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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Materials used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profiles_and_style_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profiles_and_style_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Profiles and style changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profiles_and_style_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%82" title="برمق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برمق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Балясіна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Балясіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Балясіна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Балясіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Балюстър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Балюстър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balustre" title="Balustre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Balustre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balustrov%C3%A1_ku%C5%BEelka" title="Balustrová kuželka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Balustrová kuželka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baluster" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baluster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baluster" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Κάγκελο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάγκελο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaustre" title="Balaustre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Balaustre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balustro" title="Balustro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Balustro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkalun" title="Barkalun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barkalun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C_(%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="طارمی (معماری) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طارمی (معماری)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balustre" title="Balustre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Balustre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala%C3%BAstre" title="Balaústre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Balaústre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baluster" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balustro" title="Balustro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Balustro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langkan" title="Langkan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Langkan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonnina" title="Colonnina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonnina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಟಕಟೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಟಕಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balustrs" title="Balustrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Balustrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluszter" title="Baluszter – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baluszter" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Балустер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Балустер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baluster" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E3%81%99%E3%82%8A%E5%AD%90" title="手すり子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="手すり子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baluster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baluster" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balas" title="Balas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Balas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala%C3%BAstre" title="Balaústre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Balaústre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balustrad%C4%83" title="Balustradă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Balustradă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Балясина (архитектура) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Балясина (архитектура)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baluster" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Baluster" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balusteri" title="Balusteri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Balusteri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baluster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF" title="கந்தணி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கந்தணி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Балясина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Балясина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%84%E6%B2%B3%E7%BD%87" title="欄河罇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="欄河罇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Architectural element; vertical moulded shaft</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orna138-Docken-Baluster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Orna138-Docken-Baluster.png/170px-Orna138-Docken-Baluster.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Orna138-Docken-Baluster.png/255px-Orna138-Docken-Baluster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Orna138-Docken-Baluster.png/340px-Orna138-Docken-Baluster.png 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of various examples of balusters, in <i>A Handbook of Ornament</i>, by Franz S. Meyer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Punica_granatum2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Illustration_Punica_granatum2.jpg/170px-Illustration_Punica_granatum2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Illustration_Punica_granatum2.jpg/255px-Illustration_Punica_granatum2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Illustration_Punica_granatum2.jpg/340px-Illustration_Punica_granatum2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="2270" /></a><figcaption>The term derives from the swelling form of the half-open flower of <i><a href="/wiki/Punica_granatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Punica granatum">Punica granatum</a></i>, in Italian <i>balaustra</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>baluster</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/40\/En-us-baluster.ogg\/En-us-baluster.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-baluster.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/En-us-baluster.ogg/En-us-baluster.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-baluster.ogg" title="File:En-us-baluster.