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Budismo – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre

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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Budismo</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> religião ou filosofia baseada nos ensinamentos de Buda </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Língua" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Língua</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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.tmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmbox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .tmbox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.tmbox img{max-width:none!important}</style> <table class="box-Mais_notas plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> Esta página <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">cita fontes</a>, mas que <b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:V">não cobrem</a> todo o conteúdo</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Ajude a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Refer%C3%AAncias_e_notas_de_rodap%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Referências e notas de rodapé">inserir referências</a> (<small><i>Encontre fontes:</i> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">ABW</a> &nbsp;• <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br">CAPES</a> &nbsp;• <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26as_epq%3DBudismo">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.google.com/search?hl%3Dpt%26tbm%3Dnws%26q%3DBudismo%26oq%3DBudismo">N</a>&nbsp;• <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://books.google.com/books?%26as_brr%3D0%26as_epq%3DBudismo">L</a>&nbsp;• <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl%3Dpt%26q%3DBudismo">A</a>)</span></small>).</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Janeiro de 2020</span>)</i></small> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>O <b>budismo</b> é uma <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religi%C3%B5es_indianas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religiões indianas">religião indiana</a> baseada nos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darma_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darma (budismo)">ensinamentos</a> de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sidarta_Gautama?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sidarta Gautama">Sidarta Gautama</a>, conhecido como <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sidarta_Gautama?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sidarta Gautama">o Buda</a>. De caráter <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filosofia">filosófico</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-multipla_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-multipla-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> é considerado <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A3o-te%C3%ADsmo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Não-teísmo">não teísta</a><sup id="cite_ref-multipla_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-multipla-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> porque o conceito budista de “Deus” é diferente do conceito ocidental onde um único ser supremo, divino, eterno, celestial e todo-poderoso é criador de todas as coisas.<sup id="cite_ref-multipla_2-2" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-multipla-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Entre as suas maiores linhas de pensamento, o controle dos eventos da Terra e do universo está nas mãos de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deva_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deva (budismo)">Devas</a>, de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodisatva?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodisatva">Bodisatvas</a>, dos próprios humanos, de espíritos famintos e de seres dos infernos.<sup id="cite_ref-multipla_2-3" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-multipla-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Surgiu na <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_%C3%8Dndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%8Dndia_Antiga_(pr%C3%A9-Imp%C3%A9rio_M%C3%A1uria)" title="História da Índia">Índia Antiga</a> como uma tradição ascética entre os séculos VI e IV a.C. Atualmente é a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principais_grupos_religiosos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principais grupos religiosos">quarta maior</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religião">religião</a> do mundo,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> com mais de 520 milhões de seguidores (cerca de 7% a 8% da população global),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> conhecidos como budistas. No <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_no_Brasil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo no Brasil">Brasil</a>, segundo o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Censo_demogr%C3%A1fico_do_Brasil_de_2010?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Censo demográfico do Brasil de 2010">censo de 2010</a>, residem aproximadamente 245 mil budistas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portugal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, há cerca de 64 mil budistas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width:265px; line-height:1.2em; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="topo padrao" style="text-align:center; color:black; height: 40px; line-height:1.1em; padding: 0px;"><span class="">Budismo</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Dharma_Wheel.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Budismo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/100px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/150px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/200px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a> <figcaption> Budismo </figcaption> </figure> </div><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roda_do_darma?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roda do darma">Roda do darma</a>, um dos símbolos associados ao budismo</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Great_Buddha_Statue,_Bodh_Gaya.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Budismo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Great_Buddha_Statue%2C_Bodh_Gaya.jpg/280px-Great_Buddha_Statue%2C_Bodh_Gaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Great_Buddha_Statue%252C_Bodh_Gaya.jpg/420px-Great_Buddha_Statue%252C_Bodh_Gaya.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Great_Buddha_Statue%252C_Bodh_Gaya.jpg/560px-Great_Buddha_Statue%252C_Bodh_Gaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></a> <figcaption> Budismo </figcaption> </figure> </div>Estátua de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buda">Buda</a> em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodh_Gaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, um dos lugares mais sagrados do budismo</td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;">Divindade</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deus_no_budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deus no budismo">Deus no budismo</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;">Fundador(es)</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sidarta_Gautama?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sidarta Gautama">Sidarta Gautama</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;">Origem</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_V_a.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século V a.C.">Século V a.C.</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subcontinente_Indiano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcontinente Indiano">Subcontinente Indiano</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;">Ramificações</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teravada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teravada">teravada</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maaiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maaiana">maaiana</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajrayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajrayana">vajrayana</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;">Tipo</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A3o-te%C3%ADsmo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Não-teísmo">Não-teísta</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transte%C3%ADsmo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transteísmo">transteísta</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;">Religiões relacionadas</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religi%C3%B5es_d%C3%A1rmicas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Religiões dármicas">Dármicas</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;">Número de adeptos</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><abbr title="circa"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circa">c.</a></abbr> 500 milhões de pessoas</td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;">Membros</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budista?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Budista">Budistas</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livro_sagrado?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livro sagrado">Escrituras</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A2none_P%C4%81li?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cânone Pāli">Cânone Pāli</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;">Lugares sagrados</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lumbini?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodh_Gaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saranate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saranate">Saranate</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kushinagar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rajagarra?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rajagarra">Rajagarra</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaixali?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vaixali">Vaixali</a>, etc</td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;">Língua litúrgica</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sânscrito">Sânscrito</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;">Templos</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pagode_(templo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pagode (templo)">pagode</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viara?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viara">viara</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estupa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estupa">estupa</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wat">wat</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clero?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clero">Clero</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lama_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lama (budismo)">lama</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bico_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bico (budismo)">bico</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cisma?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cisma">Cisma</a></td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_v%C3%A9dica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religião védica">Religião védica</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold; text-align: left;">Predominância geográfica</td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-align: left;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extremo_Oriente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extremo Oriente">Extremo Oriente</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sudeste_asi%C3%A1tico?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudeste asiático">Sudeste asiático</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subcontinente_indiano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subcontinente indiano">Subcontinente indiano</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; text-align: left;" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/280px-Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/420px-Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/560px-Buddhism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Buddhist_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; text-align: left;" colspan="2">Mapa dos países com predominância de budistas</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Como expresso nas <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quatro_Nobres_Verdades?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quatro Nobres Verdades">Quatro Nobres Verdades</a> do Buda, a meta do budismo é a superação do sofrimento (<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dukkha?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a></i>) causado pelo <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trishna?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trishna">desejo</a> e pela <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avidyā (Budismo)">ignorância</a> em relação à verdadeira natureza da realidade, formada pela <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anicca?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anicca">impermanência</a> e não existência de fenômenos condicionados (<i>Saṅkhāra</i>) mentais permanentes, negando que eles tenham uma realidade substancial independente e que sejam um <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosofia_do_si?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Filosofia do si">eu/<i>self</i></a> (<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatta?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatta">anatta</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>O budismo abrange diversas tradições, crenças e práticas espirituais baseadas nos ensinamentos do Buda e em suas interpretações. Os dois maiores ramos do budismo são o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teravada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teravada"><i>theravāda</i></a> ("Escola dos Anciões" em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A1li?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Páli">páli</a>) e o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maaiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maaiana"><i>mahāyāna</i></a> ("O Grande Veículo" em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sânscrito">sânscrito</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> A maioria das tradições budistas se concentram na superação do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si_mesmo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Si mesmo">eu individual</a> através da conquista do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a> ou da busca <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodisatva?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodisatva">do caminho de Buda</a>, o que leva ao fim do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samsara_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samsara (budismo)">ciclo de morte e renascimento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> As <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Escolas_do_budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Escolas do budismo">escolas do budismo</a> divergem em suas interpretações sobre a natureza exata do caminho para a libertação, a importância e a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A2none?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cânone">canonicidade</a> dos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Textos_budistas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Textos budistas">textos budistas</a> e, especialmente, seus ensinamentos e suas práticas.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Entretanto, as bases de todas as tradições e práticas são as <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tr%C3%AAs_Joias?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Três Joias">Três Joias</a>: o Buda (o mestre), o <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dharma?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> (os ensinamentos baseados nas leis do universo) e a <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sangha_(Budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Budismo)">sangha</a></i> (a comunidade budista).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Encontrar refúgio espiritual nas Três Joias ou Três Tesouros é, em geral, o que distingue um budista de um não-budista.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Outras práticas incluem a renúncia à vida secular para se tornar um monge (<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhikkhu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhu</a></i>) ou monja (<i>bhikkhuni</i>), a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medita%C3%A7%C3%A3o_budista?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meditação budista">meditação</a> e o cultivo das <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paramitas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paramitas">paramitas</a>.</p> <p>O budismo <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teravada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teravada">theravada</a> é amplamente seguido no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_no_Sri_Lanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo no Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> e em países do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sudeste_Asi%C3%A1tico?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sudeste Asiático">Sudeste Asiático</a>, como <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camboja?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camboja">Camboja</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mianmar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mianmar">Mianmar</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tail%C3%A2ndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tailândia">Tailândia</a>. A tradição <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maaiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maaiana">mahayana</a>, que inclui escolas como o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zen">Zen</a> (Chan), a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra_Pura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra Pura">Terra Pura</a>, o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_de_Nitiren?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo de Nitiren">Nichiren</a>, o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shingon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shingon">Shingon</a> e o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tendai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiantai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a>), é mais difundida nos países do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leste_Asi%C3%A1tico?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leste Asiático">Leste Asiático</a>, tais como <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_na_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo na China">China</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coreia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coreia">Coreia</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_no_Jap%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo no Japão">Japão</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietn%C3%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnã">Vietnã</a>. O <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajrayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajrayana">vajrayana</a></i>, um conjunto de ensinamentos surgidos nas comunidades <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tantras?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tantras">tântricas</a> da Índia, pode ser visto tanto como uma escola separada do budismo quanto como uma tradição esotérica do budismo mahayana. Seu maior expoente, o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_tibetano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo tibetano">budismo tibetano</a>, é praticado na região dos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Himalaias?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Himalaias">Himalaias</a> (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/But%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Butão">Butão</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nepal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibete?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibete">Tibete</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_na_%C3%8Dndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo na Índia">partes da Índia</a>), na <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mong%C3%B3lia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongólia">Mongólia</a> e nas repúblicas de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buri%C3%A1cia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buriácia">Buriácia</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calm%C3%BAquia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calmúquia">Calmúquia</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuva?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BAssia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rússia">Federação Russa</a>. Na Índia, a tradição mais seguida é a <i>navayana</i> ("Novo Veículo" em sânscrito), um movimento neo-budista fundado por <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B.R._Ambedkar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="B.R. Ambedkar">B.R. Ambedkar</a>, que rejeitou as doutrinas originais das tradições theravada e mahayana para interpretar o budismo sob um viés de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luta_de_classes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luta de classes">luta de classes</a>. Ele inspirou milhares de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A1lite?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dálite">dálites</a>, membros da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistema_de_castas_na_%C3%8Dndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistema de castas na Índia">casta inferior no hinduísmo</a>, a se converterem ao budismo.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="pt" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Índice</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A_vida_de_Buda"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">A vida de Buda</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conceitos_budistas"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Conceitos budistas</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A_vida_e_o_mundo"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">A vida e o mundo</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Carma:_lei_de_causa_e_efeito"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Carma: lei de causa e efeito</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Renascimento"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Renascimento</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#O_ciclo_de_samsara"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">O ciclo de samsara</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sofrimento:_causas_e_solu%C3%A7%C3%B5es"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sofrimento: causas e soluções</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#As_Quatro_Nobres_Verdades"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">As Quatro Nobres Verdades</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#O_Nobre_Caminho_%C3%93ctuplo"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">O Nobre Caminho Óctuplo</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Caminho_do_Meio"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Caminho do Meio</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A_forma_como_as_coisas_s%C3%A3o"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">A forma como as coisas são</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Imperman%C3%AAncia,_sofrimento_e_n%C3%A3o_eu"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Impermanência, sofrimento e não eu</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Origina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dependente"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Originação dependente</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sunyata"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Sunyata</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Especula%C3%A7%C3%B5es_contra_a_exist%C3%AAncia_direta_na_epistemologia_budista"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Especulações contra a existência direta na epistemologia budista</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Escolas"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Escolas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nirvana"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Nirvana</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Origens"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Origens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cosmologia"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Cosmologia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Escrituras"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Escrituras</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Difus%C3%A3o_do_budismo"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Difusão do budismo</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%8Dndia"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Índia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sri_Lanka_e_Sudeste_da_%C3%81sia"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sri Lanka e Sudeste da Ásia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#China"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Coreia_e_Jap%C3%A3o"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Coreia e Japão</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tibete"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Tibete</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ver_tamb%C3%A9m"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Ver também</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliografia"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliografia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notas"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Refer%C3%AAncias"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Referências</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liga%C3%A7%C3%B5es_externas"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Ligações externas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="A_vida_de_Buda">A vida de Buda</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sidarta_Gautama?