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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Laurasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Proto-Laurasia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proto-Laurasia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proto-Laurasia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proto-Laurasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre–Rodinia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre–Rodinia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre–Rodinia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre–Rodinia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rodinia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rodinia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rodinia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rodinia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pannotia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pannotia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pannotia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pannotia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euramerica/Laurussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euramerica/Laurussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Euramerica/Laurussia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Euramerica/Laurussia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Euramerica/Laurussia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Euramerica/Laurussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pangaea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pangaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pangaea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pangaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laurasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laurasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Laurasia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laurasia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Laurasia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Laurasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asian_blocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_blocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Asian blocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_blocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Final split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Laurasia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasi%C3%AB" title="Laurasië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Laurasië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لوراسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوراسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrasiya" title="Lavrasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lavrasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="লরেশিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লরেশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лаўразія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лаўразія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лавразия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лавразия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurazija" title="Laurazija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Laurazija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurazia" title="Laurazia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Laurazia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laur%C3%A0sia" title="Lauràsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lauràsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лавразия – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лавразия" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasie" title="Laurasie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Laurasie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrasia" title="Lawrasia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lawrasia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasien" title="Laurasien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Laurasien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AD%DE%9D%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ލައުރޭޝިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލައުރޭޝިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraasia" title="Lauraasia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lauraasia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λαυρασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαυρασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C5%ADrazio" title="Laŭrazio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laŭrazio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لوراسیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوراسیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Labhr%C3%A1ise" title="An Labhráise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Labhráise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="로라시아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로라시아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լավրասիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լավրասիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लॉरेशिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लॉरेशिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurazija" title="Laurazija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Laurazija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1ras%C3%ADa" title="Lárasía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lárasía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="לאוראסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאוראסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლავრაზია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლავრაზია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лавразия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лавразия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrasya" title="Lawrasya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lawrasya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лавразия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лавразия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laur%C4%81zija" title="Laurāzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laurāzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurazija" title="Laurazija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laurazija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laur%C3%A1zsia" title="Laurázsia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Laurázsia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лавразија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лавразија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurazi%C3%AB" title="Laurazië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laurazië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="ローラシア大陸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローラシア大陸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavraziya" title="Lavraziya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lavraziya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%DB%81" title="لوریشیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوریشیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurazja" title="Laurazja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laurazja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laur%C3%A1sia" title="Laurásia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laurásia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavraziya" title="Lavraziya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Lavraziya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лавразия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лавразия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لوراشيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لوراشيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laur%C3%A1zia" title="Laurázia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Laurázia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrazija" title="Lavrazija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lavrazija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лауразија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лауразија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurazija" title="Laurazija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Laurazija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraasia" title="Lauraasia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lauraasia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasien" title="Laurasien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laurasien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasya" title="Laurasya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Laurasya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="லோரேசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லோரேசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лавразия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лавразия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="มหาทวีปลอเรเชีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาทวีปลอเรเชีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrasya" title="Lavrasya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lavrasya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лавразія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лавразія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لوریشیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوریشیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiyop" title="Laurasiyop – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Laurasiyop" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Laurasia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="劳亚大陆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="劳亚大陆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="勞亞大陸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="勞亞大陸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewrasya" title="Lewrasya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lewrasya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="劳亚大陆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="劳亚大陆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Northern landmass that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Laurasia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurasia_200Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Laurasia_200Ma.jpg/220px-Laurasia_200Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Laurasia_200Ma.jpg/330px-Laurasia_200Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Laurasia_200Ma.jpg/440px-Laurasia_200Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="815" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Laurasia (centre) and Gondwana (bottom) as part of Pangaea 200 Mya (Early Jurassic)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Historical continent</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1,071 Mya (Proto-Laurasia) 253 Mya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">Supercontinent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (without the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> (without the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian subcontinent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Smaller continents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Craton" title="South China Craton">South China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin#Geology" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tectonic plates</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Laurasia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the more northern of two large landmasses that formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> supercontinent from around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=335–175">335 to 175</a> million years ago</span> (<a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">Mya</a>), the other being <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. It separated from Gondwana <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=215–175">215 to 175</a> Mya</span> (beginning in the late <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> period) during the breakup of Pangaea, drifting farther north after the split and finally broke apart with the <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_North_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean">opening of the North Atlantic Ocean</a> c. 56 Mya. The name is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laurentia, <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a>, and a series of smaller <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a>, collided in the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian orogeny</a> c. 400 Ma to form Laurussia/<a href="/wiki/Euramerica" title="Euramerica">Euramerica</a>. Laurussia/Euramerica then collided with Gondwana to form Pangaea. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a> were then added to Pangaea 290–300 Ma to form Laurasia. Laurasia finally became an independent continental mass when Pangaea broke up into Gondwana and Laurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_origin_of_the_concept">Terminology and origin of the concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology and origin of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laurentia, the Palaeozoic <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">core</a> of North America and continental fragments that now make up part of Europe, collided with <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian orogeny</a> c. 430–420 Mya to form Laurussia. In the Late <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> Laurussia and Gondwana formed Pangaea. <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a> finally collided with Baltica in the Late Permian to form Laurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of continental blocks that now form East and Southeast Asia were later added to Laurasia. </p><p>In 1904–1909 Austrian geologist <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> proposed that the continents in the Southern Hemisphere were once merged into a larger continent called Gondwana. In 1915 German meteorologist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener">Alfred Wegener</a> proposed the existence of a supercontinent called Pangaea. In 1937 South African geologist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_du_Toit" title="Alexander du Toit">Alexander du Toit</a> proposed that Pangaea was divided into two larger landmasses, Laurasia in the Northern Hemisphere and Gondwana in the Southern Hemisphere, separated by the Tethys Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Meert-2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meert-2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Laurussia" was defined by Swiss geologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ziegler" title="Peter Ziegler">Peter Ziegler</a> in 1988 as the merger between Laurentia and Baltica along the northern Caledonian suture. The "Old Red Continent" is an informal name often used for the Silurian-Carboniferous deposits in the central landmass of Laurussia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several earlier supercontinents proposed and debated in the 1990s and later (e.g. Rodinia, Nuna, Nena) included earlier connections between Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-Meert-2012_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meert-2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These original connections apparently survived through one and possibly even two <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Cycle" title="Wilson Cycle">Wilson Cycles</a>, though their intermittent duration and recurrent fit is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-Laurasia">Proto-Laurasia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proto-Laurasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre–Rodinia"><span id="Pre.E2.80.93Rodinia"></span>Pre–Rodinia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre–Rodinia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paleoglobe_NO_1590_mya-vector-colors.