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role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"></div><div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#move" title="This article is move-protected."><img alt="Page move-protected" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Padlock-olive.svg/20px-Padlock-olive.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Padlock-olive.svg/30px-Padlock-olive.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Padlock-olive.svg/40px-Padlock-olive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></div> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Algeria</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#p-search">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p> <span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Algeria&params=28_N_2_E_scale:10000000_type:country_region:DZ"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°N</span> <span class="longitude">2°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28°N 2°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28; 2</span></span></span></a></span></span></span> </p> <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="adr" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><span class="fn org country-name">People's Democratic Republic of Algeria</span><br/><div style="padding-top:0.25em;"><span lang="ar" style="font-style:normal;" title="Arabic language text">الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية</span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:81%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span><br/> <p><span lang="ber" title="Berber languages collective text">ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ</span>  <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:81%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a>)</span> </p> <span lang="fr" style="font-style:normal;" title="French language text">République Algerienne Démocratique et Populaire</span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:81%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"> <div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Algeria"><img alt="Flag of Algeria" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/125px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="125" height="83" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/188px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/250px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a></div> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Algeria" title="Flag of Algeria">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Algeria.svg" class="image" title="Emblem of Algeria"><img alt="Emblem of Algeria" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seal_of_Algeria.svg/85px-Seal_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="85" height="85" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seal_of_Algeria.svg/128px-Seal_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seal_of_Algeria.svg/170px-Seal_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="651"/></a></div> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Algeria" title="Emblem of Algeria"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b>Motto: </b><span style="font-size:85%;">بالشّعب وللشّعب</span><br/>By the people and for the people<sup id="cite_ref-CONST-AR_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CONST-AR-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CONST-EN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CONST-EN-2">[2]</a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="anthem" style="text-align:center"> <div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b>Anthem: </b><i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassaman" title="Kassaman">Kassaman</a></i><br/>(English: <span lang="en">"We Pledge"</span>)<br/><center><div class="mediaContainer" style="width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" style="width:220px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="73.247346938776" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Algeria,_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/National_anthem_of_Algeria%2C_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga/National_anthem_of_Algeria%2C_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-title="MP3" data-shorttitle="MP3" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="217312"/><source src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/National_anthem_of_Algeria%2C_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (414 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="413560"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:National_anthem_of_Algeria,_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:National_anthem_of_Algeria,_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.oga.en.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" data-dir="ltr"/></audio></div></center></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image" title="Location of Algeria (dark green)"><img alt="Location of Algeria (dark green)" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Algeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Algeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" width="250" height="250" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Algeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Algeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Algeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Algeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"/></a><div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Location of <span style="font-size:2px;"> </span>Algeria<span style="font-size:8px;"><span class="nowrap">  </span></span>(dark green)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_DZA_-_UNOCHA.svg" class="image" title="Location of Algeria"><img alt="Location of Algeria" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Algeria_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_DZA_-_UNOCHA.svg/250px-Algeria_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_DZA_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" width="250" height="250" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Algeria_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_DZA_-_UNOCHA.svg/375px-Algeria_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_DZA_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Algeria_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_DZA_-_UNOCHA.svg/500px-Algeria_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_DZA_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="254"/></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Capital<br/><span style="font-weight:normal">and largest city</span></th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a><br/><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Algeria&params=36_42_N_3_13_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°13′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.700°N 3.217°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.700; 3.217</span></span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Official languages</th><td> <div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><b><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-constitution_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a><sup id="cite_ref-APS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APS-4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Other languages</th><td> <p><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(business and education)</span><sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic (Darija)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lingua franca)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</a><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span></th><td> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab-Berber" title="Arab-Berber">Arab-Berber</a> 99% <sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a></sup></span></li><li>1% others<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Religion<span style="font-weight:normal;"></span></th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian people">Algerian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Algeria" title="Politics of Algeria">Government</a></th><td> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a></span> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People's republic">people's republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President</a></div></th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Prime Minister</a></div></th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Ouyahia" title="Ahmed Ouyahia">Ahmed Ouyahia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Legislature</th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Algeria" title="Parliament of Algeria">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Council of the Nation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" title="Ottoman Algeria">Al Jazâ'ir</a></div></th><td> 1515</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a></div></th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">5 July 1830</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Independence</a> from <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th><td> 3 July 1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Recognised</div></th><td> 5 July 1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria" title="Constitution of Algeria">Current constitution</a></div></th><td> 10 September 1963</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total</div></th><td> 2,381,741 km<sup>2</sup> (919,595 sq mi) (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Water (%)</div></th><td> negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Algeria" title="Demographics of Algeria">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2018 estimate</div></th><td> 42,200,000<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS-7">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">32rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2013 census</div></th><td> 37,900,000<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS-7">[6]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Density</div></th><td> 15.9/km<sup>2</sup> (41.2/sq mi) (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by population density">208th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td> 2017 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total</div></th><td> $854.321 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-8">[7]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Per capita</div></th><td> $15,281<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-8">[7]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominal)</span></th><td> 2017 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total</div></th><td> $400.767 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-8">[7]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Per capita</div></th><td> $4,187<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-8">[7]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2011)</span></th><td> 27.6<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup><br/><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:forestgreen">low</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2015)</span></th><td> <img alt="Increase" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> 0.745<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-10">[9]</a></sup><br/><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span> · <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">83rd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Currency</th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_dinar" title="Algerian dinar">Dinar</a> (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">DZD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Time zone</th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a> <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Date format</th><td> dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">Drives on the</a></th><td> right<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Algeria" title="Telephone numbers in Algeria">Calling code</a></th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Algeria" title="Telephone numbers in Algeria">+213</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DZ" title="ISO 3166-2:DZ">DZ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dz" title=".dz">.dz</a><br/>الجزائر.