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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Kwanasaurus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct genus of silesaurid dinosauromorph reptiles</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Kwanasaurus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Norian</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:143.16923076923px; width:6.2615384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:143.16923076923px; width:6.2615384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:144.16923076923px; width:4.2615384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_skeletal_and_life_restoration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kwanasaurus_skeletal_and_life_restoration.png/220px-Kwanasaurus_skeletal_and_life_restoration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kwanasaurus_skeletal_and_life_restoration.png/330px-Kwanasaurus_skeletal_and_life_restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kwanasaurus_skeletal_and_life_restoration.png/440px-Kwanasaurus_skeletal_and_life_restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="3338" data-file-height="1918" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Skeletal and life restoration </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Kwanasaurus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;"> (?)</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Silesauridae" title="Silesauridae">Silesauridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Sulcimentisauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulcimentisauria">Sulcimentisauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Kwanasaurus</i></a><br /><small>Martz & Small, <a href="/wiki/2019_in_paleontology" title="2019 in paleontology">2019</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><b>Kwanasaurus williamparkeri</b></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Martz & Small, 2019</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Kwanasaurus</b></i> is an extinct <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silesauridae" title="Silesauridae">silesaurid</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosauromorpha" title="Dinosauromorpha">dinosauromorph</a> reptiles from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. It is known from a single species, <i><b>Kwanasaurus williamparkeri</b></i>. <i>Kwanasaurus</i> had a deeper, stronger skull and greater specialization for herbivory compared to other silesaurids. It also possessed many unique characteristics of the snout, <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a>, and lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>. It was described along with new specimens of <i><a href="/wiki/Dromomeron" title="Dromomeron">Dromomeron</a></i> from the Eagle Basin, the northernmost extent of the <a href="/wiki/Chinle_Formation" title="Chinle Formation">Chinle Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanasaurus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kwanasaurus</i> hails from Triassic deposits in the Eagle Basin surrounding the town of <a href="/wiki/Eagle,_Colorado" title="Eagle, Colorado">Eagle, Colorado</a>. This area contains the most northern exposures of the <a href="/wiki/Chinle_Formation" title="Chinle Formation">Chinle Formation</a>, which is famous for its Late Triassic fossils of <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a>. Tentative terrestrial reptile <a href="/wiki/Biostratigraphy" title="Biostratigraphy">biostratigraphy</a> estimates that the Eagle Basin fossils, which were preserved in red <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstone</a>, belong to the <a href="/wiki/Revueltian" class="mw-redirect" title="Revueltian">Revueltian</a> biozone of the mid to late <a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a> stage of the Triassic, 215-207 million years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> of <i>Kwanasaurus</i> is a partial <a href="/wiki/Silesauridae" title="Silesauridae">silesaurid</a> maxilla, <a href="/wiki/Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science" title="Denver Museum of Nature and Science">DMNH</a> EPV.65879. All other silesaurid maxillae recovered from the area seem to represent the same taxon, indicating that <i>Kwanasaurus</i> was likely the only silesaurid from the Eagle Basin. With this in mind, all other Eagle Basin fossils resembling those of silesaurids have been referred to the taxon. These include multiple <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">dentaries</a>, teeth, <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femora</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dinosauromorpha" title="Dinosauromorpha">Dinosauromorph</a>-like tibia and scapulae from the area may also belong to <i>Kwanasaurus</i>, though they have not been referred to the genus due to lacking any clear silesaurid features. <i>Kwanasaurus</i> was named in a 2019 paper by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_W._Martz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey W. Martz (page does not exist)">Jeffrey W. Martz</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryan_J._Small&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryan J. Small (page does not exist)">Bryan J. Small</a>, along with the description of new <i><a href="/wiki/Dromomeron" title="Dromomeron">Dromomeron</a></i> material. The genus name incorporates <i>kwana</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a> name for eagle. The specific name commemorates paleontologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Parker_(paleontologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Parker (paleontologist) (page does not exist)">Bill Parker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanasaurus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanasaurus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_maxillae_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kwanasaurus_maxillae_1.png/149px-Kwanasaurus_maxillae_1.png" decoding="async" width="149" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kwanasaurus_maxillae_1.png/223px-Kwanasaurus_maxillae_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kwanasaurus_maxillae_1.png/298px-Kwanasaurus_maxillae_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2438" data-file-height="3076" /></a><figcaption>Maxillae, including