=429-441+429&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3051829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3051829%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Preston+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3051829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/adaccess.R0206/">"Canned Music on Trial"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214085601/http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/adaccess.R0206/">Archived</a> 14 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> part of <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>'s <i>Ad*Access</i> project.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapscottWilliams,_Anthony_D.2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Tapscott" title="Don Tapscott">Tapscott, Don</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Williams_(author)" title="Anthony D. 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Portfolio Hardcover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-138-8"><bdi>978-1-59184-138-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikinomics%3A+How+Mass+Collaboration+Changes+Everything&rft.pub=Portfolio+Hardcover&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59184-138-8&rft.aulast=Tapscott&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Williams%2C+Anthony+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.songsforteaching.com/lb/literacymusic.htm">"Promoting Literacy Through Music"</a>. <i>www.songsforteaching.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.songsforteaching.com&rft.atitle=Promoting+Literacy+Through+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.songsforteaching.com%2Flb%2Fliteracymusic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis-McAfee2023" class="citation web cs1">Davis-McAfee, M. (7 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelist.com/1275454/rihanna-hit-singer-gave-her-vocal-lessons/">"The Hit Singer Who Gave Rihanna Informal Vocal Lessons"</a>. <i>The List</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+List&rft.atitle=The+Hit+Singer+Who+Gave+Rihanna+Informal+Vocal+Lessons&rft.date=2023-05-07&rft.aulast=Davis-McAfee&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelist.com%2F1275454%2Frihanna-hit-singer-gave-her-vocal-lessons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.berklee.edu/courses/pop-and-rock-vocals">"Pop and Rock Vocals"</a>. <i>online.berklee.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=online.berklee.edu&rft.atitle=Pop+and+Rock+Vocals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.berklee.edu%2Fcourses%2Fpop-and-rock-vocals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.umd.edu/areas-of-study/musicology-ethnomusicology">"MUSICOLOGY & ETHNOMUSICOLOGY | School of Music"</a>. <i>music.umd.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=music.umd.edu&rft.atitle=MUSICOLOGY+%26+ETHNOMUSICOLOGY+%26%23124%3B+School+of+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.umd.edu%2Fareas-of-study%2Fmusicology-ethnomusicology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arts.ufl.edu/academics/music/programs/musicology-ethnomusicology/degrees-offered/">"Degrees Offered | Musicology and Ethnomusicology | Programs & Degrees | School of Music | College of the Arts | University of Florida"</a>. <i>arts.ufl.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arts.ufl.edu&rft.atitle=Degrees+Offered+%26%23124%3B+Musicology+and+Ethnomusicology+%26%23124%3B+Programs+%26+Degrees+%26%23124%3B+School+of+Music+%26%23124%3B+College+of+the+Arts+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farts.ufl.edu%2Facademics%2Fmusic%2Fprograms%2Fmusicology-ethnomusicology%2Fdegrees-offered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.washington.edu/areas/ethnomusicology#:~:text=,%E3%80%9096%E2%80%A0Ethnomusicology+(PhD)%E3%80%91">"Ethnomusicology | School of Music | University of Washington"</a>. <i>music.washington.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=music.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Ethnomusicology+%26%23124%3B+School+of+Music+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.washington.edu%2Fareas%2Fethnomusicology%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%2C%25E3%2580%259096%25E2%2580%25A0Ethnomusicology%2B%28PhD%29%25E3%2580%2591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327969920">"Music Theory: Speculation, Reasoning, Experience. A Perspective from Systematic Musicology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+Theory%3A+Speculation%2C+Reasoning%2C+Experience.+A+Perspective+from+Systematic+Musicology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F327969920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parsejournal.com/article/what-is-speculative-music-composition/">"What is Speculative Music Composition?"</a>. <i>parsejournal.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parsejournal.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Speculative+Music+Composition%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparsejournal.com%2Farticle%2Fwhat-is-speculative-music-composition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNattiez1990" class="citation book cs1">Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (21 November 1990). <i>Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691027142" title="Special:BookSources/9780691027142"><bdi>9780691027142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Discourse%3A+Toward+a+Semiology+of+Music&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990-11-21&rft.isbn=9780691027142&rft.aulast=Nattiez&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldmusiccentral.org/world-music-resources/world-music-festivals/">"World Music Festivals | World Music Central"</a>. 24 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Music+Festivals+%26%23124%3B+World+Music+Central&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldmusiccentral.org%2Fworld-music-resources%2Fworld-music-festivals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://festivalpro.com//festival-management/1251/news/2021/2/15/">"The Most Popular Genres for Music Festivals in 2021"</a>. <i>Festival Pro</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festival+Pro&rft.atitle=The+Most+Popular+Genres+for+Music+Festivals+in+2021.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffestivalpro.com%2F%2Ffestival-management%2F1251%2Fnews%2F2021%2F2%2F15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRens_Bod2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rens_Bod" title="Rens Bod">Rens Bod</a> (2022). <i>World of Patterns: A Global History of Knowledge</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-4345-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-4345-4"><bdi>978-1-4214-4345-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+Patterns%3A+A+Global+History+of+Knowledge&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-4345-4&rft.au=Rens+Bod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Melancholy" title="The Anatomy of Melancholy">The Anatomy of Melancholy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burton_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Burton (scholar)">Robert Burton</a>, subsection 3, on and after line 3,480, "Music a Remedy"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ismenias the Theban, Chiron the centaur, is said to have cured this and many other diseases by music alone: as now thy do those, saith Bodine, that are troubled with St. Vitus's Bedlam dance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10800/10800-8.txt">Project Gutenberg's <i>The Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, by Democritus Junior</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513192500/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10800/10800-8.txt">Archived</a> 13 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med.mun.ca/munmed/84/crellin.htm">"Humanities are the Hormones: A Tarantella Comes to Newfoundland. What should we do about it?