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small noprint selfref" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000;width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg/40px-Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg.png" width="40" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg/60px-Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg/80px-Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="151"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;"><b>This article contains <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Algeria</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجزائر</span>‎ <i><i lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic-language transliteration">al-Jazā'ir</i></i>, familary <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a> <span lang="ar" title="Arabic language text">الدزاير</span> <i><i lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic-language transliteration">al-dzāyīr</i></i>; <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>: <span lang="ber">ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ</span>; <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i><span lang="fr">Algérie</span></i>), officially the <b>People's Democratic Republic of Algeria</b>, is a <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> on the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean coast</a>. The capital and most populous city is <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, located in the far north of the country. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), Algeria is the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">tenth-largest country in the world</a>, and the largest in Africa since <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> became independent from <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> Algeria is bordered to the northeast by <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, to the east by <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, to the west by <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, to the southwest by the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Saharan</a> territory, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, to the southeast by <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, and to the north by the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. The country is a <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential republic</a> consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes (counties). <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a> has been <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President</a> since 1999. </p><p>Ancient Algeria has known many empires and dynasties, including ancient <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidians</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic">Carthaginians</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyads</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasids</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid" class="mw-redirect" title="Idrisid">Idrisid</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid">Aghlabid</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustamid">Rustamid</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimids</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirid">Zirid</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadids">Hammadids</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottomans">Ottomans</a> and the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French colonial empire</a>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> are the indigenous inhabitants of Algeria. </p><p>Algeria is a <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>. The North African country supplies large amounts of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> to Europe, and energy exports are the backbone of the economy. According to <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> Algeria has the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">16th largest</a> oil reserves in the world and the second largest in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, while it has the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">9th largest reserves</a> of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a>, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa. Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget on the continent; most of Algeria's weapons are imported from <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, with whom they are a close ally.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaSpending_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaSpending-13">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup> Algeria is a member of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and is a founding member of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"/><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ancient_history"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ottoman_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ottoman era</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#French_colonization_(1830–1962)"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">French colonization (1830–1962)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_first_three_decades_of_independence_(1962–1991)"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Civil_War_(1991–2002)_and_aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate_and_hydrology"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate and hydrology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Fauna_and_flora"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fauna and flora</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Foreign_relations"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign relations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Human rights</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Administrative_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative divisions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Hydrocarbons"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hydrocarbons</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Research_and_alternative_energy_sources"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Research and alternative energy sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Labour_market"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Labour market</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Ethnic_groups"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnic groups</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Cities"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cities</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Art"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Art</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Cinema"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cinema</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">8.7</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Health"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The country's name derives from the city of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>. The city's name in turn derives from the Arabic <i><i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic language text">al-Jazā'ir</span></i></i> (<span lang="ar" title="Arabic language text">الجزائر</span>, "The Islands"),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> a truncated form of the older <i><i><span lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic language text">Jazā'ir Banī Mazghanna</span></i></i> (<span lang="ar" title="Arabic language text">جزائر بني مزغنة</span>, "Islands of the Mazghanna Tribe"),<sup id="cite_ref-بازينة2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-بازينة2010-17">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-idrisi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idrisi-18">[17]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-khaldun_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khaldun-19">[18]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> employed by medieval geographers such as <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">al-Idrisi</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History of Algeria</a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small><i>(July 2017)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistoric North Africa</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa_during_Antiquity" title="North Africa during Antiquity">North Africa during Antiquity</a></div> <p>In the region of Ain Hanech (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFda_Province" title="Saïda Province">Saïda Province</a>), early remnants (200,000 BC) of hominid occupation in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> were found. Neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levalloisian</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> styles (43,000 BC) similar to those in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> Algeria was the site of the highest state of development of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flake_tool" title="Flake tool">Flake tool</a> techniques. Tools of this era, starting about 30,000 BC, are called <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a> (after the archeological site of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_el_Ater" title="Bir el Ater">Bir el Ater</a>, south of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa" title="Tébessa">Tebessa</a>). </p><p>The earliest blade industries in North Africa are called <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> (located mainly in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> region). This industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. Neolithic civilization (animal domestication and agriculture) developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early as 11,000 BC<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup> or as late as between 6000 and 2000 BC. This life, richly depicted in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a> paintings, predominated in Algeria until the classical period. The mixture of peoples of North Africa coalesced eventually into a distinct native population that came to be called <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a>, who are the indigenous peoples of northern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dj%C3%A9mila-109038.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dj%C3%A9mila-109038.jpg/220px-Dj%C3%A9mila-109038.jpg" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dj%C3%A9mila-109038.jpg/330px-Dj%C3%A9mila-109038.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dj%C3%A9mila-109038.jpg/440px-Dj%C3%A9mila-109038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="501"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dj%C3%A9mila-109038.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Roman ruins at <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%A9mila" title="Djémila">Djémila</a></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timgad_rue.