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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trophic_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Trophic state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trophic_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrient_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrient_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Nutrient levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrient_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mediators_of_eutrophication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediators_of_eutrophication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.1</span> <span>Mediators of eutrophication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediators_of_eutrophication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_effects_of_human_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_effects_of_human_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Historical effects of human activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_effects_of_human_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towns_on_the_lake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towns_on_the_lake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Towns on the lake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towns_on_the_lake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Lake</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Lake" title="Mille Lacs Lake – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mille Lacs Lake" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Mille_Lacs" title="Lago Mille Lacs – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lago Mille Lacs" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mille_Lacs" title="Mille Lacs – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mille Lacs" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Mille_Lacs_(Minnesota)" title="Lac Mille Lacs (Minnesota) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lac Mille Lacs (Minnesota)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mille_Lacsmar" title="Mille Lacsmar – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mille Lacsmar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3,_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بحيره ميل لاكس, جاريسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بحيره ميل لاكس, جاريسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E6%B9%96" title="ミラックス湖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミラックス湖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE)" title="Мил Лакс (језеро) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мил Лакс (језеро)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mille_Lacs" title="Mille Lacs – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mille Lacs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Lake" title="Mille Lacs Lake – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mille Lacs Lake" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%E6%B9%96" title="米拉湖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="米拉湖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%E6%B9%96" title="米拉湖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米拉湖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1600016#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mille_Lacs_Lake&params=46_14_17.27_N_93_38_36.29_W_dim:25000_scale:250000_region:US-MN_type:waterbody_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°14′17.27″N</span> <span class="longitude">93°38′36.29″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.2381306°N 93.6434139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.2381306; -93.6434139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Lake in the state of Minnesota, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the lake in Ontario, see <a href="/wiki/Lac_des_Mille_Lacs" title="Lac des Mille Lacs">Lac des Mille Lacs</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Mille Lacs Lake</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Lac des Mille Lacs</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Dakota-language text"><i lang="dak">Bdé Wakháŋ</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Misi-zaaga'igan</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mille_Lacs_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mille_Lacs_Lake.jpg/264px-Mille_Lacs_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mille_Lacs_Lake.jpg/396px-Mille_Lacs_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mille_Lacs_Lake.jpg/528px-Mille_Lacs_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lake in September 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Minnesota_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mille Lacs Lake is located in Minnesota"><img alt="Mille Lacs Lake is located in Minnesota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/USA_Minnesota_relief_location_map.svg/256px-USA_Minnesota_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/USA_Minnesota_relief_location_map.svg/384px-USA_Minnesota_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/USA_Minnesota_relief_location_map.svg/512px-USA_Minnesota_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.363%;left:46.378%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mille Lacs Lake"><img alt="Mille Lacs Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mille Lacs Lake</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Aitkin_County,_Minnesota" title="Aitkin County, Minnesota">Aitkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_County,_Minnesota" title="Mille Lacs County, Minnesota">Mille Lacs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota" title="Crow Wing County, Minnesota">Crow Wing</a> Counties, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mille_Lacs_Lake&params=46_14_17.27_N_93_38_36.29_W_dim:25000_scale:250000_region:US-MN_type:waterbody_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°14′17.27″N</span> <span class="longitude">93°38′36.29″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.2381306°N 93.6434139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.2381306; -93.6434139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Moraine-dammed_lake" title="Moraine-dammed lake">moraine-dammed lake</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)"><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Primary inflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Garrison Creek, Seguchie Creek, Peterson Creek, and Thain's River</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)"><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Primary outflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rum_River" title="Rum River">Rum River</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">132,516 acres (207 sq mi; 536 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">42 ft (13 