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>) is an upright support, often a vertical moulded shaft, square, or <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathe</a>-turned form found in <a href="/wiki/Stairways" class="mw-redirect" title="Stairways">stairways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">parapets</a>, and other architectural features. In <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a> construction it is known as a <b><a href="/wiki/Spindle_(furniture)" title="Spindle (furniture)">spindle</a></b>. Common materials used in its construction are wood, stone, and less frequently metal and ceramic. A group of balusters supporting a <a href="/wiki/Handrail" title="Handrail">handrail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coping_(architecture)" title="Coping (architecture)">coping</a>, or ornamental detail is known as a <b>balustrade</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <b>baluster shaft</b> is used to describe forms such as a candlestick, upright furniture support, and the stem of a brass chandelier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term <b>banister</b> (also bannister) refers to a baluster or to the system of balusters and <a href="/wiki/Handrail" title="Handrail">handrail</a> of a stairway.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be used to include its supporting structures, such as a supporting <a href="/wiki/Newel" title="Newel">newel</a> post.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, "baluster" is derived through the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">balustre</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">balaustro</i>, from <i>balaustra</i>, "pomegranate flower" [from a resemblance to the swelling form of the half-open flower (<i>illustration, below right</i>)],<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>balaustrium</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> βαλαύστριον (<i>balaustrion</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest examples of balusters are those shown in the <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-reliefs</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> palaces, where they were employed as functional window balustrades and apparently had <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a> capitals.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an architectural element alone the balustrade did not seem to have been known to either the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but baluster forms are familiar in the legs of chairs and tables represented in Roman bas-reliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the original legs or the models for cast bronze ones were shaped on the lathe, or in Antique marble candelabra, formed as a series of stacked bulbous and disc-shaped elements, both kinds of sources familiar to <a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> designers. </p><p>The application to architecture was a feature of the early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a>: late fifteenth-century examples are found in the balconies of palaces at <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>. These quattrocento balustrades are likely to be following yet-unidentified <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic precedents</a>. They form balustrades of <a href="/wiki/Colonette" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonette">colonettes</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an alternative to miniature arcading. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balustrade_in_San_Zeno,_Verona.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Balustrade_in_San_Zeno%2C_Verona.JPG/220px-Balustrade_in_San_Zeno%2C_Verona.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Balustrade_in_San_Zeno%2C_Verona.JPG/330px-Balustrade_in_San_Zeno%2C_Verona.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Balustrade_in_San_Zeno%2C_Verona.JPG/440px-Balustrade_in_San_Zeno%2C_Verona.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Stone balusters in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Zeno,_Verona" title="Basilica of San Zeno, Verona">Basilica of San Zeno, Verona</a> (constructed 967–1398 AD)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Wittkower" title="Rudolf Wittkower">Rudolf Wittkower</a> withheld judgement as to the inventor of the baluster<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and credited <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_da_Sangallo" title="Giuliano da Sangallo">Giuliano da Sangallo</a> with using it consistently as early as the balustrade on the <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">terrace</a> and stairs at the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> villa at <a href="/wiki/Poggio_a_Caiano" title="Poggio a Caiano">Poggio a Caiano</a> (<i>c</i> 1480),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used balustrades in his reconstructions of antique structures. Sangallo passed the motif to <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Bramante</a> (his <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio#The_Tempietto" title="San Pietro in Montorio">Tempietto</a>, 1502) and <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, through whom balustrades gained wide currency in the 16th century. </p><p>Wittkower distinguished two types, one symmetrical in profile that inverted one bulbous vase-shape over another, separating them with a cushionlike <a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">torus</a> or a concave ring, and the other a simple vase shape, whose employment by Michelangelo at the <a href="/wiki/Campidoglio" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidoglio">Campidoglio</a> steps (<i>c</i> 1546), noted by Wittkower, was preceded by very early vasiform balusters in a balustrade round the drum of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)">Santa Maria delle Grazie</a> (<i>c</i> 1482), and railings in the cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> (<i>c</i> 1495) and <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, in the cortile of San Damaso, Vatican, and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_da_Sangallo_the_Younger" title="Antonio da Sangallo the Younger">Antonio da Sangallo</a>'s crowning balustrade on the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Casa" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Casa">Santa Casa</a> at Loreto installed in 1535, and liberally in his model for the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Saint Peter">Basilica of Saint Peter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its low <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a>, this "vase-baluster" may be given the modern term "dropped baluster".