the holotype, DMNH EPV.65879, A-H</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a> is much deeper and more robust in <i>Kwanasaurus</i> than in any other <a href="/wiki/Silesauridae" title="Silesauridae">silesaurid</a>. There are replacement pits on the inner edge of the tooth row similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">thyreophorans</a>, and smaller and more numerous pits on the outer surface of the maxilla. Five of the replacement pits at the midlength of the bone are set in a groove, a trait also present in <i><a href="/wiki/Silesaurus" title="Silesaurus">Silesaurus</a></i> and silesaurid skull material from the <a href="/wiki/Ntawere_Formation" title="Ntawere Formation">Ntawere Formation</a>. The front of the maxilla is similar to that of <i><a href="/wiki/Lewisuchus" title="Lewisuchus">Lewisuchus</a></i> and <i>Silesaurus</i>, with a triangular <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxillary</a> facet and thick, sharp <a href="/wiki/Vomer" title="Vomer">vomerine</a> flange. The ascending process of the maxilla is a thin, anteroposteriorly wide, and steeply-rising prong, and the <a href="/wiki/Antorbital_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Antorbital fossa">antorbital fossa</a> has a concave lower edge, both like <i>Silesaurus</i>. The inner surface of the maxilla has a thick medial flange, which droops down to the tooth row as a smooth triangular blade. This medial flange is unique to <i>Kwanasaurus</i> among silesaurids (and Triassic <a href="/wiki/Dinosauromorpha" title="Dinosauromorpha">dinosauromorphs</a> in general), and likely extended the maxilla's connection with the <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a> behind the vomer. The rear portion of the <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> maxilla is characteristically complex and similar to that described for <i><a href="/wiki/Plateosaurus" title="Plateosaurus">Plateosaurus</a></i>. These complex traits include a posterolateral flange which likely shielded part of the <a href="/wiki/Jugal_bone" title="Jugal bone">jugal</a>, a pair of deep dorsomedial grooves (likely articulating with the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">lacrimal</a> and jugal), and a broad groove behind the medial flange which likely articulated with the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">palatine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_dentaries_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kwanasaurus_dentaries_1.png/170px-Kwanasaurus_dentaries_1.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kwanasaurus_dentaries_1.png/255px-Kwanasaurus_dentaries_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kwanasaurus_dentaries_1.png/340px-Kwanasaurus_dentaries_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2438" data-file-height="2682" /></a><figcaption>DMNH EPV.63136, the most complete referred dentary</figcaption></figure> <p>Lower jaw bones referred to <i>Kwanasaurus</i> include DMNH EPV.63136, one of the most complete <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">dentaries</a> found for any silesaurid. As in other sulcimentisaurians, the <a href="/wiki/Meckelian_groove" title="Meckelian groove">meckelian groove</a> is positioned close to the lower edge of the jaw and the teeth are constricted at the root. The front tip of the dentary is pointed, toothless, and has a lateral groove akin to that of <i>Silesaurus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sacisaurus" title="Sacisaurus">Sacisaurus</a>,</i> along with several medial grooves. Further back, the dentary is relatively deep and develops a lateral ridge similar to one reported for <i><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_scytobrachion" title="Diodorus scytobrachion">Diodorus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eucoelophysis" title="Eucoelophysis">Eucoelophysis</a></i>. The pattern of pitting and holes on the outer surface of the dentary also resembles those taxa. The tooth row is edged by a medial groove connecting a series of replacement pits; above the groove the bone is inset similar to the case in <i>Silesaurus</i>, <i>Eucoelophysis</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Technosaurus" title="Technosaurus">Technosaurus</a></i>. <i>Kwanasaurus</i> is the only silesaurid to preserve data on the mandibular fenestra. This hole in the jaw was triangular, edged from below by a posteroventral process of the dentary which also overlapped a partial angular. The dentary's posterodorsal process is sharp along its upper edge and notched along its lower edge.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teeth">Teeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanasaurus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teeth of <i>Kwanasaurus</i> have been found both as isolated material and within maxillae and dentaries. Isolated teeth are leaf-shaped, with coarse denticles, slightly flattened sides, and crown tips more than halfway towards the rear of the tooth. The lingual (tongue) side of the tooth has a thick vertical ridge covered in striations. <i>Sacisaurus</i>, <i>Eucoelophysis</i>, and possibly <i>Technosaurus</i> are the only other silesaurids known to possess similar teeth, although leaf-shaped teeth are also common in various other herbivorous <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a>. In some of the maxilla, the teeth are short and swollen (almost round in cross section) and become smaller towards the rear of the bone. The dentary teeth are similar but more asymmetrical. The middle of the dentary has the largest and most denticulate teeth in the jaw. There are 12 maxillary teeth and 14 dentary teeth. These teeth extend further back in the skull than most silesaurids, as is the case in <i>Lewisuchus</i>, but they are not as numerous as those of that taxon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other silesaurids, <i>Kwanasaurus</i> has ankylothecodont tooth implantation, meaning the teeth are set in sockets but also fused to the surrounding bone. At least in the maxilla, <i>Kwanasaurus</i> has a complex pattern of tooth replacement. This pattern involves replacement teeth being formed along the lingual edge of the tooth row, shifting outwards (at which point the original tooth's attachment dissolves and the tooth detaches), fusing to the leftover socket and leaving behind a replacement pit. The tooth row has alternating empty and full sockets, indicating that adjacent teeth were never replaced at the same time. This contrasts with <i>Silesaurus</i> and <i>Technosaurus</i> (which sometimes have several adjacent teeth replaced at once), but resembles the condition in some specimens of <i>Sacisaurus</i>, <i>Diodorus</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Asilisaurus" title="Asilisaurus">Asilisaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forelimbs">Forelimbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanasaurus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forelimbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_humerus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kwanasaurus_humerus.png/94px-Kwanasaurus_humerus.