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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trente_Glorieuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Trente Glorieuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trente_Glorieuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indochina_and_Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indochina_and_Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Indochina and Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indochina_and_Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_of_the_new_parliamentary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_the_new_parliamentary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Failure of the new parliamentary system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_the_new_parliamentary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>European countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algeria_and_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria_and_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Algeria and collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria_and_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">French Fourth Republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="الجمهورية الفرنسية الرابعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجمهورية الفرنسية الرابعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarta_Rep%C3%BAblica_Francesa" title="Cuarta República Francesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cuarta República Francesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6rd%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_Fransa_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Dördüncü Fransa Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dördüncü Fransa Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دؤردونجو فرانسه جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤردونجو فرانسه جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чацвёртая французская рэспубліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чацвёртая французская рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Четвърта френска република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Четвърта френска република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevare_Republik_c%27hall" title="Pevare Republik c'hall – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pevare Republik c'hall" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarta_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Quarta República – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quarta República" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ctvrt%C3%A1_Francouzsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Čtvrtá Francouzská republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čtvrtá Francouzská republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjerde_franske_republik" title="Fjerde franske republik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fjerde franske republik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierte_Franz%C3%B6sische_Republik" title="Vierte Französische Republik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vierte Französische Republik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τέταρτη Γαλλική Δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τέταρτη Γαλλική Δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarta_Rep%C3%BAblica_francesa" title="Cuarta República francesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuarta República francesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvara_Respubliko_de_Francio" title="Kvara Respubliko de Francio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvara Respubliko de Francio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziako_Laugarren_Errepublika" title="Frantziako Laugarren Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantziako Laugarren Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="جمهوری چهارم فرانسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری چهارم فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatri%C3%A8me_R%C3%A9publique_(France)" title="Quatrième République (France) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quatrième République (France)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarta_Rep%C3%BAblica_Francesa" title="Cuarta República Francesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cuarta República Francesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%9C4%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="프랑스 제4공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스 제4공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%80%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ֆրանսիայի չորրորդ հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիայի չորրորդ հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cetvrta_Francuska_Republika" title="Četvrta Francuska Republika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Četvrta Francuska Republika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaresma_Franca_Republiko" title="Quaresma Franca Republiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Quaresma Franca Republiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Prancis_Keempat" title="Republik Prancis Keempat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Prancis Keempat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B3r%C3%B0a_franska_l%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0" title="Fjórða franska lýðveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjórða franska lýðveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarta_Repubblica_(Francia)" title="Quarta Repubblica (Francia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quarta Repubblica (Francia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הרפובליקה הצרפתית הרביעית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הצרפתית הרביעית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="საფრანგეთის მეოთხე რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფრანგეთის მეოთხე რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarta_Res_Publica_(Francia)" title="Quarta Res Publica (Francia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quarta Res Publica (Francia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francijas_Ceturt%C4%81_republika" title="Francijas Ceturtā republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francijas Ceturtā republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketvirtoji_Pranc%C5%ABzijos_Respublika" title="Ketvirtoji Prancūzijos Respublika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ketvirtoji Prancūzijos Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negyedik_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g_(Franciaorsz%C3%A1g)" title="Negyedik Köztársaság (Franciaország) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Negyedik Köztársaság (Franciaország)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Четврта Француска Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Четврта Француска Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="चौथे फ्रेंच प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चौथे फ्रेंच प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Keempat_Perancis" title="Republik Keempat Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Keempat Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierde_Franse_Republiek" title="Vierde Franse Republiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vierde Franse Republiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF" title="フランス第四共和政 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス第四共和政" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_fjerde_franske_republikk" title="Den fjerde franske republikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den fjerde franske republikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_fjerde_franske_republikken" title="Den fjerde franske republikken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den fjerde franske republikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatrena_Republica" title="Quatrena Republica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quatrena Republica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="فرانسیسی جمہوریہ چہارم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانسیسی جمہوریہ چہارم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Republika_Francuska" title="IV Republika Francuska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IV Republika Francuska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarta_Rep%C3%BAblica_Francesa" title="Quarta República Francesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quarta República Francesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Patra_Republic%C4%83_Francez%C4%83" title="A Patra Republică Franceză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A Patra Republică Franceză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Четвёртая Французская республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Четвёртая Французская республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="French Fourth Republic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tvrt%C3%A1_franc%C3%BAzska_republika" title="Štvrtá