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sidarta Gautama">Sidarta Gautama</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg/170px-Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg/170px-Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg/255px-Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg/340px-Kamakura-buddha-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku-in?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kōtoku-in">grande estátua do Buda Amitaba em Kamakura, no Japão</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>De acordo com a narrativa convencional, o Buda nasceu em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lumbini?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> (hoje, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrim%C3%B3nio_Mundial?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Património Mundial">patrimônio mundial</a> da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas_para_a_Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o,_a_Ci%C3%AAncia_e_a_Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura">Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura</a>) por volta do ano 566 a.C. e cresceu em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kapilvastu_(distrito)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapilvastu (distrito)">Capilvasto</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> ambos, atuais localidades <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nepal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nepal">nepalesas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Logo após o nascimento de Sidarta, um <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astr%C3%B3logo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrólogo">astrólogo</a> visitou o pai do jovem príncipe, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suddhodana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Suddhodana">Suddhodana</a>, e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Profecia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Profecia">profetizou</a> que Sidarta ou iria se tornar um grande <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rei?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rei">rei</a>, ou renunciaria ao mundo material para se tornar um homem <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santo">santo</a> se, porventura, visse a vida fora das paredes do palácio.</p> <p>O rei Suddhodana estava determinado a ver o seu filho se tornar um rei e, assim, impediu que ele saísse do palácio. Mas, aos 29 anos, apesar dos esforços de seu pai, Sidarta se aventurou por além do palácio diversas vezes. Em uma série de encontros (em locais conhecidos pela cultura budista como "quatro pontos"),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> ele soube do sofrimento das pessoas comuns, encontrando um homem velho, um outro <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doen%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doença">doente</a>, um <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cad%C3%A1ver?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cadáver">cadáver</a> e, finalmente, um <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ascese?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ascese">asceta</a> <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sadhu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sadhu">sadhu</a></i>, representando a busca espiritual. Essas experiências levaram Gautama, finalmente, a abandonar a vida material e ir em busca de uma vida espiritual.</p> <p>Sidarta Gautama estudou sob diferentes mestres e desencantou-se com o resultado alcançado pelo que ensinavam. Chegou a praticar <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ascese?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ascese">ascese</a> rígida, como <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jejum?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jejum">jejum</a> prolongado, restrição da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Respira%C3%A7%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Respiração">respiração</a>, e outras formas de exposição a dor, muito comuns naquele tempo na Índia, e quase morreu ao longo do processo. Mas houve um episódio no qual uma jovem lhe ofereceu comida e ele aceitouː isso marcou sua renúncia a tais práticas. Concluiu que as práticas ascéticas extremas não traziam os resultados que buscava. Deduziu, então, que as práticas eram prejudiciais aos praticantes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> Ele abandonou o ascetismo, concentrando-se na <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medita%C3%A7%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meditação">meditação</a> <i>anapanasati</i>, através da qual descobriu o que hoje os budistas chamam de "<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caminho_do_Meio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caminho do Meio">caminho do meio</a>": um caminho que não passa pela <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lux%C3%BAria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luxúria">luxúria</a> e pelos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prazer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prazer">prazeres</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistema_sensorial?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistema sensorial">sensuais</a>, mas que também não passa pelas práticas de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mortifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mortificação">mortificação</a> do corpo.<sup id="cite_ref-asreligioes_24-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asreligioes-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Em outras palavras, o caminho do meio não seria o caminho do apego a qualquer coisa, nem também o caminho da negação ou aversão a qualquer coisa, e sim uma terceira via.</p> <p>Quando tinha 35 anos de idade, Sidarta sentou-se embaixo de uma figueira-dos-pagodes (<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficus_religiosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ficus religiosa">Ficus religiosa</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> hoje conhecida como <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%81rvore_de_Bodhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Árvore de Bodhi">árvore de Bodhi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-asreligioes_24-1" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asreligioes-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> localizada em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodh_Gaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, na <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Dndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Índia">Índia</a>, e prometeu não sair dali até conseguir atingir a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodhi">iluminação</a> espiritual.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>A <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lenda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lenda">lenda</a> diz que Sidarta conheceu a dúvida sobre o sucesso de seus objetivos ao ser confrontado por um <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dem%C3%B4nio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Demônio">demônio</a> chamado <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mara_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mara (budismo)">Mara</a>, que <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%ADmbolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Símbolo">simboliza</a> o mundo das <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apar%C3%AAncia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aparência">aparências</a>, a tentação, comparado ao papel de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satan%C3%A1s?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satanás">Satanás</a> no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cristianismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cristianismo">cristianismo</a>, e muitas vezes representado por uma cobra <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naja?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naja">naja</a>. Mara teria oferecido todos os tipos de prazeres e tentações a Sidarta, que, implacavelmente, repeliu Mara. Vencido Mara, Sidarta acordou para a Verdade, a Verdade da origem, da cessação e do caminho que levava ao fim do sofrimento, e se iluminou. Assim, por volta dos quarenta anos, Sidarta se transformou no Buda, o Iluminado.</p> <p>Logo, atraiu um grupo de seguidores e instituiu uma <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sangha_(Budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Budismo)">ordem monástica</a>. A partir de então, passou seus dias ensinando o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darma?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darma">darma</a>, viajando por toda a parte nordeste do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subcontinente_indiano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subcontinente indiano">subcontinente indiano</a>. Ele sempre enfatizou que não era um <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divindade?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divindade">deus</a> e que a capacidade de se tornar um <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buda">buda</a> pertencia ao ser humano. Morreu aos oitenta anos de idade, em 483 a.C., em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kushinagar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>, na <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Dndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Índia">Índia</a>.</p> <p>Os estudiosos têm diversas hipóteses em relação às afirmações sobre a história e os fatos da vida do Buda histórico. A maioria aceita que ele viveu, ensinou e fundou uma ordem monástica, mas não aceita de forma consistente os detalhes de sua biografia. Segundo o escritor Michael Carrithers, em seu livro O Buda, o esboço de uma vida tem que ser verdadeiro: o nascimento, a maturidade, a renúncia, a busca, o despertar e a libertação, o ensino e a morte.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Ao escrever uma biografia sobre Buda, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karen_Armstrong?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a> disse: "É obviamente difícil, portanto, escrever uma biografia de Buda, atendendo aos critérios modernos, porque temos muito pouca informação que pode ser considerada 'histórica'... mas podemos estar razoavelmente confiantes, pois Siddhartta Gautama realmente existiu e os seus discípulos preservam a sua memória, sua vida e seus ensinamentos".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Conceitos_budistas">Conceitos budistas</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="A_vida_e_o_mundo">A vida e o mundo</h3> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Carma:_lei_de_causa_e_efeito">Carma: lei de causa e efeito</h4> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carma_no_budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carma no budismo">Carma no budismo</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Bhavachakra.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bhavachakra.jpg/170px-Bhavachakra.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="450"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bhavachakra.jpg/170px-Bhavachakra.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bhavachakra.jpg/255px-Bhavachakra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Bhavachakra.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Tradicional <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thangka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i> do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_tibetano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo tibetano">budismo tibetano</a> alusivo à "Roda da Vida", com seus seis reinos. </figcaption> </figure> <p>No budismo, o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carma?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carma">Carma</a> (do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sânscrito">sânscrito</a> कर्म, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Translitera%C3%A7%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transliteração">transl.</a> <i>karmam</i>, e em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pali?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali">pali</a>, <i>kamma</i>, "ação") é a força de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samsara?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a> sobre alguém. Boas ações (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A1li?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Páli">páli</a>: <i>kusala</i>), e/ou ações ruins (páli: <i>akisala</i>) geram "<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vip%C4%81ka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vipāka">sementes</a>" na mente,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> que virão a aflorar nesta vida ou em um <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renascimento_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renascimento (budismo)">renascimento subsequente</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> Com o objetivo de cultivar as ações positivas, o <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shila_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shila (budismo)">sila</a></i> é um conceito importante do budismo, geralmente, traduzido como "virtude", "boa conduta", "moral" e "preceito".</p> <p>O carma, na filosofia budista, refere-se especificamente a essas ações (do corpo, da fala e da mente) que brotam da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inten%C3%A7%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intenção">intenção</a> mental (páli: <i>cetana</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_34-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvey-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> e que geram consequências (<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Phala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Phala (página não existe)">frutos</a></i>) e/ou resultados (<i>vipaka</i>). Cada vez que uma pessoa age, há alguma qualidade de intenção em sua mente e essa intenção muitas vezes não é demonstrada pelo seu exterior, mas está em seu interior e determinará os efeitos dela decorrentes.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122502.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122502.jpg/170px-Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122502.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122502.jpg/170px-Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122502.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122502.jpg/255px-Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122502.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122502.jpg/340px-Buddhist_Monuments_in_the_Horyu-ji_Area-122502.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Monumento budista na área de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horyu-ji?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horyu-ji">Horyu-ji</a>, no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jap%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japão">Japão</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>No <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teravada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teravada">budismo Teravada</a>, não pode haver salvação divina ou perdão de um carma, uma vez que é um processo puramente impessoal que faz parte do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universo">Universo</a>. Outras escolas, como a Maaiana, porém, têm opiniões diferentes. Por exemplo, os textos dos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sutras_de_Maaiana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sutras de Maaiana (página não existe)">sutras</a> (como o <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sutra_do_L%C3%B3tus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sutra do Lótus">Sutra do Lótus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sutra_de_Angulimala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sutra de Angulimala (página não existe)">Sutra de Angulimala</a></i> e <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sutra_de_Mahaparinirvana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sutra de Mahaparinirvana (página não existe)">Sutra do Nirvana</a>)</i> afirmam que, recitando ou simplesmente ouvindo seus textos, as pessoas podem expurgar grandes carmas negativos. Da mesma forma, outras escolas, <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajrayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></i> por exemplo, incentivam a prática dos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mantras?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantras">mantras</a> como meio de cortar um carma negativo.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Renascimento">Renascimento</h4> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renascimento_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renascimento (budismo)">Renascimento</a> </div> <p>Renascimento refere-se a um processo pelo qual os seres passam por uma sucessão de vidas como uma das muitas formas possíveis de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senci%C3%AAncia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senciência">senciência</a>. Entretanto, o budismo, natural da Índia, rejeita conceitos de "<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si_mesmo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Si mesmo">autoestima</a>" permanente ou "mente imutável", eterna, como é chamada no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cristianismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cristianismo">cristianismo</a> e até mesmo no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu%C3%ADsmo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduísmo">hinduísmo</a>, pois, no budismo, existe a doutrina do <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatta?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatta">anatta</a></i>, sobre a inexistência de um "eu" permanente e imutável.</p> <p>De acordo com o budismo, o renascimento em existências subsequentes deve antes ser entendido como uma continuação dinâmica, um constante processo de mudança - "<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dependente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Originação dependente">originação dependente</a>" (sânscrito: <i>pratītya-samutpāda</i>) - determinado pelas leis de causa e efeito (carma), em vez da noção de um ser <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encarna%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(religi%C3%A3o)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Encarnação (religião)">encarnado</a> ou transmigrado de uma existência para outra.</p> <p>Cada renascimento ocorre dentro de um dos seis reinos, de acordo com os nossos reinos de desejos, podendo variar de acordo com as escolas:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ari_38-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ari-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ol> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naraca?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naraca">Reino dos seres dos infernos</a>: aqueles que vivem em um dos muitos infernos;</li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Preta_(religi%C3%A3o)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Preta (religião) (página não existe)">Reino dos fantasmas famintos</a>: o reino de seres que padecem de necessidades sem alívio, sofrimento, remorsos, fome, sede, nudez, miséria, sintomas de doenças, entre outros;<sup id="cite_ref-ari_38-1" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ari-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reino_animal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reino animal">Reino animal</a>: um espaço de divisão com os humanos, mas considerado como outra vida;</li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_sapiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Reino dos seres humanos</a>: um dos reinos de renascimento, em que é possível atingir o nirvana;</li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asura">Reino dos semideuses</a>: às vezes traduzido como "divindades humildes", titãs e antideuses; não é reconhecido pelas escolas Teravada e Maaiana, que os consideram como devas de nível mais baixo;</li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deva_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deva (budismo)">Reino divino</a>: comparado ao <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Para%C3%ADso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paraíso">paraíso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ari_38-2" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ari-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ol> <p>O renascimento em alguns dos céus mais altos, conhecido como o <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosmologia_budista?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosmologia budista">mundo de Śuddhāvāsa</a></i> (moradas puras), pode ser alcançado apenas por pessoas com enorme realização espiritual, conhecidos como não regressistas (sânscrito: <i>anāgāmis</i>). Já o renascimento no reino sem forma (sânscrito: <i>arupa-dhatu</i>) pode ser alcançando apenas por aqueles que podem meditar sobre o <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jhana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhana">arupajhanas</a></i>, o maior objeto de meditação.</p> <p>De acordo com o budismo praticado no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leste_asi%C3%A1tico?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leste asiático">leste asiático</a> e o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_tibetano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo tibetano">budismo tibetano</a>, há um estado intermediário (o <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bardo_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bardo (budismo)">bardo</a></i>) entre uma vida e a próxima. A posição Teravada ortodoxa rejeita esse conceito, no entanto existem passagens no <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a></i> do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A2none_P%C3%A1li?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cânone Páli">Cânone Páli</a> (coleção de textos em que a tradição Teravada é baseada) que parecem dar apoio à ideia de que o Buda ensinou que existe um estado intermediário entre esta vida e a próxima.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="O_ciclo_de_samsara">O ciclo de samsara</h4> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samsara?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">Samsara</a> </div> <p><i>Samsara</i> é o ciclo das existências nas quais reinam o sofrimento e a frustração engendrados pela ignorância e pelos conflitos emocionais que dela resultam.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> O <i>samsara</i> compreende os três mundos superiores (deva, espiritual e seres humanos) e os três inferiores (seres ignorantes, inferiores e animais), julgados não por um valor, mas em função da intensidade de sofrimento.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Os budistas acreditam, em sua maioria, no <i>samsara</i>. Este, por sua vez, é regido pelas leis do carma: a boa conduta produzirá bom carma e a má alma produzirá carma maléfico. Assim como os <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu%C3%ADsmo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduísmo">hindus</a>, os budistas interpretam o <i>samsara</i> não esclarecido como um estado de sofrimento. Só nos libertaremos do <i>samsara</i> se atingirmos o estado total de aceitação, visto que nós sofremos por desejar coisas passageiras, e alcançarmos o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a> ou a salvação.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sofrimento:_causas_e_soluções"><span id="Sofrimento:_causas_e_solu.C3.A7.C3.B5es"></span>Sofrimento: causas e soluções</h3> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="As_Quatro_Nobres_Verdades">As Quatro Nobres Verdades</h4> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quatro_Nobres_Verdades?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quatro Nobres Verdades">Quatro Nobres Verdades</a> </div> <p>De acordo com o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A2none_P%C3%A1li?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cânone Páli">Cânone Páli</a>, As Quatro Nobres Verdades foram os primeiros ensinamentos deixados pelo Buda depois de atingir o nirvana.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Algumas vezes, são consideradas como a essência dos ensinamentos do Buda e são apresentadas na forma de um <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diagn%C3%B3stico?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diagnóstico">diagnóstico</a> médicoː<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ol> <li>a vida como a conhecemos é finalmente levada ao sofrimento e/ou mal-estar (<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dukkha?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a></i>), de uma forma ou outra;</li> <li>o sofrimento é causado pelo <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desejo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desejo">desejo</a> (<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trishna?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trishna">trishna</a></i>). Isso é, muitas vezes, expressado como um engano agarrado a um certo sentimento de existência, a individualidade, ou para coisas ou fenômenos que consideramos causadores da felicidade e infelicidade. O desejo também tem seu aspecto negativo;</li> <li>o sofrimento acaba quando termina o desejo. Isso é conseguido através da eliminação da ilusão (<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maya_(filosofia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (filosofia)">maya</a></i>). Assim, alcançamos o estado de libertação do iluminado (<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodhi">bodhi</a></i>);</li> <li>esse estado é conquistado através dos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobre_Caminho_%C3%93ctuplo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobre Caminho Óctuplo">caminhos</a> ensinados pelo Buda.</li> </ol> <p>Esse método é descrito por alguns <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academia">acadêmicos</a> ocidentais e ensinado como uma introdução ao budismo por alguns professores contemporâneos do Maaiana, como por exemplo o 14º <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalai_Lama?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> Tenzin Gyatso.</p> <p>De acordo com outras interpretações de mestres budistas e eruditos, e recentemente reconhecidas por alguns estudiosos ocidentais não budistas, as "verdades" não representam meras declarações e/ou indicações, entretanto estas podem ser agrupadas em dois grupos:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ol> <li>o sofrimento e as causas do sofrimento;</li> <li>a cessação do sofrimento e os caminhos para a libertação.