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials_used">Materials used</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Materials used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradbury_Building,_interior,_ironwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bradbury_Building%2C_interior%2C_ironwork.jpg/220px-Bradbury_Building%2C_interior%2C_ironwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bradbury_Building%2C_interior%2C_ironwork.jpg/330px-Bradbury_Building%2C_interior%2C_ironwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bradbury_Building%2C_interior%2C_ironwork.jpg/440px-Bradbury_Building%2C_interior%2C_ironwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ornate <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a> balustrades in the <a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Building" title="Bradbury Building">Bradbury Building</a> in downtown <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California</figcaption></figure> <p>Balusters may be made of <a href="/wiki/Carved_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Carved stone">carved stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cast_stone" title="Cast stone">cast stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC), <a href="/wiki/Precast_concrete" title="Precast concrete">precast concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a>. Cast-stone balusters were a development of the 18th century in Great Britain (see <a href="/wiki/Coade_stone" title="Coade stone">Coade stone</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> balusters a development largely of the 1840s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As balusters and balustrades have evolved, they can now be made from various materials with a few popular choices being timber, glass and stainless steel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profiles_and_style_changes">Profiles and style changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Profiles and style changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeological_Journal,_Volume_1,_0043b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Archaeological_Journal%2C_Volume_1%2C_0043b.png/130px-Archaeological_Journal%2C_Volume_1%2C_0043b.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Archaeological_Journal%2C_Volume_1%2C_0043b.png/195px-Archaeological_Journal%2C_Volume_1%2C_0043b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Archaeological_Journal%2C_Volume_1%2C_0043b.png/260px-Archaeological_Journal%2C_Volume_1%2C_0043b.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of a baluster column in the article <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Archaeological_Journal/Volume_1/Anglo-Saxon_Architecture">"Anglo-Saxon Architecture"</a> in the <i>Archaeological Journal</i>, Volume 1 (1845)</figcaption></figure> <p>The baluster, being a <a href="/wiki/Turning" title="Turning">turned structure</a>, tends to follow design precedents that were set in woodworking and ceramic practices, where the <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">turner's lathe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a> are ancient tools. The profile a baluster takes is often diagnostic of a particular style of architecture or furniture, and may offer a rough guide to date of a design, though not of a particular example. </p><p>Some complicated <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerist</a> baluster forms can be read as a vase set upon another vase. The high shoulders and bold, rhythmic shapes of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> vase and baluster forms are distinctly different from the sober baluster forms of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>, which look to other precedents, like Greek <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphoras</a>. The distinctive twist-turned designs of balusters in oak and walnut English and Dutch<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seventeenth-century furniture, which took as their prototype the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_column" title="Solomonic column">Solomonic column</a> that was given prominence by <a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a>, fell out of style after the 1710s. </p><p>Once it had been taken from the lathe, a turned wood baluster could be split and applied to an architectural surface, or to one in which architectonic themes were more freely treated, as on cabinets made in Italy, Spain and Northern Europe from the sixteenth through the seventeenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern baluster design is also in use for example in designs influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a> in a 1905 row of houses in Etchingham Park Road Finchley London England. </p><p>Outside Europe, the baluster column appeared as a new motif in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a>, introduced in <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>'s interventions in two of the three great fortress-palaces, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort_of_Agra" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Fort of Agra">Red Fort of Agra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the early seventeenth century. Foliate baluster columns with naturalistic foliate capitals, unexampled in previous Indo-Islamic architecture according to <a href="/wiki/Ebba_Koch" title="Ebba Koch">Ebba Koch</a>, rapidly became one of the most widely used forms of supporting shaft in Northern and Central India in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern term <b>baluster shaft</b> is applied to the shaft dividing a window in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</a> architecture. In the south transept of <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Cathedral" title="St Albans Cathedral">the Abbey in St Albans</a>, England, are some of these shafts, supposed to have been taken from the old Saxon church. <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a> bases and capitals have been added, together with plain cylindrical Norman shafts.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balusters are normally separated by at least the same measurement as the size of the square bottom section. Placing balusters too far apart diminishes their aesthetic appeal, and the structural integrity of the balustrade they form. Balustrades normally terminate in heavy <a href="/wiki/Newel" title="Newel">newel</a> posts, columns, and building walls for structural support. </p><p>Balusters may be formed in several ways. Wood and stone can be shaped on the lathe, wood can be cut from square or rectangular section boards, while concrete, plaster, iron, and plastics are usually formed by molding and casting. Turned patterns or old examples are used for the molds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzeum_Kapitolinskie.