francúzska republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štvrtá francúzska republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoska_%C4%8Cetrta_republika" title="Francoska Četrta republika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francoska Četrta republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Четврта француска република – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Четврта француска република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cetvrta_Francuska_Republika" title="Četvrta Francuska Republika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Četvrta Francuska Republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskan_nelj%C3%A4s_tasavalta" title="Ranskan neljäs tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranskan neljäs tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A4rde_franska_republiken" title="Fjärde franska republiken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fjärde franska republiken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_4" title="สาธารณรัฐฝรั่งเศสที่ 4 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐฝรั่งเศสที่ 4" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6rd%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_Frans%C4%B1z_Cumhuriyeti" title="Dördüncü Fransız Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dördüncü Fransız Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Четверта Французька республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Четверта Французька республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="فرانسیسی جمہوریہ چہارم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسیسی جمہوریہ چہارم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1946–1958 government of France</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">French Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République française</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1946–1958</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of French"><img alt="Flag of French" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/125px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/188px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/250px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of French"><img alt="Emblem of French" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/75px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/113px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/150px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_emblem_of_France" title="Diplomatic emblem of France">Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>"<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span>"<div>"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a>"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="142" data-mwtitle="La_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_Républicaine.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/La_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg/La_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/La_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_France" title="Great Seal of France">Great Seal</a>:</b><br /><div style="padding:0.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Obverse"><img alt="Obverse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/100px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/200px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_France_(reverse).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reverse"><img alt="Reverse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Great_Seal_of_France_%28reverse%29.svg/100px-Great_Seal_of_France_%28reverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Great_Seal_of_France_%28reverse%29.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_France_%28reverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Great_Seal_of_France_%28reverse%29.svg/200px-Great_Seal_of_France_%28reverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:France_(1956).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/France_%281956%29.png/250px-France_%281956%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/France_%281956%29.png/375px-France_%281956%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/France_%281956%29.png/500px-France_%281956%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1946" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The French Fourth Republic in 1957:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#177b35; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4c9f5e; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=French_Fourth_Republic&params=48_51_N_2_21_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°51′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°21′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.850°N 2.350°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.850; 2.350</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">Secular state</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Concordat_in_Alsace-Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordat in Alsace-Moselle">Alsace-Moselle</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947–1954 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Vincent Auriol</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1954–1959 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty" title="René Coty">René Coty</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Paul Ramadier</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1958–1959 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(France)" title="Council of the Republic (France)">Council of the Republic</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Fourth_Republic)" title="National Assembly (French Fourth Republic)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">Decolonisation of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/October_1946_French_constitutional_referendum" title="October 1946 French constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 October 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_27_October_1946" title="French Constitution of 27 October 1946">Constitution</a> adopted </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 October 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Treaty of Brussels</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 1954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <i><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Rouge" title="Toussaint Rouge">Toussaint Rouge</a></i> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 October – 7 November 1956</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis_in_France" title="May 1958 crisis in France">May crisis</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 May 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 September 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">New constitution</a> adopted </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 1958</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_franc" title="Algerian franc">Algerian franc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Algerian_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic">Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Standard_of_the_French_Community.svg/20px-Standard_of_the_French_Community.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Standard_of_the_French_Community.svg/30px-Standard_of_the_French_Community.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Standard_of_the_French_Community.svg/40px-Standard_of_the_French_Community.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>French Fourth Republic</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Quatrième république française</i>) was the <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">government</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> from 27 October 1946 to 4 October 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution of 13 October 1946. Essentially a reestablishment and continuation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> which governed from 1870 during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> to 1940 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it suffered many of the same problems which led to its end. The French Fourth Republic was a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>. </p><p>Despite political dysfunction, the Fourth Republic saw an era of great <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> in France and the rebuilding of the nation's social <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">industry</a> after World War II, with assistance from the United States through the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>. It also saw the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> with France's longtime enemy <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Germany</a>, which led to Franco-German co-operation and eventually to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </p><p>The new constitution made some attempts to strengthen the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch of government</a> to prevent the unstable situation before the war, but instability remained and the French Fourth Republic saw frequent changes of government – there were 21 administrations in its 12-year history. Moreover, the government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> of the numerous remaining <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies" title="List of French possessions and colonies">French colonies</a>. After a series of crises culminating in the <a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis_in_France" title="May 1958 crisis in France">Algerian crisis of 1958</a>, the French Fourth Republic collapsed. <a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">Wartime</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> returned from retirement to preside over a transitional administration empowered to design a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">French constitution</a>. The Fourth Republic was dissolved on 5 October 1958 following a public <a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">referendum</a> which established the current <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a> with a strengthened <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">presidency</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_of_the_Fourth_Republic">Founding of the Fourth Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fourth_Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founding of the Fourth Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(France)" title="Third Force (France)">Third Force (France)</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">liberation of France</a> in 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy government</a> was dissolved and the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Gouvernement provisoire de la République française</i>, GPRF), also known as the <a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The GPRF is the successor org to the French Committee of NL, they are not synonyms. (February 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:French_Fourth_Republic#Dubious" title="Talk:French Fourth Republic">discuss</a></i>]</sup> was instituted after a unanimous request of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Consultative_Assembly" title="Provisional Consultative Assembly">Provisional Consultative Assembly</a> to be properly represented.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With most of the political class discredited and containing many members who had more or less collaborated with Nazi Germany, <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> became the most popular political forces in France. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> led the GPRF from 1944 to 1946. Meanwhile, negotiations took place over the proposed new constitution, which was to be put to a referendum. De<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gaulle advocated a presidential system of government, and criticized the reinstatement of what he pejoratively called "the parties system". He resigned in January 1946 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Gouin" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Gouin">Felix Gouin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière</i></span>, SFIO). Ultimately only the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Parti communiste français</i></span>, PCF) and the socialist SFIO supported the draft constitution, which envisaged a form of government based on <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameralism</a>; but this was rejected in the <a href="/wiki/May_1946_French_constitutional_referendum" title="May 1946 French constitutional referendum">referendum of 5 May 1946</a>. </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/June_1946_French_legislative_election" title="June 1946 French legislative election">1946 elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_Left_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rally of Left Republicans">Rally of Left Republicans</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Rassemblement des gauches républicaines</i></span>, RGR), which encompassed the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical-Socialist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Socialist_Union_of_the_Resistance" title="Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance">Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance</a> and other conservative parties, unsuccessfully attempted to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democrat</a> and socialist <a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">MRP</a>–SFIO–PCF alliance. The new <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constituent assembly</a> included 166 MRP deputies, 153 PCF deputies and 128 SFIO deputies, giving the tripartite alliance an absolute majority. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Georges Bidault</a> of the MRP replaced Felix Gouin as the head of government. </p><p>A new draft of the Constitution was written, which this time proposed the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> form of government. <a href="/wiki/Leon_Blum" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Blum">Leon Blum</a> of the SFIO headed the GPRF from 1946 to 1947. After a new legislative election in June 1946, the Christian democrat Georges Bidault assumed leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Cabinet</a>. Despite De<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gaulle's so-called <a href="/wiki/The_Bayeux_speeches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bayeux speeches">discourse of Bayeux</a> of 16 June 1946 in which he denounced the new institutions, the new draft was approved by 53% of voters voting in favor (with an abstention rate of 31%) in the <a href="/wiki/October_1946_French_constitutional_referendum" title="October 1946 French constitutional referendum">referendum held on 13 October 1946</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_27_October_1946" title="French Constitution of 27 October 1946">Constitution of 27 October 1946</a> came into force two weeks later<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Fourth Republic, in an arrangement in which executive power essentially resided in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">President of the Council</a> (the prime minister). The <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of the Republic</a> was given a largely symbolic role, although he remained chief of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> and as a last resort could be called upon to resolve conflicts. </p><p>After the expulsion of the Communists from the governing coalition, France joined the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> against Stalin, as expressed by becoming a founding member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in April 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France now took a leadership position in unifying western Europe, working closely with <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> of West Germany. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a>, who was twice Prime Minister and at other times Minister of Finance and Foreign Minister, was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions. A devout Catholic and anti-Communist, he led France to be a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and NATO.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trente_Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fourth_Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trente Glorieuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Les_Trente_Glorieuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Trente Glorieuses">Les Trente Glorieuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France#From_1944" title="Economic history of France">Economic history of France § From 1944</a></div> <p><i>Les Trente Glorieuses</i> ('The Glorious Thirty') was the high prosperity in the 30 years from 1945 to 1975. In 1944, De<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gaulle introduced a <a href="/wiki/Dirigiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigiste">dirigiste</a> economic policy, which included substantial state control over a capitalist economy, which was followed by 30 years of unprecedented growth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017189–199_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017189–199-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wartime damage was extensive, and large reparations from defeated Germany did not happen. The United States helped revive the French economy with the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> (1948–1951), giving France $2.3 billion with no repayment. France was the second largest recipient after Britain. The total of all American grants and credits to France from 1946 to 1953 amounted to $4.9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provided urgently needed funding for modernizing transport systems, electricity generation, and basic industries including cement, coal, and steel. The plan required a modernization of French industrial and managerial systems, free trade, and friendly economic relations with West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French economy grew rapidly like economies of other developed countries within the framework of the Marshall Plan such as <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. These decades of economic prosperity combined high productivity with high average wages and high consumption, and were also characterised by a highly developed system of social benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to various studies, the real purchasing power of the average French worker's salary went up by 170% between 1950 and 1975, while overall private consumption increased by 174% in the period 1950-1974.