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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomocephalus" title="Anomocephalus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anomocephalus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="ناهنجارسر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناهنجارسر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomocephalus" title="Anomocephalus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anomocephalus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomocephalus" title="Anomocephalus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anomocephalus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomocefal" title="Anomocefal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anomocefal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomocephalus" title="Anomocephalus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anomocephalus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct genus of therapsids</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Anomocephalus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Permian">Middle Permian</a> <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">260 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:132px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:AnomocephalusDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AnomocephalusDB.jpg/220px-AnomocephalusDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AnomocephalusDB.jpg/330px-AnomocephalusDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AnomocephalusDB.jpg/440px-AnomocephalusDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Anomocephalus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Anomocephaloidea" title="Anomocephaloidea">Anomocephaloidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Anomocephalus</i></a><br /><small>Modesto <i>et al.</i>, <a href="/wiki/1999_in_paleontology" title="1999 in paleontology">1999</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>A. africanus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Anomocephalus africanus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Modesto <i>et al.</i>, 1999</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Anomocephalus</b></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of primitive <a href="/wiki/Anomodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomodont">anomodonts</a> and belongs to the clade <a href="/wiki/Anomocephaloidea" title="Anomocephaloidea">Anomocephaloidea</a>. The name is said to be derived from the Greek word <i>anomos</i> meaning lawless and <i>cephalos</i> meaning head.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proper word for head in Greek is however κεφαλή (<i>kephalē</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is primitive in that it retains a complete set of <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a> in both jaws, in contrast to its descendants, the <a href="/wiki/Dicynodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodonts">dicynodonts</a>, whose dentition is reduced to only a single pair of <a href="/wiki/Tusks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusks">tusks</a> (and in many cases no teeth at all), with their jaws covered by a horny beak similar to that of a modern <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoise</a>. However, they are in no way closely related. </p><p>Its discovery in 1999 from the earliest terrestrial rocks of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Williston,_Northern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Williston, Northern Cape">Williston</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Karoo" title="Karoo">Karoo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cape Province">Northern Cape Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>) has shown that this group of <a href="/wiki/Herbivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivores">herbivores</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>; not <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a>, as had previously been supposed. It lived 260 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> Period, in <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> areas with <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>—almost like parts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Tiarajudens" title="Tiarajudens">Tiarajudens</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cisneros2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisneros2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_paleoenvironment">Geology and paleoenvironment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomocephalus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology and paleoenvironment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Anomocephalus</i> was discovered at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Group" title="Beaufort Group">Beaufort Group</a>, which is a geographical stratum that consists of mostly sandstone and shales that have been deposited in the <a href="/wiki/Karoo_Supergroup" title="Karoo Supergroup">Karoo Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beaufort Group dominated most of the basin with fluvial sedimentation, which is carried by streams and rivers that were most likely formed by ice masses such as glaciers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The climate at this time during the Mid to <a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Late Permian</a> became warm and semi-arid with seasonal rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central region of the basin is thought to have been drained by semi-permanent lakes and fine-grained meander belts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_discovery">History and discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomocephalus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Anomocephalus</i> was collected from a locality near Williston at the base of the Beaufort Group in the Karoo Basin, which is located within the Northern Cape Province of South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was discovered during the continued program of B. Rubidge to determine the lateral extent of the <i><a href="/wiki/Eodicynodon" title="Eodicynodon">Eodicynodon</a></i> (an extinct dicynodont therapsid) Assemblage Zone.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first described by Modesto in 1999 and is known only by a partial skull with distinctive dentition and was preserved in hard mud rock.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discovery of <i>Anomocephalus</i> and its <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> position provided compelling evidence that <a href="/wiki/Anomodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomodont">anomodonts</a> initially diversified in Gondwana.