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kwanasaurus_humerus.png/140px-Kwanasaurus_humerus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kwanasaurus_humerus.png/187px-Kwanasaurus_humerus.png 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="3609" /></a><figcaption>DMNH EPV.59302, the referred humerus</figcaption></figure> <p>A long and slender <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> is the only forelimb bone safely assigned to <i>Kwanasaurus</i>, based on its similarity to that of <i>Silesaurus</i> and <i>Diodorus</i>. The proximal portion is slightly expanded, but the <a href="/wiki/Upper_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper extremity of humerus">humeral head</a> is not as thick or straight as that of other silesaurids. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> (but in line with other silesaurids), the deltopectoral crest is small and extends less than a third down the length of the shaft. The distal portion of the humerus is simple and barely expanded, twisted relative to the proximal portion (similar to <i>Silesaurus</i>), but also with a groove running up its anterolateral surface (similar to <i>Diodorus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hip_and_hindlimbs">Hip and hindlimbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanasaurus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hip and hindlimbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_ilium_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kwanasaurus_ilium_1.png/220px-Kwanasaurus_ilium_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kwanasaurus_ilium_1.png/330px-Kwanasaurus_ilium_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kwanasaurus_ilium_1.png/440px-Kwanasaurus_ilium_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="2398" /></a><figcaption>DMNH EPV.48506, the most complete referred ilium</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_(large_2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28large_2%29.png/157px-Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28large_2%29.png" decoding="async" width="157" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28large_2%29.png/236px-Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28large_2%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28large_2%29.png/314px-Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28large_2%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3339" data-file-height="2812" /></a><figcaption>Large referred proximal femora, including DMNH EPV.125924 (A-E)</figcaption></figure> <p>The hip is only represented by the <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a>, which had a low, saddle-shaped upper blade like silesaurids such as <i>Silesaurus</i>, <i>Eucoelophysis</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ignotosaurus" title="Ignotosaurus">Ignotosaurus</a></i>. It also resembles these taxa in its elongated and expanded preacetabular process. <i>Kwanasaurus</i> takes this trend further, lengthening the preacetabular process so that it projects further forwards than the pubic peduncle, an adaptation otherwise only seen in several lineages of dinosaurs among dinosauromorphs. The postacetabular process is large and possesses a well-developed brevis shelf and brevis fossa, traits standard for sulcimentisaurians. Like many basal dinosauromorphs, the brevis shelf merges with the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">acetabulum</a> and the rear edge of the postacetabular process has a small pointed extension. The acetabulum is deep and has a very thin and concave lower edge. This contrasts with other silesaurids, which have a straight lower edge to the acetabulum, and instead may suggest a partially perforated acetabulum akin to that of dinosaurs. The inner surface of the ilium has several facets for the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacral</a> ribs. The second facet is twice as long as the first and may have encompassed two sacral ribs, suggesting that <i>Kwanasaurus</i> possessed three sacral vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_distal_femur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kwanasaurus_distal_femur.png/144px-Kwanasaurus_distal_femur.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kwanasaurus_distal_femur.png/216px-Kwanasaurus_distal_femur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kwanasaurus_distal_femur.png/288px-Kwanasaurus_distal_femur.png 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="3103" /></a><figcaption>Referred distal femur DMNH EPV.67956</figcaption></figure> <p>Multiple <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femora</a> of various sizes and conditions have been referred to <i>Kwanasaurus</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Femoral_head" title="Femoral head">femoral head</a> was similar to that of other advanced silesaurids, according to several traits. These include a longitudinal groove on its upper surface, a straight (rather than rounded) articular facet on the medial surface, a distinct notch on its underside, and an overall triangular cross section due to the lack of a distinct posteromedial tuber. Directly below the head extends a ridge known as a dorsolateral trochanter. Adjacent to it is the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_trochanter" title="Lesser trochanter">anterior trochanter</a>, a pronounced vertical crest characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Dinosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosauriformes">dinosauriforms</a> (and