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Paleoglobe_NO_1590_mya-vector-colors.svg/220px-Paleoglobe_NO_1590_mya-vector-colors.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Paleoglobe_NO_1590_mya-vector-colors.svg/330px-Paleoglobe_NO_1590_mya-vector-colors.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Paleoglobe_NO_1590_mya-vector-colors.svg/440px-Paleoglobe_NO_1590_mya-vector-colors.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Columbia/Nuna 1,590 Mya</figcaption></figure> <p>Laurentia and Baltica first formed a continental mass known as Proto-Laurasia as part of the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a> which was assembled 2,100—1,800 Mya to encompass virtually all known <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archaean</a> continental blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-etal-2004-Abst_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-etal-2004-Abst-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving <a href="/wiki/Suture_(geology)" title="Suture (geology)">sutures</a> from this assembly are the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Hudson_orogeny" title="Trans-Hudson orogeny">Trans-Hudson orogen</a> in Laurentia; <a href="/wiki/Nagssugtoqidian_orogeny" title="Nagssugtoqidian orogeny">Nagssugtoqidian orogen</a> in Greenland; the Kola-Karelian (the northwest margin of the <a href="/wiki/Svecofennian_orogeny" title="Svecofennian orogeny">Svecokarelian/Svecofennian orogen</a>) and the Volhyn—Central Russia and Pachelma orogenies (across western Russia) in Baltica; and the Akitkan Orogen in Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> crust was <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(geology)" title="Accretion (geology)">accreted</a> 1,800—1,300 Mya, especially along the Laurentia—Greenland—Baltica margin.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-etal-2004-Abst_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-etal-2004-Abst-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laurentia and Baltica formed a coherent continental mass with southern Greenland and Labrador adjacent to the Arctic margin of Baltica. A magmatic arc extended from Laurentia through southern Greenland to northern Baltica.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakup of Columbia began 1,600 Mya, including along the western margin of Laurentia and northern margin of Baltica (modern coordinates), and was completed c. 1,300—1,200 Mya, a period during which mafic <a href="/wiki/Dike_swarm" title="Dike swarm">dike swarms</a> were emplaced, including <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_dike_swarm" title="Mackenzie dike swarm">MacKenzie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_dike_swarm" title="Sudbury dike swarm">Sudbury</a> in Laurentia.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-etal-2004-Abst_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-etal-2004-Abst-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traces left by <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">large igneous provinces</a> provide evidences for continental mergers during this period. Those related to Proto-Laurasia includes:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1,750 Mya extensive magmatism in Baltica, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_Craton" title="Sarmatian Craton">Sarmatia</a> (Ukraine), southern Siberia, northern Laurentia, and West Africa indicate these cratons were linked to each other;</li> <li>a 1,630–1,640 Mya-old continent composed of Siberia, Laurentia, and Baltica is suggested by <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sills</a> in southern Siberia that can be connected to the Melville Bugt dyke swarm in western Greenland; and</li> <li>a major large igneous province 1,380 Mya during the breakup of the Nuna/Columbia supercontinent connects Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia, <a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_African_Craton" title="West African Craton">West Africa</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rodinia">Rodinia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rodinia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodinia_900Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rodinia_900Ma.jpg/220px-Rodinia_900Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rodinia_900Ma.jpg/330px-Rodinia_900Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Rodinia_900Ma.jpg/440px-Rodinia_900Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Rodinia 900 Mya centred on Laurentia with Baltica and Amazonia on its southern margin.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />View centred on 30°S,130°E.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the vast majority of plate tectonic reconstructions, Laurentia formed the core of the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a>, but the exact fit of various continents within Rodinia is debated. In some reconstructions, Baltica was attached to Greenland along its Scandinavian or Caledonide margin while <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a> was docked along Baltica's <a href="/wiki/Tornquist_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornquist Zone">Tornquist margin</a>. Australia and East Antarctica were located on Laurentia's western margin.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Siberia was located near but at some distance from Laurentia's northern margin in most reconstructions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the reconstruction of some Russian geologists, however, the southern margin (modern coordinates) of Siberia merged with the northern margin of Laurentia, and these two continents broke up along what is now the 3,000 km (1,900 mi)-long <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Foldbelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian Foldbelt">Central Asian Foldbelt</a> no later than 570 Mya and traces of this breakup can still be found in the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_dike_swarm" title="Franklin dike swarm">Franklin dike swarm</a> in northern Canada and the <a href="/wiki/Aldan_Shield" title="Aldan Shield">Aldan Shield</a> in Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Panthalassa" title="Panthalassa">Proto-Pacific</a> opened and Rodinia began to breakup during the <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> (c. 750–600 Mya) as Australia-Antarctica (East Gondwana) rifted from the western margin of Laurentia, while the rest of Rodinia (West Gondwana and Laurasia) rotated clockwise and drifted south. Earth subsequently underwent a series of glaciations – the <a href="/wiki/Varanger_Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanger Glaciation">Varanger</a> (c. 650 Mya, also known as <a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a>) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapitan_glaciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapitan glaciation (page does not exist)">Rapitan</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_Brook_glaciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ice Brook glaciation (page does not exist)">Ice Brook</a> glaciations (c. 610-590 Mya) – both Laurentia and Baltica were located south of 30°S, with the South Pole located in eastern Baltica, and glacial deposits from this period have been found in Laurentia and Baltica but not in Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-etal-1996-Rodinia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-etal-1996-Rodinia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mantle plume (the <a href="/wiki/Central_Iapetus_Magmatic_Province" title="Central Iapetus Magmatic Province">Central Iapetus Magmatic Province</a>) forced Laurentia and Baltica to separate ca. 650–600 Mya and the <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean" title="Iapetus Ocean">Iapetus Ocean</a> opened between them. Laurentia then began to move quickly (20 cm/year (7.9 in/year)) north towards the Equator where it got stuck over a <a href="/wiki/Superplume" class="mw-redirect" title="Superplume">cold