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Timgad_rue.jpg/220px-Timgad_rue.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Timgad_rue.jpg/330px-Timgad_rue.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Timgad_rue.jpg/440px-Timgad_rue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timgad_rue.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ancient <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> ruins of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timgad" title="Timgad">Timgadon</a> the street leading to the local <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Trajan_(Timgad)" title="Arch of Trajan (Timgad)">Arch of Trajan</a></div></div></div> <p>From their principal center of power at <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> expanded and established small settlements along the North African coast; by 600 BC, a <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> presence existed at <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a>, east of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a> (modern <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a>) and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusicade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusicade">Rusicade</a> (modern <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Skikda</a>). These settlements served as market towns as well as anchorages. </p><p>As Carthaginian power grew, its impact on the indigenous population increased dramatically. Berber civilization was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and political organization supported several states. Trade links between Carthage and the Berbers in the interior grew, but territorial expansion also resulted in the enslavement or military recruitment of some Berbers and in the extraction of tribute from others. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt,_Rome,_Carthage_and_Numidia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Egypt%2C_Rome%2C_Carthage_and_Numidia.jpg/220px-Egypt%2C_Rome%2C_Carthage_and_Numidia.jpg" width="220" height="179" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Egypt%2C_Rome%2C_Carthage_and_Numidia.jpg/330px-Egypt%2C_Rome%2C_Carthage_and_Numidia.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Egypt%2C_Rome%2C_Carthage_and_Numidia.jpg/440px-Egypt%2C_Rome%2C_Carthage_and_Numidia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="1924"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt,_Rome,_Carthage_and_Numidia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Numidia along with Egypt, Rome, and Carthage 200 BC</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tombeau_de_la_Chr%C3%A9tienne.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tombeau_de_la_Chr%C3%A9tienne.JPG/220px-Tombeau_de_la_Chr%C3%A9tienne.JPG" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tombeau_de_la_Chr%C3%A9tienne.JPG/330px-Tombeau_de_la_Chr%C3%A9tienne.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tombeau_de_la_Chr%C3%A9tienne.JPG/440px-Tombeau_de_la_Chr%C3%A9tienne.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1200"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tombeau_de_la_Chr%C3%A9tienne.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_of_Mauretania" title="Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania">Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania</a>, where the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> King <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba II</a> and Queen <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene II</a>, sovereigns of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, are buried</div></div></div> <p>By the early 4th century BC, Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Revolt of the Mercenaries</a>, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>. They succeeded in obtaining control of much of Carthage's North African territory, and they minted coins bearing the name Libyan, used in Greek to describe natives of North Africa. The Carthaginian state declined because of successive defeats by the Romans in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GM_Massinissa.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/GM_Massinissa.png/180px-GM_Massinissa.png" width="180" height="179" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/GM_Massinissa.png/270px-GM_Massinissa.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/GM_Massinissa.png/360px-GM_Massinissa.png 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="862"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GM_Massinissa.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinissa" title="Masinissa">Masinissa</a> (c. 238–148 BC), first king of Numidia</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jugurtha.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jugurtha.JPG/170px-Jugurtha.JPG" width="170" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Jugurtha.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="184"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jugurtha.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugurtha" title="Jugurtha">Jugurtha</a> (c. 160–104 BC), king of Numidia</div></div></div> <p>In 146 BC the city of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> was destroyed. As Carthaginian power waned, the influence of Berber leaders in the hinterland grew. By the 2nd century BC, several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms had emerged. Two of them were established in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>, behind the coastal areas controlled by Carthage. West of Numidia lay <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, which extended across the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulouya_River" title="Moulouya River">Moulouya River</a> in modern-day <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to the Atlantic Ocean. The high point of Berber civilization, unequaled until the coming of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> more than a millennium later, was reached during the reign of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinissa" title="Masinissa">Masinissa</a> in the 2nd century BC. </p><p>After Masinissa's death in 148 BC, the Berber kingdoms were divided and reunited several times. Masinissa's line survived until 24 AD, when the remaining Berber territory was annexed to the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>For several centuries Algeria was ruled by the Romans, who founded many colonies in the region. Like the rest of North Africa, Algeria was one of the breadbaskets of the empire, exporting cereals and other agricultural products. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> was the bishop of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a> (modern-day Algeria), located in the Roman province of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>. The Germanic <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiseric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geiseric">Geiseric</a> moved into North Africa in 429, and by 435 controlled coastal Numidia.<sup id="cite_ref-vandaf_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandaf-24">[23]</a></sup> They did not make any significant settlement on the land, as they were harassed by local tribes. In fact, by the time the Byzantines arrived Lepcis Magna was abandoned and the Msellata region was occupied by the indigenous <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh">Laguatan</a> who had been busy facilitating an <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh">Amazigh</a> political, military and cultural revival.<sup id="cite_ref-vandaf_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandaf-24">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Medieval Muslim Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mansourah-1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mansourah-1.jpg/220px-Mansourah-1.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mansourah-1.jpg/330px-Mansourah-1.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mansourah-1.jpg/440px-Mansourah-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mansourah-1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Mansourah mosque, Tlemcen</div></div></div> <p>After negligible resistance from the locals, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> conquered Algeria in the mid-7th century and a large number of the indigenous people converted to the newly founded faith of Islam. After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, numerous local dynasties emerged, including the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabids" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdalwadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdalwadid">Abdalwadid</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirids">Zirids</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustamids" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustamids">Rustamids</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadids">Hammadids</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> and the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, North Africa was home to many great scholars, saints and sovereigns including <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_ibn_Kuraish" title="Judah ibn Kuraish">Judah Ibn Quraysh</a>, the first grammarian to suggest the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> language family, the great Sufi masters <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Madyan" title="Abu Madyan">Sidi Boumediene (Abu Madyan)</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_El_Houari" title="Sidi El Houari">Sidi El Houari</a>, and the Emirs <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd Al Mu'min</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan" title="Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan">Yāghmūrasen</a>. It was during this time that the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> or children of Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, came to the Maghreb. These "Fatimids" went on to found a long lasting dynasty stretching across the Maghreb, Hejaz and the Levant, boasting a secular inner government, as well as a powerful army and navy, made up primarily of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantines</a> extending from Algeria to their capital state of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid caliphate">Fatimid caliphate</a> began to collapse when its governors the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirids">Zirids</a> seceded. In order to punish them the Fatimids sent the Arab <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> against them. The resultant war is recounted in the epic <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghribat_Bani_Hilal" title="Taghribat Bani Hilal">Tāghribāt</a>. In Al-Tāghrībāt the Amazigh Zirid Hero <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_al-Zanati" title="Khalifa al-Zanati">Khālīfā Al-Zānatī</a> asks daily, for duels, to defeat the Hilalan hero <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Hilali" title="Abu Zayd al-Hilali">Ābu Zayd al-Hilalī</a> and many other Arab knights in a string of victories. The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirid">Zirids</a>, however, were ultimately defeated ushering in an adoption of Arab customs and culture. The indigenous <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Amazigh</a> tribes, however, remained largely independent, and depending on tribe, location and time controlled varying parts of the Maghreb, at times unifying it (as under the Fatimids). The Fatimid Islamic state, also known as <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> made an Islamic empire that included North Africa, Sicily, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast of Africa, Tihamah, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> Caliphates from Northern Africa traded with the other empires of their time, as well as forming part of a confederated support and trade network with other Islamic states during the Islamic Era. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/220px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG" width="220" height="126" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/330px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/440px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="564"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Fatimid Caliphate, c. 960–1100</div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Amazighs</a> historically consisted of several tribes. The two main branches were the Botr and Barnès tribes, who were divided into tribes, and again into sub-tribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several tribes (for example, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhadja" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanhadja">Sanhadja</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houara" title="Houara">Houara</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmouda</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a>, Awarba, and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghwata" class="mw-redirect" title="Berghwata">Berghwata</a>). All these tribes made independent territorial decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Amazigh</a> dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb and other nearby lands. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> provides a table summarising the Amazigh dynasties of the Maghreb region, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Banu Ifran</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawa</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadid">Hammadid</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Merinid">Merinid</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Abdalwadid</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Wattasid">Wattasid</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meknassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Meknassa">Meknassa</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsid">Hafsid</a> dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> </p><p>In the early 16th century, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> constructed fortified outposts (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidios</a>) on or near the Algerian coast. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> took control of few coastal towns like <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mers_el_Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mers el Kebir">Mers el Kebir</a> in 1505; <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> in 1509; and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostaganem" title="Mostaganem">Mostaganem</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Ténès</a> in 1510. In the same year, a few merchants of Algiers ceded one of the rocky islets in their harbour to Spain, which built a fort on it. The presidios in North Africa turned out to be a costly and largely ineffective military endeavour that did not guarantee access for Spain's merchant fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> </p> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_almohade.PNG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Empire_almohade.PNG/220px-Empire_almohade.PNG" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Empire_almohade.PNG/330px-Empire_almohade.PNG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Empire_almohade.PNG/440px-Empire_almohade.PNG 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="648"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_almohade.PNG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a> at its greatest extent, c. 1212</div></div></div> <p>There reigned in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, current Tunisia, a <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> family, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid</a>, somehow recognising the suzerainty of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> caliph of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Probably in 1048, the Zirid ruler or viceroy, el-Mu'izz, decided to end this suzerainty. The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> state was too weak to attempt a punitive expedition; The Viceroy, el-Mu'izz, also found another means of revenge. </p><p>Between the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> were living <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes expelled from <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> for their disruption and turbulent influence, both <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> among others, whose presence disrupted farmers in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a> since the nomads would often loot. The then <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> vizier devised to relinquish control of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> and obtained the agreement of his sovereign. This not only prompted the Bedouins to leave, but the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> treasury even gave them a light expatriation cash allowance. </p><p>Whole tribes set off with women, children, ancestors, animals and camping equipment. Some stopped on the way, especially in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, where they are still one of the essential elements of the settlement but most arrived in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> by the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s_Governorate" title="Gabès Governorate">Gabes</a> region. The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirid">Zirid</a> ruler tried to stop this rising tide, but each meeting, the last under the walls of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, his troops were defeated and Arabs remained masters of the field. </p><p>The flood was still rising, and in 1057 the Arabs spread on the high plains of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> where they gradually choked <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Hammad_Fort" title="Beni Hammad Fort">Qalaa of Banu Hammad</a>, as they had done Kairouan few decades ago. From there they gradually gained the upper <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> plains. Some were forcibly taken by the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a> in the second half of the 12th century. We can say that in the 13th century there were in all of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, with the exception of the main mountain ranges and certain coastal regions remained entirely Berber. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ottoman_era">Ottoman era</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ottoman era">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" title="Ottoman Algeria">Ottoman Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magr%C3%A8b_s%C3%A8gle_XV-es.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Magr%C3%A8b_s%C3%A8gle_XV-es.svg/220px-Magr%C3%A8b_s%C3%A8gle_XV-es.svg.png" width="220" height="72" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Magr%C3%A8b_s%C3%A8gle_XV-es.svg/330px-Magr%C3%A8b_s%C3%A8gle_XV-es.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Magr%C3%A8b_s%C3%A8gle_XV-es.svg/440px-Magr%C3%A8b_s%C3%A8gle_XV-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="1025"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magr%C3%A8b_s%C3%A8gle_XV-es.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Zayyanid kingdom of Tlemcen in the fifteenth century and its neighbors</div></div></div> <p>The region of Algeria was partially ruled by <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottomans">Ottomans</a> for three centuries from 1516 to 1830. In 1516 the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> privateer brothers <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruj" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruj">Aruj</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a>, who operated successfully under the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsids">Hafsids</a>, moved their base of operations to Algiers. They succeeded in conquering Jijel and Algiers from the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> but eventually assumed control over the city and the surrounding region, forcing the previous ruler, Abu Hamo Musa III of the <i>Bani Ziyad</i> dynasty, to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup> When Aruj was killed in 1518 during his invasion of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, Hayreddin succeeded him as military commander of Algiers. The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> sultan gave him the title of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a> and a contingent of some 2,000 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissaries" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a>. With the aid of this force, Hayreddin conquered the whole area between Constantine and Oran (although the city of Oran remained in Spanish hands until 1791).<sup id="cite_ref-csa16_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa16-33">[32]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg/220px-Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg" width="220" height="303" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg/330px-Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg/440px-Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="787"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hayreddin Barbarossa</div></div></div> <p>The next beylerbey was Hayreddin's son <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan</a>, who assumed the position in 1544. Until 1587 the area was governed by officers who served terms with no fixed limits. Subsequently, with the institution of a regular Ottoman administration, governors with the title of pasha ruled for three-year terms. The pasha was assisted by janissaries, known in Algeria as the ojaq and led by an <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">agha</a>. Discontent among the ojaq rose in the mid-1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeatedly revolted against the pasha. As a result, the agha charged the pasha with corruption and incompetence and seized power in 1659.<sup id="cite_ref-csa16_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa16-33">[32]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a> had repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost from 30,000 to 50,000 inhabitants to the plague in 1620–21, and suffered high fatalities in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-34">[33]</a></sup> </p><p>In 1671, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">taifa</a> rebelled, killed the agha, and placed one of its own in power. The new leader received the title of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">dey</a>. After 1689, the right to select the dey passed to the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">divan</a>, a council of some sixty nobles. It was at first dominated by the <i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojaq" title="Ojaq">ojaq</a></i>; but by the 18th century, it had become the dey's instrument. In 1710, the dey persuaded the sultan to recognise him and his successors as regent, replacing the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a> in that role, although Algiers remained a part of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-csa16_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa16-33">[32]</a></sup> </p><p>The dey was in effect a constitutional autocrat. The dey was elected for a life term, but in the 159 years (1671–1830) that the system survived, fourteen of the twenty-nine deys were assassinated. Despite usurpation, military coups and occasional mob rule, the day-to-day operation of Ottoman government was remarkably orderly. Although the regency patronised the tribal chieftains, it never had the unanimous allegiance of the countryside, where heavy taxation frequently provoked unrest. Autonomous tribal states were tolerated, and the regency's authority was seldom applied in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabylie" title="Kabylie">Kabylie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-csa16_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa16-33">[32]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debarquement_et_maltraitement_de_prisonniers_a_alger.