a few <i><a href="/wiki/Dromomeron" title="Dromomeron">Dromomeron</a></i> specimens). The crest was blade-like, triangular, and straight-edged, proportionally most similar to <i>Silesaurus</i> among dinosauriforms. Only one femur referred to <i>Kwanasaurus</i> (DMNH EPV.125924) possessed additional muscle attachment structures such as a trochanteric shelf and a swelling that likely represented the iliotrochanteris caudalis attachment site. <i>Asilisaurus</i> and <i>Silesaurus</i> are the only other silesaurids with trochanteric shelves, and its development is sometimes considered to be related to skeletal maturity. However, the largest <i>Kwanasaurus</i> femur (DMNH EPV.34579) lacks a trochanteric shelf, despite its presence in the smaller 125924 specimen. All specimens had a low <a href="/wiki/Fourth_trochanter" title="Fourth trochanter">fourth trochanter</a>, sometimes edged by an anterior depression as in <i>Sacisaurus</i> and <i>Diodorus</i>. The distal portion of the femur possessed several unique features. The <a href="/wiki/Medial_condyle_of_femur" title="Medial condyle of femur">medial condyle</a> was a sharp flange, notably thinner than the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_condyle_of_femur" title="Lateral condyle of femur">lateral condyle</a> and crista tibiofibularis. This is similar to <a href="/wiki/Lagerpetidae" title="Lagerpetidae">lagerpetids</a> but in contrast to the broader medial condyle of all other silesaurids. <i>Kwanasaurus</i> also possesses a characteristic depression on the distal surface of the femur, in front of the crista tibiofibularis. Nevertheless, the notably deep and extensive sulcus present between the medial and lateral condyles is in line with that of other silesaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanasaurus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kwanasaurus</i> was added into a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic analysis</a> to test its relationship to other silesaurids. The codings for the taxon were based on both all the Eagle Basin silesaurid material as well as the dinosauromorph tibiae and scapulae which may additionally belong to it. The strict consensus tree (average result of all <a href="/wiki/Maximum_parsimony_(phylogenetics)" title="Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics)">most parsimonious trees</a>) was poorly resolved, with practically all silesaurids in a <a href="/wiki/Polytomy" title="Polytomy">polytomy</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">ornithischians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">sauropodomorphs</a>. The adams consensus tree (in which unstable taxa cluster at the base of the smallest group they are always within) has better resolution. In this tree, the highly unstable <i><a href="/wiki/Ignotosaurus" title="Ignotosaurus">Ignotosaurus</a></i> shifts to a polytomy with dinosaurs and other silesaurids, while Silesauridae starts with <i><a href="/wiki/Lewisuchus" title="Lewisuchus">Lewisuchus</a></i> at the base, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Soumyasaurus" title="Soumyasaurus">Soumyasaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Asilisaurus" title="Asilisaurus">Asilisaurus</a></i>, and finally a clade containing all other silesaurids. This <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> was named Sulcimentisauria by the authors of the paper. Removing <i>Ignotosaurus</i>, <i>Soumyasaurus</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Technosaurus" title="Technosaurus">Technosaurus</a></i> led to higher resolution within Silesauridae. <i>Kwanasaurus</i> was found to be the <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister taxon</a> to the other North American taxon, <i><a href="/wiki/Eucoelophysis" title="Eucoelophysis">Eucoelophysis</a>.</i> Here is the consensus cladogram (specifically the portion focusing on dinosauromorphs) after the removal of the three unstable taxa:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Dinosauromorpha" title="Dinosauromorpha">Dinosauromorpha</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <a href="/wiki/Lagerpetidae" title="Lagerpetidae">Lagerpetidae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lagerpeton_chanarensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagerpeton chanarensis">Lagerpeton chanarensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dromomeron_gregorii" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromomeron gregorii">Dromomeron gregorii</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dromomeron_romeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromomeron romeri">Dromomeron romeri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Dinosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosauriformes">Dinosauriformes</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Marasuchus_lilloensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marasuchus lilloensis">Marasuchus lilloensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dinosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosauria">Dinosauria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Silesauridae" title="Silesauridae">Silesauridae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lewisuchus" title="Lewisuchus">Lewisuchus</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Pseudolagosuchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudolagosuchus">Pseudolagosuchus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Asilisaurus_kongwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Asilisaurus kongwe">Asilisaurus kongwe</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Sulcimentisauria </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Silesaurus_opolensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesaurus opolensis">Silesaurus opolensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sacisaurus_agudoensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacisaurus agudoensis">Sacisaurus agudoensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lutungutali_sitwensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutungutali sitwensis">Lutungutali sitwensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_scytobrachion" title="Diodorus scytobrachion">Diodorus