spot</a> in the Proto-pacific. Baltica remained near Gondwana in southern latitudes into the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-etal-1996-Rodinia_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-etal-1996-Rodinia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pannotia">Pannotia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pannotia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurasia_600Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Laurasia_600Ma.jpg/192px-Laurasia_600Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Laurasia_600Ma.jpg/288px-Laurasia_600Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Laurasia_600Ma.jpg/384px-Laurasia_600Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="815" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurasia_550Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Laurasia_550Ma.jpg/192px-Laurasia_550Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Laurasia_550Ma.jpg/288px-Laurasia_550Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Laurasia_550Ma.jpg/384px-Laurasia_550Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="815" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Laurasia as part of Pannotia 600 Mya.<br />Right: Laurasia during the breakup of Pannotia at 550 Mya.<br />View centred on the South Pole.</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a></div> <p>Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia remained connected to each other within the short-lived, <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a> or Greater Gondwana. At this time a series of continental blocks – Peri-Gondwana – that now form part of Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysian</a> terranes – Indochina, North China, and South China – and <a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmerian</a> terranes – <a href="/wiki/Sibumasu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibumasu">Sibumasu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiangtang_terrane" title="Qiangtang terrane">Qiangtang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_terrane" title="Lhasa terrane">Lhasa</a>, Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey – were still attached to the Indian–Australian margin of Gondwana. Other blocks that now form part of southwestern Europe and North America from New England to Florida were still attached to the African-South American margin of Gondwana.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This northward drift of terranes across the Tethys also included the <a href="/wiki/Hunic_superterrane" title="Hunic superterrane">Hunic terranes</a>, now spread from Europe to China.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pannotia broke apart in the late Precambrian into Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia, and Gondwana. A series of continental blocks – the Cadomian–Avalonian, Cathaysian, and Cimmerian terranes – broke away from Gondwana and began to drift north.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Euramerica/Laurussia"><span id="Euramerica.2FLaurussia"></span>Euramerica/Laurussia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Euramerica/Laurussia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euramerica" title="Euramerica">Euramerica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurasia_430Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Laurasia_430Ma.jpg/220px-Laurasia_430Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Laurasia_430Ma.jpg/330px-Laurasia_430Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Laurasia_430Ma.jpg/440px-Laurasia_430Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Laurussia (left) during the closure of the Iapetus Ocean 430 Mya (middle Silurian) (view centred on 0°,-60°).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurussia_Euramerica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Laurussia_Euramerica.svg/220px-Laurussia_Euramerica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Laurussia_Euramerica.svg/330px-Laurussia_Euramerica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Laurussia_Euramerica.svg/440px-Laurussia_Euramerica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Euramerica in the Devonian<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Laurentia remained almost static near the Equator throughout the early Palaeozoic, separated from Baltica by the up to 3,000 km (1,900 mi)-wide <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean" title="Iapetus Ocean">Iapetus Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-etal-2012-p16_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-etal-2012-p16-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Late Cambrian, the mid-ocean ridge in the Iapetus Ocean subducted beneath Gondwana which resulted in the opening of a series of large <a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">back-arc basins</a>. During the Ordovician, these basins evolved into a new ocean, the <a href="/wiki/Rheic_Ocean" title="Rheic Ocean">Rheic Ocean</a>, which separated a series of terranes – <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carolinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolinia">Carolinia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armorican_terrane" title="Armorican terrane">Armorica</a> – from Gondwana.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-etal-closure_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-etal-closure-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avalonia rifted from Gondwana in the Early Ordovician and collided with Baltica near the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician%E2%80%93Silurian_extinction_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovician–Silurian extinction events">Ordovician–Silurian boundary</a> (480–420 Mya). Baltica-Avalonia was then rotated and pushed north towards Laurentia. The collision between these continents closed the Iapetus Ocean and formed <b>Laurussia</b>, also known as <b>Euramerica.</b> Another historical term for this continent is the <b>Old Red Continent</b> or <b>Old Red Sandstone Continent</b>, in reference to abundant red beds of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a> during the Devonian. The continent covered 37,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (14,000,000 sq mi) including several large Arctic continental blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik-etal-2012-p16_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-etal-2012-p16-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-etal-closure_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-etal-closure-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Caledonian orogeny completed Laurussia was delimited thus:<sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler-2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The eastern margin were the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barents_Shelf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barents Shelf (page does not exist)">Barents Shelf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Basin" title="Moscow Basin">Moscow Platform</a>;</li> <li>the western margin were the western shelves of Laurentia, later affected by the <a href="/wiki/Antler_orogeny" title="Antler orogeny">Antler orogeny</a>;</li> <li>the northern margin was the <a href="/wiki/Innuitian_Mountains" title="Innuitian Mountains">Innuitian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Ridge" title="Lomonosov Ridge">Lomonosov</a> orogeny which marked the collision between Laurussia and the <a href="/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica">Arctic Craton</a>;</li> <li>and the southern margin was a Pacific-style <a href="/wiki/Active_margin" class="mw-redirect" title="Active margin">active margin</a> where the northward directed subduction of the ocean floor between Gondwana and Laurussia pushed continental fragments towards the latter.