</li> </ol> <p>Assim, a <i>Enciclopédia Macmillan de Budismo</i> simplifica As Quatro Nobres Verdades, deixando-as da seguinte maneira:</p> <ol> <li>"A Verdade Nobre Que Está Sofrendo";</li> <li>"A Verdade Nobre Que É O Surgimento do Sofrimento";</li> <li>"A Verdade Nobre Que É O Fim do Sofrimento";</li> <li>"A Verdade Nobre Que Produz o Caminho para o Fim do Sofrimento".</li> </ol> <p>A compreensão tradicional do teravada sobre As Quatro Nobres Verdades é que estas são um ensino avançado para aqueles que estão "prontos".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> A posição maaiana é que eles são ensinamentos prejudiciais para as pessoas que ainda não estão prontas para ensinar.<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_34-1" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvey-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> No <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extremo_Oriente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extremo Oriente">Extremo Oriente</a>, os ensinamentos são pouco conhecidos.<sup id="cite_ref-ELIOT_47-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ELIOT-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="O_Nobre_Caminho_Óctuplo"><span id="O_Nobre_Caminho_.C3.93ctuplo"></span>O Nobre Caminho Óctuplo</h4> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobre_Caminho_%C3%93ctuplo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobre Caminho Óctuplo">Nobre Caminho Óctuplo</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Dharma_Wheel.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" data-width="180" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/270px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/360px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> O <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dharmachakra?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a> representando o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobre_Caminho_%C3%93ctuplo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobre Caminho Óctuplo">Nobre Caminho Óctuplo</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>O <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobre_Caminho_%C3%93ctuplo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobre Caminho Óctuplo">Nobre Caminho Óctuplo</a> - A Quarta Nobre Verdade do Buda - é o caminho para a o fim do sofrimento (<i>dukkha</i>). Tem oito seções, cada uma começando com a palavra <i>samyak</i> (que em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sânscrito">sânscrito</a> significa "corretamente" e "devidamente"), e são apresentadas em três grupos:</p> <ul> <li><i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prajna?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prajna">prajna</a></i>: é a sabedoria que purifica a mente, permitindo-lhe atingir uma visão espiritual da natureza de todas as coisas. Engloba:</li> </ul> <ol> <li><i>dṛṣṭi (ditthi)</i>: ver a realidade como ela é, não apenas como parece ser;</li> <li><i>saṃkalpa (sankappa)</i>: a intenção de renúncia, de liberdade e inocuidade.</li> </ol> <ul> <li><i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shila_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shila (budismo)">sila</a></i>: é a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ética">ética</a> ou <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moral?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moral">moral</a>, a abstenção de atos nocivos. Engloba:</li> </ul> <ol> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li value="3"><span class="Unicode">vāc</span> <i>vāc (vāca)</i>: falando de uma maneira verdadeira e não ofensiva;</li> <li><i>karman (kammanta)</i>: agir de uma maneira não prejudicial;</li> <li><i>ājīvana (ājīva)</i>: o meio de vida deve seguir os preceitos citados anteriormente.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ol> <ul> <li><i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samadhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a></i>: é a disciplina mental necessária para desenvolver o domínio sobre a própria mente. Isso é feito através de práticas. Engloba:</li> </ul> <ol> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li value="6"><span class="Unicode">vyāyāma</span> <i>vyāyāma (vāyāma)</i>: fazer um esforço para melhorar;</li> <li><i>smṛti (sati)</i>: ver as coisas como elas estão com a consciência clara da realidade presente dentro de si mesmo, sem desejo ou aversão;</li> <li><i>samādhi (samādhi)</i>: meditar ou concentrar-se de maneira correta.</li> </ol> <p>A prática do Caminho Óctuplo é compreendida de duas maneiras: desenvolvimento simultâneo dos oito itens paralelamente, ou como uma série progressiva pela qual o praticante se move, ao conquistar um estágio. Contudo, os quatro <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nik%C4%81ya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nikāya (página não existe)">nikāyas</a></i> principais e o Caminho Óctuplo, geralmente, não são ensinados para leigos e são pouco conhecidos no Extremo Oriente.<sup id="cite_ref-ELIOT_47-1" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ELIOT-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Os oito itens do caminho normalmente são apresentados em três divisões (ou treinamentos elevados), como mostrado abaixo:</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="background:#eee; text-align:center;">Divisão</th> <th style="background:#eee; text-align:center;">Item</th> <th style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"><i>Sânscrito, Pali</i></th> <th style="background:#eee; text-align:center;">Descrição</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#cff;" rowspan="2">Sabedoria<br> (Sânscrito: <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prajna?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prajna">prajna</a></i>,<br> Pāli: <i>paññā</i>)</td> <td style="background:#cff;"><b>1. Visão correta</b></td> <td style="background:#cff;"><i>samyag dṛṣṭi,<br> sammā ditthi</i></td> <td style="background:#cff;">Enxergar a realidade como ela é, não como ela parece ser</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#cff;"><b>2. Intenção correta</b></td> <td style="background:#cff;"><i>samyag saṃkalpa,<br> sammā sankappa</i></td> <td style="background:#cff;">Intenção de renúncia, libertação e inofensividade</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#cfc;" rowspan="3">Conduta Ética<br> (Sânscrito: <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shila_(budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shila (budismo)">sila</a></i>,<br> Pāli: <i>sīla</i>)</td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>3. Fala correta</b></td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><i>samyag vāc,<br> sammā vāca</i></td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Falar de forma verdadeira e não agressiva</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>4. Ação correta</b></td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><i>samyag karman,<br> sammā kammanta</i></td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Agir de forma não agressiva</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#cfc;"><b>5. Viver corretamente</b></td> <td style="background:#cfc;"><i>samyag ājīvana,<br> sammā ājīva</i></td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Viver de forma não agressiva</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fc9;" rowspan="3">Concentração<br> (Sânscrito e Pāli: <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samadhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a></i>)</td> <td style="background:#fc9;"><b>6. Esforço correto</b></td> <td style="background:#fc9;"><i>samyag vyāyāma,<br> sammā vāyāma</i></td> <td style="background:#fc9;">Se esforçar para melhorar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fc9;"><b>7. Atenção correta</b></td> <td style="background:#fc9;"><i>samyag smṛti,<br> sammā sati</i></td> <td style="background:#fc9;">Estar atento para enxergar as coisas com a consciência clara;<br> estar consciente da realidade presente dentro de si mesmo, sem qualquer desejo ou aversão</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fc9;"><b>8. Concentração correta</b></td> <td style="background:#fc9;"><i>samyag samādhi,<br> sammā samādhi</i></td> <td style="background:#fc9;">Correta meditação e concentração, como os primeiros quatro <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jh%C4%81nas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhānas">jhanas</a></i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Caminho_do_Meio">Caminho do Meio</h4> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caminho_do_Meio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caminho do Meio">Caminho do Meio</a> </div> <p>Um importante princípio orientador da prática budista é o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caminho_do_Meio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caminho do Meio">Caminho do Meio</a>, que se diz ter sido descoberto pelo <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buda">Buda</a>, antes de sua iluminação. O Caminho do Meio tem várias definições:</p> <ol> <li>a prática de não extremismo: um caminho de moderação e distância entre a autoindulgência e a morte;</li> <li>o meio-termo entre determinadas <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Posi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(Budismo)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Posição (Budismo) (página não existe)">visões</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metafísica">metafísicas</a>;</li> <li>uma explicação do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a> (perfeita iluminação), um estado no qual fica claro que todas as dualidades aparentes no mundo são ilusórias;</li> <li>outros termos para o <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunyata?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunyata">sunyata</a></i>, a última natureza de todos os fenômenos (na escola Maaiana).</li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="A_forma_como_as_coisas_são"><span id="A_forma_como_as_coisas_s.C3.A3o"></span>A forma como as coisas são</h3> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosofia_budista?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filosofia budista">Filosofia budista</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Debating_Monks.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Debating_Monks.JPG/180px-Debating_Monks.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1984"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Debating_Monks.JPG/180px-Debating_Monks.JPG" data-width="180" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Debating_Monks.JPG/270px-Debating_Monks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Debating_Monks.JPG/360px-Debating_Monks.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Debate entre monges do <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sera_Monastery" class="extiw" title="en:Sera Monastery">Mosteiro de Sera</a>, no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibete?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibete">Tibete</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Estudiosos budistas têm produzido uma quantidade notável de teorias intelectuais, filosóficas e conceitos de visão do mundo. Algumas escolas do budismo desencorajam estudos doutrinários, algumas os consideram como essenciais, pelo menos para algumas pessoas em algumas fases do budismo.</p> <p>Nos primeiros ensinamentos budistas, de certa forma, compartilhado por todas as escolas existentes, o conceito de libertação (nirvana) está intimamente ligado com a correta compreensão de como a mente lida com o estresse. Ao termos conhecimento sobre o apego, um sentimento de desapego é gerado e se é liberado do sofrimento (<i>dukkha</i>) e do ciclo de renascimento (<i>samsara</i>). Para esse efeito, o Buda recomendou ver as coisas através das <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tr%C3%AAs_marcas_da_exist%C3%AAncia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Três marcas da existência">três marcas da existência</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Impermanência,_sofrimento_e_não_eu"><span id="Imperman.C3.AAncia.2C_sofrimento_e_n.C3.A3o_eu"></span>Impermanência, sofrimento e não eu</h4> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tr%C3%AAs_marcas_da_exist%C3%AAncia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Três marcas da existência">Três Marcas da Existência</a> </div> <p><i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anicca?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anicca">Anicca</a></i> (sânscrito: <i>anitya</i>) é um termo que exprime o conceito budista de que todas as coisas são <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sankhara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sankhara (página não existe)">compostas ou fenômenos condicionados</a>, sendo estes, inconstantes, instáveis e impermanentes. Tudo o que podemos experimentar através dos nossos sentidos é composto de peças e sua existência depende de condições externas. Tudo está em fluxo constante e, assim, as condições e coisas em si estão mudando constantemente. As coisas estão constantemente <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devir?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devir">vindo a ser</a> e deixando de ser.</p> <p>Segundo a doutrina da impermanência, a vida humana incorpora esse fluxo no processo de envelhecimento, no ciclo de renascimento e em qualquer existência de perda. A doutrina afirma ainda que, pelo fato de as coisas serem impermanentes, o apego a elas é inútil e leva ao sofrimento (<i>dukkha</i>).</p> <p><i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dukkha?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dukkha">Dukkha</a></i> (<i>sânscrito duhkha</i>) é um dos conceitos centrais do budismo. A palavra pode ser traduzida de diversas maneiras, incluindo <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sofrimento?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sofrimento">sofrimento</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dor">dor</a>, insatisfação, tristeza, angústia, ansiedade, desconforto, estresse, infelicidade e frustração, por exemplo. Apesar disso, <i>dukkha</i> é traduzido, muitas vezes, como "sofrimento", o seu significado filosófico é mais semelhante a "inquietação", como na condição de ser perturbado.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> Devido a isso, algumas literaturas preferem não traduzir o verbete, como é o caso do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_inglesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Língua inglesa">inglês</a>, com o objetivo de englobar em uma palavra todos os significados.<sup id="cite_ref-rahula_50-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rahula-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prebish_51-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-prebish-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keown_52-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-keown-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatta?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatta">Anatta</a> (sânscrito anatman)</i> refere-se à noção da inexistência de um "eu" próprio persistente nos fenômenos condicionados. Após uma análise cuidadosa, verifica-se que nenhum fenômeno é realmente "eu" ou "meu", estes conceitos são, na realidade, construídos pela mente. Nos <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nikayas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nikayas (página não existe)">nikayas</a></i>, o <i>anatta</i> não é entendido como uma afirmação metafísica, mas como uma aproximação para ganhar a libertação do sofrimento. O Buda rejeitou ambos os conceitos de afirmação absoluta e negação absoluta da existência de um <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atman?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atman">self</a></i>, eternalismo ou aniquilacionismo, afirmando que eles nos ligam ao sofrimento.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> No <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Anattalakkha%E1%B9%87a_Sutta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta (página não existe)">Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta</a></i>, encontrado no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A2none_P%C3%A1li?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cânone Páli">Cânone Páli</a>, é afirmado:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <blockquote> <p>"O corpo... não é <i>self</i> [é <i>anatta</i>]. Se o corpo fosse o <i>self</i>, esse corpo não se prestaria à doença. Seria possível (dizer) em relação ao corpo: 'Que meu corpo seja assim. Que meu corpo não seja assim.' Mas precisamente porque o corpo não é <i>self</i>, o corpo se presta à doença... O sentimento não é <i>self</i>... A percepção não é <i>self</i>... Os processos mentais não são <i>self</i>... A consciência não é <i>self</i>. Se a consciência fosse o <i>self</i>, essa consciência não se prestaria à doença. Seria possível (dizer) em relação à consciência: "Que minha consciência seja assim. Que minha consciência não seja assim". Mas precisamente porque a consciência não é <i>self</i>, a consciência se presta à doença. Assim, qualquer corpo [ou sentimento, ou percepção, ou consciência, etc.] – passado, futuro ou presente; interno ou externo; flagrante ou sutil, comum ou sublime, distante ou próximo; todo corpo deve ser visto como realmente é com o discernimento correto como: 'Isso não é meu. Isso não sou eu. Isso não é o que eu sou.'"</p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Originação_dependente"><span id="Origina.C3.A7.C3.A3o_dependente"></span>Originação dependente</h4> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dependente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Originação dependente">Originação Dependente</a> </div> <p>A doutrina do <i>pratītyasamutpāda</i> é uma parte importante da metafísica budista. Ela afirma que os fenômenos surgem juntos em uma teia interdependente de causa e efeito. É variavelmente traduzida como "orientação dependente", "gênese condicionada", "codependente decorrentes" ou "emergência".</p> <p>O conceito mais conhecido e aplicado do <i>pratītyasamutpāda</i> é o regime dos <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Doze_Nid%C4%81nas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Doze Nidānas (página não existe)">Doze Nidānas</a></i> (do páli: <i>nidāna</i>, que significa "provocar", "fundação", "fonte" e "origem"), que explicam a continuação do ciclo de sofrimento e renascimento em detalhe. Os Doze <i>Nidānas</i> descrevem uma relação entre as características subsequentes, cada uma dando origem ao nível seguinte:</p> <ol> <li><i>Avidyā</i>: ignorância (especificamente espiritual);<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_34-2" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvey-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Saṃskāras</i>: formações;<sup id="cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-1" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Vijñāna</i>: consciência;<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_34-3" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvey-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-2" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Nāmarūpa</i>: nome e forma (refere-se à mente e ao corpo);<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_34-4" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvey-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-3" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ṣaḍāyatana</i>: suas bases dos sentidos (olhos, nariz, ouvidos, língua, corpo e mente);<sup id="cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-4" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sparśa</i>: contato (traduzido, também, como "impressão" ou "estimulo" por um objeto);<sup id="cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-5" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Vedanā</i>: sensação, traduzida como algo "desagradável", "agradável" ou neutro;<sup id="cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-6" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tṛṣṇā</i>: sede, mas, no budismo, refere-se ao desejo;<sup id="cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-7" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Upādāna</i>: apego ou apreensão;<sup id="cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-8" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Bhava</i>: ser (existência) ou se tornar (no Teravada possui dois significados: o carma, que produz uma nova existência, e a existência em si);<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_34-5" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvey-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-9" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Jāti</i>: nascimento (entendido como ponto de partida);<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_34-6" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvey-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-10" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Jarāmaraṇa</i>: velhice e morte, também traduzida, através do <i>śokaparidevaduḥkhadaurmanasyopāyāsa</i>, como tristeza, lamentação, dor e miséria.<sup id="cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-11" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Sunyata"><i>Sunyata</i></h4> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunyata?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunyata">Sunyata</a> </div> <p>Grande parte do budismo maaiana foi fundamentado nas teorias de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nagarjuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>, provavelmente o estudioso mais influente dentro das tradições da escola budista. A principal contribuição do filósofo budista foi a exposição sistemática do conceito de <i>sunyata</i>, "vacuidade" ou "vazio", comprovada amplamente nos sutras, como <i>Prajnaparamita</i>, importantíssimos na época.</p> <p>O conceito de "vacuidade" reúne as outras principais doutrinas budistas, particularmente a <i>anatta</i> e a <i>pratītyasamutpāda</i> (orientação dependente), para refutar a metafísica da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarvastivada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivada</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sautr%C4%81ntika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sautrāntika (página não existe)">Sautrāntika</a> (não extintas da escola Maaiana). Para Nagarjuna, não são apenas os seres sencientes que estão vazios de <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atman?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atman">atman</a></i>; todos os fenômenos (<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dharma?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma">dharmas</a></i>) são, sem qualquer <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Svabhava&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Svabhava (página não existe)">svabhava</a></i> (literalmente "própria natureza" ou "autonatureza") e, portanto, sem qualquer essência fundamental, pois eles são vazios de ser independentes, assim, as teorias heterodoxas de Svabhava, circuladas na época, foram desmentidas com base nas demais doutrinas budistas.</p> <p>Os pensamentos de Nagarjuna são conhecidos como <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madhyamaka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></i>. Alguns dos escritos atribuídos a Nagarjuna fazem referências explícitas aos textos de Maaiana, mas sua filosofia foi argumentada dentro dos "parênteses" estabelecidos pela <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%81gama?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ágama">ágama</a>. Ele pode ter chegado à sua posição a partir de um desejo de alcançar uma <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exegese?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exegese">exegese</a> coerente da doutrina do Buda, tal como o Canon. Aos olhos de Nagarjuna, o Buda não era apenas um precursor, mas o próprio fundador do sistema Madhyamaka.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Os ensinamentos <i>sarvastivada</i>, que foram criticados por Nagarjuna, foram reescritos por estudiosos como <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vasubandhu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vasubandhu (página não existe)">Vasubandhu</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Asanga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Asanga (página não existe)">Asanga</a> e foram, posteriormente, adaptados para a prática do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yoga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> (sânscrito: <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yogacara?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a></i>). Enquanto a escola Madhyamaka declarou que afirmar a existência ou a inexistência de qualquer coisa, em última análise, era inadequado, contudo, alguns expoentes da <i>Yogacara</i> afirmaram que a mente, e só a mente, é real (doutrina conhecida como <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cittamatra?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cittamatra">consciência</a>). Entretanto, nem todos dentro do <i>Yogacara</i> consideram essa afirmação; Vasubandhu e Asanga, em particular, são um exemplo.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Além do vazio, a escola Maaiana, muitas vezes, dá ênfase nas noções de discernimento espiritual pleno (<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prajnaparamita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Prajnaparamita (página não existe)">prajnaparamita</a></i>) e na natureza búdica (<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tathagatagarbha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tathagatagarbha (página não existe)">tathagatagarbha</a></i>, que significa "embrião budista"). De acordo com o sutras de <i>tathagatagarbha</i>, o Buda revelou a realidade da imortal natureza budista, que se diz ser inerente a todos os <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Seres_Sencientes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Seres Sencientes (página não existe)">seres vivos</a> e permite que todos eles, eventualmente, atinjam a iluminação completa, ou seja, tornando-se <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buda">Budas</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Especulações_contra_a_existência_direta_na_epistemologia_budista"><span id="Especula.C3.A7.C3.B5es_contra_a_exist.C3.AAncia_direta_na_epistemologia_budista"></span>Especulações contra a existência direta na epistemologia budista</h4> </div> <p>A distinção entre o budismo e outras escolas <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosofia_Indiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Filosofia Indiana">filosóficas indianas</a> é uma questão da justificação da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epistemologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epistemologia">epistemologia</a>. Apesar de todas as escolas de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%B3gica_Indiana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lógica Indiana (página não existe)">lógica indiana</a> reconhecerem vários conjuntos das justificativas válidas para o conhecimento (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pramana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pramana">pramana</a>), o budismo, por sua vez, reconhece um conjunto menor do que os outros. Todos aceitam a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Percep%C3%A7%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Percepção">percepção</a> e a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infer%C3%AAncia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inferência">inferência</a>, por exemplo, mas, algumas escolas budistas não.