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A vasiform balustrade crowns Michelangelo's Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Campidoglio (Rome)"><img alt="A vasiform balustrade crowns Michelangelo's Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Campidoglio (Rome)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Muzeum_Kapitolinskie.JPG/280px-Muzeum_Kapitolinskie.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Muzeum_Kapitolinskie.JPG/420px-Muzeum_Kapitolinskie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Muzeum_Kapitolinskie.JPG/560px-Muzeum_Kapitolinskie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A vasiform balustrade crowns <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Conservatori" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo dei Conservatori">Palazzo dei Conservatori</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Campidoglio" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidoglio">Campidoglio</a> (Rome)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arts_and_Crafts_Balusters_1905_Etchingham_Park_Road_Finchley_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Balusters influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement in a 1905 row of houses in Etchingham Park Road (Finchley, London)"><img alt="Balusters influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement in a 1905 row of houses in Etchingham Park Road (Finchley, London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arts_and_Crafts_Balusters_1905_Etchingham_Park_Road_Finchley_London.JPG/261px-Arts_and_Crafts_Balusters_1905_Etchingham_Park_Road_Finchley_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="174" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arts_and_Crafts_Balusters_1905_Etchingham_Park_Road_Finchley_London.JPG/391px-Arts_and_Crafts_Balusters_1905_Etchingham_Park_Road_Finchley_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arts_and_Crafts_Balusters_1905_Etchingham_Park_Road_Finchley_London.JPG/522px-Arts_and_Crafts_Balusters_1905_Etchingham_Park_Road_Finchley_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3252" data-file-height="2618" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balusters influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a> in a 1905 row of houses in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etchingham_Park_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etchingham Park Road (page does not exist)">Etchingham Park Road</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finchley" title="Finchley">Finchley</a>, London)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BrownUniversity-OrwigMusicBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ornate upper bronze balustrade, lower vasiform stone balustrade, and bronze central rail supported by decorative bronze metalwork at Brown University's Orwig Music Library"><img alt="Ornate upper bronze balustrade, lower vasiform stone balustrade, and bronze central rail supported by decorative bronze metalwork at Brown University's Orwig Music Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/BrownUniversity-OrwigMusicBuilding.jpg/280px-BrownUniversity-OrwigMusicBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/BrownUniversity-OrwigMusicBuilding.jpg/420px-BrownUniversity-OrwigMusicBuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/BrownUniversity-OrwigMusicBuilding.jpg/560px-BrownUniversity-OrwigMusicBuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ornate upper <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> balustrade, lower vasiform stone balustrade, and bronze central rail supported by decorative bronze metalwork at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>'s Orwig Music Library</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balustrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balustrade of turned wood balusters of Quema Ancestral House a typical bahay na bato"><img alt="Balustrade of turned wood balusters of Quema Ancestral House a typical bahay na bato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Balustrade.jpg/316px-Balustrade.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Balustrade.jpg/474px-Balustrade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Balustrade.jpg/632px-Balustrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balustrade of turned wood balusters of <a href="/wiki/Quema_House" title="Quema House">Quema Ancestral House</a> a typical <a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_bato" title="Bahay na bato">bahay na bato</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balustrade_vom_Schloss_Veitsh%C3%B6chheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone balustrade at Schloss Veitshöchheim near Würzburg, Germany"><img alt="Stone balustrade at Schloss Veitshöchheim near Würzburg, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Balustrade_vom_Schloss_Veitsh%C3%B6chheim.jpg/280px-Balustrade_vom_Schloss_Veitsh%C3%B6chheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Balustrade_vom_Schloss_Veitsh%C3%B6chheim.jpg/420px-Balustrade_vom_Schloss_Veitsh%C3%B6chheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Balustrade_vom_Schloss_Veitsh%C3%B6chheim.jpg/560px-Balustrade_vom_Schloss_Veitsh%C3%B6chheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone balustrade at <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Veitsh%C3%B6chheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Schloss Veitshöchheim">Schloss Veitshöchheim</a> near <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_Balustrade_(38652343971).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balustrade in the form of a serpent, Mueang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai, Thailand"><img alt="Balustrade in the form of a serpent, Mueang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Serpent_Balustrade_%2838652343971%29.jpg/280px-Serpent_Balustrade_%2838652343971%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Serpent_Balustrade_%2838652343971%29.jpg/420px-Serpent_Balustrade_%2838652343971%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Serpent_Balustrade_%2838652343971%29.jpg/560px-Serpent_Balustrade_%2838652343971%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balustrade in the form of a serpent, <a href="/wiki/Mueang_Chiang_Mai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mueang Chiang Mai">Mueang Chiang Mai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a>, Thailand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balustrade_of_Saint_Servatius_bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze balustrade, formerly of Saint Servatius bridge of 1836, now in Maastricht, Netherlands"><img alt="Bronze balustrade, formerly of Saint Servatius bridge of 1836, now in Maastricht, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Balustrade_of_Saint_Servatius_bridge.JPG/157px-Balustrade_of_Saint_Servatius_bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Balustrade_of_Saint_Servatius_bridge.JPG/236px-Balustrade_of_Saint_Servatius_bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Balustrade_of_Saint_Servatius_bridge.JPG/315px-Balustrade_of_Saint_Servatius_bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze balustrade, formerly of Saint Servatius bridge of 1836, now in <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrought_iron_baluster_installation_before_and_after_(8)_(5079407807).