m)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">1,251 ft (381 m)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>see <a href="#Towns_on_Mille_Lacs_Lake">list</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MILLE-LACS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/MILLE-LACS.jpg/220px-MILLE-LACS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/MILLE-LACS.jpg/330px-MILLE-LACS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/MILLE-LACS.jpg/440px-MILLE-LACS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1793" /></a><figcaption>Fishing on Mille Lacs Lake is promoted by a giant <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a> statue. It is located off of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_169_in_Minnesota" title="U.S. Route 169 in Minnesota">U.S. Route 169</a> in <a href="/wiki/Garrison,_Minnesota" title="Garrison, Minnesota">Garrison</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mille Lacs Lake</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">mə-<span style="font-size:90%">LAX</span></i></a>, also called <b>Lake Mille Lacs</b> or <b>Mille Lacs</b>) is a large, shallow <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. It is located in the counties of <a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_County,_Minnesota" title="Mille Lacs County, Minnesota">Mille Lacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aitkin_County,_Minnesota" title="Aitkin County, Minnesota">Aitkin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crow_Wing_County,_Minnesota" title="Crow Wing County, Minnesota">Crow Wing</a>, roughly 75 miles north of the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis-St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis-St. Paul">Minneapolis-St. Paul</a> metropolitan area. </p><p><i>Mille Lacs</i> means "thousand lakes" in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe language</a> of the people who historically occupied this area, the lake is called <i>Misi-zaaga'igan</i> ("grand lake"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_features">Physical features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mille Lacs is <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota's</a> second-largest inland lake at 132,516 acres (536 km<sup>2</sup>), after <a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_(Minnesota)" title="Red Lake (Minnesota)">Red Lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum depth is 42 feet (13 m). Much of the main lake has depths ranging from 20- to 38-feet. <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a> and rock bars are common in the southern half of the lake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mille Lacs Lake hosts numerous islands, many of which are an acre or smaller and are in private ownership. </p><p>The following list is in order from largest to smallest. </p> <ul><li>Malone Island (35 acres)</li> <li>Mulybys Island (5.35 acres)</li> <li>Upper Twin Island (3.75 acres)</li> <li>Rainbow Island (3.25 acres)</li> <li>West Lower Twin Island (2.56 acres)</li> <li>Half Moon Island (1.37 acres)</li> <li>Pete Island (0.6 acres)</li> <li>Doe Island (0.55 acres)</li> <li>Spider Island (0.5 acres)</li> <li>East Lower Twin Island (0.4 acres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Mille Lacs National Wildlife Refuge">Spirit Island</a> (0.31 acres)</li> <li>Pine Island (0.23 acres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Mille Lacs National Wildlife Refuge">Hennepin Island</a> (0.17 acres)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fishing">Fishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shallow reef-top fishing exists on all sides of the lake. Deep-water <a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">angling</a> takes place on the southern deep gravel and rocks as well as on dozens of mud flats in the north half of the lake. Shoreline break fishing on varied bottom types occurs all around the lake. The weed line is at nine to twelve feet. There are many local fisherman's names for some features of the lake. Spirit Island, the small rock-made island in the south west region of the lake, consists of weathered and eroded pink and white granite boulders. Spirit Island is one of two Islands in Mille Lakes Lake designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge</a>. </p><p>The lake has many <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> including <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">northern pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskellunge" title="Muskellunge">muskie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_perch" title="Yellow perch">jumbo perch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallmouth_bass" title="Smallmouth bass">smallmouth bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Largemouth_bass" title="Largemouth bass">largemouth bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_crappie" title="Black crappie">black crappie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burbot" title="Burbot">burbot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tullibee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tullibee">tullibee</a>. It is one of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>'s most popular fishing lakes. <a href="/wiki/Ice_fishing" title="Ice fishing">Ice fishing</a> houses number in the thousands during the winter. It is a prime <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawning grounds</a> for walleye. Billions of <a href="/wiki/Fish_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish egg">walleye eggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fry_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fry (biology)">fry</a> are produced there every year. In the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a>, fish can travel the whole area of the lake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeologists</a> indicate that the area around the lake is one of the earliest known sites of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> settlement in the state of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rum_River" title="Rum River">Rum River</a> drains from Lake Mille Lacs into the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> to the south at present-day <a href="/wiki/Anoka,_Minnesota" title="Anoka, Minnesota">Anoka</a>. </p><p>On early <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> maps, the lake was also identified as <i>Lac Buade</i> or <i>Minsisaugaigun</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a 1733 map by Henry Popple, Mille Lacs Lake is shown as "Lake Miſsiſsucaigan or Baude". As late as 1843, it was referred to as "Mini Sagaigonin or Mille Lacs" on United States government maps.