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conflicts with previous suggestions that anomodonts were freely dispersing between the northern and southern regions of the Late Permian <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangea</a> or that <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a> first evolved in Euramerica and then moved to <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> when climate became favorable.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the basal phylogenetic position of <i>Anomocephalus</i> suggests that herbivory was acquired initially by the anomodonts of Gondwana.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomocephalus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anomocephalus_skull_and_teeth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Anomocephalus_skull_and_teeth.jpg/220px-Anomocephalus_skull_and_teeth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Anomocephalus_skull_and_teeth.jpg/330px-Anomocephalus_skull_and_teeth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Anomocephalus_skull_and_teeth.jpg/440px-Anomocephalus_skull_and_teeth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><i>Anomocephalus</i> skull and teeth</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomocephalus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxilla</a> contains a deep alveolar portion with room for two teeth and the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a> is slightly elongated in comparison to other anomodonts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the posterior portion of the maxilla, the characteristic anomodont curvature is seen in the <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_arch" title="Zygomatic arch">zygomatic arch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nasal, prefrontal, and <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">lacrimal</a> resemble in both form and position those of other more basal anomodonts.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Jugal_bone" title="Jugal bone">jugal</a> has a greater marginal exposure than other anomodonts and it tapers posteriorly.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dorsal lamella of the quadratojugal more closely resembles dicynodonts than basal anomodonts.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The postorbital bone tapers ventrally and is visibly flat and curved.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like in other anomodonts, the <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">dentary</a> is dorsoventrally deep, and the squamosal is triradiate as suggested by the ventral and anterior processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anomocephalus_and_Tiarajudens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Anomocephalus_and_Tiarajudens.jpg/220px-Anomocephalus_and_Tiarajudens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Anomocephalus_and_Tiarajudens.jpg/330px-Anomocephalus_and_Tiarajudens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Anomocephalus_and_Tiarajudens.jpg/440px-Anomocephalus_and_Tiarajudens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><i>Anomocephalus</i> skull (left) compared to <i>Tiarajudens</i> skull (right)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dentition">Dentition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomocephalus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dentition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Anomocephalus</i> possess five upper <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a> that have an ovoid-shaped <a href="/wiki/Crown_(tooth)" title="Crown (tooth)">crown</a> when observed from the occlusal view.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dentition of the maxilla begins as tiny peg-like elements that become buccolingually wide and mesiodistally short.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six teeth are located on the pterygoid/ epipterygoid with four additional empty/damaged alveoli which suggests that there were at least ten teeth that made up the right palatal dentition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These palatal teeth have long, curved roots and the crowns are rectangular with an occlusal basin.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two <i>in situ</i> lower incisiforms that are followed by two displaced lower teeth, the second of these teeth is transversally expanded and shows a saddle-like crown just like the palatal teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there are three posterior lower teeth on the dentary with an unerupted, replacement tooth evident below the last lower tooth, which is evidence of at least a second wave of tooth replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-cranial_skeleton">Post-cranial skeleton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomocephalus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-cranial skeleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although a post-cranial skeleton was not found with the partial skull of <i>Anomocephalus</i>, its sister taxa <i><a href="/wiki/Tiarajudens" title="Tiarajudens">Tiarajudens eccentricus</a></i> was discovered in 2011 with a partial left pectoral girdle and its left limb, an isolated left <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> with the pes, and foot elements.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cisneros2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisneros2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the axial elements, only two fragmentary ribs of parallel margin were found with no clear curvature and the most complete fragment was 8 mm wide and 86 mm long.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> that was found with <i>T. eccentricus</i> is approximately 177 mm in length and displayed well-expanded proximal and distal portions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radius is 128 mm in length with expanded, flat proximal and distal surfaces, and the ulna is more robust than the radius and slightly longer at 137 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pes showed five partial digits and they were all robust with <a href="/wiki/Plane_joint" title="Plane joint">arthrodial joints</a> between the distal <a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">metatarsals</a> and proximal phalanges as well as between the phalanges.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, 15 left and three right gastralia were preserved as long, thin, and delicate bones.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomocephalus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paleobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Anomocephalus</i> exhibits palatal teeth and the morphology of the teeth is consistent with a high-fiber herbivorous diet.