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple balustrade of turned wood balusters of a style common in North America"><img alt="Simple balustrade of turned wood balusters of a style common in North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wrought_iron_baluster_installation_before_and_after_%288%29_%285079407807%29.jpg/280px-Wrought_iron_baluster_installation_before_and_after_%288%29_%285079407807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wrought_iron_baluster_installation_before_and_after_%288%29_%285079407807%29.jpg/420px-Wrought_iron_baluster_installation_before_and_after_%288%29_%285079407807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wrought_iron_baluster_installation_before_and_after_%288%29_%285079407807%29.jpg/560px-Wrought_iron_baluster_installation_before_and_after_%288%29_%285079407807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple balustrade of turned wood balusters of a style common in North America</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiesa_di_San_Gaetano_balaustra_del_presbiterio_Brescia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble balustrade in San Gaetano, Brescia, Italy"><img alt="Marble balustrade in San Gaetano, Brescia, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Chiesa_di_San_Gaetano_balaustra_del_presbiterio_Brescia.jpg/349px-Chiesa_di_San_Gaetano_balaustra_del_presbiterio_Brescia.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Chiesa_di_San_Gaetano_balaustra_del_presbiterio_Brescia.jpg/523px-Chiesa_di_San_Gaetano_balaustra_del_presbiterio_Brescia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Chiesa_di_San_Gaetano_balaustra_del_presbiterio_Brescia.jpg/697px-Chiesa_di_San_Gaetano_balaustra_del_presbiterio_Brescia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7577" data-file-height="4565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marble balustrade in <a href="/wiki/San_Gaetano,_Brescia" title="San Gaetano, Brescia">San Gaetano, Brescia</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence_Truelson,_Stairway_Balustrade,_c._1937,_NGA_24871.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stairway Balustrade by Florence Truelson, 1937 (National Gallery of Art), USA"><img alt="Watercolor of wooden balustrade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Florence_Truelson%2C_Stairway_Balustrade%2C_c._1937%2C_NGA_24871.jpg/243px-Florence_Truelson%2C_Stairway_Balustrade%2C_c._1937%2C_NGA_24871.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Florence_Truelson%2C_Stairway_Balustrade%2C_c._1937%2C_NGA_24871.jpg/364px-Florence_Truelson%2C_Stairway_Balustrade%2C_c._1937%2C_NGA_24871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Florence_Truelson%2C_Stairway_Balustrade%2C_c._1937%2C_NGA_24871.jpg/485px-Florence_Truelson%2C_Stairway_Balustrade%2C_c._1937%2C_NGA_24871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3978" data-file-height="3443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stairway Balustrade by Florence Truelson, 1937 (<a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>), USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FR_Carskie_Siolo,_Galeria_Camerona,_2013.08.10,_fot._I._Nowicka_(41)_corr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The balustrade of Cameron's Gallery at Tsarskoye Selo, Russia"><img alt="The balustrade of Cameron's Gallery at Tsarskoye Selo, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/FR_Carskie_Siolo%2C_Galeria_Camerona%2C_2013.08.10%2C_fot._I._Nowicka_%2841%29_corr.jpg/305px-FR_Carskie_Siolo%2C_Galeria_Camerona%2C_2013.08.10%2C_fot._I._Nowicka_%2841%29_corr.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/FR_Carskie_Siolo%2C_Galeria_Camerona%2C_2013.08.10%2C_fot._I._Nowicka_%2841%29_corr.jpg/458px-FR_Carskie_Siolo%2C_Galeria_Camerona%2C_2013.08.10%2C_fot._I._Nowicka_%2841%29_corr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/FR_Carskie_Siolo%2C_Galeria_Camerona%2C_2013.08.10%2C_fot._I._Nowicka_%2841%29_corr.jpg/611px-FR_Carskie_Siolo%2C_Galeria_Camerona%2C_2013.08.10%2C_fot._I._Nowicka_%2841%29_corr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3156" data-file-height="2172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The balustrade of Cameron's Gallery at <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a>, Russia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handrail" title="Handrail">Handrail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baluster" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Baluster">Baluster</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baluster&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=297&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaluster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A row of balusters surmounted by a rail or coping" 1644. <i><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a></i>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100157/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/balustrade?view=uk">"AskOxford"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/balustrade?view=uk">the original</a> on 2007-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AskOxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fbalustrade%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaluster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095709/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/banister?view=uk">"AskOxford"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/banister?view=uk">the original</a> on 2007-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AskOxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fbanister%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaluster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/banister">"banister"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span> – via The