</li></ul> <p>During the Devonian (416-359 Mya) the combined landmass of Baltica and Avalonia rotated around Laurentia, which remained static near the Equator. The Laurentian warm, shallow seas and on <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">shelves</a> a diverse assemblage of <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthos</a> evolved, including the largest <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a> exceeding 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a> Continent stretched across northern Laurentia and into Avalonia and Baltica but for most of the Devonian a narrow seaway formed a barrier where the North Atlantic would later open. Tetrapods evolved from fish in the Late Devonian, with the oldest known fossils from Greenland. Low sea-levels during the Early Devonian produced natural barriers in Laurussia which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Geologic_province" title="Geologic province">provincialism</a> within the benthic fauna. In Laurentia the <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_Arch" title="Transcontinental Arch">Transcontinental Arch</a> divided <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a> into two provinces, with one of them confined to a large embayment west of the Appalachians. By the Middle Devonian, these two provinces had been united into one and the closure of the Rheic Ocean finally united faunas across Laurussia. High plankton productivity from the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary resulted in <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">anoxic events</a> that left <a href="/wiki/Black_shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Black shale">black shales</a> in the basins of Laurentia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pangaea">Pangaea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pangaea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurasia_330Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Laurasia_330Ma.jpg/220px-Laurasia_330Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Laurasia_330Ma.jpg/330px-Laurasia_330Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Laurasia_330Ma.jpg/440px-Laurasia_330Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Pangaea formed during the closure of the Rheic Ocean 330 Mya (early Carboniferous) (view centred on 30°S,30°E)</figcaption></figure> <p>The subduction of the Iapetus Ocean resulted in the first contact between Laurussia and Gondwana in the Late Devonian and terminated in full collision or the <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Hercynian/Variscan orogeny</a> in the early Carboniferous (340 Mya).<sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler-2012_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Variscan orogeny closed the <a href="/wiki/Rheic_Ocean" title="Rheic Ocean">Rheic Ocean</a> (between Avalonia and Armorica) and the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tethys_Ocean" title="Proto-Tethys Ocean">Proto-Tethys Ocean</a> (between Armorica and Gondwana) to form the supercontinent Pangaea.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Variscan orogeny is complex and the exact timing and the order of the collisions between involved microcontinents has been debated for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pangaea was completely assembled by the Permian except for the Asian blocks. The supercontinent was centred on the Equator during the Triassic and Jurassic, a period that saw the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Pangean_megamonsoon" title="Pangean megamonsoon">Pangaean megamonsoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy rainfall resulted in high groundwater tables, in turn resulting in peat formation and extensive coal deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Cambrian and Early Ordovician, when wide oceans separated all major continents, only pelagic marine organisms, such as plankton, could move freely across the open ocean and therefore the oceanic gaps between continents are easily detected in the fossil records of marine bottom dwellers and non-marine species. By the Late Ordovician, when continents were pushed closer together closing the oceanic gaps, <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthos</a> (brachiopods and trilobites) could spread between continents while <a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">ostracods</a> and fishes remained isolated. As Laurussia formed during the Devonian and Pangaea formed, fish species in both Laurussia and Gondwana began to migrate between continents and before the end of the Devonian similar species were found on both sides of what remained of the Variscan barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest tree fossils are from the Middle Devonian <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">pteridophyte</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilboa_Fossil_Forest" title="Gilboa Fossil Forest">Gilboa forest</a> in central Laurussia (today New York, United States).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late Carboniferous, Laurussia was centred on the Equator and covered by tropical rainforests, commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Coal_forest" title="Coal forest">coal forest</a>. By the Permian, the climate had become arid and these <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_rainforest_collapse" title="Carboniferous rainforest collapse">rainforests collapsed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycopsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopsid">lycopsids</a> (giant mosses) were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cyatheales" title="Cyatheales">treeferns</a>. In the dry climate a <a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivorous</a> fauna – including <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">ringed worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Arthropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropods">arthropods</a> – evolved and diversified, alongside other arthropods who were herbivorous and carnivorous, and tetrapods – <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">piscivores</a> such as amphibians and early <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laurasia">Laurasia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Laurasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:591px;max-width:591px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralian_orogeny_300Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uralian_orogeny_300Ma.jpg/193px-Uralian_orogeny_300Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uralian_orogeny_300Ma.jpg/290px-Uralian_orogeny_300Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uralian_orogeny_300Ma.jpg/386px-Uralian_orogeny_300Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralian_orogeny_280Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Uralian_orogeny_280Ma.jpg/193px-Uralian_orogeny_280Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Uralian_orogeny_280Ma.jpg/290px-Uralian_orogeny_280Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Uralian_orogeny_280Ma.jpg/386px-Uralian_orogeny_280Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralian_orogeny_240Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Uralian_orogeny_240Ma.jpg/193px-Uralian_orogeny_240Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Uralian_orogeny_240Ma.jpg/290px-Uralian_orogeny_240Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Uralian_orogeny_240Ma.jpg/386px-Uralian_orogeny_240Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Uralian orogeny and the formation of Laurasia 300, 280, and 240 Mya.<br />View centred on 25°N,35°E.</div></div></div></div> <p>During the Carboniferous–Permian Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Baltica collided in the <a href="/wiki/Uralian_orogeny" title="Uralian orogeny">Uralian orogeny</a> to form Laurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-Blakey-2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blakey-2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Palaezoic-Mesozoic transition was marked by the reorganisation of Earth's tectonic plates which resulted in the assembly of Pangaea, and eventually its break-up. Caused by the detachment of subducted mantle slabs, this reorganisation resulted in rising <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plumes</a> that produced <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">large igneous provinces</a> when they reached the crust. This tectonic activity also resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>. Tentional stresses across Eurasia developed into a large system of rift basins (Urengoy, East Uralian-Turgay and Khudosey) and <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_petroleum_basin" title="West Siberian petroleum basin">West Siberian Basin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pechora_coal_basin" title="Pechora coal basin">Pechora Basin</a>, and South China.