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cisneros and colleagues suggested that <i>Anomocephalus</i> had an incipient propaliny during the <a href="/wiki/Occlusion_(dentistry)" title="Occlusion (dentistry)">occlusions</a> due to the longitudinal dimensions of each facet of the quadrate being twice as large as the transversal dimension.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MRW99_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They suggest that this would allow for forward and backward movement of the lower jaw during chewing.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Propaliny is also suggested to be linked to improved capability for processing plant material.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomocephalus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MRW99-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRW99_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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(1940). <i>A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cisneros2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cisneros2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cisneros2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCisneros,_J.C.Abdala,_F.Rubidge,_B.S.Dentzien-Dias,_D.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cisneros, J.C.; Abdala, F.; Rubidge, B.S.; Dentzien-Dias, D.; Bueno, A.O. (2011). "Dental Occlusion in a 260-Million-Year-Old Therapsid with Saber Canines from the Permian of Brazil". <i>Science</i>. <b>331</b> (6024): 1603–1605. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...331.1603C">2011Sci...331.1603C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1200305">10.1126/science.1200305</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21436452">21436452</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8178585">8178585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Dental+Occlusion+in+a+260-Million-Year-Old+Therapsid+with+Saber+Canines+from+the+Permian+of+Brazil&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=6024&rft.pages=1603-1605&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1200305&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8178585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21436452&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...331.1603C&rft.au=Cisneros%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Abdala%2C+F.&rft.au=Rubidge%2C+B.S.&rft.au=Dentzien-Dias%2C+D.&rft.au=Bueno%2C+A.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnomocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1928" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton (1928). 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"A basal anomodont therapsid from the lower Beaufort Group, Upper Permian of South Africa". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 515–521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634%282000%29020%5B0515%3AABATFT%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0515:ABATFT]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131397425">131397425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=A+basal+anomodont+therapsid+from+the+lower+Beaufort+Group%2C+Upper+Permian+of+South+Africa&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=515-521&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1671%2F0272-4634%282000%29020%5B0515%3AABATFT%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131397425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rubidge&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Modesto%2C+Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnomocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCisnerosAbdalaDentzien-DiasDe_Oliveira_Bueno2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cisneros, J.C.; Abdala, F; Dentzien-Dias, P; De Oliveira Bueno, A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4632579">"Tiarajudens eccentricus and Anomocephalus africanus, two bizarre anomodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) with dental occlusion from the Permian of Gondwana"</a>. <i>Royal Society Open Science</i>. <b>2</b> (7): 150090. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015RSOS....250090C">2015RSOS....250090C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.150090">10.1098/rsos.150090</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4632579">4632579</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26587266">26587266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+Open+Science&rft.atitle=Tiarajudens+eccentricus+and+Anomocephalus+africanus%2C+two+bizarre+anomodonts+%28Synapsida%2C+Therapsida%29+with+dental+occlusion+from+the+Permian+of+Gondwana&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=150090&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4632579%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26587266&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsos.150090&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015RSOS....250090C&rft.aulast=Cisneros&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft.au=Abdala%2C+F&rft.au=Dentzien-Dias%2C+P&rft.au=De+Oliveira+Bueno%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4632579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnomocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Reisz, R. R. (2006). "Origin of dental occlusion in tetrapods: signal for terrestrial vertebrate evolution?". <i>J. Exp. Zoolog. B Mol. Dev. Evol</i>. <b>306B</b> (3): 261–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjez.b.21115">10.1002/jez.b.21115</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16683226">16683226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Exp.+Zoolog.+B+Mol.+Dev.+Evol.&rft.atitle=Origin+of+dental+occlusion+in+tetrapods%3A+signal+for+terrestrial+vertebrate+evolution%3F&rft.volume=306B&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-277&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjez.b.21115&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16683226&rft.aulast=Reisz&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnomocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngielczyk2004" class="citation journal cs1">Angielczyk, KD (2004). "Phylogenetic evidence for and implications of a dual origin of propaliny in anomodont therapsids (Synapsida)". <i>Paleobiology</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 268–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1666%2F0094-8373%282004%29030%3C0268%3Apefaio%3E2.0.co%3B2">10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0268:pefaio>2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86147610">86147610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+evidence+for+and+implications+of+a+dual+origin+of+propaliny+in+anomodont+therapsids+%28Synapsida%29&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=268-296&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1666%2F0094-8373%282004%29030%3C0268%3Apefaio%3E2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86147610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Angielczyk&rft.aufirst=KD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnomocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1990" class="citation journal cs1">King, DM (1990). "The dicynodonts: a study in palaeobiology". <i>London, UK: Chapman and Hall</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London%2C+UK%3A+Chapman+and+Hall.