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215015105/http://www.med.mun.ca/munmed/84/crellin.htm">Archived</a> 15 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by John Crellin, MUNMED, newsletter of the Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAungLee2004" class="citation journal cs1">Aung, Steven K. H.; Lee, Mathew H. M. (2004). "Music, Sounds, Medicine, and Meditation: An Integrative Approach to the Healing Arts". <i>Alternative and Complementary Therapies</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 266–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fact.2004.10.266">10.1089/act.2004.10.266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternative+and+Complementary+Therapies&rft.atitle=Music%2C+Sounds%2C+Medicine%2C+and+Meditation%3A+An+Integrative+Approach+to+the+Healing+Arts&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=266-270&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fact.2004.10.266&rft.aulast=Aung&rft.aufirst=Steven+K.+H.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Mathew+H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131201231144/http://www.iadh.org/pdf/2006November.pdf">"Treatment of Mental Illnesses With Music Therapy – A different approach from history"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iadh.org/pdf/2006November.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treatment+of+Mental+Illnesses+With+Music+Therapy+%E2%80%93+A+different+approach+from+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iadh.org%2Fpdf%2F2006November.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordTalwar,_Nakul2006" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Mike J.; Talwar, Nakul; et al. (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.105.015073">"Music therapy for in-patients with schizophrenia: Exploratory randomised controlled trial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry" title="British Journal of Psychiatry">British Journal of Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>189</b> (5): 405–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.105.015073">10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015073</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17077429">17077429</a>. <q>Music therapy may provide a means of improving mental health among people with schizophrenia, but its effects in acute psychoses have not been explored</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Music+therapy+for+in-patients+with+schizophrenia%3A+Exploratory+randomised+controlled+trial&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=405-409&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.105.015073&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17077429&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Mike+J.&rft.au=Talwar%2C+Nakul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fbjp.bp.105.015073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/people/m.crawford/">Michael J. Crawford page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128015858/http://www1.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/people/m.crawford/">Archived</a> 28 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonMathiesen2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anderson, Warren (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000019396">"Muses"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Revised by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Mathiesen" title="Thomas J. Mathiesen">Thomas J. Mathiesen</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.19396">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19396</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muses&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.19396&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000019396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApel1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willi_Apel" title="Willi Apel">Apel, Willi</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvarddictionar0000unse/mode/2up"><i>Harvard Dictionary of Music</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37501-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37501-7"><bdi>978-0-674-37501-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-674-37501-7&rft.aulast=Apel&rft.aufirst=Willi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharvarddictionar0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpperson2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Epperson, Gordon (16 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/music">"Music | Art Form, Styles, Rhythm, & History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+%26%23124%3B+Art+Form%2C+Styles%2C+Rhythm%2C+%26+History&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft.aulast=Epperson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fmusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Gardner" title="Howard Gardner">Gardner, Howard</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvarddictionar0000unse/mode/2up"><i>Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02508-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02508-4"><bdi>978-0-465-02508-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frames+of+Mind%3A+The+Theory+of+Multiple+Intelligences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02508-4&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharvarddictionar0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuron2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Huron" title="David Huron">Huron, David</a> (2003). "Is Music an Evolutionary Adaptation?". In <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Peretz" title="Isabelle Peretz">Peretz, Isabelle</a>; Zatorre, Robert J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q9t1DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852519-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852519-6"><bdi>978-0-19-852519-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+Music+an+Evolutionary+Adaptation%3F&rft.btitle=The+Cognitive+Neuroscience+of+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852519-6&rft.aulast=Huron&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9t1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerkerMorleyZuidema2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Merker" class="mw-redirect" title="Björn Merker">Merker, Björn</a>; Morley, Iain; Zuidema, Willem (19 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321136">"Five fundamental constraints on theories of the origins of music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>370</b> (1664). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2014.0095">10.1098/rstb.2014.0095</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2970">1471-2970</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321136">4321136</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25646518">25646518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Five+fundamental+constraints+on+theories+of+the+origins+of+music&rft.volume=370&rft.issue=1664&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4321136%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.eissn=1471-2970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2014.0095&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25646518&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft.aulast=Merker&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Morley%2C+Iain&rft.au=Zuidema%2C+Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4321136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithen2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mithen" title="Steven Mithen">Mithen, Steven</a> (2005). <i>The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Orion_Publishing_Group" title="Orion Publishing Group">Orion Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78022-258-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78022-258-5"><bdi>978-1-78022-258-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Singing+Neanderthals%3A+The+Origins+of+Music%2C+Language%2C+Mind%2C+and+Body&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Orion+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-78022-258-5&rft.aulast=Mithen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley2013" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Iain (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eWhBAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923408-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923408-0"><bdi>978-0-19-923408-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Music%3A+Human+Evolution%2C+Archaeology%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Musicality&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923408-0&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeWhBAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Murray" title="Penelope Murray">Murray, Penelope</a> (2020). "The Mythology of the Muses". In Lynch, Tosca A. C.; Rocconi, Eleonora (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=emnuDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Companion to Ancient Greek and Roman Music</i></a>. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Hoboken: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-27547-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-27547-3"><bdi>978-1-119-27547-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mythology+of+the+Muses&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Greek+and+Roman+Music&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-119-27547-3&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DemnuDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettl2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Nettl" title="Bruno Nettl">Nettl, Bruno</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040476">"Music"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40476">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40476&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Nettl&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000040476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallinMerkerBrown2000" class="citation book cs1">Wallin, Nils; <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Merker" class="mw-redirect" title="Björn Merker">Merker, Björn</a>; Brown, Steven, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYQEakqM4I0C"><i>The Origins of Music</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-73143-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-73143-0"><bdi>978-0-262-73143-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Music&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-262-73143-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYQEakqM4I0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnline_Etymology_Dictionary" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=music">"music (n.)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=music+%28n.%29&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dmusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAHD" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Music">"Music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (fifth ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=fifth&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DMusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOED" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/124108">"music, n. and adj."</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/OED_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="OED Online">OED Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=music%2C+n.+and+adj.&rft.btitle=OED+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F124108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyKennedy2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michal</a>; Kennedy, Joyce Bourne (2013) [2012]. Tim Rutherford-Johnson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XX2sAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Music</i></a> (6th paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957854-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957854-2"><bdi>978-0-19-957854-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=6th+paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957854-2&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Joyce+Bourne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXX2sAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Small, Christopher (1977). <i>Music, Society, Education</i>. John Calder Publishers, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7145-3614-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7145-3614-8">0-7145-3614-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTymoczko2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Tymoczko" title="Dmitri Tymoczko">Tymoczko, Dmitri</a> (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geometrymusichar00tymo"><i>A Geometry of Music: Harmony and Counterpoint in the Extended Common Practice</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533667-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533667-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533667-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Geometry+of+Music%3A+Harmony+and+Counterpoint+in+the+Extended+Common+Practice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533667-2&rft.aulast=Tymoczko&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeometrymusichar00tymo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Music</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/music" class="extiw" title="wikt:music">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Music" class="extiw" title="c:Music">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Music" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Music">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Music" class="extiw" title="q:Music">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Music" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Music">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Music" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Music">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Music" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Music">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Music" class="extiw" title="voy:Music">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/">Grove Music Online</a> — online version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.alexanderstreet.com/glnd">All ten volumes</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Garland_Encyclopedia_of_World_Music" title="Garland Encyclopedia of World Music">Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</a></i> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dolmetsch.com/musictheorydefs.htm">Dolmetsch free online music dictionary</a>, complete, with references to a list of specialised music dictionaries (by continent, by instrument, by genre, etc.