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Debarquement_et_maltraitement_de_prisonniers_a_alger.JPG/220px-Debarquement_et_maltraitement_de_prisonniers_a_alger.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Debarquement_et_maltraitement_de_prisonniers_a_alger.JPG/330px-Debarquement_et_maltraitement_de_prisonniers_a_alger.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Debarquement_et_maltraitement_de_prisonniers_a_alger.JPG/440px-Debarquement_et_maltraitement_de_prisonniers_a_alger.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="839"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debarquement_et_maltraitement_de_prisonniers_a_alger.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Christian slaves</a> in Algiers, 1706</div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> preyed on Christian and other non-Islamic shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-34">[33]</a></sup> The pirates often took the passengers and crew on the ships and sold them or used them as <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> They also did a brisk business in ransoming some of the captives. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-barbary_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbary-36">[35]</a></sup> They often made raids, called <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Razzias</a>, on European coastal towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">slave markets</a> in North Africa and the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup> </p><p>In 1544, Hayreddin captured the island of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a>, almost the entire population.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup> In 1551, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a> enslaved the entire population of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Maltese</a> island of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending the captives to Libya. In 1554, pirates sacked <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieste" title="Vieste">Vieste</a> in southern Italy and took an estimated 7,000 captives as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup> </p><p>In 1558, Barbary corsairs captured the town of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutadella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciutadella">Ciutadella</a> (Minorca), destroyed it, slaughtered the inhabitants and took 3,000 survivors as slaves to <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup> Barbary pirates often attacked the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, and in response, the residents built many coastal watchtowers and fortified churches. The threat was so severe that residents abandoned the island of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formentera" title="Formentera">Formentera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup> Between 1609 and 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-barbary_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbary-36">[35]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven,_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven%2C_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg/220px-thumbnail.jpeg" width="220" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven%2C_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg/330px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven%2C_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg/440px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2061"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven,_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, to support the ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816</div></div></div> <p>In July 1627 two pirate ships from Algiers sailed as far as <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">raiding and capturing slaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup> Two weeks earlier another pirate ship from <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale,_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale, Morocco">Salé</a> in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" title="Saadi dynasty">Morocco</a> had also raided in Iceland. Some of the slaves brought to Algiers were later ransomed back to Iceland, but some chose to stay in Algeria. In 1629 pirate ships from Algeria raided the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup> </p><p>Barbary raids in the Mediterranean continued to attack Spanish merchant shipping, and as a result, the Spanish navy bombarded Algiers in 1783 and 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze-48">[47]</a></sup> In 1792, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> abandoned Oran, selling it to the Ottoman Empire, and it became the site for a new bey in Algiers, though French influence in the region increased over the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze-48">[47]</a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, the pirates forged affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a "licence tax" in exchange for safe harbour of their vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup> One American slave reported that the Algerians had enslaved 130 American seamen in the Mediterranean and Atlantic from 1785 to 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup> </p><p>Piracy on American vessels in the Mediterranean resulted in the United States initiating the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First</a> (1801–1805) and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary Wars</a> (1815). Following those wars, Algeria was weaker and Europeans, with an Anglo-Dutch fleet commanded by the British <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Lord Exmouth</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">attacked Algiers</a>. After a nine-hour bombardment, they obtained a treaty from the Dey that reaffirmed the conditions imposed by Captain (later Commodore) <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Decatur" title="Stephen Decatur">Stephen Decatur</a> (U.S. Navy) concerning the demands of tributes. In addition, the Dey agreed to end the practice of enslaving <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" title="Christian">Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup> </p><p>Despite being removed from Algeria in the 19th century, Spain retained a presence in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. Algeria consistently opposed Spanish fortresses and control in nearby Morocco through the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze-48">[47]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="French_colonization_.281830.E2.80.931962.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="French_colonization_(1830–1962)">French colonization (1830–1962)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French colonization (1830–1962)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg/220px-Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg" width="220" height="207" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg/330px-Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg/440px-Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="662"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Battle of Somah in 1836</div></div></div> <p>Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">captured Algiers</a> in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup> Algerian slave trade and piracy ceased when the French conquered Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup> The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">conquest of Algeria</a> by the French took some time and resulted in considerable bloodshed. A combination of violence and disease epidemics caused the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> Algerian population to decline by nearly one-third from 1830 to 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricoux1880_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricoux1880-55">[54]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2013)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Historian <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Ben Kiernan</a> wrote on the French conquest of Algeria: "By 1875, the French conquest was complete. The war had killed approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since 1830."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup> French losses from 1831–51 were 3,336 killed in action and 92,329 dead in the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup> The population of Algeria, which stood at about 1.5 million in 1830, reached nearly 11 million in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup> French policy was predicated on "civilising" the country.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup> During this period, a small but influential French-speaking indigenous elite was formed, made up of Berbers, mostly <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle People">Kabyles</a>. As a consequence, French government favored the Kabyles.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> About 80% of Indigenous schools were constructed for Kabyles. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abd_al-Qadir.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abd_al-Qadir.jpg/150px-Abd_al-Qadir.jpg" width="150" height="185" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abd_al-Qadir.jpg/225px-Abd_al-Qadir.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abd_al-Qadir.jpg/300px-Abd_al-Qadir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="483"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abd_al-Qadir.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelkader_El_Djezairi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelkader El Djezairi">Emir Abdelkader</a>, Algerian leader insurgent against French colonial rule, 1865</div></div></div> <p>From 1848 until independence, France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria as an integral part and <i>département</i> of the nation. One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a>, who became known as <i>colons</i> and later, as <i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied-Noir" title="Pied-Noir">Pied-Noirs</a>.</i> Between 1825 and 1847, 50,000 French people emigrated to Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup> These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land from tribal peoples, and the application of modern agricultural techniques that increased the amount of arable land.