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French standard of living, which had been damaged by both <a href="/wiki/World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="World War">World Wars</a>, became one of the world's highest. The population also became far more urbanized; many rural <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">départements</a> experienced a population decline while the larger metropolitan areas grew considerably, especially that of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Ownership of various household goods and amenities increased considerably,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the wages of the French working class rose significantly as the economy became more prosperous. As noted by the historians <a href="/wiki/Jean_Blondel" title="Jean Blondel">Jean Blondel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Geoffrey_Charlton" title="Donald Geoffrey Charlton">Donald Geoffrey Charlton</a> in 1974, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If it is still the case that France lags in the number of its telephones, working-class housing has improved beyond recognition and the various 'gadgets' of the consumer society–from television to motor cars–are now purchased by the working class on an even more avid basis than in other Western European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The worldwide <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> slowed down its explosive growth. Thus, the mid-1970s marked the end of the period. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a> describes the Trente Glorieuses as an exceptional "catch up" period following the world wars. He cites statistics showing that normal growth in wealthy countries is about 1.5–2%, whereas in Europe growth dropped to 0.5% between 1913 and 1950, and then "caught up" with a growth rate of 4% between 1950 and 1970, until settling back to 1.5–2% from 1970 onward.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indochina_and_Tunisia">Indochina and Tunisia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fourth_Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indochina and Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_France" title="Category:History of France">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of <span class="fn org label">France</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG" class="mw-file-description" title="Carte de France dressée pour l'usage du Roy. Delisle Guillaume (1721)"><img alt="Carte de France dressée pour l'usage du Roy. Delisle Guillaume (1721)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/250px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/375px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/500px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="965" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France#Ancient_history" title="History of France">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600 BC – 49 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">   until 50 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 50 BC – 486 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> settlement</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 481–751</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 751–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 843–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1792</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Direct Capetians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1328</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois_(direct)" title="House of Valois">Valois</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1328–1498</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orléans" title="House of Valois">Valois-Orléans kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1498–1515</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orléans-Angoulême" title="House of Valois">Valois-Angoulême kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1515–1589</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1589–1792</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long 19th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1789–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Kingdom of France</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1791–1792</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1792–1804</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1804–1814</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1814–1830</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1830–1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1852</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1852–1870</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870–1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1871–1914</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">20th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870–1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1920–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940–1944</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1944–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fourth Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1958</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1958–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_health_care_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_France" title="LGBTQ history in France">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_France" title="History of medicine in France">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">Monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_royal_consorts" title="List of French royal consorts">Consorts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in France">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in France">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_France" title="Territorial evolution of France">Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/16px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Template:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Public opinion polls showed that in February 1954, only 7% of the French people wanted to continue <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">the fight</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a> against the Communists, led by <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarkin1997240–241_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarkin1997240–241-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Pierre Mendès France</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical Party</a> leader who was Prime Minister for eight months in 1954–55, working with the support of the Socialist and Communist parties. His top priority was ending the war in Indochina, which had already cost 92,000 dead, 114,000 wounded and 28,000 captured in the wake of the humiliating defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a> in early May 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Conference (1954)</a>, he made a deal that gave the Viet Minh control of Vietnam north of the 17th parallel, and allowed him to pull out all French forces. That left <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> standing alone. However, the United States moved in and provided large-scale financial, military and economic support for South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mendès France next came to an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a>, the nationalist leader in Tunisia, for the independence of that colony by 1956, and began discussions with the nationalist leaders in Morocco for a French withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failure_of_the_new_parliamentary_system">Failure of the new parliamentary system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fourth_Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Failure of the new parliamentary system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The intention of the new Constitution's authors was to rationalize the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Ministers</a> were accountable to the legislative body, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Fourth_Republic)" title="National Assembly (French Fourth Republic)">French National Assembly</a>, but some measures were introduced in order to protect the Cabinet and to reinforce the authority of the Prime Minister of France, who led the Cabinet. The goal of the new constitution was to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a> with ministerial stability. </p><p>For instance, under the new Constitution, the President