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/31911">Some books on music</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a> (1880-1964)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_politics" title="Music and politics">Music and politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_political_warfare" title="Music and political warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Environmentalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Women in music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/6px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/8px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/11px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music" title="Category:Music">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1030269/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4040802-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Music"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85088762">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Music"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99001795">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133183660">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133183660">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568825">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hudba"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114719&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525209">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000060830&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553191205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011881">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643748">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music&oldid=1258425261">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music&oldid=1258425261</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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155.937 1 Template:World_topic"," 6.88% 141.627 23 Template:Lang"," 6.32% 130.168 28 Template:Cite_book"," 6.09% 125.472 8 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.296","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19969523,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAHD\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonMathiesen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApel1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAristoxenus,_Henry_Stewart_Macran1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAungLee2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalkwillThompsonMatsunaga2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll,_Joseph1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawfordTalwar,_Nakul2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis-McAfee2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemorestMorrisonBekenJungbluth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElaine_ThornburghJack_Logan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpperson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErika_White2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstrella2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreira2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGotham2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroussardRauchsLandeauViader2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagenHammerstein_P2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHavers2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickmann1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickmann1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoad2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuron2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessica_Duchen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunda,_Mary_Ellen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuslin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeil1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedyKennedy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkendall2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaske1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeScullyEdwardsBoyd2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMager2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerkerMorleyZuidema2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMithen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNattiez1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNcube2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNettl2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiecks1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNils_L._WallinBjörn_MerkerSteven_Brown2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOED\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnline_Etymology_Dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlato2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajagopal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRens_Bod2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanta2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavage2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt-Jones2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholes1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoleyHannon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStolba1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzczepanski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanPfordresherHarré2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTapscottWilliams,_Anthony_D.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTymoczko2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallinMerkerBrown2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWinnington-Ingram1929\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Audio\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 66,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Gilliland\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 4,\n [\"Grove Music subscription\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 23,\n [\"Listen\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 34,\n [\"Music\"] = 3,\n [\"Music topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Performing arts\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 42,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 2,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 5,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","24.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","22.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","11.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.7"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:224\u003E","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.9"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","2.9"],["[others]","260","18.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-tcsbz","timestamp":"20241125142839","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Music","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q638","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q638","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-12T17:38:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T17:29:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7b\/The_Sounds_of_Earth_-_GPN-2000-001976.jpg","headline":"art\/activity of creating art using sound"}</script> </body> </html>