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup> Many Europeans settled in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the population in both cities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg/220px-Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg" width="220" height="301" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg/330px-Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg/440px-Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="684"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The six historical Leaders of the FLN: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabah_Bitat" title="Rabah Bitat">Rabah Bitat</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustapha_Benboula%C3%AFd" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustapha Benboulaïd">Mostefa Ben Boulaïd</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didouche_Mourad" title="Didouche Mourad">Didouche Mourad</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Boudiaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Boudiaf">Mohammed Boudiaf</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim_Belkacem" title="Krim Belkacem">Krim Belkacem</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Ben_M%27Hidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Larbi Ben M'Hidi">Larbi Ben M'Hidi</a>.</div></div></div> <p>During the late 19th and early 20th century; the European share was almost a fifth of the population. The French government aimed at making Algeria an assimilated part of France, and this included substantial educational investments especially after 1900. The indigenous cultural and religious resistance heavily opposed this tendency, but in contrast to the other colonised countries' path in central Asia and Caucasus, Algeria kept its individual skills and a relatively human-capital intensive agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup> </p><p>Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, which lacked political and economic status in the colonial system, gave rise to demands for greater political autonomy and eventually independence from France. In May 1945, the uprising against the occupying French forces was suppressed through what is now known as the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a>. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> began. Historians have estimated that between 30,000 and 150,000 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">Harkis</a> and their dependents were killed by the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">Front de Libération Nationale</a> (FLN) or by <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynch</a> mobs in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup> The FLN used hit and run attacks in Algeria and France as part of its war, and the French conducted <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_during_the_Algerian_War_of_Independence" title="Torture during the Algerian War of Independence">severe reprisals</a>. </p><p>The war led to the death of hundreds of thousands of Algerians and hundreds of thousands of injuries. Historians, like <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Alistair Horne</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a>, state that the actual number of Algerian Muslim war dead was far greater than the original FLN and official French estimates but was less than the 1 million deaths claimed by the Algerian government after independence. Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years to be around 700,000.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup> The war uprooted more than 2 million Algerians.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup> </p><p>The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence following the March 1962 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evian_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Evian agreements">Evian agreements</a> and the July 1962 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_self-determination_referendum,_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian self-determination referendum, 1962">self-determination referendum</a>. </p> <h3><span id="The_first_three_decades_of_independence_.281962.E2.80.931991.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_first_three_decades_of_independence_(1962–1991)">The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%9399)" title="History of Algeria (1962–99)">History of Algeria (1962–99)</a></div> <p>The number of European <i>Pied-Noirs</i> who fled Algeria totaled more than 900,000 between 1962 and 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></sup> The exodus to mainland France accelerated after the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran_massacre_of_1962" title="Oran massacre of 1962">Oran massacre of 1962</a>, in which hundreds of militants entered European sections of the city, and began attacking civilians. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg/150px-Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg" width="150" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg/225px-Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg/300px-Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="550"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumediene" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a></div></div></div> <p>Algeria's first president was the Front de Libération Nationale (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLN_(Algeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="FLN (Algeria)">FLN</a>) leader <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a>. Morocco's claim to <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">portions of western Algeria</a> led to the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a> in 1963. Ben Bella was overthrown in 1965 by <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Houari Boumédiène</a>, his former ally and defence minister. Under Ben Bella, the government had become increasingly socialist and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a>; Boumédienne continued this trend. But, he relied much more on the army for his support, and reduced the sole legal party to a symbolic role. He <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collectivised</a> agriculture and launched a massive industrialization drive. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Oil extraction</a> facilities were nationalised. This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the international <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s under President Houari Boumediene, Algeria pursued a program of industrialization within a state-controlled socialist economy. Boumediene's successor, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid" title="Chadli Bendjedid">Chadli Bendjedid</a>, introduced some liberal economic reforms. He promoted a policy of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabisation">Arabisation</a> in Algerian society and public life. Teachers of Arabic, brought in from other Muslim countries, spread conventional Islamic thought in schools and sowed the seeds of a return to Orthodox Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-faco_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faco-70">[69]</a></sup> </p><p>The Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil, leading to hardship when the price collapsed during the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-71">[70]</a></sup> Economic recession caused by the crash in world oil prices resulted in Algerian social unrest during the 1980s; by the end of the decade, Bendjedid introduced a multi-party system. Political parties developed, such as the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a> (FIS), a broad coalition of Muslim groups.<sup id="cite_ref-faco_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faco-70">[69]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Civil_War_.281991.E2.80.932002.29_and_aftermath"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Civil_War_(1991–2002)_and_aftermath">Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png/220px-Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png" width="220" height="125" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png/330px-Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png/440px-Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="454"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">Massacres</a> of over 50 people in 1997–1998. The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Islamic Group">Armed Islamic Group (GIA)</a> claimed responsibility for many of them.</div></div></div> <p>In December 1991 the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a> dominated the first of two rounds of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_legislative_election,_1991" title="Algerian legislative election, 1991">legislative elections</a>. Fearing the election of an Islamist government, the authorities intervened on 11 January 1992, cancelling the elections. Bendjedid resigned and a <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Algeria)" title="High Council of State (Algeria)">High Council of State</a> was installed to act as Presidency. It banned the FIS, triggering a civil <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> between the Front's armed wing, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">Armed Islamic Group</a>, and the national armed forces, in which more than 100,000 people are thought to have died. The Islamist militants conducted a violent campaign of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">civilian massacres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></sup> At several points in the conflict, the situation in Algeria became a point of international concern, most notably during the crisis surrounding <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_8969" title="Air France Flight 8969">Air France Flight 8969</a>, a hijacking perpetrated by the Armed Islamic Group. The Armed Islamic Group declared a ceasefire in October 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-faco_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faco-70">[69]</a></sup> </p><p>Algeria held <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_presidential_election,_1999" title="Algerian presidential election, 1999">elections in 1999</a>, considered biased by international observers and most opposition groups<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></sup> which were won by President <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>. He worked to restore political stability to the country and announced a "Civil Concord" initiative, approved in a <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Civil_Concord_referendum,_1999" title="Algerian Civil Concord referendum, 1999">referendum</a>, under which many political prisoners were pardoned, and several thousand members of armed groups were granted exemption from prosecution under a limited amnesty, in force until 13 January 2000. The AIS disbanded and levels of insurgent violence fell rapidly. The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Salafiste_pour_la_Pr%C3%A9dication_et_le_Combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat">Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat</a> (GSPC), a splinter group of the Group Islamic Army, continued a terrorist campaign against the Government.