of the Council was the leader of the executive branch (Prime Minister of France). The President of the French Republic, elected by the Parliament (the National Assembly and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(France)" title="Council of the Republic (France)">Council of the Republic</a>), played a symbolic role. His main power was to propose a Prime Minister, who was subject to election by the National Assembly before forming a Cabinet. Only the Prime Minister could invoke a parliamentary vote on legitimacy of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister was also the only member of the executive able to demand a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">vote of confidence</a> from the National Assembly (in the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> any minister could call for a vote of confidence). The Cabinet could be dismissed if an <a href="/wiki/Supermajority#Majority_of_the_entire_membership" title="Supermajority">absolute majority</a> of the National Assembly's members voted against the Cabinet. Finally, the National Assembly could be dissolved after two ministerial crises in the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>. </p><p>However, these constitutional measures did not work. In January 1947, after his election by the National Assembly and the nomination of his ministers, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Paul Ramadier</a> called for a vote of confidence in order to verify that the Assembly approved the composition of his Cabinet. This initiated a custom of double election, a vote for the Prime Minister followed by a vote of confidence in the chosen Cabinet, that weakened the Prime Minister's authority over the Cabinet. Cabinets were dismissed with only a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> (not the absolute majority) of the National Assembly voting against the Cabinet. Consequently, these ministerial crises did not result in the dissolution of Parliament. Thus, as in the Third Republic, this regime was characterized by ministerial instability. </p><p>The Fourth Republic was also a victim of the political context. The split of the <a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">three-party</a> alliance in spring 1947, the departure of Communist ministers, <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullist</a> <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(parliamentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (parliamentary)">opposition</a>, and the new <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> did not create conditions for ministerial stability. <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Governmental coalitions</a> were composed of an undisciplined patchwork of <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">center-left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Center-right_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-right politics">center-right</a> parties. Finally, the Fourth Republic was confronted with the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_countries">European countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fourth_Republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> (ECSC) was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Development_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)">French foreign minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a> and French economist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> on 9 May 1950 as a way to prevent further war between France and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Though the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> was invited, its <a href="/wiki/Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">Labour government</a>, then preparing for a re-election fight, did not join the initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was formally established in 1951 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a>, signed by France, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Between these countries the ECSC would create a <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">common market</a> for coal and steel. The ECSC was governed by a 'High Authority', checked by bodies representing governments; representatives of the peoples of the member States<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (selected from each state's <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">Members of Parliament</a>); and an <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">independent judiciary</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris (1951)</a>, which created the ECSC, was superseded on 25 March 1957 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a>, which established the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (the forerunner to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, created in 1993 through the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algeria_and_collapse">Algeria and collapse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fourth_Republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Algeria and collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trigger for the collapse of the Fourth Republic was the <a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1958 crisis">Algiers crisis of 1958</a>. France was still a colonial power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>. <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>. Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with the largest French-identifying population, saw rising pressure for separation from the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Métropole</a></i></span>. The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">Pieds-Noirs</a>, who wanted to stay part of France, so the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> became not just a <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> movement but had elements of a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>. </p><p>Further complications came when a section of the French Army rebelled and openly backed the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria#Algérie_française" title="French Algeria">Algérie française</a></i></span></i> movement to defeat separation. Revolts and riots broke out in 1958 against the French government in Algiers, but there were no adequate and competent political initiatives by the French government in support of military efforts to end the rebellion owing to party politics. The feeling was widespread that another debacle like that of Indochina in 1954 was in the offing and that the government would order another precipitous pullout and sacrifice French honour to political expediency. This prompted General <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Massu" title="Jacques Massu">Jacques Massu</a> to create a French settlers' committee<sup id="cite_ref-JMO_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMO-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to demand the formation of a new national government under General De<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gaulle, who was a national hero and had advocated a strong military policy, nationalism and the retention of French control over Algeria. General Massu, who had gained prominence and authority when he ruthlessly suppressed Algerian militants, famously declared that unless General De<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gaulle was returned to power, the French Army would openly revolt; General Massu and other senior generals covertly planned the takeover of Paris with 1,500 paratroopers preparing to take over airports with the support of <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">French Air Force</a> units.<sup id="cite_ref-JMO_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMO-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armoured units from <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet" title="Rambouillet">Rambouillet</a> prepared to roll into Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-crozier_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crozier-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 May, French paratroopers from the Algerian corps landed on <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, taking the French island in a bloodless action called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Corse" class="mw-redirect" title="Opération Corse">Opération Corse</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-JMO_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMO-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crozier_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crozier-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Resurrection" title="Operation Resurrection">Operation Resurrection</a> would be implemented if De<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gaulle was not approved as leader by the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a>, if De<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gaulle asked for military assistance to take power, or to thwart any organized attempt by the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> to seize power or stall De<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gaulle's return. </p><p>De<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gaulle, who had announced his retirement from politics a decade before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis, calling on the nation to suspend the government and create a new constitutional system. On 29 May 1958, French politicians agreed upon calling on De<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gaulle to take over the government as prime minister. The French Army's willingness to support an overthrow of the constitutional government was a significant development in French politics. With Army support, De<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gaulle's government terminated the Fourth Republic (the last parliament of the Fourth Republic voted for its dissolution) and drew up a new constitution proclaiming the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a> in 1958. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fourth_Republic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excluding Alsace-Moselle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The question of the legal effective date of the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_27_October_1946" title="French Constitution of 27 October 1946">Constitution</a> is debated. It was adopted by the National Constituent Assembly on 29 September 1946, approved by referendum 13 October, promulgated by Georges Bidault, President of the Provisional Government on 27 October, and published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Journal officiel de la République française">Journal officiel de la République française</a> the next day. Some, like <a href="/wiki/Louis_Favoreu" title="Louis Favoreu">Louis Favoreu</a>, say it became effective "in successive stages" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"par paliers"</i></span>); others, adhering to article 98, section 2 of the Constitution, say it became effective on 24 December 1946, the date of the first <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(France)" title="Council of the Republic (France)">Council of the Republic</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fourth_Republic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_27_October_1946" title="French Constitution of 27 October 1946">French Constitution of 27 October 1946</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fourth_Republic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1951" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, O. R. (1951). <i>The Fourth Republic of France</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006DAIX0">B0006DAIX0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Republic+of+France&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006DAIX0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=O.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1990" class="citation book cs1">Young, John W. (1990). <i>France, the Cold War and the Western Alliance, 1944–49: French Foreign Policy and Post-War Europe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%2C+the+Cold+War+and+the+Western+Alliance%2C+1944%E2%80%9349%3A+French+Foreign+Policy+and+Post-War+Europe&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFimister2008" class="citation book cs1">Fimister, Alan (2008). <i>Robert Schuman: Neo-Scholastic Humanism and the Reunification of Europe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Schuman%3A+Neo-Scholastic+Humanism+and+the+Reunification+of+Europe&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Fimister&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017189–199-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017189–199_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2017">Gordon 2017</a>, pp. 189–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_the_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of the Census">U.S. Bureau of the Census</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1954.zip"><i>Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1954</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103074856/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1954.zip">Archived</a> 3 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Table 1075, p. 899. (1955) [Online edition: see file 1954-08.pdf]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1994" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Chiarella (1994). <i>America's Feeble weapon: Funding the Marshall Plan in France and Italy, 1948–1950</i>. Greenwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Feeble+weapon%3A+Funding+the+Marshall+Plan+in+France+and+Italy%2C+1948%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Chiarella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanleyKerrWaites1984" class="citation book cs1">Hanley, D. L.; Kerr, A. P. & Waites, N. H. (1984). <i>Contemporary France: Politics and Society Since 1945</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02522-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02522-2"><bdi>0-415-02522-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+France%3A+Politics+and+Society+Since+1945&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-415-02522-2&rft.aulast=Hanley&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft.au=Kerr%2C+A.+P.&rft.au=Waites%2C+N.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdagh" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ardagh" title="John Ardagh">Ardagh, John</a>. <i>The New France: A Society in Transition 1945-1977</i> (3rd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+France%3A+A+Society+in+Transition+1945-1977&rft.edition=3rd&rft.aulast=Ardagh&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBersteinBernstejnRioux2000" class="citation book cs1">Berstein, Serge; Bernstejn, Sergej Natanovič; Rioux, Jean-Pierre (13 March 2000). <i>The Pompidou years, 1969–1974</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_GyhQAJeOZoC&pg=PA153">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521580618" title="Special:BookSources/9780521580618"><bdi>9780521580618</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL36924M">36924M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pompidou+years%2C+1969%E2%80%931974&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL36924M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780521580618&rft.aulast=Berstein&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft.au=Bernstejn%2C+Sergej+Natanovi%C4%8D&rft.au=Rioux%2C+Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngresano2007" class="citation book cs1">Angresano, James (2007). <i>French welfare state reform: idealism versus Swedish, New Zealand and Dutch</i>. Anthem Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LDBUBZujhcC&pg=PA175">175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843312673" title="Special:BookSources/9781843312673"><bdi>9781843312673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11904151M">11904151M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+welfare+state+reform%3A+idealism+versus+Swedish%2C+New+Zealand+and+Dutch&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL11904151M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9781843312673&rft.aulast=Angresano&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForséJaslin1993" class="citation book cs1">Forsé, M.; Jaslin, J. P. (1993). <i>Recent Social Trends in France, 1960–1990</i>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773563230" title="Special:BookSources/9780773563230"><bdi>9780773563230</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL34450323M">34450323M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Social+Trends+in+France%2C+1960%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL34450323M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780773563230&rft.aulast=Fors%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Jaslin%2C+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlondelCharlton" class="citation book cs1">Blondel, Jean; Charlton, Donald Geoffrey. <i>Contemporary France: Politics, Society, and Institutions</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+France%3A+Politics%2C+Society%2C+and+Institutions&rft.aulast=Blondel&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Charlton%2C+Donald+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiketty2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty, Thomas</a> (2014). <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century" title="Capital in the Twenty-First Century">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</a></i>. Belknap Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674430006/page/123">123–125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674430006" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674430006"><bdi>978-0674430006</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL32602533M">32602533M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=123-125&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL32602533M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0674430006&rft.aulast=Piketty&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarkin1997240–241-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarkin1997240–241_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarkin1997">Larkin 1997</a>, pp. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindrow2013" class="citation book cs1">Windrow, Martin (2013). <i>The French Indochina War 1946–54</i>. 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Princeton University Press. pp. 123–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400838813" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400838813"><bdi>978-1400838813</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240422001216/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1v2pqaOmuEC&pg=PA123#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford: Clarendon Press. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Treaty_establishing_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_(ECSC)">"The Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) - Wikisource, the free online library. Article 20"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024174011/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Treaty_establishing_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_(ECSC)">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+establishing+the+European+Coal+and+Steel+Community+%28ECSC%29+-+Wikisource%2C+the+free+online+library.+Article+20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Treaty_establishing_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_%28ECSC%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMO-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JMO_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMO_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMO_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214235852/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/">"Jacques Massu obituary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article818845.ece">the original</a> on 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacques+Massu+obituary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fobituaries%2Farticle818845.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crozier-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crozier_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crozier_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrozierMansell1960" class="citation journal cs1">Crozier, Brian; Mansell, Gerard (July 1960). "France and Algeria". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs</a></i>. <b>36</b> (3): 310–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2610008">10.2307/2610008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2610008">2610008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=France+and+Algeria&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=310-321&rft.date=1960-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2610008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2610008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crozier&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Mansell%2C+Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fourth_Republic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Daniel A. (2017). "Full Speed Ahead? The Trente Glorieuses in a Rear View Mirror". <i>Contemporary European History</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 189–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777316000461">10.1017/S0960777316000461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=Full+Speed+Ahead%3F+The+Trente+Glorieuses+in+a+Rear+View+Mirror&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=189-199&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0960777316000461&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Larkin" title="Maurice Larkin">Larkin, Maurice</a> (1997). <i>France since the Popular Front: Government and People 1936–1986</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1987-3034-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-1987-3034-9"><bdi>0-1987-3034-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2527483M">2527483M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+since+the+Popular+Front%3A+Government+and+People+1936%E2%80%931986&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2527483M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-1987-3034-9&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Fourth+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fourth_Republic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Alexander, Martin, and Keiger, John F. V. "France and the Algerian War: strategy, operations and diplomacy." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Strategic_Studies" title="Journal of Strategic Studies">Journal of Strategic Studies</a></i> 25.2 (2002): 1–32.</li> <li>Aron, Raymond. <i>France Steadfast and Changing: The Fourth to the Fifth Republic</i> (<a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1960)</li> <li>Bell, David, et al. <i>A Biographical Dictionary of French Political Leaders since 1870</i> (1990), 400 short articles by experts</li> <li>Brogi, Alessandro. <i>A question of self-esteem: the United States and the Cold War choices in France and Italy, 1944–1958</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>, 2002)</li> <li>Connelly, Matthew James. <i>A diplomatic revolution: Algeria's fight for independence and the origins of the post-cold war era</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2002)</li> <li>Evans, Martin. <i>Algeria: France's Undeclared War</i> (2012), a scholarly history</li> <li>Fontanela, Jacques, and Hébert, Jean‐Paul. "The end of the 'French grandeur policy'." <i>Defence and Peace Economics</i> 8.1 (1997): 37–55.</li> <li>Giles, Frank. <i>The locust years: The story of the Fourth French Republic, 1946–1958</i> (<a href="/wiki/Secker_%26_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker & Warburg">Secker & Warburg</a>, 1991)</li> <li>Hitchcock, William I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/4991486/france-restored-cold-war-diplomacy-and-the-quest"><i>France Restored: Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in Europe, 1944–1954</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120013044/https://www.questia.com/library/4991486/france-restored-cold-war-diplomacy-and-the-quest">Archived</a> 20 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>, 1998)</li> <li>Horne, Alistair. <i> A savage war of peace: Algeria 1954–1962</i> (1977), classic narrative</li> <li>Krasnoff, Lindsay. <i>The Making of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Bleus</i></span>: Sport in France, 1958–2010</i> (2013)</li> <li>Lynch, Frances. <i>France and the International Economy: from Vichy to the Treaty of Rome</i> (<a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2006)</li> <li>McMillan, James F. <i>Twentieth-Century France: Politics and Society in France 1898–1991</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1992)</li> <li>Marshall, D. Bruce. <i>The French Colonial Myth and Constitution-Making in the Fourth Republic</i> (1973),</li> <li>Nettelbeck, Colin W. "The Eldest Daughter and the Trente glorieuses: Catholicism and national identity in postwar France." <i>Modern & Contemporary France</i> 6.4 (1998): 445–462.</li> <li>Nord, Philip. <i>France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era</i> (<a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2010)</li> <li>Pickles, Dorothy. <i>France, the Fourth Republic</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>, 1976)</li> <li>Rioux, Jean-Pierre, and Rogers, Godfrey. <i>The Fourth Republic, 1944–1958</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1987), scholarly survey</li> <li>Soutou, Georges‐Henri. "France and the Cold War, 1944–63." <i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_and_Statecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomacy and Statecraft">Diplomacy and Statecraft</a></i> 12.4 (2001): 35–52.</li> <li>Sowerwine, Charles. <i>France since 1870: culture, politics and society</i> (<a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave</a>, 2001)</li> <li>Sutton, Michael. <i>France and the construction of Europe, 1944–2007: the geopolitical imperative</i> (<a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>, 2011)</li> <li>Trachtenberg, Marc. "France and NATO, 1949–1991." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Transatlantic_Studies" title="Journal of Transatlantic Studies">Journal of Transatlantic Studies</a></i> 9.3 (2011): 184–194.