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laurasia and Gondwana were equal in size but had distinct geological histories. Gondwana was assembled before the formation of Pangaea, but the assembly of Laurasia occurred during and after the formation of the supercontinent. These differences resulted in different patterns of basin formation and transport of sediments. East Antarctica was the highest ground within Pangaea and produced sediments that were transported across eastern Gondwana but never reached Laurasia. During the Palaeozoic, c. 30–40% of Laurasia but only 10–20% of Gondwana was covered by shallow marine water.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_blocks">Asian blocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asian blocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geology_of_Asia_450.Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Geology_of_Asia_450.Ma.jpg/192px-Geology_of_Asia_450.Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Geology_of_Asia_450.Ma.jpg/288px-Geology_of_Asia_450.Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Geology_of_Asia_450.Ma.jpg/384px-Geology_of_Asia_450.Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geology_of_Asia_350Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Geology_of_Asia_350Ma.jpg/192px-Geology_of_Asia_350Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Geology_of_Asia_350Ma.jpg/288px-Geology_of_Asia_350Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Geology_of_Asia_350Ma.jpg/384px-Geology_of_Asia_350Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geology_of_Asia_300Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Geology_of_Asia_300Ma.jpg/192px-Geology_of_Asia_300Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Geology_of_Asia_300Ma.jpg/288px-Geology_of_Asia_300Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Geology_of_Asia_300Ma.jpg/384px-Geology_of_Asia_300Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geology_of_Asia_200Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Geology_of_Asia_200Ma.jpg/192px-Geology_of_Asia_200Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Geology_of_Asia_200Ma.jpg/288px-Geology_of_Asia_200Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Geology_of_Asia_200Ma.jpg/384px-Geology_of_Asia_200Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Journey of the Asian blocks from Gondwana to Laurasia 450, 350, 300, and 200 Mya.<br />View centred on 0°S,105°E.</div></div></div></div> <p>During the assembly of Pangaea Laurasia grew as continental blocks broke off Gondwana's northern margin; pulled by old closing oceans in front of them and pushed by new opening oceans behind them.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-etal2018-p14_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-etal2018-p14-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic break-up of Rodinia the opening of the Proto-Tethys Ocean split the Asian blocks – Tarim, Qaidam, Alex, North China, and South China – from the northern shores of Gondwana (north of Australia in modern coordinates) and the closure of the same ocean reassembled them along the same shores 500–460 Mya resulting in Gondwana at its largest extent.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-etal-closure_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-etal-closure-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The break-up of Rodinia also resulted in the opening of the long-lived Paleo-Asian Ocean between Baltica and Siberia in the north and Tarim and North China in the south. The closure of this ocean is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Orogenic_Belt" title="Central Asian Orogenic Belt">Central Asian Orogenic Belt</a>, the largest orogen on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-etal2018-p11_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-etal2018-p11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North China, South China, Indochina, and Tarim broke off Gondwana during the Silurian-Devonian; Palaeo-Tethys opened behind them. Sibumasu and Qiantang and other Cimmerian continental fragments broke off in the Early Permian. <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_terrane" title="Lhasa terrane">Lhasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Burma_block" class="mw-redirect" title="West Burma block">West Burma</a>, Sikuleh, southwest Sumatra, West Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo broke off during the Late Triassic-Late Jurassic.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Carboniferous and Permian, Baltica first collided with Kazakhstania and Siberia, then North China with Mongolia and Siberia. By the middle Carboniferous, however, South China had already been in contact with North China long enough to allow floral exchange between the two continents. The Cimmerian blocks rifted from Gondwana in the Late Carboniferous.<sup id="cite_ref-Blakey-2003_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blakey-2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early Permian, the Neo-Tethys Ocean opened behind the Cimmerian terranes (Sibumasu, Qiantang, Lhasa) and, in the late Carboniferous, the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean closed in front. The eastern branch of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean, however, remained opened while Siberia was added to Laurussia and Gondwana collided with Laurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-etal2018-p14_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-etal2018-p14-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the eastern Palaeo-Tethys closed 250–230 Mya, a series of Asian blocks – Sibumasu, Indochina, South China, Qiantang, and Lhasa – formed a separate southern Asian continent. This continent collided 240–220 Mya with a northern continent – North China, Qinling, Qilian, Qaidam, Alex, and Tarim – along the Central China orogen to form a combined East Asian continent. The northern margins of the northern continent collided with Baltica and Siberia 310–250 Ma, and thus the formation of the East Asian continent marked Pangaea at its greatest extent.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-etal2018-p14_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-etal2018-p14-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, the rifting of western Pangaea had already begun.<sup id="cite_ref-Blakey-2003_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blakey-2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pangaea split in two as the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethys Seaway">Tethys Seaway</a> opened between Gondwana and Laurasia in the Late Jurassic. The fossil record, however, suggests the intermittent presence of a Trans-Tethys land bridge, though the location and duration of such a land bridge remains enigmatic.