Free Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=banister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fbanister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaluster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The early sixteenth-century theoretical writer Diego da Sangredo (<i>Medidas del Romano</i>, 1526) detected this derivation, N. Llewellyn noted, in "Two notes on Diego da Sangredo: 2. The baluster and the pomegranate flower", in <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Warburg_and_Courtauld_Institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes">Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</a></i> <b>40</b> (1977:240-300); <a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies_(art_historian)" title="Paul Davies (art historian)">Paul Davies</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hemsoll" title="David Hemsoll">David Hemsoll</a>'s detailed history, "Renaissance Balusters and the Antique", in <i><a href="/wiki/Architectural_History_(journal)" title="Architectural History (journal)">Architectural History</a></i> <b>26</b> (1983:1–23, 117–122) p.8 notes uses of the word in fifteenth-century documents and explores its connotations for sixteenth-century designers, pp 12ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balaustres.com.br/balaustre/">"Balaústre: o que é, como usar, onde comprar? Veja + exemplos lindos!"</a>. <i>Balaústres</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2021-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bala%C3%BAstres&rft.atitle=Bala%C3%BAstre%3A+o+que+%C3%A9%2C+como+usar%2C+onde+comprar%3F+Veja+%2B+exemplos+lindos%21&rft.date=2021-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalaustres.com.br%2Fbalaustre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaluster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittkower 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies and Hemsoll 1983:2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <i>colonette</i> is a miniature column, used decoratively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Siebenhüner, in tracing the baluster's career, found its origin in the profile of the round base of <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>'s <i>Judith and Holofernes</i>, <i>c</i> 1460 (Siebenhüner, "Docke", in Reallexikon zur Deutsche Kunstgeschichte<i> vol. 4 1988:102-107)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies and Hemsol 1983 note the earliest uses of both types of baluster in fictive classicising thrones and architecture in paintings. They instance an earlier use in real architecture on the main façade of the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Ducale,_Urbino" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Ducale, Urbino">Palazzo Ducale, Urbino</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Laurana" title="Luciano Laurana">Luciano Laurana</a> was employed (p. 6 and pl. 3j).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These earlier appearances were adduced by Davies and Hemsol 1983:7f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies and Hemsol 1983:1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jul-30-fi-bradbury30-story.html">Hong Kong Investor With Eye on the Past Acquires Landmark Bradbury Building, <i>Los Angeles Times</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twist-turned legs on a backstool feature prominently in a conversation piece of a couple in an elaborately fashionable Dutch interior, painted by Eglon van der Neer (1678): <a href="/wiki/File:Elegant_Couple_in_an_Interior_1678_Eglon_van_der_Neer.jpg" title="File:Elegant Couple in an Interior 1678 Eglon van der Neer.jpg">illustration</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The architectural invention of the applied half-baluster, with a caveat concerning "the fallacy of first recorded appearances", by <a href="/wiki/Filippino_Lippi" title="Filippino Lippi">Filippino Lippi</a> in the painted architecture <i>all'antica</i> of his <i>St. Philip revealing the Demon</i> in the Strozzi Chapel, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella" title="Santa Maria Novella">Santa Maria Novella</a>, Florence, and in Michelangelo's planned use in the Medici Chapel, is explored by Paul Joannides, "Michelangelo, Filippino Lippi and the Half-Baluster", <i>The Burlington Magazine</i> <b>123</b> No. 936 (March 1981:152–154).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"There are no free-standing baluster columns of Shah Jahan's reign in the Fort at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>", according to <a href="/wiki/Ebba_Koch" title="Ebba Koch">Ebba Koch</a> ("The Baluster Column: A European Motif in Mughal Architecture and Its Meaning", <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i>, <b>45</b> (1982:251–262) p. 252) but balustrades are a feature of all three.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebba Koch 1982:251–262.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittkower1974" class="citation book cs1">Wittkower, Rudolf (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palladioenglishp0000witt_x6l5/page/40/mode/2up">"Chapter Three: The Renaissance Caluster and Palladio"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palladioenglishp0000witt_x6l5"><i>Palladio and English Palladianism</i></a></span>. Margot Wittkower (foreword). London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500850015" title="Special:BookSources/9780500850015"><bdi>9780500850015</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905449767">905449767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Three%3A+The+Renaissance+Caluster+and+Palladio&rft.btitle=Palladio+and+English+Palladianism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905449767&rft.isbn=9780500850015&rft.aulast=Wittkower&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalladioenglishp0000witt_x6l5%2Fpage%2F40%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaluster" class="Z3988"></span> (Links are to the 1983 American edition.