&rft.atitle=The+dicynodonts%3A+a+study+in+palaeobiology&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnomocephalus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomocephalus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McCarthy, T. & Rubidge, B. 2005. <i>The story of Earth & Life. A southern African perspective on a 4.6 billion-year journey</i>. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. 333pp.</li> <li>Van Rooyen, F. 26 Maart 2011. Brasiliaanse oerdier had dalk SA familie. <i>Volksblad</i>: 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.volksblad.com/Suid-Afrika/Nuus/Brasiliaanse-oerdier-had-dalk-SA-familie-20110325">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Synapsida_*_Clade:_Therapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synapsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Synapsida" title="Template:Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Anomodontia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Anomodontia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biseridens" title="Biseridens">Biseridens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novocynodon" title="Novocynodon">Novocynodon</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anomocephaloidea" title="Anomocephaloidea">Anomocephaloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anomocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiarajudens" title="Tiarajudens">Tiarajudens</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venyukovioidea" title="Venyukovioidea">Venyukovioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Otsheria" title="Otsheria">Otsheria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parasuminia" title="Parasuminia">Parasuminia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suminia" title="Suminia">Suminia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulemica" title="Ulemica">Ulemica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venyukovia" title="Venyukovia">Venyukovia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chainosauria" title="Chainosauria">Chainosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galechirus" title="Galechirus">Galechirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galeops" title="Galeops">Galeops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galepus" title="Galepus">Galepus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patranomodon" title="Patranomodon">Patranomodon</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anomocephaloidea" title="Anomocephaloidea">Anomocephaloidea</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">Dicynodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galepus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galepus jouberti"><img alt="Galepus jouberti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Galepus.jpg/100px-Galepus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Galepus.jpg/150px-Galepus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Galepus.jpg/200px-Galepus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="852" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Dicynodontia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">Dicynodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dicynodontia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">Dicynodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachyprosopus" title="Brachyprosopus">Brachyprosopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colobodectes" title="Colobodectes">Colobodectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eodicynodon" title="Eodicynodon">Eodicynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lanthanostegus" title="Lanthanostegus">Lanthanostegus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyaphulia" title="Nyaphulia">Nyaphulia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pristerodon" title="Pristerodon">Pristerodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pylaecephalidae" title="Pylaecephalidae">Pylaecephalidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diictodon" title="Diictodon">Diictodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eosimops" title="Eosimops">Eosimops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosictodon" title="Prosictodon">Prosictodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robertia" title="Robertia">Robertia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endothiodontia" title="Endothiodontia">Endothiodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abajudon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abajudon (page does not exist)">Abajudon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endothiodon" title="Endothiodon">Endothiodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niassodon" title="Niassodon">Niassodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Therochelonia" title="Therochelonia">Therochelonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emydopoidea" title="Emydopoidea">Emydopoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digalodon" title="Digalodon">Digalodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emydorhinus" title="Emydorhinus">Emydorhinus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palemydops" title="Palemydops">Palemydops</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emydopidae" title="Emydopidae">Emydopidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compsodon" title="Compsodon">Compsodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emydops" title="Emydops">Emydops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myosauridae" title="Myosauridae">Myosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Myosauroides" title="Myosauroides">Myosauroides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myosaurus" title="Myosaurus">Myosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingoriidae" title="Kingoriidae">Kingoriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontoides" title="Dicynodontoides">Dicynodontoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kombuisia" title="Kombuisia">Kombuisia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thliptosaurus" title="Thliptosaurus">Thliptosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cistecephalidae" title="Cistecephalidae">Cistecephalidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cistecephaloides" title="Cistecephaloides">Cistecephaloides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cistecephalus" title="Cistecephalus">Cistecephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kawingasaurus" title="Kawingasaurus">Kawingasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kembawacela" title="Kembawacela">Kembawacela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroscaptor" title="Sauroscaptor">Sauroscaptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bidentalia" title="Bidentalia">Bidentalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diictodon_EF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diictodon feliceps"><img alt="Diictodon feliceps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diictodon_EF.jpg/140px-Diictodon_EF.