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pine trees</a> evolved in the early Mesozoic c. 250 Mya and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pinus_species" title="List of Pinus species">pine genus</a> originated in Laurasia in the Early Cretaceous c. 130 Mya in competition with faster growing <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">flowering plants</a>. Pines adapted to cold and arid climates in environments where the growing season was shorter or wildfire common; this evolution limited pine range to between 31° and 50° north and resulted in a split into two subgenera: <i><a href="/wiki/Strobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Strobus">Strobus</a></i> adapted to stressful environments and <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a></i> to fire-prone landscapes. By the end of the Cretaceous, pines were established across Laurasia, from North America to East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Triassic to the Early Jurassic, before the break-up of Pangaea, <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a> (crurotarsans, pterosaurs and dinosaurs including birds) had a global distribution, especially crurotarsans, the group ancestral to the <a href="/wiki/Crocodilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilians">crocodilians</a>. This cosmopolitanism ended as Gondwana fragmented and Laurasia was assembled. <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">Pterosaur</a> diversity reach a maximum in the Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous and plate tectonic didn't affect the distribution of these flying reptiles. Crocodilian ancestors also diversified during the Early Cretaceous but were divided into Laurasian and Gondwanan populations; true crocodilians evolved from the former. The distribution of the three major groups of <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Sauropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropods">sauropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropods">theropods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">ornithischians</a> – was similar to that of the crocodilians. East Asia remained isolated with endemic species including <a href="/wiki/Psittacosaurus" title="Psittacosaurus">psittacosaurs</a> (horned dinosaurs) and <a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae">Ankylosauridae</a> (club-tailed, armoured dinosaurs).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> slowly settled in Laurasia from Gondwana in the Triassic, the latter of which was the living area of their Permian <a href="/wiki/Therapsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsids">ancestors</a>. They split in two groups, with <a href="/wiki/Australosphenida" title="Australosphenida">one</a> returning to Gondwana (and stayed there after Pangaea split) while <a href="/wiki/Boreosphenida" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreosphenida">the other</a> staying in Laurasia (until further descendants switched to Gondwana starting from the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>). </p><p>In the early Eocene a peak in global warming led to a pan-Arctic fauna with alligators and amphibians present north of the Arctic Circle. In the early Palaeogene, landbridges still connected continents, allowing land animals to migrate between them. On the other hand, submerged areas occasionally divided continents: the <a href="/wiki/Turgai_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgai Sea">Turgai Sea</a> separated Europe and Asia from the Middle Jurassic to the Oligocene and as this sea or strait dried out, a massive faunal interchange took place and the resulting extinction event in Europe is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_Coupure" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Coupure">Grande Coupure</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a> (an order of birds including kingfishers) evolved in Laurasia. While this group now has a mostly tropical distribution, they originated in the Arctic in the late Eocene c. 35 Mya from where they diversified across Laurasia and farther south across the Equator.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The placental mammal group of <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a> is named after Laurasia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_split">Final split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Final split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:591px;max-width:591px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_North_Atlantic_090Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Opening_of_North_Atlantic_090Ma.jpg/193px-Opening_of_North_Atlantic_090Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Opening_of_North_Atlantic_090Ma.jpg/290px-Opening_of_North_Atlantic_090Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Opening_of_North_Atlantic_090Ma.jpg/386px-Opening_of_North_Atlantic_090Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_North_Atlantic_050Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Opening_of_North_Atlantic_050Ma.jpg/193px-Opening_of_North_Atlantic_050Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Opening_of_North_Atlantic_050Ma.jpg/290px-Opening_of_North_Atlantic_050Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Opening_of_North_Atlantic_050Ma.jpg/386px-Opening_of_North_Atlantic_050Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_North_Atlantic_030Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Opening_of_North_Atlantic_030Ma.jpg/193px-Opening_of_North_Atlantic_030Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Opening_of_North_Atlantic_030Ma.jpg/290px-Opening_of_North_Atlantic_030Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Opening_of_North_Atlantic_030Ma.jpg/386px-Opening_of_North_Atlantic_030Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean 90, 50, and 30 Mya.</div></div></div></div> <p>In the Triassic–Early Jurassic (c. 200 Mya), the opening of the Central <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> was preceded by the formation of a series of large rift basins, such as the <a href="/wiki/Newark_Basin" title="Newark Basin">Newark Basin</a>, between eastern North America, from what is today the Gulf of Mexico to Nova Scotia, and in Africa and Europe, from Morocco to Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 83 Mya</span> spreading had begun in the North Atlantic between the <a href="/wiki/Rockall_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockall Plateau">Rockall Plateau</a>, a continental fragment sitting on top of the Eurasian Plate, and North America. By 56 Mya Greenland had become an independent plate, separated from North America by the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea-Baffin_Bay_Rift" class="mw-redirect" title="Labrador Sea-Baffin Bay Rift">Labrador Sea-Baffin Bay Rift</a>. By 33 Mya spreading had ceased in the Labrador Sea and relocated to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_North_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean">opening of the North Atlantic Ocean</a> had effectively broken Laurasia in two. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Laurasia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Laurasia">Laurasia</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasiformes" title="Laurasiformes">Laurasiformes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Toit1937">Du Toit 1937</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorsvikCocks2004">Torsvik & Cocks 2004</a>, Laurussia and Laurasia, pp. 558, 560</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorsvikVan_der_VooPreedenMac_Niocaill2012">Torsvik et al. 2012</a>, From Laurentia to Laurussia and Laurasia: Overview, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meert-2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meert-2012_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meert-2012_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeert2012">Meert 2012</a>, pp. 991–992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZiegler1988">Ziegler 1988</a>, Abstract</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBleeker2003">Bleeker 2003</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhao-etal-2004-Abst-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao-etal-2004-Abst_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao-etal-2004-Abst_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao-etal-2004-Abst_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhaoSunWildeLi2004">Zhao et al. 2004</a>, Abstract</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhaoSunWildeLi2004">Zhao et al. 2004</a>, Summary and Discussion, pp. 114–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhaoCawoodWildeSun2002">Zhao et al. 2002</a>, Laurentia (North America and Greenland) and Baltica, pp. 145-149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErnstBleekerSöderlundKerr2013">Ernst et al. 2013</a>, Progress on continental reconstructions, pp. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Consensus" reconstruction from <a href="#CITEREFLiBogdanovaCollinsDavidson2008">Li et al. 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorsvikSmethurstMeertVan_der_Voo1996">Torsvik et al. 1996</a>, Rodinia, pp. 236–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiBogdanovaCollinsDavidson2008">Li et al. 2008</a>, Siberia–Laurentia connection, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYarmolyukKovalenkoSal'nikovaNikiforov2006">Yarmolyuk et al. 2006</a>, p. 1031; Fig. 1, p. 1032</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torsvik-etal-1996-Rodinia-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-etal-1996-Rodinia_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-etal-1996-Rodinia_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorsvikSmethurstMeertVan_der_Voo1996">Torsvik et al. 1996</a>, Abstract; Initial break-up of Rodinia and Vendian glaciations, pp. 237–240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScotese2009">Scotese 2009</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStampfli2000">Stampfli 2000</a>, Palaeotethys, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScotese2009">Scotese 2009</a>, The break-up of Pannotia, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torsvik-etal-2012-p16-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-etal-2012-p16_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik-etal-2012-p16_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorsvikVan_der_VooPreedenMac_Niocaill2012">Torsvik et al. 2012</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhao-etal-closure-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao-etal-closure_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao-etal-closure_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao-etal-closure_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhaoWangHuangDong2018">Zhao et al. 2018</a>, Closure of Proto-Tethys Ocean and the first assembly of East Asian blocks at the northern margin of Gondwana, pp. 7-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler-2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler-2012_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler-2012_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZiegler2012">Ziegler 2012</a>, Introduction, pp. 1–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCocksTorsvik2011">Cocks & Torsvik 2011</a>, Facies and faunas, pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReyBurgCasey1997">Rey, Burg & Casey 1997</a>, Introduction, pp. 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEckelmannNesborKönigshofLinnemann2014">Eckelmann et al. 2014</a>, Introduction, pp. 1484–1486</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span 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href="#CITEREFSahneyBentonFalcon-Lang2010">Sahney, Benton & Falcon-Lang 2010</a>, Introduction, p. 1079</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blakey-2003-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blakey-2003_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blakey-2003_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blakey-2003_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlakey2003">Blakey 2003</a>, Assembly of Western Pangaea: Carboniferous–Permian, pp. 453–454; Assembly of Eastern Pangaea: Late Permian–Jurassic, p. 454; Fig. 10, p. 454</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNikishinZieglerAbbottBrunet2002">Nikishin et al. 2002</a>, Introduction, pp. 4–5; Fig. 4, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/75px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/113px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/75px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/113px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/150px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/75px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/113px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/150px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:35%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenorland" title="Kenorland">Kenorland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nena_(supercontinent)" title="Nena (supercontinent)">Nena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(continent)" title="Ur (continent)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaalbara" title="Vaalbara">Vaalbara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:65%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Other prehistoric continents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica">Arctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiamerica">Asiamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantica" title="Atlantica">Atlantica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenia" title="Chilenia">Chilenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyania" title="Cuyania">Cuyania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">East Antarctica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Euramerica/Laurussia">Euramerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalaharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">Laramidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampia" title="Pampia">Pampia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Craton" title="South China Craton">South China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;;border-bottom:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">Submerged continent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">microcontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen_Microcontinent" title="Jan Mayen Microcontinent">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_(microcontinent)" title="Mauritia (microcontinent)">Mauritia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Seychelles Microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Possible future supercontinents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Amasia_(supercontinent)" title="Amasia (supercontinent)">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurica_(supercontinent)" title="Aurica (supercontinent)">Aurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopangaea" title="Novopangaea">Novopangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Mythical</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" title="List of lost lands">lost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">hypothesised</a> continents</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuria" title="Lemuria">Lemuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis" title="Meropis">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)" title="Mu (mythical lost continent)">Mu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents" title="Continent">Subcontinents</a></b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Eastern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Eastern Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>See also: <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world">Regions of the world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">Continental fragment</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Continents" title="Category:Continents">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_continents" title="Chronology of continents">Chronology of continents</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132033#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132033#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132033#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/920144783176626405098">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4627010-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2016001630">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012403613305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=52714">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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