</p> <p>De acordo com as escrituras, durante a sua vida, o Buda permaneceu em silêncio quando questionado sobre várias questões <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsicas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metafísicas">metafísicas</a>, conhecidas como "<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quest%C3%B5es_avy%C4%81kata?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Questões avyākata">Questões avyākata</a>". São perguntas como: se o universo é eterno ou não (ou se é finito ou infinito), se há unidade ou separação do corpo e do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atman?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atman">atman</a>, a inexistência completa de uma pessoa depois do nirvana, entre outros. Uma explicação para esse silêncio é que tais questões atrapalham a atividade prática para o <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodhi">bodhi</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>nota 1<span>]</span></a></sup> e trazem o perigo de substituir a experiência de libertação através da compreensão conceitual da doutrina ou pela fé religiosa.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Escolas">Escolas</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigos principais: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_inicial?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo inicial">Budismo inicial</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Escolas_do_budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Escolas do budismo">Escolas do budismo</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg/220px-Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1308"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg/220px-Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg/330px-Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg/440px-Ascetic_Bodhisatta_Gotama_with_the_Group_of_Five.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Gautama com seus cinco companheiros, que, mais tarde, compuseram a primeira <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sangha_(Budismo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Budismo)">Sangha</a></i> (comunidade monástica budista). Pintura da parede de um templo no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laos">Laos</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Atualmente, as escolas budistas se agrupam em 3 grandes linhas de pensamento: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teravada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teravada">Teravada</a> (38%), <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maaiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maaiana">Maaiana</a> (56%) e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajrayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>, 6%.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Por sua vez, de um modo geral, atualmente, a linha <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maaiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maaiana">Maaiana</a> é uma linha que pode ser subdividida ainda em 3 grandes grupos: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiantai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nichiren?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a>), <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra_Pura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra Pura">Terra Pura</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zen">Zen</a> (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Chan">Chan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_61-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:7-61"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Não_nomeado-20230316141623_62-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-N%C3%A3o_nomeado-20230316141623-62"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Do ponto de vista histórico, a <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sangha?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sangha">sangha</a></i> ("escola") original, após a realização de um concílio no <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">século IV</span> a.C.</span>, dividiu-se em duas escolas de pensamento: <i>Mahasanghika</i> e <i>Sthaviravada</i>. Desses dois troncos, a única escola remanescente é a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teravada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teravada">Teravada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> Após essas divisões, outras escolas surgiram até chegarmos ao cenário atual aonde as escolas se classificam em três linhas de pensamento (veículos): Escolas Antigas ("Theravada"), Escolas <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> e Escolas <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajrayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nome_64-0" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nome-64"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> As escolas se agrupam da seguinte forma:</p> <ul> <li>Escolas Antigas: <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satyasiddhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satyasiddhi">Ch'eng-shih</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chu-she&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Chu-she (página não existe)">Chu-she</a>, Jôjitsu, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kusha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kusha (página não existe)">Kusha</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ritsu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ritsu">Lü-tsung</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahasamghika?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahasamghika">Mahasamghika</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pudgalavada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a>, Ritsu, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarvastivada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivada</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sautrantika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sautrantika (página não existe)">Sautrantika</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sthaviravada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sthaviravada">Sthaviravada</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theravada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaibhashika?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaibhashika">Vaibhashika</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-nome_64-1" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nome-64"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana">Escolas Mahayana</a>: <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%27an?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ch'an">Ch'an</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra_Pura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra Pura">Ching-t'u</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chittamatra?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittamatra">Chittamatra</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fa-hsiang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Fa-hsiang (página não existe)">Fa-hsiang</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hoss%C3%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hossô (página não existe)">Hossô</a>, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kegon" class="extiw" title="en:Kegon">Hua-yen</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ji-sh%C3%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ji-shû (página não existe)">Ji-shû</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jnanavada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jnanavada (página não existe)">Jnanavada</a>, Jôdo, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B4do_Shin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jôdo Shin (página não existe)">Jôdo Shin</a>, Kegon, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madhyamaka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Madhyamika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Madhyamika (página não existe)">Madhyamika</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_de_Nitiren?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo de Nitiren">Nichiren</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nieh-p'an&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nieh-p'an (página não existe)">Nieh-p'an</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=San-lun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="San-lun (página não existe)">San-lun</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sanron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sanron (página não existe)">Sanron</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tathagatagarbha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tathagatagarbha (página não existe)">Tathagatagarbha</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ti-lun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ti-lun (página não existe)">Ti-lun</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Buddhismo_Circular&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Buddhismo Circular (página não existe)">Won</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yogachara?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%BCn-chi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Yün-chi (página não existe)">Yün-chi</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zen">Zen</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-nome_64-2" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nome-64"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajrayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajrayana">Escolas Vajrayana</a>: <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nyingma?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gelug?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelug">Gelug</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sakya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sakya">Sakya</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jonang?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jonang">Jonang</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kadampa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kadampa">Kadam</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kagyu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kagyu">Kagyü</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mi-tsung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mi-tsung (página não existe)">Mi-tsung</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shingon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shingon">Shingon</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tendai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiantai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiantai">T'ien-t'ai</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nome_64-3" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nome-64"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="color:black; border-top:1px solid dimgray; border-bottom:1px solid dimgray; margin-top:10pt; margin-bottom:10pt"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid dimgray; background:WhiteSmoke; padding-left:10pt; padding-top:3pt; padding-bottom:3pt"><p><span style="font-size:small; color:black;"><b>Cronologia: Desenvolvimento e propagação das tradições budistas</b></span> <span style="font-size:small; color:dimgray;">(ca. 450 a.C. – ca. 1300 d.C.).</span></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100"></td> <td width="70"></td> <td width="20"></td> <td width="140"></td> <td width="80"></td> <td width="80"></td> <td width="60"></td> <td width="60"></td> <td width="60"></td> <td width="80"></td> <td width="80"></td> <td width="100"></td> </tr> <tr style="color:DimGray"> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; height:4pt">&nbsp;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>450 a.C.</b></span></td> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>250 a.C.</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>100 d.C.</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>500 d.C.</b></span></td> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>700 d.C.</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>800 d.C.</b></span></td> <td style="padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>1200 d.C.</b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt">&nbsp;</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:10pt"><i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_na_%C3%8Dndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo na Índia">Índia</a></i></p></td> <td rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="border-left:1pt solid gray; border-top:1pt solid gray; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:#FFFFC0; text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Arial"><p style="font-size:8pt"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_pr%C3%A9-sect%C3%A1rio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo pré-sectário"><b>Sanga<br> inicial</b></a></p></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; background:yellow; text-align:center"><p style="font-size:1pt">&nbsp;</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="7" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; border-right:1pt solid gray; background:peru; text-align:center"><p style="font-size:2pt">&nbsp;</p></td> <td rowspan="5"><p style="font-size:13pt">&nbsp;</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="background:yellow; text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Escolas_iniciais_do_Budismo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Escolas iniciais do Budismo (página não existe)">Escolas iniciais do Budismo</a></b></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="background:peru; text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></b></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="border-right:1pt solid gray; background:indianred; text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajrayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="border-right:1pt solid gray; background:indianred"><p style="font-size:2pt">&nbsp;</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="border-right:1pt solid gray; background:yellow"><p style="font-size:1pt">&nbsp;</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:yellow"><p style="font-size:1pt">&nbsp;</p></td> <td colspan="8" style="border-right:1pt solid gray; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:gold"><p style="font-size:1pt">&nbsp;</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt">&nbsp;</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:8pt"><i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_no_Sri_Lanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo no Sri Lanka">Sri&nbsp;Lanka</a>&nbsp;&amp;<br><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Budismo_no_Sudeste_Asi%C3%A1tico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Budismo no Sudeste Asiático (página não existe)">Sudeste&nbsp;Asiático</a></i></p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; background:gold; text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teravada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teravada">Budismo Teravada</a></b></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="5" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; background:peru; text-align:center"><p style="font-size:3pt">&nbsp;</p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:gold; text-align:center">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="5" style="background:gold">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:gold"><p style="font-size:3pt">&nbsp;</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:indianred"><p style="font-size:3pt">&nbsp;</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt">&nbsp;</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:10pt"><i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Budismo_na_%C3%81sia_Central&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Budismo na Ásia Central (página não existe)">Ásia&nbsp;Central</a></i></p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"><p style="font-size:13pt">&nbsp;</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="background:#E6C220; border:1px solid gray; text-align:center"><p style="font-size:8pt"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greco-budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greco-budismo">Greco-Budismo</a></p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1"><p style="font-size:13pt">&nbsp;</p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="4" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; background:indianred; text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_Tibetano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Budismo Tibetano">Budismo Tibetano</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4"><p style="font-size:1pt">&nbsp;</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="background:#E6C220; border:1px solid gray; text-align:center"><p style="font-size:8pt"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Transmiss%C3%A3o_do_Budismo_pela_Rota_da_Seda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Transmissão do Budismo pela Rota da Seda (página não existe)">Budismo da Rota da Seda</a></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt">&nbsp;</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:10pt"><i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Budismo_no_Extremo_Oriente&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Budismo no Extremo Oriente (página não existe)">Extremo&nbsp;Oriente</a></i></p></td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">&nbsp;</td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; background:peru; text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A1n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chán">Chán</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tendai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tendai">Tendai</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra_Pura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra Pura">Terra Pura</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zen">Zen</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nichiren?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></b></span></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; background:indianred; text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Arial"><p style="font-size:8pt"><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shingon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></b></p></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:peru; text-align:center"><p style="font-size:7pt">&nbsp;</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt">&nbsp;</p></td> </tr> <tr style="color:dimgray"> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; height:4pt">&nbsp;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>450 a.C.</b></span></td> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>250 a.C.</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>100 d.C.</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>500 d.C.</b></span></td> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>700 d.C.</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>800 d.C.</b></span></td> <td style="padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"><span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>1200 d.C.</b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"> <table width="100%" style="border-top:1px solid dimgray; color:black; background:WhiteSmoke; font-size:90%"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="10">&nbsp;</td> <td width="100"><b>Legenda:</b></td> <td width="30" style="background:gold; border:1px solid gray">&nbsp;</td> <td width="200">= <b>Tradição <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teravada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teravada">Teravada</a></b></td> <td width="30" style="background:peru; border:1px solid gray">&nbsp;</td> <td width="200">= <b>Tradições <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></b></td> <td width="30" style="background:indianred; border:1px solid gray">&nbsp;</td> <td width="200">= <b>Tradições <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajrayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></b></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar"> <ul> <li class="nv-ver"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Linha_do_tempo-tradi%C3%A7%C3%B5es_budistas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Predefinição:Linha do tempo-tradições budistas"><span title="Ver esta predefinição">ver</span></a></li> <li class="nv-discutir"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Linha_do_tempo-tradi%C3%A7%C3%B5es_budistas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Linha do tempo-tradições budistas (página não existe)"><span title="Discutir esta predefinição">discutir</span></a></li> <li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DPredefini%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o:Linha_do_tempo-tradi%25C3%25A7%25C3%25B5es_budistas%26action%3Dedit"><span title="Editar esta predefinição">editar</span></a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Nirvana">Nirvana</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>O <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a> é:</p> <ol> <li>É a meta do budismo;</li> <li>É o apagar do fogo das paixões e a extinção do ego;</li> <li>É não necessitar mais reencarnar;</li> <li>É o que todo budista procura por toda vida, a paz absoluta;</li> <li>É o que faz do homem comum um Buda;</li> <li>É a iluminação;</li> <li>É a extrema paz.</li> </ol> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Origens">Origens</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="História do budismo">História do budismo</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Hong_Kong_Budha.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hong_Kong_Budha.jpg/180px-Hong_Kong_Budha.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2715" data-file-height="3502"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hong_Kong_Budha.jpg/180px-Hong_Kong_Budha.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hong_Kong_Budha.jpg/270px-Hong_Kong_Budha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hong_Kong_Budha.jpg/360px-Hong_Kong_Budha.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> A estátua do Tian Tan Buda, no monastério Po Lin, na ilha de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lantau?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lantau">Lantau</a>, em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Historicamente, as raízes do budismo se encontram no pensamento religioso da Índia antiga durante a segunda metade do primeiro milênio antes de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus">Cristo</a>. Esse foi um período de turbulência social e religiosa, já que havia um significante descontentamento com os sacrifícios e rituais do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bramanismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bramanismo">bramanismo</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vedas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vedas">védico</a>. Ele foi desafiado por vários novos ensinamentos e grupos ascéticos, religiosos e filosóficos que romperam com a tradição brâmane e rejeitaram a autoridade dos Vedas e dos brâmanes.</p> <p>O budismo formou-se no nordeste da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Dndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Índia">Índia</a>, entre o <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século V</span> e <span style="white-space:nowrap;">IV a.C.</span>. Este período corresponde a uma fase de alterações sociais, políticas e econômicas nessa região do mundo. A antiga religiosidade <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bramanismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bramanismo">bramânica</a>, centrada no sacrifício de animais, era questionada por vários grupos religiosos, que geralmente orbitavam em torno de um mestre.</p> <p>Um desses mestres religiosos, como visto acima com mais detalhes, foi Sidarta Gautama, o Buda, cuja vida a maioria dos acadêmicos ocidentais e indianos situa entre <span style="white-space:nowrap;">563−483 a.C.</span>, embora os acadêmicos japoneses considerem mais provável as datas 448 a <span style="white-space:nowrap;">368 a.C.</span> Sidarta nasceu na povoação de Kapilavastu, que se julga ser a aldeia indiana de Piprahwa, situada perto da fronteira indo-nepalesa. Pertencia à <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Casta?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Casta">casta</a> guerreira (<i>ksatriya</i>).</p> <p>Várias lendas posteriores afirmam que Sidarta viveu no luxo, tendo o seu pai se esforçado por evitar que o seu filho entrasse em contato com os aspectos desagradáveis da vida. Por volta dos 29 anos, o jovem Sidarta decidiu abandonar a sua vida, renunciando a todos os bens materiais e adotando a vida de um renunciante. Praticou o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ioga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ioga">ioga</a> (numa forma que não é a mesma que é hoje seguida nos países ocidentais) e seguiu práticas ascéticas extremas, mas acabou por abandoná-las, vendo que não conseguia obter nada delas. Segundo a tradição, ao fim de uma meditação sentado debaixo de uma <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Figueira?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Figueira">figueira</a>, descobriu a solução para a libertação do ciclo das existências e das mortes que o atormentava.</p> <p>Pouco depois, decidiu retomar a sua vida errante. Chegou a um bosque perto de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varanasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varanasi">Benares</a>, onde pronunciou um discurso religioso diante de cinco jovens, que convencidos pelos seus ensinamentos, se tornaram os seus primeiros discípulos e com quem formou a primeira comunidade monástica (<i>sangha</i>). O Buda dedicou, então, o resto da sua vida (talvez trinta ou cinquenta anos) a pregar a sua doutrina através de um método oral, não tendo deixado quaisquer escritos.