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lake is known in <a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a> as <span title="Dakota-language text"><i lang="dak">Bdé Wakháŋ</i></span> (Spiritual/Mystic Lake). The <a href="/wiki/Mdewakanton" title="Mdewakanton">Mdewakanton</a> group of the <a href="/wiki/Sioux#Santee_(Dakota)" title="Sioux">Santee Sioux</a> identified by their location around the lake. In <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>, the lake is known as <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Misi-zaaga'igan megwe Midaaswaakogamaakaan</i></span> (Grand/Great/Big Lake in the Region of a Thousand Lakes), or simply as <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Misi-zaaga'igan</i></span> (Grand Lake), as it is the largest lake in the Brainerd Lakes Area. Likewise, the French named the lake as "Mille Lacs Lake" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Lac des Mille Lacs</i></span>), as the Brainerd Lakes Area was called "Region of Thousand Lakes" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pays des Mille Lacs</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Areas around the lake are protected and available to the public in <a href="/wiki/State_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="State parks">state parks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Father_Hennepin_State_Park" title="Father Hennepin State Park">Father Hennepin State Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Kathio_State_Park" title="Mille Lacs Kathio State Park">Mille Lacs Kathio State Park</a>. Portions of the <a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Indian_Reservation" title="Mille Lacs Indian Reservation">Mille Lacs Indian Reservation</a>, of the federally recognized Mille Lacs Ojibwe, border the lake. </p><p>In 2013, a windblown wall of ice, called an <a href="/wiki/Ice_shove" title="Ice shove">ice shove</a>, moved off the lake and damaged houses on the lake shore.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biogeochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turnover_pattern_and_mixing">Turnover pattern and mixing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Turnover pattern and mixing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the fact that Mille Lacs Lake is fairly shallow, it mixes fairly regularly throughout the ice-free period, making it a cold <a href="/wiki/Polymictic_lake" title="Polymictic lake">polymictic lake</a> that is not <a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">stratified</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constant mixing keeps oxygen and other nutrient levels fairly homogenous, but <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermoclines</a> have been known to form in the late summer, which can be associated with decreases in deeper dissolved oxygen levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trophic_state">Trophic state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trophic state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mille Lacs Lake has an overall <a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">trophic state index</a> (TSI) of 43, making it moderately mesotrophic.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trophic state index is within the expected overall TSI range of lakes within its ecoregion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nutrient_levels">Nutrient levels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nutrient levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to other lakes within the ecoregion, the total phosphorus, <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">chlorophyll <i>a</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secchi_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Secchi depth">Secchi depth</a> are all within expected ranges, while chloride, <a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">total suspended solids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)" title="Conductivity (electrolytic)">conductivity</a> levels are all above their expected ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher levels of <a href="/wiki/Planktivore" title="Planktivore">planktivores</a> affect food and nutrient availability needed by other species within the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Low total nitrogen to total phosphorus ratios indicate that the lake is phosphorus limited, which combines with relatively low total <a href="/wiki/Kjeldahl_nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjeldahl nitrogen">Kjeldahl Nitrogen</a> to largely limit <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal bloom</a> growths.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mediators_of_eutrophication">Mediators of eutrophication</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mediators of eutrophication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zebra_Mussels_Invade_Minnisota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zebra_Mussels_Invade_Minnisota.jpg/220px-Zebra_Mussels_Invade_Minnisota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zebra_Mussels_Invade_Minnisota.jpg/330px-Zebra_Mussels_Invade_Minnisota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zebra_Mussels_Invade_Minnisota.jpg/440px-Zebra_Mussels_Invade_Minnisota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Invasive zebra mussels in Minnesota lake</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">Zebra mussels</a>, an aquatic invasive species, became established in Mille Lacs Lake around 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of zebra mussels has reduced the trophic state index of the lake, with Secchi depth readings increasing noticeably since their arrival, likely due to their methods of filter feeding on suspended particles.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sharp rise in water <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">transparency</a> of the lake after the year 2010, measured via Secchi depth, coincides with the zebra mussel invasion timeline. As the <a href="/wiki/Water_clarity" title="Water clarity">water clarity</a> is increased within the lake, levels of aquatic vegetation may also increase. This has the potential to alter fish habitats, proving desirable for some species' productivity and undesirable for others'.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common for increased water clarity to contribute to decreased productivity and abundance of walleye, which is most commonly fished in the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zebra mussels are also known for taking in nutrients from the water column and sequestering it in sediments, thereby reducing the nutrients available to primary producers within the water column.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levels of phosphorus and chlorophyll a, however, are reported to have remained consistent since the invasion, which has been seen before in unstratified lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_effects_of_human_activity">Historical effects of human activity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical effects of human activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016._Lake_sediment_core._Forlorn_Lakes._Gifford_Pinchot_National_Forest,_Washington._(38853497655).