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diictodon_EF.jpg/210px-Diictodon_EF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diictodon_EF.jpg/280px-Diictodon_EF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KingoriaDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dicynodontoides recurvidens"><img alt="Dicynodontoides recurvidens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KingoriaDB.jpg/140px-KingoriaDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KingoriaDB.jpg/210px-KingoriaDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KingoriaDB.jpg/280px-KingoriaDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Bidentalia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bidentalia" title="Bidentalia">Bidentalia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bidentalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bidentalia" title="Bidentalia">Bidentalia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daqingshanodon" title="Daqingshanodon">Daqingshanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idelesaurus" title="Idelesaurus">Idelesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyseria" title="Keyseria">Keyseria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontocyclops" title="Odontocyclops">Odontocyclops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rastodon" title="Rastodon">Rastodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syops" title="Syops">Syops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elphidae" title="Elphidae">Elphidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elph_(therapsid)" title="Elph (therapsid)">Elph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpresosaurus" title="Interpresosaurus">Interpresosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katumbia" title="Katumbia">Katumbia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geikiidae" title="Geikiidae">Geikiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aulacephalodon" title="Aulacephalodon">Aulacephalodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulbasaurus" title="Bulbasaurus">Bulbasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geikia" title="Geikia">Geikia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelanomodon" title="Pelanomodon">Pelanomodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oudenodontidae" title="Oudenodontidae">Oudenodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australobarbarus" title="Australobarbarus">Australobarbarus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oudenodon" title="Oudenodon">Oudenodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tropidostoma" title="Tropidostoma">Tropidostoma</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhachiocephalidae" title="Rhachiocephalidae">Rhachiocephalidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitchinganomodon" title="Kitchinganomodon">Kitchinganomodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhachiocephalus" title="Rhachiocephalus">Rhachiocephalus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontoidea" title="Dicynodontoidea">Dicynodontoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Counillonia" title="Counillonia">Counillonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daptocephalus" title="Daptocephalus">Daptocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delectosaurus" title="Delectosaurus">Delectosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicynodon" title="Dicynodon">Dicynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinanomodon" title="Dinanomodon">Dinanomodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordonia_(synapsid)" title="Gordonia (synapsid)">Gordonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunpania" title="Kunpania">Kunpania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peramodon" title="Peramodon">Peramodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Repelinosaurus" title="Repelinosaurus">Repelinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taoheodon" title="Taoheodon">Taoheodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turfanodon" title="Turfanodon">Turfanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vivaxosaurus" title="Vivaxosaurus">Vivaxosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lystrosauridae" title="Lystrosauridae">Lystrosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilodon" title="Basilodon">Basilodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euptychognathus" title="Euptychognathus">Euptychognathus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jimusaria" title="Jimusaria">Jimusaria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwazulusaurus" title="Kwazulusaurus">Kwazulusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sintocephalus" title="Sintocephalus">Sintocephalus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">Kannemeyeriiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GeikiaDB17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geikia elginensis"><img alt="Geikia elginensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GeikiaDB17.jpg/140px-GeikiaDB17.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GeikiaDB17.jpg/210px-GeikiaDB17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GeikiaDB17.jpg/280px-GeikiaDB17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1092" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lystrosaurus murrayi"><img alt="Lystrosaurus murrayi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Kannemeyeriiformes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">Kannemeyeriiformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kannemeyeriiformes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">Kannemeyeriiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angonisaurus" title="Angonisaurus">Angonisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodontosaurus" title="Dinodontosaurus">Dinodontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephantosaurus" title="Elephantosaurus">Elephantosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woznikella" title="Woznikella">Woznikella</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shansiodontidae" title="Shansiodontidae">Shansiodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shansiodon" title="Shansiodon">Shansiodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetragonias" title="Tetragonias">Tetragonias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinceria" title="Vinceria">Vinceria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinodicynodon" title="Rhinodicynodon">Rhinodicynodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannemeyeriidae">Kannemeyeriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acratophorus_argentinensis" title="Acratophorus