</p> <p>Sidarta Gautama, sem dúvida familiar com os pensamentos de sua era e região, ensinou o Caminho do Meio entre a indulgência sensual e o severo ascetismo encontrado no movimento <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xr%C3%A2mana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xrâmana">xrâmana</a> (<i>Śramaṇa</i>), comum na região. Como a principal figura do Budismo, os acontecimentos de sua vida, seus discursos e as regras monásticas que ele criou foram compilados após a sua morte e memorizados por seus seguidores. Várias coleções de ensinamentos atribuídas a ele foram preservadas e transmitidas via tradição oral e primeiramente fixadas por escrito cerca de 400 anos depois.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Cosmologia">Cosmologia</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosmologia_budista?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosmologia budista">Cosmologia budista</a> </div> <p>A <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosmologia_budista?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosmologia budista">cosmologia budista</a> considera que o Universo é composto por vários sistemas mundiais, sendo que cada um desses possui um ciclo de nascimento, desenvolvimento e declínio que dura bilhões de anos. Num sistema mundial existem seis reinos, que por sua vez incluem vários níveis, num total de trinta e um.</p> <p>O reino dos infernos situa-se na parte inferior. A concepção do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inferno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inferno">inferno</a> budista não é um lugar de permanência eterna nem é o resultado de um castigo espiritual; os seres que habitam no inferno libertam-se dele assim que o mau karma que os conduziu ali se esgota. O budismo considera que existem infernos quentes e também infernos frios.</p> <p>Acima do reino dos infernos pelo lado esquerdo, encontra-se o reino <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">animal</a>, o único dos vários reinos perceptível aos humanos e onde vivem as várias <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esp%C3%A9cie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espécie">espécies</a>. Acima do reino dos infernos pelo lado direito, encontra-se o mundo dos espíritos ávidos ou <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fantasma?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fantasma">fantasmas</a> (<i>preta</i>). Os seres que nele vivem sentem constantemente <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sede?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sede">sede</a> ou <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fome?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fome">fome</a>, sem nunca terem essas necessidades saciadas. A arte budista representa os habitantes desse reino como tendo um <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Est%C3%B4mago?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estômago">estômago</a> do tamanho de uma <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montanha?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montanha">montanha</a> e uma <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boca?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boca">boca</a> minúscula.</p> <p>O reino seguinte é o dos <i>Asura</i> (termo traduzido como "Titãs" ou dos antideuses). Os seus habitantes ali nasceram em resultado de ações positivas realizadas com um sentimento de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inveja?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inveja">inveja</a> e competição e vivem em guerra constante com os deuses.</p> <p>O quinto reino é o dos seres humanos. É considerado como um reino de nascimento desejável, mas ao mesmo tempo difícil. A vida enquanto humano é vista como uma via intermédia nessa cosmologia, sendo caracterizada pela alternância das alegrias e dos sofrimentos, o que, de acordo com a perspectiva budista, favorece a tomada de consciência sobre a condição samsárica.</p> <p>O último reino é o dos deuses (<i>deva</i>) e é composto por vários níveis ou residências. Nos níveis mais próximos do reino humano, vivem seres que, devido à prática de boas ações, levam uma vida harmoniosa. Os níveis situados entre o vigésimo terceiro e o vigésimo sétimo são denominados como "Residências Puras", sendo habitadas por seres que se encontram perto de atingir a iluminação e não voltarão a renascer como humanos.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Escrituras">Escrituras</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Tipitaka1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tipitaka1.jpg/180px-Tipitaka1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1733"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tipitaka1.jpg/180px-Tipitaka1.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tipitaka1.jpg/270px-Tipitaka1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tipitaka1.jpg/360px-Tipitaka1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Edição do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A2none_P%C3%A1li?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cânone Páli">Cânone Páli</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Os principais grupos de budistas da atualidade são <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teravada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teravada">Teravada</a> que representam 38% do total, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maaiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maaiana">Maaiana</a> representando 56% e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajrayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>, 6%.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>O budismo <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teravada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teravada">Teravada</a> usa o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A2none_P%C4%81li?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cânone Pāli">Cânone Pāli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>No budismo <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maaiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maaiana">Maaiana</a>, atualmente, no Japão, as três grandes linhas de pensamento são a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nichiren?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a>/<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiantai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a>, a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra_Pura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra Pura">Terra Pura</a> e a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Chan">Chan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> Na China, as grandes linhas são a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Chan">Chan</a>/<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zen">Zen</a> e a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra_Pura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra Pura">Terra Pura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_61-1" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:7-61"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> Na Coreia do Sul e do Norte as maiores linhas de pensamento budistas também são baseadas na <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Chan">Chan</a>/<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zen">Zen</a> e na <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiantai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Não_nomeado-20230316141623_62-1" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-N%C3%A3o_nomeado-20230316141623-62"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>A <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nichiren?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a>/<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiantai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> usa, como texto base, a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sutra_do_L%C3%B3tus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sutra do Lótus">Sutra do Lótus</a> cujo conteúdo reconhece a autenticidade do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A2none_P%C4%81li?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cânone Pāli">Cânone Pāli</a> mas define que os ensinamentos da Sutra do Lotus (que vieram depois) são superiores por ensinarem não apenas como deixar o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samsara?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">Samsara</a> mas também como se tornar um buda nesta vida.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>A <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra_Pura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra Pura">Terra Pura</a> reconhece o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A2none_P%C4%81li?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cânone Pāli">Cânone Pāli</a> e a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sutra_do_L%C3%B3tus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sutra do Lótus">Sutra do Lótus</a>, porém, seus adeptos reconhecem a dificuldade de segui-los nesta vida e, portanto, se dedicam a orar ao buda <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amithaba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amithaba">Amithaba</a> pedindo para que, após essa vida, encarnem em outro mundo (numa terra pura) aonde possam segui-los.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>A <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Chan">Chan</a> entende que o estudo de nenhum escrito é necessário para atingir a iluminação. Nela se ensina que a iluminação se alcança através do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koan">koan</a> e/ou da meditação.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>No budismo <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajrayana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>, os textos base são a <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mahavairocana_Tantra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mahavairocana Tantra (página não existe)">Mahavairocana Tantra</a></i> e o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vajrasekhara_Sutra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra (página não existe)"><i>Vajraśekhara Sūtra</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Difusão_do_budismo"><span id="Difus.C3.A3o_do_budismo"></span>Difusão do budismo</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Índia"><span id=".C3.8Dndia"></span>Índia</h3> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_na_%C3%8Dndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo na Índia">Budismo na Índia</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Buddhist_distribution_(version2).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Buddhist_distribution_%28version2%29.png/280px-Buddhist_distribution_%28version2%29.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="645"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Buddhist_distribution_%28version2%29.png/280px-Buddhist_distribution_%28version2%29.png" data-width="280" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Buddhist_distribution_%28version2%29.png/420px-Buddhist_distribution_%28version2%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Buddhist_distribution_%28version2%29.png/560px-Buddhist_distribution_%28version2%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Porcentagens de budistas por país. </figcaption> </figure> <p>A partir do seu local de nascimento no nordeste indiano, o budismo espalhou-se para outras partes do norte e para o centro da Índia. Durante o reinado do imperador máuria <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asoka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka">Asoka</a>, que se converteu ao budismo e que governou uma área semelhante à da Índia contemporânea (com exceção do sul), essa religião consolidou-se. Após ter conquistado a região de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calinga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Calinga">Calinga</a> pela força, Asoka decidiu que a partir de então governaria com base nos preceitos budistas. O imperador ordenou a construção de hospedarias para os viajantes e que fosse proporcionado tratamento médico não só aos humanos, mas também aos animais. O rei aboliu também a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tortura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tortura">tortura</a> e provavelmente a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pena_de_morte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pena de morte">pena de morte</a>. A <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caça">caça</a>, desporto tradicional dos reis, foi substituída pela peregrinação a locais budistas. Apesar de ter favorecido o budismo, Asoka revelou-se também tolerante para com o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu%C3%ADsmo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduísmo">hinduísmo</a> e o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jainismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jainismo">jainismo</a>.</p> <p>Asoka pretendeu também divulgar o budismo pelo mundo, como revelam os seus <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25C3%25A9dito" class="extiw" title="wikt:édito">éditos</a>. Segundo estes, foram enviados emissários com destino à <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%ADria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Síria">Síria</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egito">Egito</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_da_Maced%C3%B3nia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="República da Macedónia">Macedónia</a> (embora não se saiba se chegaram aos seus destinos) e para o oriente, para uma terra de nome <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Suvarnabhumi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Suvarnabhumi (página não existe)">Suvarnabhumi</a> (Terra do Ouro) que não se conseguiu identificar com segurança.</p> <p>O <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_M%C3%A1uria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Império Máuria">Império Máuria</a> chegou ao fim em finais do <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">século II</span> a.C.</span>. A Índia foi então dominada pelas dinastias locais dos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Sunga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Império Sunga">Sunga</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap">(185–<span style="white-space:nowrap;">173 a.C.</span>)</span> e dos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Imp%C3%A9rio_Kanva&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Império Kanva (página não existe)">Kanva</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap">(c.73–<span style="white-space:nowrap;">25 a.C.</span>)</span>, que perseguiram o budismo, embora este conseguisse prevalecer. Perto do início da era atual, o noroeste da Índia foi invadido pelos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Citas">citas</a>, que formariam o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Cuchana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Império Cuchana">Império Cuchana</a>. Um dos mais importantes reis desta dinastia, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canisca_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canisca I">Canisca&nbsp;I</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap">(<abbr title="reinado">r.</abbr> 127–150)</span>, foi um grande proselitista do budismo.</p> <p>Durante a era do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Gupta?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Império Gupta">Império Gupta</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap">(320–540)</span>, os monarcas favorecem o budismo, mas também o hinduísmo. Em meados do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século VI</span>, os <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunos_Brancos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunos Brancos">Hunos Brancos</a>, oriundos da Ásia Central, invadem o noroeste da Índia, provocando a destruição de inúmeros <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosteiro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosteiro">mosteiros</a> budistas. A partir de 750, a dinastia Pala governou no nordeste da Índia até ao <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XII</span>, apoiando os grandes centros monásticos budistas, entre os quais o de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nalanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>. Contudo, a partir do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XII</span>, o budismo entra num declínio definitivo devido a vários fatores. Entre estes, encontravam-se o revivalismo hindu, que se manifestou com figuras como <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adi_Shankara?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> e pelas invasões dos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mu%C3%A7ulmanos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Muçulmanos">muçulmanos</a> dos séculos XII e XIII.</p> <p>Embora o budismo tenha passado por uma verdadeira renovação a partir de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1959?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1959">1959</a>, ano em que o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14.%C2%BA_Dalai_Lama?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="14.º Dalai Lama">14.º Dalai Lama</a> escolhe o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ex%C3%ADlio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exílio">exílio</a>, ele parece quase ausente da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Dndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Índia">Índia</a>, a ponto de termos, muitas vezes, de seguir <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turistas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Turistas">turistas</a> estrangeiros para localizar os lugares santos de antigamente. Nesse percurso, ao longo dos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Séculos">séculos</a>, o budismo suscitou desvios, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresias?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresias">heresias</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seitas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Seitas">seitas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sri_Lanka_e_Sudeste_da_Ásia"><span id="Sri_Lanka_e_Sudeste_da_.C3.81sia"></span>Sri Lanka e Sudeste da Ásia</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Wat_Mahathat_Sukhothai_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wat_Mahathat_Sukhothai_01.jpg/180px-Wat_Mahathat_Sukhothai_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wat_Mahathat_Sukhothai_01.jpg/180px-Wat_Mahathat_Sukhothai_01.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wat_Mahathat_Sukhothai_01.jpg/270px-Wat_Mahathat_Sukhothai_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wat_Mahathat_Sukhothai_01.jpg/360px-Wat_Mahathat_Sukhothai_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wat_Mahathat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wat Mahathat (página não existe)">Wat Mahathat</a>, em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sukhothai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhothai">Sukhothai</a>, na Tailândia. </figcaption> </figure> <p>A tradição cingalesa atribui a introdução do budismo no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sri_Lanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> ao monge <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mahinda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mahinda (página não existe)">Mahinda</a>, filho de Asoka, que teria chegado à ilha em meados do <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">século III</span> a.C.</span>, acompanhado por outros missionários. Esse grupo teria convertido ao budismo o rei <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Devanampiya_Tissa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Devanampiya Tissa (página não existe)">Devanampiya Tissa</a> e grande parte da nobreza local. O rei ordenou a construção do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mahavihara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mahavihara (página não existe)">Mahavihara</a> ("Grande Mosteiro" em pali) na então capital do Sri Lanka, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anuradhapura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a>. O Mahavihara foi o grande centro do budismo Theravada na ilha nos séculos seguintes.</p> <p>Foi no Sri Lanka que, por volta do ano <span style="white-space:nowrap;">80 a.C.</span>, se redigiu o Cânone Pali, a coletânea mais antiga de textos que refletem os ensinamentos do Buda. No <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século V</span>, chegou à ilha o monge <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budagosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budagosa">Budagosa</a>, responsável por coligir e editar os primeiros comentários feitos ao Cânone, traduzindo-os para o pali.</p> <p>Na <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tail%C3%A2ndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tailândia">Tailândia</a>, o budismo lançou raízes no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século VII</span> nos reinos de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dvaravati?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> (no sul, na região de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banguecoque?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banguecoque">Banguecoque</a>) e de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Haripunjaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Haripunjaya (página não existe)">Haripunjaya</a> (no norte, na região de Lamphun), ambos reinos da etnia Mon. No <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XII</span>, o povo <i>Tai</i>, que chegou ao território vindo do sudoeste da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a>, adoptou o budismo Theravada como a sua religião.</p> <p>A presença do budismo na <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Malaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Península Malaia">península Malaia</a> está atestada desde o <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século IV</span>, assim como nas ilhas de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Java?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Java">Java</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumatra?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. Nessas regiões, verificou-se um sincretismo entre o budismo Mahayana e o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiva%C3%ADsmo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xivaísmo">xivaísmo</a>, que está ainda hoje presente em locais como a ilha de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bali?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bali">Bali</a>. Entre o <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século VII</span> e o IX, a dinastia budista dos Xailendra governou partes da Indonésia e a península Malaia, tendo sido responsável pela construção de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borobudur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>, uma enorme estupa que é o maior monumento existente no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hemisf%C3%A9rio_sul?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hemisfério sul">hemisfério sul</a>. O islamismo chegou à Indonésia no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIV</span>, trazido pelos mercadores, acabando por substituir o budismo como religião dominante. Atualmente o budismo é principalmente praticado pela comunidade chinesa da região.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="China">China</h3> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_na_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo na China">Budismo na China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/180px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="591"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/180px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" data-width="180" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/270px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/360px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Pintura nas grutas de Bezeklik, no oeste da China, retratando monges budistas. </figcaption> </figure> <p>A tradição atribui a introdução do budismo na China ao imperador <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ming_de_Han?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ming de Han">Ming de Han</a> (25-220 d.C.), o segundo imperador da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinastia_Han?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dinastia Han">dinastia Han</a> do leste. Este imperador teve um sonho no qual viu um ser voador dourado, interpretado por seus conselheiros como uma visão do Buda. O imperador enviou emissários a outros países, a oeste da China, para obter informações sobre a doutrina de Buda.</p> <p>Escrituras budistas teriam sido trazidas à China, nas costas de cavalos brancos, por Dharmarakṣa e Kaśyapa Mātaṅga, dois grandes monges indianos. Então o imperador ordenou a construção do primeiro templo budista da China, o monastério Baima, na atual cidade de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luoyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, na província de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Henan">Henan</a>. Os monges levaram, para a China, 42 <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sutras?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutras">sutras</a>, contendo 600&nbsp;000 palavras em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sânscrito">sânscrito</a>.</p> <p>Independentemente da tradição, o budismo só se espalhou na China nos séculos V e VI com o apoio das dinastias <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_Wei&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dinastia Wei (página não existe)">Wei</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinastia_Tang?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dinastia Tang">Tang</a>. Durante este período, estabeleceram-se, na China, escolas budistas de origem indiana ao mesmo tempo em que se desenvolveram escolas próprias chinesas.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Coreia_e_Japão"><span id="Coreia_e_Jap.C3.A3o"></span>Coreia e Japão</h3> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_no_Jap%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo no Japão">Budismo no Japão</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Kanji_zen.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kanji_zen.jpg/180px-Kanji_zen.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2150"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kanji_zen.jpg/180px-Kanji_zen.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kanji_zen.jpg/270px-Kanji_zen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kanji_zen.jpg/360px-Kanji_zen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanji?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> japonês para "Zen". </figcaption> </figure> <p>O budismo entrou na Coreia no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século IV</span>. Nesta altura, a Coreia não era um território unificado, encontrando-se dividida em três reinos rivais: o reino de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koguryo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koguryo">Koguryo</a> no norte, o reino de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paekche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paekche">Paekche</a> no sudoeste e o reino de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silla">Silla</a> no sudeste. Estes três reinos reconheceriam o budismo como uma religião oficial, tendo sido o primeiro a fazê-lo Paekche (384), seguindo-se o Koguryo (392) e Silla (528). Em 668, o reino de Silla unificou a Coreia sob o seu poder e o budismo conheceu uma era de desenvolvimento. Foi nesse período que viveu o monge <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wonhyo_Daisa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wonhyo Daisa (página não existe)">Wonhyo Daisa</a> (617-686), que tentou promover um budismo do qual fizessem parte elementos de todas as seitas. No <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século VIII</span>, foi difundido na Coreia o budismo da escola chinesa <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zen">Chan</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="color:gray;white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Desambigua%C3%A7%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Desambiguação"><span title="Link precisa de desambiguação">desambiguação necessária</span></a></i>]</sup>, denominado <i>son</i> (ou <i>seon</i>)em coreano e que se tornou a escola dominante. O budismo continuou a florescer durante a era Koryo (935-1392), até que a dinastia Li (1392-1910) favoreceu o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucionismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confucionismo">confucionismo</a>.</p> <p>A partir da Coreia e da China, o budismo foi introduzido no Japão em meados do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século VI</span>. Em 593, o príncipe Shotoku declarou-o como religião do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estado?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estado">Estado</a>, mas o budismo foi até à <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idade_M%C3%A9dia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idade Média">Idade Média</a> um movimento ligado à corte e à aristocracia sem larga adesão popular (os missionários coreanos tinham apresentado à corte japonesa o budismo como elemento de proteção nacional). Durante a era <i>Nara</i> (710-794)-<i>Héian</i> (794-1185), várias seitas de expressão chinesa começaram a implantar-se no Japão. São deste último período a escola <i>Shingon e Tendai</i> (<i>Tien Tai</i>). Durante a era <i>Kamakura</i> (1185-1333), o budismo populariza-se finalmente com as escolas <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra_Pura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra Pura">Terra Pura</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nichiren?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> e <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zen">Zen</a></i> (<i>Chan</i>) nas suas principais vertentes chinesas das escolas <i>Rinzai (Linji) e Soto (Caodong)</i>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tibete">Tibete</h3> </div> <div class="hatnote"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_tibetano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo tibetano">Budismo tibetano</a> </div> <p>No <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibete?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibete">Tibete</a>, o budismo propagou-se em dois momentos diferentes. O rei Srong-brtsan-sgam-po (Songtsen Gampo, <i><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circa">c.</a></i>627-<i>c</i>.650), influenciado pelas suas duas esposas budistas, decidiu mandar chamar ao Tibete monges indianos para ali difundirem a religião. Durante o reinado de Khri-srong-lde-btsan (Trisong Deutsen), construiu-se o primeiro mosteiro budista tibetano e em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/747?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="747">747</a> chegou ao território o notável iogue indiano <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Padmasambhava?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>, que organizou o budismo tibetano e fundou a escola hoje conhecida como <i>Nyingma</i> (ou "escola da tradição antiga", em relação às posteriores escolas estabelecidas por outros professores). Contudo, uma reação hostil da religião nativa, o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%B6n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bön">Bön</a>, levaria ao declínio do budismo nos dois séculos seguintes.</p> <p>O budismo seria reintroduzido no Tibete a partir do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XI</span>, com a ajuda do monge indiano Atisa, que chegou ao território em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1042?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1042">1042</a>. Com o passar do tempo, formaram-se quatro escolas: <i>Sakyapa, Kagyupa, Nyingmapa e Gelugpa</i>. Em 1578, membros desta última escola converteram o mongol <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altan_Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> à sua doutrina. Alta Khan criou o título de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalai_Lama?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, que concedeu ao líder da escola Gelugpa. Em 1641, com ajuda dos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mong%C3%B3is?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongóis">mongóis</a>, o quinto Dalai Lama derrotou o último príncipe tibetano e tornou-se o líder temporal do Tibete. Os seguintes dalai lamas foram na prática os governantes do Tibete até à invasão chinesa. O quinto dalai lama criou o cargo de Panchen-lama, que reside no mosteiro de T-shi-lhum-po e que foi visto como uma encarnação do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amitabha?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a>.</p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_da_%C3%81sia_Oriental?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo da Ásia Oriental">Budismo da Ásia Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_no_Brasil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo no Brasil">Budismo no Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo_e_psicologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budismo e psicologia">Budismo e psicologia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religi%C3%B5es_do_Oriente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religiões do Oriente">Religiões do Oriente</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandeira_Budista?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bandeira Budista">Bandeira Budista</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abhisamayalamkara?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abhisamayalamkara">Abhisamayalamkara</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estudos_budistas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estudos budistas">Estudos budistas</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_de_religi%C3%B5es_do_Extremo_Oriente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista de religiões do Extremo Oriente">Síntese das religiões orientais</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r60995074">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style> <div class="refbegin reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul> <li>BARBEIRO, Heródoto.C2 moro <i>Buda: o mito e a realidade</i>. São Paulo&nbsp;: Madras, 2005. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/8537000256?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 85-370-0025-6</a>.</li> <li>BAREAU, André - <i>O Buda: Vida e Ensinamentos</i>. Lisboa: Editorial Presença, 1997. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9722322052?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 972-23-2205-2</a>.</li> <li>KEOWN, Damien - <i>O Budismo</i>. Lisboa: Temas e Debates, 2002. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9727594263?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 972-759-426-3</a></li> <li>SMITH, Huston; NOVAK, Philip. <i>Budismo: uma introdução concisa</i>. trad. Cláudio Blanck. São Paulo&nbsp;: Cultrix. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/8531608457?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 85-316-0845-7</a>.</li> </ul> </div> </section> <h2 id="Notas" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso." class="section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span>Notas</h2> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Majjhima Nikaya">Majjhima Nikaya</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.072.than.html">Thanissaro, 1997</a>). Para uma leitura mais profunda sobre o contexto, veja <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn44/sn44.intro.than.html">Thanissaro (2004)</a>. Em inglês.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"></div> </section> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso." class="section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://hsingyun.dharmanet.com.br/buddhismo.htm">«O que é Budismo?»</a>. <i>Grande Mestre Hsing Yün</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=O+que+%C3%A9+Budismo%3F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Grande+Mestre+Hsing+Y%C3%BCn&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsingyun.dharmanet.com.br%2Fbuddhismo.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-multipla-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-multipla_2-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-multipla_2-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-multipla_2-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-multipla_2-3">d</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.mundointerpessoal.com/2016/03/perguntas-respostas-sobre-budismo.html">«Perguntas e Respostas sobre o Budismo»</a>. <i>Perguntas e Respostas sobre o Budismo</i>. Mundo Interpessoal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 27 de Março de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Perguntas+e+Respostas+sobre+o+Budismo&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Perguntas+e+Respostas+sobre+o+Budismo&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mundointerpessoal.com%2F2016%2F03%2Fperguntas-respostas-sobre-budismo.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/">«The Changing Global Religious Landscape»</a>. Pew Research Center. 5 de Abril de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 10 de Dezembro de 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=The+Changing+Global+Religious+Landscape&amp;rft.date=2017-04-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F04%2F05%2Fthe-changing-global-religious-landscape%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141543/http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf">"Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact" (PDF)</a>. gordonconwell.edu. Janeiro de 2015. Arquivado <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf">do original</a> em 25 de maio de 2017.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/94/cd_2010_religiao_deficiencia.pdf">«Características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 10 de Dezembro de 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Caracter%C3sticas+gerais+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2C+religi%C3%A3o+e+pessoas+com+defici%C3%AAncia&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Instituto+Brasileiro+de+Geografia+e+Estat%C3stica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblioteca.ibge.gov.br%2Fvisualizacao%2Fperiodicos%2F94%2Fcd_2010_religiao_deficiencia.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Magalhães, Thamiris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.academia.edu/1890255/Entrevista_O_Budismo_brasileiro_segundo_o_censo_2010">"O budismo étnico está gradativamente envelhecendo"</a>. IHU Online. 27 de agosto de 2012.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf">"Table: Religious Composition by Country"</a>. Global Religious Landscape 2010. Pew Research.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_8-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_8-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Harvey, Peter (23 de novembro de 2015). «<i>Dukkha</i>, Non-Self, and the "Four Noble Truths<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>». In: Emmanuel, Steven M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DP_lmCgAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA34%26dq%3D%2522anatta%2522%26hl%3Dpt-BR"><i>A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</i></a> (em inglês). [S.l.]: John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.&nbsp;34–35</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Dukkha%2C+Non-Self%2C+and+the+%22Four+Noble+Truths%22&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Harvey&amp;rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2015-11-23&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=34-35&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_lmCgAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA34%26dq%3D%2522anatta%2522%26hl%3Dpt-BR&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pérez-Remón, Joaquín (25 de outubro de 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DkYYgAAAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0"><i>Self and Non-Self in Early Buddhism</i></a> (em inglês). [S.l.]: Walter de Gruyter</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3n&amp;rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Rem%C3%B3n&amp;rft.btitle=Self+and+Non-Self+in+Early+Buddhism&amp;rft.date=2012-10-25&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYYgAAAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Glasenapp, Hermuth von (1 de dezembro de 2008). «Vedānta and Buddhism». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQzwFhpnDvMEC%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA36%26dq%3D%2522anatta%2522%2B%2522independent%2522%26hl%3Dpt-BR"><i>Collected Wheel Publications Volume I: Numbers 1–15</i></a> (em inglês). [S.l.]: Buddhist Publication Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Ved%C4%81nta+and+Buddhism&amp;rft.aufirst=Hermuth+von&amp;rft.aulast=Glasenapp&amp;rft.btitle=Collected+Wheel+Publications+Volume+I%3A+Numbers+1%9315&amp;rft.date=2008-12-01&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQzwFhpnDvMEC%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA36%26dq%3D%2522anatta%2522%2B%2522independent%2522%26hl%3Dpt-BR&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kumar, Ashwani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2002_01_01.pdf">«Development of Different Schools of Thoughts in Buddhism»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.aufirst=Ashwani&amp;rft.aulast=Kumar&amp;rft.btitle=Development+of+Different+Schools+of+Thoughts+in+Buddhism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fbot%2Fpdf%2Fbot_2002_01_01.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey, Peter (2013). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</a></i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780521676748?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-67674-8</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gethin, Rupert (1998). <i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:foundationsofbud00rupe">Foundations of Buddhism</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780192892232?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-289223-2</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, John (2007). <i>Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</i>. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9781559392822?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-55939-282-2</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson et al., <i>Religião Budista</i> (Buddhist Religions), pág. xx; <i>Filosofia Oriental e Ocidental</i>, vol. 54, ps 269f; Williams, <i>Budismo Maaiana</i>, Routledge, 1st ed., 1989, pp. 275f (2nd ed., 2008, p. 266)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://uniaobudistaporto.org/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dcategory%26layout%3Dblog%26id%3D37%26Itemid%3D60">«Budismo e escolas budistas»</a>. <i>uniaobudistaporto.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Budismo+e+escolas+budistas&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=uniaobudistaporto.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funiaobudistaporto.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dcategory%26layout%3Dblog%26id%3D37%26Itemid%3D60&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.shurendo.org/budismoshin/kikyoshiki/astresjoiasdobudismo.htm">«As Três Joias do Budismo»</a>. <i>Grupo de Estudos Budista Shurendo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=As+Tr%C3%AAs+Joias+do+Budismo&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Grupo+de+Estudos+Budista+Shurendo&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shurendo.org%2Fbudismoshin%2Fkikyoshiki%2Fastresjoiasdobudismo.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.dharmanet.com.br/intro/sangha.php">«Perguntas e Respostas sobre os Buddhistas»</a>. <i>Perguntas e Respostas sobre os Buddhistas</i>. Dharmanet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de Dezembro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Perguntas+e+Respostas+sobre+os+Buddhistas&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Perguntas+e+Respostas+sobre+os+Buddhistas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dharmanet.com.br%2Fintro%2Fsangha.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Darmapada: a doutrina budista em versos</i>. Tradução do páli, introdução e notas de Fernando Cacciatore de Garcia. Porto Alegre, RS: L&amp;PM Editores, 2010. p. 16.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666">«Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha - UNESCO World Heritage Centre»</a>. <i>Gethin, para o </i>Fundations<i>, pág. 19</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Lumbini%2C+the+Birthplace+of+the+Lord+Buddha+-+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Gethin%2C+para+o+%27%27Fundations%27%27%2C+p%C3%A1g.+19.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F666&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">TEZUKA, Osamu. <i>Buda - Vol. 1 - No Reino de Kapilavastu</i>. Conrad Editora. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/857616079X?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 85-7616-079-X</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">|titulo=Buddhism |trabalho=Barbara O'Brien |data= |acessodata=8 de Fevereiro de 2010}}</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.wildmind.org/mantras/figures/shakyamuni/5">«Shakyamuni mantra&nbsp;: Wildmind Buddhist Meditation»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Shakyamuni+mantra+%3A+Wildmind+Buddhist+Meditation&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildmind.org%2Fmantras%2Ffigures%2Fshakyamuni%2F5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-asreligioes-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asreligioes_24-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-asreligioes_24-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://asreligioes.com.br/religiao_pt/scripts/persoDescricao.asp?idPersonagem%3D60%26idReligiao%3D36">«As Religiões»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=As+Religi%C3%B5es&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasreligioes.com.br%2Freligiao_pt%2Fscripts%2FpersoDescricao.asp%3FidPersonagem%3D60%26idReligiao%3D36&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">FERREIRA, A. B. H. <i>Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa</i>. Segunda edição. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1986. p.776</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://books.google.com.br/books?id%3DKizUvneBVMoC%26pg%3DPA114%26lpg%3DPA114%26dq%3D%25C3%25A1rvore%2Bficus%2Breligiosa%2Bbuda%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DJn6oHssGM8%26sig%3DwhSl3gAOyc7eD4kDKKrQT1wOFto%26hl%3Dpt-BR%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DzHwYT4K7FYTo2gXWxp2qBA%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CGEQ6AEwCA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%25C3%25A1rvore%2520ficus%2520religiosa%2520buda%26f%3Dfalse">[1]</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.orion.med.br/portal/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D948:arvore-mito-e-corpo-no-yoga%26catid%3D35:tadeu%26Itemid%3D14">«Árvore, mito e corpo no Yoga»</a>. <i>João Tadeu de Andrade</i>. 8 de Janeiro de 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=%C3%81rvore%2C+mito+e+corpo+no+Yoga&amp;rft.date=2009-01-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Jo%C3%A3o+Tadeu+de+Andrade&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orion.med.br%2Fportal%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D948%3Aarvore-mito-e-corpo-no-yoga%26catid%3D35%3Atadeu%26Itemid%3D14&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.buddhabihar.com/portuguese/mahabbodhitree.html">«Buddha, Bihar, Lord Buddha, Mahabodhitree, árvore do mahabodhi no bodhgaya, gaya do bodh, www.buddhabihar.com»</a>. <i>AUPS MULTIMEDIA. Mumbai, New Delhi, Patna</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Buddha%2C+Bihar%2C+Lord+Buddha%2C+Mahabodhitree%2C+%C3%A1rvore+do+mahabodhi+no+bodhgaya%2C+gaya+do+bodh%2C+www.buddhabihar.com&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=AUPS+MULTIMEDIA.+Mumbai%2C+New+Delhi%2C+Patna&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhabihar.com%2Fportuguese%2Fmahabbodhitree.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.centroraja.org.br/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D66%26Itemid%3D62">«A magia das árvores»</a>. <i>Carlos Cardoso Aveline, jornalista, escritor e articulista da revista Planeta</i>. 6 de Março de 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=A+magia+das+%C3%A1rvores&amp;rft.date=2009-03-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Carlos+Cardoso+Aveline%2C+jornalista%2C+escritor+e+articulista+da+revista+Planeta&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centroraja.org.br%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D66%26Itemid%3D62&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">CARRITHERS, Michael. The Buda. Estados Unidos: Oxford University Press, 1984, pág. 10. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0192875892?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-287589-2</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ARMSTRONG, Karen (28 de Setembro de 2004). Buddha. Penguin Press. p. XII. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0143034367?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-303436-7</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://opicodamontanha.blogspot.com/2009/05/acoes-e-frutos-karma-e-vipaka.html">«O Pico da Montanha (é onde estão os meus pés): Ações e frutos, karma e vipaka»</a>. <i>Monge Genshô</i>. 28 de Maio de 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 9 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=O+Pico+da+Montanha+%28%C3%A9+onde+est%C3%A3o+os+meus+p%C3%A9s%29%3A+A%C3%A7%C3%B5es+e+frutos%2C+karma+e+vipaka&amp;rft.date=2009-05-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Monge+Gensh%C3%B4&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopicodamontanha.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Facoes-e-frutos-karma-e-vipaka.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.buddhistethics.org/13/zse1-kasulis.pdf">«Zen as a Social Ethics of Responsiveness»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>T. P. Kasulis</i>. 28 de Maio de 2009. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1076-9005">1076-9005</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 9 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Zen+as+a+Social+Ethics+of+Responsiveness&amp;rft.date=2009-05-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.issn=1076-9005&amp;rft.jtitle=T.+P.+Kasulis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistethics.org%2F13%2Fzse1-kasulis.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-harvey-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-harvey_34-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-harvey_34-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-harvey_34-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-harvey_34-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-harvey_34-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-harvey_34-5">f</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-harvey_34-6">g</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">HARVEY, Peter. <i>An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (Introduction to Religion)</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1990. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0521313333?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-31333-3</a>. / .2: Página 56; .3: Página 57; .4: Página 58; .5: Página 59; .6: Página 60;</span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">PAYNE, Richard. <i>Tantric Buddhism in East Asia</i>. Wisdom Publications, 2005. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0861714873?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-86171-487-3</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.dharmanet.com.br/vajrayana/bhavachakra.htm">«A Roda da Vida»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 10 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=A+Roda+da+Vida&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dharmanet.com.br%2Fvajrayana%2Fbhavachakra.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://daisycamargo.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!A681F7825A8AEAD5!1171.entry?sa%3D311502673">«OS SEIS REINOS DE EXISTÊNCIA - Parte 01 - Windows Live»</a>. <i>Daisy Camargo</i>. 7 de Junho de 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 10 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=OS+SEIS+REINOS+DE+EXIST%C3%8ANCIA+-+Parte+01+-+Windows+Live&amp;rft.date=2010-06-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Daisy+Camargo&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaisycamargo.spaces.live.com%2Fblog%2Fcns%21A681F7825A8AEAD5%211171.entry%3Fsa%3D311502673&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ari-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ari_38-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ari_38-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ari_38-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.blogdoari.com/visualizar.php?idt%3D1740582">«Budismo: Renascimento e os Seis Reinos da Existência»</a>. <i>Ari Santos Dias</i>. 6 de Agosto de 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 10 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Budismo%3A+Renascimento+e+os+Seis+Reinos+da+Exist%C3%AAncia&amp;rft.date=2009-08-06&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ari+Santos+Dias&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blogdoari.com%2Fvisualizar.php%3Fidt%3D1740582&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.historiadomundo.com.br/religioes/budismo.htm">«Budismo - História do Budismo - História do Mundo»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Budismo+-+Hist%C3%B3ria+do+Budismo+-+Hist%C3%B3ria+do+Mundo&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historiadomundo.com.br%2Freligioes%2Fbudismo.