scytobrachion</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eucoelophysis_baldwini" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucoelophysis baldwini">Eucoelophysis baldwini</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Kwanasaurus williamparkeri</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoecology">Paleoecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanasaurus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paleoecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kwanasaurus</i> was the northernmost and youngest silesaurid found in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Its short, leaf-shaped, and heavily denticulated teeth were adapted for eating plants, a trait shared by several other advanced silesaurids. This diet represents the culmination of a series of adaptations within Silesauridae, starting with carnivory in <i><a href="/wiki/Lewisuchus" title="Lewisuchus">Lewisuchus</a></i> (evidenced by recurved and finely serrated teeth), leading to omnivory and/or insectivory in <i><a href="/wiki/Asilisaurus" title="Asilisaurus">Asilisaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Silesaurus" title="Silesaurus">Silesaurus</a></i> (conical teeth with few serrations), and eventually the evolution of a specialized herbivorous diet in advanced sulcimentisaurians. <i>Kwanasaurus</i> in particular had robust skull bones ornamented with ridges, indicating that it likely fed on tougher plants than other herbivorous silesaurids. The timing of silesaurid dietary evolution mirrors the acquisition of herbivory in <a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">sauropodomorph</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, which diversified in southern and eastern portions of <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a> stage. The absence of herbivorous dinosaurs in the Chinle Formation may indicate that they had not yet colonized the northwestern region of Pangea that would eventually become North America. This would leave herbivorous niches available for other <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a>, explaining the diversity of non-dinosaur herbivores in the Chinle Formation. These include <a href="/wiki/Allokotosauria" title="Allokotosauria">allokotosaurs</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Trilophosaurus" title="Trilophosaurus">Trilophosaurus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchia" title="Pseudosuchia">pseudosuchians</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Revueltosaurus" title="Revueltosaurus">Revueltosaurus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Aetosaur" title="Aetosaur">aetosaurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shuvosauridae" title="Shuvosauridae">shuvosaurids</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Placerias" title="Placerias">Placerias</a></i>). <i>Kwanasaurus</i> was one of the silesaurids that was a part of this Norian herbivore guild, along with its relative <i><a href="/wiki/Eucoelophysis" title="Eucoelophysis">Eucoelophysis</a></i> (which lived in further south in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanasaurus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_maxillae_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Additional maxillae"><img alt="Additional maxillae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kwanasaurus_maxillae_2.png/107px-Kwanasaurus_maxillae_2.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kwanasaurus_maxillae_2.png/160px-Kwanasaurus_maxillae_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kwanasaurus_maxillae_2.png/214px-Kwanasaurus_maxillae_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2343" data-file-height="2627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Additional maxillae</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_dentaries_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Additional dentaries"><img alt="Additional dentaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kwanasaurus_dentaries_2.png/86px-Kwanasaurus_dentaries_2.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kwanasaurus_dentaries_2.png/129px-Kwanasaurus_dentaries_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kwanasaurus_dentaries_2.png/172px-Kwanasaurus_dentaries_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2593" data-file-height="3608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Additional dentaries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_teeth.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Teeth"><img alt="Teeth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwanasaurus_teeth.png/120px-Kwanasaurus_teeth.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwanasaurus_teeth.png/180px-Kwanasaurus_teeth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwanasaurus_teeth.png/240px-Kwanasaurus_teeth.png 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1783" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Teeth</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_ilium_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Additional ilia"><img alt="Additional ilia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kwanasaurus_ilium_2.png/120px-Kwanasaurus_ilium_2.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kwanasaurus_ilium_2.png/180px-Kwanasaurus_ilium_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kwanasaurus_ilium_2.png/240px-Kwanasaurus_ilium_2.png 2x" data-file-width="3339" data-file-height="2097" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Additional ilia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_complete_femur.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A complete femur"><img alt="A complete femur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kwanasaurus_complete_femur.png/63px-Kwanasaurus_complete_femur.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kwanasaurus_complete_femur.png/95px-Kwanasaurus_complete_femur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kwanasaurus_complete_femur.png/126px-Kwanasaurus_complete_femur.png 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="3608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A complete femur</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_(large_1).