</li> <li>Williams, Philip Maynard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1022255/politics-in-post-war-france-parties-and-the-constitution"><i>Politics in Post-War France: Parties and the Constitution in the Fourth Republic</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612041556/https://www.questia.com/library/1022255/politics-in-post-war-france-parties-and-the-constitution">Archived</a> 12 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1954)</li> <li>Williams, Philip Maynard. <i>Crisis and Compromise: Politics in the Fourth Republic</i> (1964)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fourth_Republic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1946" class="extiw" title="wikisource:French Constitution of 1946">the constitution of the French Fourth Republic</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:French_Fourth_Republic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:French Fourth Republic">the French Fourth Republic</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberation_of_France" title="Template talk:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway#Liberation" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 4.5em">Forces</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1er_Bataillon_de_Fusiliers_Marins_Commandos" title="1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos">Commando Kieffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(France)" title="1st Army (France)">First Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps_(France)" title="Cavalry Corps (France)">Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(France)" title="3rd Army Corps (France)">3rd Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="4th Army Corps (France)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="5th Army Corps (France)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(France)" title="1st Armored Division (France)">1st Armored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(France)" title="32nd Infantry Division (France)">32nd Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Expeditionary_Corps_(1943%E2%80%9344)" title="French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)">French Expeditionary Corps</a> Divisions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Free_French_Division" title="1st Free French Division">1st Free French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Moroccan_Infantry_Division" title="2nd Moroccan Infantry Division">2nd Moroccan Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Algerian_Infantry_Division" title="3rd Algerian Infantry Division">3rd Algerian Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Moroccan_Mountain_Division" title="4th Moroccan Mountain Division">4th Moroccan Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(France)" title="2nd Army (France)">Second Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_West" title="French Forces of the West">French Forces of the West</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Free_France_(1940-1944).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 4.23em">Leaders</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_O._Barton" title="Raymond O. Barton">Raymond O. Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">Philippe Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">Jean de Lattre de Tassigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Kieffer" title="Philippe Kieffer">Philippe Kieffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 2.6em">Administration</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Civil_and_Military_High_Command" title="French Civil and Military High Command">French Civil and Military High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">French National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Consultative_Assembly" title="Provisional Consultative Assembly">Provisional Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">French<br />campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1940_in_France" title="1940 in France">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Battle of Gabon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun <a href="/wiki/1941_in_France" title="1941 in France">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Dec 1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1942_in_France" title="1942 in France">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Battle of Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept <a href="/wiki/1943_in_France" title="1943 in France">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Liberation" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Liberation of Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jan <a href="/wiki/1944_in_France" title="1944 in France">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Battle of Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Battle of Glières</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">March 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Battle of Mont Mouchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Battle of Carentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_massacre" title="Tulle massacre">Tulle massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane_massacre" title="Oradour-sur-Glane massacre">Oradour-sur-Glane massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Maquis de Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saffr%C3%A9" title="Maquis de Saffré">Maquis de Saffré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Battle of Ushant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">July 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Liberation of Saint-Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont_Gargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mont Gargan (page does not exist)">Battle of Mont Gargan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Mont_Gargan" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Mont Gargan">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aug 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brittany" title="Battle for Brittany">Battle for Brittany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Rennes" title="Liberation of Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Liberation of Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lioran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lioran (page does not exist)">Lioran</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Lioran" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Lioran">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%89gletons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Égletons (page does not exist)">Égletons</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27%C3%89gletons" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille d'Égletons">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Cros" title="Battle of Port Cros">Battle of Port Cros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Ciotat" title="Battle of La Ciotat">Battle of La Ciotat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Provence landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Liberation of Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Liberation of Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maill%C3%A9_massacre" title="Maillé massacre">Maillé massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont%C3%A9limar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Montélimar (page does not exist)">Battle of Montélimar</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Mont%C3%A9limar" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Montélimar">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Nice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Nice (page does not exist)">Liberation of Nice</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Nice" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Nice">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)" title="Battle of Nancy (1944)">Liberation of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Operation Astonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Operation Undergo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt" title="Battle of Arracourt">Battle of Arracourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Meximieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Meximieux (page does not exist)">Battle of Meximieux</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Meximieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Meximieux">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov 1944 -<br />March 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alsace" title="Battle of Alsace">Battle of Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Liberation of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Bitche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Bitche (page does not exist)">Bitche</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Bitche_en_1945" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Bitche en 1945">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Apr <a href="/wiki/1945_in_France" title="1945 in France">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 3.8em">Aftermath</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">End of Vichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France#Elections_of_May_1945" title="Liberation of France">1945 municipal elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Advance to the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#France" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Épuration sauvage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1946_French_legislative_election" title="June 1946 French legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain#Trial_in_High_Court" title="Philippe Pétain">Trial of Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaus Barbie trial">Klaus Barbie trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">WW II theatres</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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