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.google.com.br/url?sa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26ct%3Dhtml%26cd%3D12%26ved%3Dundefined%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F74.125.47.132%252Fsearch%253Fq%253Dcache%253A_MdpuTyk8mEJ%253Awww.cipedya.com%252Fweb%252FFileDownload.aspx%25253FIDFile%25253D175722%252BO%252Bciclo%252Bdo%252Bsamsara%252Bbudismo%2526cd%253D12%2526hl%253Dpt-BR%2526ct%253Dclnk%2526gl%253Dbr%2526client%253Dfirefox-a%26ei%3DRPdzS_b1MpG0tgejjOWvCg%26usg%3DAFQjCNG0A0XNp31M9bvPcEt5vwlTy6N7uA%26sig2%3D9fz28z1dfT3FMIMSQxQyYg">«Glossário De Budismo Tibetano»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Gloss%C3%A1rio+De+Budismo+Tibetano&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.br%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26ct%3Dhtml%26cd%3D12%26ved%3Dundefined%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F74.125.47.132%252Fsearch%253Fq%253Dcache%253A_MdpuTyk8mEJ%253Awww.cipedya.com%252Fweb%252FFileDownload.aspx%25253FIDFile%25253D175722%252BO%252Bciclo%252Bdo%252Bsamsara%252Bbudismo%2526cd%253D12%2526hl%253Dpt-BR%2526ct%253Dclnk%2526gl%253Dbr%2526client%253Dfirefox-a%26ei%3DRPdzS_b1MpG0tgejjOWvCg%26usg%3DAFQjCNG0A0XNp31M9bvPcEt5vwlTy6N7uA%26sig2%3D9fz28z1dfT3FMIMSQxQyYg&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://pessoas.hsw.uol.com.br/reencarnacao2.htm">«HowStuffWorks - Reencarnação no Budismo»</a>. <i>Sarah Dowdey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=HowStuffWorks+-+Reencarna%C3%A7%C3%A3o+no+Budismo&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Sarah+Dowdey&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpessoas.hsw.uol.com.br%2Freencarnacao2.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.piya.html">«Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth (SN 56.11)»</a>. <i>Do </i>The Book of Protection<i>, traduzido por Piyadassi Thera</i>. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Dhammacakkappavattana+Sutta%3A+Setting+in+Motion+the+Wheel+of+Truth+%28SN+56.11%29&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Do+%27%27The+Book+of+Protection%27%27%2C+traduzido+por+Piyadassi+Thera&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fsn%2Fsn56%2Fsn56.011.piya.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.desenredo.com.br/Textos/Budismo.htm">«Desenredo - site cultural»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Desenredo+-+site+cultural&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desenredo.com.br%2FTextos%2FBudismo.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://curtavida.com/budismo-quatro-nobre-verdades-caminho-octuplo">«As Quatro Nobre Verdades e o Nobre Caminho Óctuplo do Budismo: uma visão mais apropriada&nbsp;: Curta Vida»</a>. 1 de Janeiro de 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=As+Quatro+Nobre+Verdades+e+o+Nobre+Caminho+%C3%93ctuplo+do+Budismo%3A+uma+vis%C3%A3o+mais+apropriada+%3A+Curta+Vida&amp;rft.date=2009-01-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcurtavida.com%2Fbudismo-quatro-nobre-verdades-caminho-octuplo&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">GETHIN, Rupert. <i>The Foundations of Buddhism (OPUS)</i>. Oxford University Press, 1998. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0192892231?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-289223-1</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinnels, John R.. <i>The New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions</i>. Londres: Penguin Books. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0140514805?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-051480-5</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-ELIOT-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ELIOT_47-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ELIOT_47-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">ELIOT. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://books.google.com.br/books?id%3DN3oRI23AdkkC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DEliot%252C%2520Japanese%2520Buddhism%26pg%3DPR9%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse">Japanese Buddhism (Kegan Paul Japan Library)</a></i>. Routledge, 2005. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0710309678?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7103-0967-8</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://samoockah.blogspot.com/2007/07/questes-sobre-o-budismo-colegiado.html">«Textos: O Que É o Budismo (Colegiado Buddhista Brasileiro) - Parte 1»</a>. <i>23 de Julho de 2007</i>. 1 de Janeiro de 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Textos%3A+O+Que+%C3%89+o+Budismo+%28Colegiado+Buddhista+Brasileiro%29+-+Parte+1&amp;rft.date=2009-01-01&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=23+de+Julho+de+2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamoockah.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F07%2Fquestes-sobre-o-budismo-colegiado.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://curitiba.nalanda.org.br/?p%3D82">«O que é dukkha?&nbsp;: Nalanda Curitiba»</a>. <i>Rewata Dhamma Sayadaw</i>. 4 de Janeiro de 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=O+que+%C3%A9+dukkha%3F+%3A+Nalanda+Curitiba&amp;rft.date=2007-01-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Rewata+Dhamma+Sayadaw&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcuritiba.nalanda.org.br%2F%3Fp%3D82&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-rahula-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rahula_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Walpola_Rahula&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Walpola Rahula (página não existe)">Rahula, Walpola</a> (1959). «Chapter 2». <i>What the Buddha Taught</i>. [S.l.]: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Grove_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Grove Press (página não existe)">Grove Press</a>. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-8021-3031-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-8021-3031-3">0-8021-3031-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+2&amp;rft.aufirst=Walpola&amp;rft.aulast=Rahula&amp;rft.btitle=What+the+Buddha+Taught&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-8021-3031-3&amp;rft.pub=Grove+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-prebish-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-prebish_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Prebish, Charles (1993). <i>Historical Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. [S.l.]: The Scarecrow Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-8108-2698-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-8108-2698-4">0-8108-2698-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.aulast=Prebish&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8108-2698-4&amp;rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-keown-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-keown_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Keown, Damien (2003). <i>Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. [S.l.]: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-19-860560-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-19-860560-9">0-19-860560-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.aufirst=Damien&amp;rft.aulast=Keown&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Buddhism&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-860560-9&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holder, John J., ed. (15 de março de 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DF80IBAAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA80%26dq%3D%2522anatta%2522%2B%2522eternalism%2522%2B%2522annihilationism%2522%26hl%3Dpt-BR"><i>Early Buddhist Discourses</i></a> (em inglês). [S.l.]: Hackett Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Discourses&amp;rft.date=2006-03-15&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF80IBAAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA80%26dq%3D%2522anatta%2522%2B%2522eternalism%2522%2B%2522annihilationism%2522%26hl%3Dpt-BR&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Meister, Chad (17 de janeiro de 2013). «Death and the afterlife». In: Meister, Chad; Copan, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DUMaenE1H-JEC%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA299%26dq%3D%2522anatta%2522%26hl%3Dpt-BR"><i>Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion</i></a> (em inglês). [S.l.]: Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Death+and+the+afterlife&amp;rft.aufirst=Chad&amp;rft.aulast=Meister&amp;rft.btitle=Routledge+Companion+to+Philosophy+of+Religion&amp;rft.date=2013-01-17&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUMaenE1H-JEC%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA299%26dq%3D%2522anatta%2522%26hl%3Dpt-BR&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Nomes_m%C3%BAltiplos:_lista_de_editores?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-originofbuddha-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-5">f</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-6">g</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-7">h</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-8">i</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-9">j</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-10">k</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-originofbuddha_55-11">l</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://originofbuddha.blogspot.com/2009/05/impermanence-suffering-and-non-self.html">«The Origin of Buddha: "Impermanence, suffering and non-self<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>»</a>. 17 de maio de 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 17 de fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Buddha%3A+%9CImpermanence%2C+suffering+and+non-self%9D&amp;rft.date=2009-05-17&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foriginofbuddha.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fimpermanence-suffering-and-non-self.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">LINDTNER, ChristiaN. <i>Master of Wisdom: Writings of the Buddhist Master Nagarjuna (Tibetan Translation Series)</i>. Dharma Publishing, 1987. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0898001390?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-89800-139-0</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.acmuller.net/yogacara/articles/intro-uni.htm">«What is and isn't Yogacara»</a>. <i>Dan Lusthaus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de Fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=What+is+and+isn%27t+Yogacara&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Dan+Lusthaus&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acmuller.net%2Fyogacara%2Farticles%2Fintro-uni.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/bstats_b.htm">«Statistics on the Major Branches of Buddhism»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 27 de Dezembro de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Statistics+on+the+Major+Branches+of+Buddhism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fe-learning%2Fhistory%2Fbstats_b.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308050402/https://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/hakusho_nenjihokokusho/shukyo_nenkan/pdf/r03nenkan.pdf">«Buddhism Statistics»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 27 de Dezembro de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Buddhism+Statistics&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20220308050402%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Ftokei_hakusho_shuppan%2Fhakusho_nenjihokokusho%2Fshukyo_nenkan%2Fpdf%2Fr03nenkan.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:7-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:7_61-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:7_61-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Chan Master Sheng Yen (2007). <i>Orthodox Chinese Buddhism: A Contemporary Chan Master's Answers to Common Questions,</i> pp. 118-119. North Atlantic Books.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Não_nomeado-20230316141623-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-N%C3%A3o_nomeado-20230316141623_62-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-N%C3%A3o_nomeado-20230316141623_62-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://koreantempleguide.com/korean-buddhism-orders-and-sects">«Korean Buddhism»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 25 de Dezembro de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Korean+Buddhism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoreantempleguide.com%2Fkorean-buddhism-orders-and-sects&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://web.archive.org/web/20030803042142/www.dharmanet.com.br/sangha.htm">«As primeiras escolas»</a>. <i>Sangha</i>. Dharmanet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de Dezembro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=As+primeiras+escolas&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Sangha&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20030803042142%2Fwww.dharmanet.com.br%2Fsangha.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-nome-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nome_64-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nome_64-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nome_64-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nome_64-3">d</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://web.archive.org/web/20030803043852/www.dharmanet.com.br/sangha5.htm">«Escolas e países buddhistas»</a>. <i>Sangha</i>. Dharmanet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de Dezembro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.atitle=Escolas+e+pa%C3ses+buddhistas&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Sangha&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20030803043852%2Fwww.dharmanet.com.br%2Fsangha5.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/bstats_b.htm">«Statistics on the Major Branches of Buddhism»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 24 de Dezembro de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Statistics+on+the+Major+Branches+of+Buddhism&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fe-learning%2Fhistory%2Fbstats_b.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://accesstoinsight.org/theravada.html">«Access to Insight»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 24 de Dezembro de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Access+to+Insight&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faccesstoinsight.org%2Ftheravada.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308050402/https://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/hakusho_nenjihokokusho/shukyo_nenkan/pdf/r03nenkan.pdf">«Buddhism Statistics»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 24 de Dezembro de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Buddhism+Statistics&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20220308050402%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Ftokei_hakusho_shuppan%2Fhakusho_nenjihokokusho%2Fshukyo_nenkan%2Fpdf%2Fr03nenkan.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nichiren.or.jp/english/teachings/">«Nichiren Shu»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 24 de Dezembro de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Nichiren+Shu&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichiren.or.jp%2Fenglish%2Fteachings%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://purelandbuddhism.org/plb/18">«Terra Pura»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 24 de Dezembro de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Terra+Pura&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpurelandbuddhism.org%2Fplb%2F18&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Zen_school">«Zen»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 24 de Dezembro de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ABudismo&amp;rft.btitle=Zen&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com%2Fen%2Findex.php%2FZen_school&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin, David Ray (1990), <i>Sacred Interconnections: Postmodern Spirituality, Political Economy, and Art,</i> SUNY Press, p. 199.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emmanuel, Steven M. (2015), <i>A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy,</i> John Wiley &amp; Sons, p. 120.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.indiaolivro.com.br/">Índia: O livro - Budismo</a></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <table class="infobox noprint" style="width:250px; line-height:2.2em; font-size:90%"> <tbody> <tr style="line-height:1.3em"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Outros projetos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikimedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a> também contêm material sobre este tema:</td> </tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Budismo" title="Wikilivros"> <noscript> <img alt="Wikilivros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/21px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/21px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Wikilivros" data-width="21" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/42px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></th> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Budismo" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Budismo"><span title="Procurar por livros e manuais no Wikilivros"><b>Livros e manuais</b></span></a> no <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/P%25C3%25A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="b:Página principal"><span title="Wikilivros">Wikilivros</span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Budismo" title="Wikiquote"> <noscript> <img alt="Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Wikiquote" data-width="21" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></th> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Budismo" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Budismo"><span title="Procurar por citações no Wikiquote"><b>Citações</b></span></a> no <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/P%25C3%25A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="q:Página principal"><span title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Buddhism" title="Commons"> <noscript> <img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Commons" data-width="21" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/32px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></th> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Buddhism" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Buddhism"><span title="Procurar pelas categorias no Commons"><b>Categoria</b></span></a> no <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="commons:Página principal"><span title="Commons">Commons</span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Introdu%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_ao_Budismo" title="Wikiversidade"> <noscript> <img alt="Wikiversidade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/21px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/21px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Wikiversidade" data-width="21" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/32px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/42px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></th> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Introdu%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_ao_Budismo" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Introdução ao Budismo"><span title="Procurar por cursos no Wikiversidade"><b>Cursos</b></span></a> na <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikiversity.org/wiki/P%25C3%25A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="v:Página principal"><span title="Wikiversidade">Wikiversidade</span></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div id="interProject" style="display:none;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Buddhism" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Buddhism"><span title="Commons (categoria)">Commons</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Budismo" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Budismo"><span title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Budismo" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Budismo"><span title="Wikilivros">Wikilivros</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Introdu%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_ao_Budismo" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Introdução ao Budismo"><span title="Wikiversidade">Wikiversidade</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-right: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; border-left: solid silver 1px; padding:3px; background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"> <li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Lotus-buddha.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal do budismo"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lotus-buddha.svg/25px-Lotus-buddha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="74"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lotus-buddha.svg/25px-Lotus-buddha.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lotus-buddha.svg/38px-Lotus-buddha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lotus-buddha.svg/50px-Lotus-buddha.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Budismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Budismo">Portal do budismo</a></span></span></li> <li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:P_religion_world.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal da religião"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/25px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/25px-P_religion_world.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/38px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/50px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Religi%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Religião">Portal da religião</a></span></span></li> </ul><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59856bd7d8‐rd6w5 Cached time: 20241119175656 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.371 seconds Real time usage: 1.770 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10108/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 232468/2097152 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.052 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DBudismo%26oldid%3D68704775">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budismo&amp;oldid=68704775</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Budismo&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Cosmo Skerry" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1727321414"> <span>Última edição a 26 de setembro de 2024, às 03h30min</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Línguas</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boeddhisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus — alemão suíço" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemão suíço" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2589%25A1%25E1%258B%25B2%25E1%2588%25B5%25E1%2588%259D" title="ቡዲስም — amárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቡዲስም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo — aragonês" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddend%25C5%258Dm" title="Buddendōm — inglês antigo" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Buddendōm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="inglês antigo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258C%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म — angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25B0%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="البوذية — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البوذية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="بودية — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بودية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25B0%25D9%258A%25D9%2587" title="بوذيه — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوذيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%258C%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A7_%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE" title="বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম — assamês" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismu" title="Budismu — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Budismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buddizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2%25D9%2585" title="بودیزم — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بودیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Буддизм — bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha — balinês" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Agama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%25C4%2597zmos" title="Budėzmos — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Budėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Будызм — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Будызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Будызм — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Будызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda — Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D1%258A%25D0%25BC" title="Будизъм — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Будизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258C%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisim" title="Budisim — bislamá" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Budisim" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislamá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha — Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2597%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2592%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2593%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2582%258F%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2582%258F" title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာႏသာႏ — Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%258C%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE" title="বৌদ্ধধর্ম — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৌদ্ধধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BE%259F%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ནང་བསྟན། — tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནང་བསྟན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%258C%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A7_%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A4" title="বৌদ্ধ লিচেত — Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বৌদ্ধ লিচেত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudaegezh" title="Boudaegezh — bretão" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Boudaegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizam" title="Budizam — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Budizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha — Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Буддын шажан — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Буддын шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisme" title="Budisme — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Budisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C5%25ADk-g%25C3%25A1u" title="Hŭk-gáu — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hŭk-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Буддизм — checheno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="checheno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo — cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2%25D9%2585" title="بودیزم — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بودیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddisimu" title="Buddisimu — córsico" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Buddisimu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="córsico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm — tártara da Crimeia" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Buddizm" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tártara da Crimeia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Буддизм — chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwdhaeth" title="Bwdhaeth — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bwdhaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Buddhisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizm" title="Budizm — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Budizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="बुद्ध धर्म — Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बुद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2586%25E0%25BD%25BC%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ནང་ཆོས། — dzonga" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ནང་ཆོས།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2592%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CE%25BC%25CF%258C%25CF%2582" title="Βουδισμός — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βουδισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Buddhism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhismo" title="Budhismo — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Budhismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Budism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismu" title="Budismu — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Budismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585" title="بودیسم — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بودیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhalaisuus" title="Buddhalaisuus — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Buddhalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Budism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddisma" title="Buddisma — feroês" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Buddisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisme" title="Bouddhisme — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouddhisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudismo" title="Boudismo — Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Boudismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus — frísio setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frísio setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisim" title="Budisim — friulano" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Budisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boedisme" title="Boedisme — frísico ocidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boedisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frísico ocidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_B%25C3%25BAdachas" title="An Búdachas — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Búdachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%2595%2599" title="佛教 — gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="佛教" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudism" title="Boudism — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Boudism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25B9dachas" title="Bùdachas — gaélico escocês" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bùdachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C3%25BAda_rape" title="Vúda rape — guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vúda rape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25AC%25E0%25AB%258C%25E0%25AA%25A6%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25A7_%25E0%25AA%25A7%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25AE" title="બૌદ્ધ ધર્મ — guzerate" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બૌદ્ધ ધર્મ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guzerate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha — haúça" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haúça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%25CC%258Dt-kau" title="Fu̍t-kau — hacá" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fu̍t-kau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hacá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%25CA%25BBomana_Buda" title="Hoʻomana Buda — havaiano" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hoʻomana Buda" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="havaiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2591%25D7%2595%25D7%2593%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%2596%25D7%259D" title="בודהיזם — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בודהיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258C%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Buddhism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizam" title="Budizam — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Budizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudis" title="Boudis — haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Boudis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhizmus" title="Buddhizmus — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buddhizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B2%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A4%25D5%25A4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Բուդդայականություն — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուդդայականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258A%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25BF%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25AB%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Պուտտայականութիւն — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պուտտայականութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismo" title="Buddhismo — interlíngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Buddhismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlíngua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha — iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buddhisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhisme" title="Budhisme — interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Budhisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism — igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Buddhism" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo — ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Буддизм — inguche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BAddismi" title="Búddismi — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Búddismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo" title="Buddismo — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BB%258F%25E6%2595%2599" title="仏教 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仏教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizim" title="Budizim — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Budizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bu%2527ojda" title="bu'ojda — lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bu'ojda" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2596%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598" title="ბუდიზმი — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუდიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm — kara-kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Buddizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="kara-kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buudiyism" title="Buudiyism — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Buudiyism" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwibuda" title="Khwibuda — tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khwibuda" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Буддизм — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2596%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259F%2587%25E1%259E%2596%25E1%259E%25BB%25E1%259E%2591%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%2592%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%2593%25E1%259E%25B6" title="ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា — khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AC%25E0%25B3%258C%25E0%25B2%25A6%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A7_%25E0%25B2%25A7%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE" title="ಬೌದ್ಧ ಧರ್ಮ — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೌದ್ಧ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25B6%2588%25EA%25B5%2590" title="불교 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%258F%25D8%25AF%25DA%25BE_%25D9%2585%25D9%258E%25D8%25AA" title="بُدھ مَت — caxemira" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بُدھ مَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caxemira" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%25C3%25AEzm" title="Budîzm — curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Budîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisteth" title="Bouddhisteth — córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bouddhisteth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Бурканчылык — quirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бурканчылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="quirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizmo" title="Budizmo — ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Budizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Буддизм — lezghiano" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisme" title="Budisme — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Budisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme — limburguês" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Boeddhisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddiximo" title="Buddiximo — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Buddiximo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Budism" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhesim" title="Buddhesim — lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Buddhesim" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259E%25E0%25BA%25B8%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%259C%25E0%25BA%25B2" title="ພຸດທະສາສະໜາ — laosiano" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພຸດທະສາສະໜາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizmas" title="Budizmas — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Budizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisms" title="Budisms — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Budisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258C%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म — maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha — Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Agama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Буддизмась — mocsa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Буддизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mocsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodisma" title="Bodisma — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bodisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamo_Buddha" title="Agamo Buddha — minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Agamo Buddha" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC" title="Будизам — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Будизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AC%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25A6%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A7%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%2582" title="ബുദ്ധമതം — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബുദ്ധമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD" title="Буддын шашин — mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Буддын шашин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2595%25EA%25AF%25A7%25EA%25AF%2599_%25EA%25AF%2582%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%25A2%25EA%25AF%2585%25EA%25AF%25A4%25EA%25AF%25A1" title="ꯕꯧꯙ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ — manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯧꯙ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2597%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2592%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2593%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC" title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ — Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258C%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddi%25C5%25BCmu" title="Buddiżmu — maltês" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Buddiżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo — mirandês" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2597%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2592%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2593%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC" title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ — birmanês" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="بودایی دین — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بودایی دین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus" title="Buddhismus — baixo-alemão" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo-alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme — baixo-saxão" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Boeddhisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baixo-saxão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258C%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म — nepalês" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="बुद्ध धर्म — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बुद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boeddhisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismen" title="Buddhismen — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Buddhismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buddhisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisme" title="Budisme — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Budisme" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebuda" title="Sebuda — soto setentrional" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sebuda" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="soto setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodisme" title="Bodisme — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bodisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhalai%25C5%25BEus" title="Buddhalaižus — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Buddhalaižus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizimii" title="Budizimii — oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Budizimii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%25AC%25E0%25AD%258C%25E0%25AC%25A6%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25A7_%25E0%25AC%25A7%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25AE" title="ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଧର୍ମ — oriá" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଧର୍ମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Буддизм — ossético" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossético" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AC%25E0%25A9%2581%25E0%25A9%25B1%25E0%25A8%25A7_%25E0%25A8%25A7%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AE" title="ਬੁੱਧ ਧਰਮ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁੱਧ ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismu" title="Budismu — pampango" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Budismu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo — papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudime" title="Boudime — Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Boudime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A5%258B_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="बुद्धो धम्म — páli" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बुद्धो धम्म" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="páli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism — Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Budism" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddyzm" title="Buddyzm — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Buddyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodism" title="Bodism — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bodism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%25DA%25BE_%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA" title="بدھ مت — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بدھ مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25B2%25D9%2585" title="بوديزم — pastó" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوديزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthayuyay" title="Puthayuyay — quíchua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puthayuyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quíchua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budissem" title="Budissem — romanche" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Budissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddapen" title="Buddapen — Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Buddapen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism" title="Budism — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Budism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Буддизм — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B3%25D1%2596%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Будгізм — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Будгізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisime" title="Budisime — quiniaruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Budisime" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="quiniaruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258C%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%2583" title="बौद्धधर्मः — sânscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बौद्धधर्मः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sânscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Буддизм — sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25B5%25E1%25B1%25A9%25E1%25B1%25AB%25E1%25B1%25AB%25E1%25B1%25B7%25E1%25B1%259A_%25E1%25B1%25AB%25E1%25B1%25B7%25E1%25B1%259A%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%259A%25E1%25B1%25A2" title="ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ — santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismu" title="Buddhismu — sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Buddhismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismu" title="Buddismu — siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Buddismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Buddhism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BB%25DA%258C%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA" title="ٻڌمت — sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻڌمت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisma" title="Buddhisma — sami do norte" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Buddhisma" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami do norte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizam" title="Budizam — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Budizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2581%25BC%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2589%25E1%2580%2591" title="သႃႇသၼႃႇပုတ်ႉထ — shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သႃႇသၼႃႇပုတ်ႉထ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B6%25E0%25B7%2594%25E0%25B6%25AF%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25B0%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%259C%25E0%25B6%25B8" title="බුද්ධාගම — cingalês" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බුද්ධාගම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Buddhism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhizmus" title="Budhizmus — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Budhizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%25DA%25BE_%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA" title="بدھ مت — Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بدھ مت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizem" title="Budizem — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Budizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhudha" title="Ubhudha — shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ubhudha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizmi" title="Budizmi — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Budizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC" title="Будизам — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Будизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha — sundanês" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Agama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buddhism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuddha" title="Ubuddha — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubuddha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258C%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D" title="பௌத்தம் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பௌத்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AC%25E0%25B3%258C%25E0%25B2%25A6%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A7_%25E0%25B2%25A7%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE" title="ಬೌದ್ಧ ಧರ್ಮ — Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬೌದ್ಧ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A5%259A%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25B1_%25E1%25A5%2594%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25B1_%25E1%25A5%2599%25E1%25A5%25A7%25E1%25A5%2590_%25E1%25A5%2597%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25B3" title="ᥚᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥙᥧᥐ ᥗᥣᥳ — Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥚᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥙᥧᥐ ᥗᥣᥳ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AC%25E0%25B1%258C%25E0%25B0%25A6%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25A7_%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B0%2582" title="బౌద్ధ మతం — telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బౌద్ధ మతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Буддоия — tajique" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Буддоия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%2598" title="ศาสนาพุทธ — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาพุทธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budda%25C3%25A7ylyk" title="Buddaçylyk — turcomano" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Buddaçylyk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcomano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm — Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Buddizm" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisim" title="Budisim — tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Budisim" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizm" title="Budizm — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Budizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vubhuda" title="Vubhuda — tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vubhuda" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Буддачылык — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Буддачылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DB%2587%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25AF%25D9%2589%25D9%2586%25D9%2589" title="بۇددا دىنى — uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۇددا دىنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Буддизм — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%25DA%25BE_%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA" title="بدھ مت — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بدھ مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buddizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhismo" title="Budhismo — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Budhismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddizm" title="Buddizm — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Buddizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%25E1%25BA%25ADt_gi%25C3%25A1o" title="Phật giáo — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phật giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudisse" title="Boudisse — valão" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Boudisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Budismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%2595%2599" title="佛教 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="佛教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Буддизм — kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Буддизм" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2596%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598" title="ბუდიზმი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბუდიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2591%25D7%2595%25D7%2593%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%2596%25D7%259D" title="בודהיזם — iídiche" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בודהיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="iídiche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25BA%25B8%25CC%2580s%25C3%25ACn_B%25C3%25BAdd%25C3%25A0" title="Ẹ̀sìn Búddà — ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀sìn Búddà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fozgyau" title="Fozgyau — zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Fozgyau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B4%25B1%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B4%25B7%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%259C" title="ⵜⴰⴱⵓⴷⵉⵜ — tamazight marroquino padrão" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴱⵓⴷⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight marroquino padrão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%2595%2599" title="佛教 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="佛教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%2595%2599" title="佛教 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="佛教" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%25CC%258Dt-k%25C3%25A0u" title="Hu̍t-kàu — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hu̍t-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BD%259B%25E6%2595%2599" title="佛教 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佛教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuBudha" title="UbuBudha — zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UbuBudha" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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