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/2016._Lake_sediment_core._Forlorn_Lakes._Gifford_Pinchot_National_Forest%2C_Washington._%2838853497655%29.jpg/220px-2016._Lake_sediment_core._Forlorn_Lakes._Gifford_Pinchot_National_Forest%2C_Washington._%2838853497655%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/2016._Lake_sediment_core._Forlorn_Lakes._Gifford_Pinchot_National_Forest%2C_Washington._%2838853497655%29.jpg/330px-2016._Lake_sediment_core._Forlorn_Lakes._Gifford_Pinchot_National_Forest%2C_Washington._%2838853497655%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/2016._Lake_sediment_core._Forlorn_Lakes._Gifford_Pinchot_National_Forest%2C_Washington._%2838853497655%29.jpg/440px-2016._Lake_sediment_core._Forlorn_Lakes._Gifford_Pinchot_National_Forest%2C_Washington._%2838853497655%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Example lake sediment core</figcaption></figure> <p>Runoff caused by the growth of agriculture in the surrounding area, as well as other anthropogenic factors, caused increasing levels of sediment and phosphorus buildup from the 1960's until at least the early 2000's.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was evident from the analysis of a <a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">sediment core</a> drawn from the lake in 2002, which also determined that while few new microbial species had established themselves in the lake since European settlement, microbial communities have still been affected by nutrient and sediment loading.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the sediment core demonstrated the decline of bottom dwelling microbes in favor of microbial taxa that float freely in the water column, likely as a result of increased phosphorus availability within the <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagic zone</a> of the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that this sediment core was taken before the introduction of zebra mussels, which are known to increase the flux of nutrients from pelagic environments to sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ground-water can also be an indication of anthropogenic effects. Ground-water in the surrounding areas of Mille Lacs Lake occurs in glacial and bedrock <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water from these aquifers is released through well withdrawals, escape into nearby aquifers, and flow into bodies of water like Lake Mille Lacs and the <a href="/wiki/Rum_River" title="Rum River">Rum River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon inspection of this groundwater in the late 1990’s, sodium, manganese, and iron levels repeatedly exceeded acceptable <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> standards for health and drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple common <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trace_metal" title="Trace metal">trace metals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> were also found in samples, but were below detection limits, except for <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible sources of groundwater contamination within lakes due to anthropogenic effects can include but are not limited to land usage and commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Towns_on_the_lake">Towns on the lake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Towns on the lake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garrison,_Minnesota" title="Garrison, Minnesota">Garrison, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle,_Minnesota" title="Isle, Minnesota">Isle, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malmo_Township,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmo Township, Minnesota">Malmo Township, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onamia,_Minnesota" title="Onamia, Minnesota">Onamia, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineland,_Minnesota" title="Vineland, Minnesota">Vineland, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkon,_Minnesota" title="Wahkon, Minnesota">Wahkon, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealthwood_Township,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealthwood Township, Minnesota">Wealthwood Township, Minnesota</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Minnesota">List of lakes in Minnesota</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mille_Lacs_Lake&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/faq/mnfacts/water.html">Minnesota DNR Lakes Fact Page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Named Lac Buade, after <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac" title="Louis de Buade de Frontenac">Louis de Buade de Frontenac</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Greysolon,_Sieur_du_Lhut" title="Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut">Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut</a>, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFd'Eschambault1951" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">d'Eschambault, Antoine (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F801714ar">"La vie aventureuse de Daniel Greysolon, sieur Dulhut"</a>. <i>Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française</i> (in French). <b>5</b> (3): 320–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F801714ar">10.7202/801714ar</a></span>.</cite><span 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(1920; repr. 1991) <i>Minnesota Place Names</i> St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhrenstorffBeth2016" class="citation web cs1">Ahrenstorff, Tyler; Beth, Beth (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/publications/fisheries/investigational_reports/576.pdf">"Mille Lacs Lake Bioenergetics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mounds View, MN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ground+water+resources+of+the+Mille+Lacs+Lake+area%2C+east-central+Minnesota&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Trotta&rft.aufirst=L.+C.&rft.au=Cowdery%2C+T.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%2Fpublication%2Fwri974116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMille+Lacs+Lake" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mille_Lacs_Lake" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mille Lacs Lake">Mille Lacs Lake</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mille_Lacs#Q1600016" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Mille Lacs">Mille Lacs</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/millelacslake/index.html">Mille Lacs Lake page</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Minnesota Department of Natural Resources">Minnesota 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