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Balusters" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Balusters">Balusters</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/baluster" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/baluster"><i>baluster</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Room" title="Template:Room"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Room" title="Template talk:Room"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Room" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Room"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Room" title="Room">Rooms</a> and spaces of a <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">house</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_area" title="Common area">Shared rooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_room" title="Bonus room">Bonus room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_room" title="Common room">Common room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(room)" title="Den (room)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_room" title="Family room">Family room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_room" title="Great room">Great room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_kitchen" title="Dirty kitchen">dirty kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_room" title="Living room">Living room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andron_(architecture)" title="Andron (architecture)">Andron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_cave" title="Man cave">man cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">Recreation room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_(room)" title="Study (room)">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">Sunroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a> / Guest room <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">closet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedsit" title="Bedsit">Bedsit / Miniflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">Nursery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">Atrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeway" title="Breezeway">Breezeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_pit" title="Conversation pit">Conversation pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubby-hole" title="Cubby-hole">Cubby-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbwaiter" title="Dumbwaiter">dumbwaiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entryway">Entryway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">Foyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallway" title="Hallway">Hallway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai_(architecture)" title="Lanai (architecture)">Lanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">Loggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(architecture)" title="Overhang (architecture)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screened_porch" title="Screened porch">screened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_porch" title="Sleeping porch">sleeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairs" title="Stairs">Stairs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staircase" title="Staircase">Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veranda" title="Veranda">Veranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">Vestibule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical room">Technical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">utility</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carport" title="Carport">Carport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloakroom" title="Cloakroom">Cloakroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">Closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawl_space" title="Crawl space">Crawl space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">Electrical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_room" title="Equipment room">Equipment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace room">Furnace room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Boiler room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_(residential)" title="Garage (residential)">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janitorial_closet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitorial closet">Janitorial closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larder" title="Larder">Larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">Utility room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_floor" title="Mechanical floor">floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantry" title="Pantry">Pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">Wiring closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">Antechamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">Ballroom</a></li> <li>Kitchen-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's pantry">butler's pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttery_(room)" title="Buttery (room)">buttery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucery" title="Saucery">saucery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullery" title="Scullery">scullery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spicery" title="Spicery">spicery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_room" title="Still room">still room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">Conservatory</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">Drawing room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chamber" title="Great chamber">Great chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">Long gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlour" title="Parlour">Parlour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_hall" title="Servants' hall">Servants' hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">Servants' quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_(room)" title="Solar (room)">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_room" title="State room">State room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">Undercroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">Hidden room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_plan" title="House plan">house plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_styles" title="List of house styles">styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">Secondary suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_apartment" title="Studio apartment">Studio apartment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a><br />elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balconet" title="Balconet">Balconet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_course" title="Belt course">Belt course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">Ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">Colonnade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">Cornice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ell_(architecture)" title="Ell (architecture)">Ell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor" title="Floor">Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate" title="Gate">Gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoin" title="Quoin">Quoins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof 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