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Large proximal femora"><img alt="Large proximal femora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28large_1%29.png/120px-Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28large_1%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28large_1%29.png/180px-Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28large_1%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28large_1%29.png/240px-Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28large_1%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3338" data-file-height="2173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large proximal femora</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_(small).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Small proximal femora"><img alt="Small proximal femora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28small%29.png/101px-Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28small%29.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28small%29.png/151px-Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28small%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28small%29.png/202px-Kwanasaurus_proximal_femur_%28small%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="3536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small proximal femora</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanasaurus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartzSmall2019" class="citation journal cs1">Martz, Jeffrey W.; Small, Bryan J. (2019-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6730537">"Non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of the Eagle Basin, northern Colorado: Dromomeron romeri (Lagerpetidae) and a new taxon, Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (Silesauridae)"</a>. <i>PeerJ</i>. <b>7</b>: e7551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.7551">10.7717/peerj.7551</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359">2167-8359</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6730537">6730537</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31534843">31534843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=Non-dinosaurian+dinosauromorphs+from+the+Chinle+Formation+%28Upper+Triassic%29+of+the+Eagle+Basin%2C+northern+Colorado%3A+Dromomeron+romeri+%28Lagerpetidae%29+and+a+new+taxon%2C+Kwanasaurus+williamparkeri+%28Silesauridae%29&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=e7551&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6730537%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2167-8359&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31534843&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.7551&rft.aulast=Martz&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+W.&rft.au=Small%2C+Bryan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6730537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laprovincia.es/sociedad/2019/10/30/conoce-kwanasaurus-temprano-pariente-dinosaurios/1223037.html">"Meet Kwanasaurus, an early relative of dinosaurs - La Provincia"</a>. <i>Spain's News</i>. 2019-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spain%27s+News&rft.atitle=Meet+Kwanasaurus%2C+an+early+relative+of+dinosaurs+-+La+Provincia&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laprovincia.es%2Fsociedad%2F2019%2F10%2F30%2Fconoce-kwanasaurus-temprano-pariente-dinosaurios%2F1223037.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwanasaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sauropsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sauropsida" title="Template:Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archosauromorpha" title="Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Archosauromorpha" title="Template:Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Incertovenator" title="Incertovenator">Incertovenator</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mambachiton" title="Mambachiton">Mambachiton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Aphanosauria" title="Aphanosauria">Aphanosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Incertovenator" title="Incertovenator">Incertovenator</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongusuchus" title="Dongusuchus">Dongusuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spondylosoma" title="Spondylosoma">Spondylosoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teleocrater" title="Teleocrater">Teleocrater</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yarasuchus" title="Yarasuchus">Yarasuchus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ornithodira" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithodira">Ornithodira</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Pterosauromorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pterosauromorpha" title="Pterosauromorpha">Pterosauromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lagerpetidae" title="Lagerpetidae">Lagerpetidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dromomeron" title="Dromomeron">Dromomeron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faxinalipterus" title="Faxinalipterus">Faxinalipterus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ixalerpeton" title="Ixalerpeton">Ixalerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kongonaphon" title="Kongonaphon">Kongonaphon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lagerpeton" title="Lagerpeton">Lagerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scleromochlus" title="Scleromochlus">Scleromochlus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venetoraptor" title="Venetoraptor">Venetoraptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">Pterosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Pterosauria" title="Template:Pterosauria">Pterosauria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Dinosauromorpha" title="Dinosauromorpha">Dinosauromorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lagosuchus" title="Lagosuchus">Lagosuchus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Marasuchus" title="Marasuchus">Marasuchus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nyasasaurus" title="Nyasasaurus">Nyasasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Saltopus" title="Saltopus">Saltopus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Silesauridae" title="Silesauridae">Silesauridae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agnosphitys" title="Agnosphitys">Agnosphitys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asilisaurus" title="Asilisaurus">Asilisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lewisuchus" title="Lewisuchus">Lewisuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisanosaurus" title="Pisanosaurus">Pisanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soumyasaurus" title="Soumyasaurus">Soumyasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Technosaurus" title="Technosaurus">Technosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulcimentisauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulcimentisauria">Sulcimentisauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanasaurus" title="Amanasaurus">Amanasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_scytobrachion" title="Diodorus