argentinensis">Acratophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichuranus" title="Dolichuranus">Dolichuranus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeria" title="Kannemeyeria">Kannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakannemeyeria" title="Parakannemeyeria">Parakannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabidosaurus" title="Rabidosaurus">Rabidosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rechnisaurus" title="Rechnisaurus">Rechnisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhadiodromus" title="Rhadiodromus">Rhadiodromus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaanbeikannemeyeria" title="Shaanbeikannemeyeria">Shaanbeikannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinokannemeyeria" title="Sinokannemeyeria">Sinokannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uralokannemeyeria" title="Uralokannemeyeria">Uralokannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadiasaurus" title="Wadiasaurus">Wadiasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiyukannemeyeria" title="Xiyukannemeyeria">Xiyukannemeyeria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">Stahleckeriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sungeodon" title="Sungeodon">Sungeodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">Placeriinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argodicynodon" title="Argodicynodon">Argodicynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lisowicia" title="Lisowicia">Lisowicia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moghreberia" title="Moghreberia">Moghreberia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentasaurus" title="Pentasaurus">Pentasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placerias" title="Placerias">Placerias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zambiasaurus" title="Zambiasaurus">Zambiasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">Stahleckeriinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eubrachiosaurus" title="Eubrachiosaurus">Eubrachiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ischigualastia" title="Ischigualastia">Ischigualastia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jachaleria" title="Jachaleria">Jachaleria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sangusaurus" title="Sangusaurus">Sangusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeria" title="Stahleckeria">Stahleckeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ufudocyclops" title="Ufudocyclops">Ufudocyclops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisowicia_bojani_J..png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lisowicia bojani"><img alt="Lisowicia bojani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lisowicia_bojani_J..png/140px-Lisowicia_bojani_J..png" decoding="async" width="140" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lisowicia_bojani_J..png/210px-Lisowicia_bojani_J..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lisowicia_bojani_J..png/280px-Lisowicia_bojani_J..png 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="1651" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium">Nomina dubia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Azarifeneria" class="mw-redirect" title="Azarifeneria">Azarifeneria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baiopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baiopsis (page does not exist)">Baiopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calleonasus" title="Calleonasus">Calleonasus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyoposaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelyoposaurus (page does not exist)">Chelyoposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristonasus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristonasus (page does not exist)">Cristonasus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diaelurodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaelurodon">Diaelurodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicranozygoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicranozygoma (page does not exist)">Dicranozygoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elatosaurus" title="Elatosaurus">Elatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurycarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurycarpus">Eurycarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haughtoniana" title="Haughtoniana">Haughtoniana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keirognathus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keirognathus (page does not exist)">Keirognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koupia" title="Koupia">Koupia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasoplanites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasoplanites (page does not exist)">Nasoplanites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthoctenodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opisthoctenodon (page does not exist)">Opisthoctenodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parvobestiola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parvobestiola (page does not exist)">Parvobestiola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planitorostris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planitorostris (page does not exist)">Planitorostris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platypodosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platypodosaurus (page does not exist)">Platypodosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Putillosaurus" title="Putillosaurus">Putillosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taognathus" title="Taognathus">Taognathus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">Paraphyletic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptodontia" title="Cryptodontia">Cryptodontia</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromasauria" title="Dromasauria">Dromasauria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Anomocephalus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981995" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2981995">Q2981995</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4817703">4817703</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1417330">1417330</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4126388">4126388</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=180708">180708</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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