scytobrachion">Diodorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucoelophysis" title="Eucoelophysis">Eucoelophysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamatavus" title="Gamatavus">Gamatavus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gondwanax" title="Gondwanax">Gondwanax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignotosaurus" title="Ignotosaurus">Ignotosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kwanasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lutungutali" title="Lutungutali">Lutungutali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacisaurus" title="Sacisaurus">Sacisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silesaurus" title="Silesaurus">Silesaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Ornithischia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Ornithischia" title="Template:Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Alwalkeria" title="Alwalkeria">Alwalkeria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Chindesaurus" title="Chindesaurus">Chindesaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonosaurus" title="Daemonosaurus">Daemonosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eodromaeus" title="Eodromaeus">Eodromaeus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Saltopus" title="Saltopus">Saltopus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tawa_hallae" title="Tawa hallae">Tawa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Herrerasauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrerasauria">Herrerasauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chindesaurus" title="Chindesaurus">Chindesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonosaurus" title="Daemonosaurus">Daemonosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawa_hallae" title="Tawa hallae">Tawa</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caseosaurus" title="Caseosaurus">Caseosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herrerasauridae" title="Herrerasauridae">Herrerasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnathovorax" title="Gnathovorax">Gnathovorax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herrerasaurus" title="Herrerasaurus">Herrerasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanjuansaurus" title="Sanjuansaurus">Sanjuansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Staurikosaurus" title="Staurikosaurus">Staurikosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eusaurischia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusaurischia">Eusaurischia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sauropodomorpha" title="Template:Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Theropoda" title="Template:Theropoda">Theropoda</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teleocrater_v1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Teleocrater rhadinus"><img alt="Teleocrater rhadinus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Teleocrater_v1.png/140px-Teleocrater_v1.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Teleocrater_v1.png/210px-Teleocrater_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Teleocrater_v1.png/280px-Teleocrater_v1.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="481" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongonaphon_life_restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kongonaphon kely"><img alt="Kongonaphon kely" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kongonaphon_life_restoration.png/140px-Kongonaphon_life_restoration.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kongonaphon_life_restoration.png/210px-Kongonaphon_life_restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kongonaphon_life_restoration.png/280px-Kongonaphon_life_restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="921" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marasuchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marasuchus lilloensis"><img alt="Marasuchus lilloensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Marasuchus.jpg/140px-Marasuchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Marasuchus.jpg/210px-Marasuchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Marasuchus.jpg/280px-Marasuchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3275" data-file-height="1668" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diodorus_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diodorus scytobrachion"><img alt="Diodorus scytobrachion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diodorus_restoration.jpg/140px-Diodorus_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diodorus_restoration.jpg/210px-Diodorus_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diodorus_restoration.jpg/280px-Diodorus_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="782" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herresaurus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"><img alt="Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Herresaurus.png/140px-Herresaurus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Herresaurus.png/210px-Herresaurus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Herresaurus.png/280px-Herresaurus.png 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="2625" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Ornithoscelida" title="Ornithoscelida">Ornithoscelida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytodinosauria" title="Phytodinosauria">Phytodinosauria</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Avemetatarsalians" title="Category:Avemetatarsalians">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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