<sup id="cite_ref-faco_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faco-70">[69]</a></sup> </p><p>Bouteflika was re-elected in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_presidential_election,_2004" title="Algerian presidential election, 2004">April 2004 presidential election</a> after campaigning on a programme of national reconciliation. The programme comprised economic, institutional, political and social reform to modernise the country, raise living standards, and tackle the causes of alienation. It also included a second amnesty initiative, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_for_Peace_and_National_Reconciliation" title="Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation">Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation</a>, which was approved in a <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_national_reconciliation_referendum,_2005" title="Algerian national reconciliation referendum, 2005">referendum in September 2005</a>. It offered amnesty to most guerrillas and Government security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-faco_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faco-70">[69]</a></sup> </p><p>In November 2008, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Constitution">Algerian Constitution</a> was amended following a vote in Parliament, removing the two-term limit on Presidential incumbents. This change enabled Bouteflika to stand for re-election in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_presidential_election,_2009" title="Algerian presidential election, 2009">2009 presidential elections</a>, and he was re-elected in April 2009. During his election campaign and following his re-election, Bouteflika promised to extend the programme of national reconciliation and a $150-billion spending programme to create three million new jobs, the construction of one million new housing units, and to continue public sector and infrastructure modernisation programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-faco_70-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faco-70">[69]</a></sup> </p><p>A continuing series of protests throughout the country started on 28 December 2010, inspired by similar <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">protests across the Middle East and North Africa</a>. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></sup> The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-aaeo_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaeo-75">[74]</a></sup> In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform.<sup id="cite_ref-faco_70-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faco-70">[69]</a></sup> However, elections are routinely criticized by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Geography of Algeria</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kabylie-neige.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kabylie-neige.jpg/120px-Kabylie-neige.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kabylie-neige.jpg/180px-Kabylie-neige.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kabylie-neige.jpg/240px-Kabylie-neige.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"/></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurdjura" title="Djurdjura">Djurdjura</a> Range in snow </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:35px auto;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tadrart_Rouge.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tadrart_Rouge.jpg/120px-Tadrart_Rouge.jpg" width="120" height="80" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tadrart_Rouge.jpg/180px-Tadrart_Rouge.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tadrart_Rouge.jpg/240px-Tadrart_Rouge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640"/></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadrart_Rouge" title="Tadrart Rouge">Tadrart Rouge</a> near <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djanet" title="Djanet">Djanet</a>. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ouarsenis_2012,_Wilaya_de_Tissemsilt_(Alg%C3%A9rie).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ouarsenis_2012%2C_Wilaya_de_Tissemsilt_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/120px-Ouarsenis_2012%2C_Wilaya_de_Tissemsilt_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ouarsenis_2012%2C_Wilaya_de_Tissemsilt_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/180px-Ouarsenis_2012%2C_Wilaya_de_Tissemsilt_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ouarsenis_2012%2C_Wilaya_de_Tissemsilt_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/240px-Ouarsenis_2012%2C_Wilaya_de_Tissemsilt_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"/></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouarsenis" title="Ouarsenis">Ouarsenis</a>, range of mountains in North-Western (1985m) </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Aiguades.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Les_Aiguades.jpg/120px-Les_Aiguades.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Les_Aiguades.jpg/180px-Les_Aiguades.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Les_Aiguades.jpg/240px-Les_Aiguades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"/></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Maritime front of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja%C3%AFa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejaïa">Bejaïa</a> </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:35.5px auto;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djanet,_Tassili.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Djanet%2C_Tassili.jpg/120px-Djanet%2C_Tassili.jpg" width="120" height="79" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Djanet%2C_Tassili.jpg/180px-Djanet%2C_Tassili.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Djanet%2C_Tassili.jpg/240px-Djanet%2C_Tassili.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="461"/></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a>. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:35px auto;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lagh-Algeria-SM.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lagh-Algeria-SM.jpg/120px-Lagh-Algeria-SM.jpg" width="120" height="80" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lagh-Algeria-SM.jpg/180px-Lagh-Algeria-SM.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lagh-Algeria-SM.jpg/240px-Lagh-Algeria-SM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"/></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Bakhdache valley <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laghouat" title="Laghouat">laghouat</a>. </p> </div> </div></li> </ul> <p>Algeria is the largest country in Africa, and the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. To the north, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Atlas" title="Tell Atlas">Tell Atlas</a> form with the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_Atlas" title="Saharan Atlas">Saharan Atlas</a>, further south, two parallel sets of reliefs in approaching eastbound, and between which are inserted vast plains and highlands. Both Atlas tend to merge in eastern Algeria. The vast mountain ranges of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aures" class="mw-redirect" title="Aures">Aures</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa" title="Tébessa">Nememcha</a> occupy the entire northeastern Algeria and are delineated by the Tunisian border. The highest point is <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tahat" title="Mount Tahat">Mount Tahat</a> (3,003 m). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria_relief.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Algeria_relief.png/220px-Algeria_relief.png" width="220" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Algeria_relief.png/330px-Algeria_relief.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Algeria_relief.png/440px-Algeria_relief.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="532"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria_relief.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaggar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaggar Mountains">Ahaggar</a> and the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas mountains</a> compose the Algerian relief.</div></div></div> <p>Algeria lies mostly between latitudes <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_parallel_north" title="19th parallel north">19°</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_parallel_north" title="37th parallel north">37°N</a> (a small area is north of 37°N and south of 19°N), and longitudes <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_meridian_west" title="9th meridian west">9°W</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_meridian_east" title="12th meridian east">12°E</a>. Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbours</a>. The area from the coast to the Tell Atlas is fertile. South of the Tell Atlas is a <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> landscape ending with the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_Atlas" title="Saharan Atlas">Saharan Atlas</a>; farther south, there is the Sahara desert.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-76">[75]</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaggar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaggar Mountains">Ahaggar Mountains</a> (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جبال هقار</span>‎), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. They are located about 1,500 km (932 mi) south of the capital, Algiers, and just east of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanghasset" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamanghasset">Tamanghasset</a>. Algiers, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>, and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a> are Algeria's main cities.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-76">[75]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate_and_hydrology">Climate and hydrology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate and hydrology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Algeria">Climate of Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Algeria_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/300px-Algeria_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png" width="300" height="300" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Algeria_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/450px-Algeria_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Algeria_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/600px-Algeria_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1900"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Algeria map of Köppen climate classification.</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vue_de_Taghit.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vue_de_Taghit.jpg/220px-Vue_de_Taghit.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vue_de_Taghit.jpg/330px-Vue_de_Taghit.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vue_de_Taghit.jpg/440px-Vue_de_Taghit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vue_de_Taghit.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Saharan <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> town of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghit" title="Taghit">Taghit</a></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agoulmime.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Agoulmime.jpg/220px-Agoulmime.jpg" width="220" height="140" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Agoulmime.jpg/330px-Agoulmime.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Agoulmime.jpg/440px-Agoulmime.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="612"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agoulmime.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Lake Agoulmime, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikjda" title="Tikjda">Tikjda</a>.</div></div></div> <p>In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded. </p><p>Rainfall is fairly plentiful along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from 400 to 670 mm (15.7 to 26.4 in) annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a> is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in some years. </p><p>Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Algeria also has <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erg_(landform)" title="Erg (landform)">ergs</a>, or sand dunes, between mountains. Among these, in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can get up to 43.3 °C (110 °F). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fauna_and_flora">Fauna and flora</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fauna and flora">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Algeria" title="Wildlife of Algeria">Wildlife of Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C%C3%A8dre_du_Ch%C3%A9lia_13_(Algeria).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/C%C3%A8dre_du_Ch%C3%A9lia_13_%28Algeria%29.jpg/220px-C%C3%A8dre_du_Ch%C3%A9lia_13_%28Algeria%29.jpg" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/C%C3%A8dre_du_Ch%C3%A9lia_13_%28Algeria%29.jpg/330px-C%C3%A8dre_du_Ch%C3%A9lia_13_%28Algeria%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/C%C3%A8dre_du_Ch%C3%A9lia_13_%28Algeria%29.jpg/440px-C%C3%A8dre_du_Ch%C3%A9lia_13_%28Algeria%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C%C3%A8dre_du_Ch%C3%A9lia_13_(Algeria).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a> of Chélia in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aures" class="mw-redirect" title="Aures">Aures</a></div></div></div> <p>The varied vegetation of Algeria includes <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal">coastal</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainous" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountainous">mountainous</a> and grassy <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>-like regions which all support a wide range of wildlife. Many of the creatures comprising the Algerian wildlife live in close proximity to civilization. The most commonly seen animals include the wild <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boars</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackal" title="Jackal">jackals</a>, and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelles</a>, although it is not uncommon to spot <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fennecs">fennecs</a> (foxes), and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerboas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerboas">jerboas</a>. Algeria also has a small <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_leopard" title="African leopard">African leopard</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_cheetah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharan cheetah">Saharan cheetah</a> population, but these are seldom seen. A species of deer, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_stag" title="Barbary stag">Barbary stag</a>, inhabits the dense humid forests in the north-eastern areas. </p><p>A variety of bird species makes the country an attraction for bird watchers. The forests are inhabited by boars and jackals. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_macaque" title="Barbary macaque">Barbary macaques</a> are the sole native monkey. Snakes, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">monitor lizards</a>, and numerous other reptiles can be found living among an array of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> throughout the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi_arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi arid">semi arid</a> regions of Algeria. Many animals are now extinct, including the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lions</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_bear" title="Atlas bear">Atlas bears</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">crocodiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></sup> </p><p>In the north, some of the native flora includes <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchia" class="mw-redirect" title="Macchia">Macchia</a> scrub, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive trees</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">cedars</a> and other <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinophyta" title="Pinophyta">conifers</a>. The mountain regions contain large forests of evergreens (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo pine">Aleppo pine</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a>, and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Evergreen oak">evergreen oak</a>) and some deciduous trees. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Fig</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">agave</a>, and various <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm trees</a> grow in the warmer areas. The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_vine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape vine">grape vine</a> is indigenous to the coast. In the Sahara region, some oases have palm trees. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacias</a> with wild <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> are the predominant flora in the remainder of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. </p><p><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camels</a> are used extensively; the desert also abounds with venomous and nonvenomous snakes, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>, and numerous insects. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Algeria" title="Politics of Algeria">Politics of Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_(Alg%C3%A9rie).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/220px-H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/330px-H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/440px-H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2720"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_(Alg%C3%A9rie).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President-abdelaziz-bouteflika.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/President-abdelaziz-bouteflika.JPG/150px-President-abdelaziz-bouteflika.JPG" width="150" height="233" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/President-abdelaziz-bouteflika.JPG/225px-President-abdelaziz-bouteflika.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/President-abdelaziz-bouteflika.JPG/300px-President-abdelaziz-bouteflika.JPG 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="1421"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President-abdelaziz-bouteflika.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian President">Algerian President</a> Abdelaziz Bouteflika</div></div></div> <p>Elected politicians are considered to have relatively little sway over Algeria. Instead, a group of unelected civilian and military "décideurs", known as "le pouvoir" ("the power"), actually rule the country, even deciding who should be president. The most powerful man may be <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Medi%C3%A8ne" title="Mohamed Mediène">Mohamed Mediène</a>, head of the military intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></sup> In recent years, many of these generals have died or retired. After the death of General <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larbi_Belkheir" title="Larbi Belkheir">Larbi Belkheir</a>, Bouteflika put loyalists in key posts, notably at <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a>, and secured constitutional amendments that make him re-electable indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></sup> </p><p>The head of state is the president of Algeria, who is elected for a five-year term. The president was formerly limited to two five-year terms, but a constitutional amendment passed by the Parliament on 11 November 2008 removed this limitation.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></sup> Algeria has universal <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> at 18 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup> The President is the head of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Army">army</a>, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Algeria">Council of Ministers</a> and the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Security_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Security Council (page does not exist)">High Security Council</a>. He appoints the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Prime Minister</a> who is also the head of government.<sup id="cite_ref-president_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-president-81">[80]</a></sup> </p><p>The Algerian parliament is <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a>; the lower house, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a>, has 462 members who are directly elected for five-year terms, while the upper house, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Council of the Nation</a>, has 144 members serving six-year terms, of which 96 members are chosen by local assemblies and 48 are appointed by the president.<sup id="cite_ref-fitw13_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitw13-82">[81]</a></sup> According to the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria" title="Constitution of Algeria">constitution</a>, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender, profession, or region". In addition, political campaigns must be exempt from the aforementioned subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></sup> </p><p>Parliamentary elections were last held in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_legislative_election,_2012" title="Algerian legislative election, 2012">May 2012</a>, and were judged to be largely free by international monitors, though local groups alleged fraud and irregularities.<sup id="cite_ref-fitw13_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitw13-82">[81]</a></sup> In the elections, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a> won 221 seats, the military-backed <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rally_for_Democracy_(Algeria)" title="National Rally for Democracy (Algeria)">National Rally for Democracy</a> won 70, and the Islamist <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a> won 47.<sup id="cite_ref-fitw13_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitw13-82">[81]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Algeria" title="Foreign relations of Algeria">Foreign relations of Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg/220px-Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg" width="220" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg/330px-Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg/440px-Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="350"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>President <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> exchange handshakes at the Windsor Hotel Toya Resort and Spa in Tōyako Town, Abuta District, Hokkaidō in 2008. With them are <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitriy_Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitriy Medvedev">Dmitriy Medvedev</a>, left, and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuo_Fukuda" title="Yasuo Fukuda">Yasuo Fukuda</a>, right.</div></div></div> <p>Algeria is included in the European Union's <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. Giving incentives and rewarding best performers, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner, are the two main principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014. It has a budget of €15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes. </p><p>In 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims of nuclear tests in Algeria. Defense Minister Herve Morin stated that "It’s time for our country to be at peace with itself, at peace thanks to a system of compensation and reparations," when presenting the draft law on the payouts. Algerian officials and activists believe that this is a good first step and hope that this move would encourage broader reparation.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></sup> </p><p>Tensions between Algeria and Morocco in relation to the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> have been an obstacle to tightening the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union</a>, nominally established in 1989, but which has carried little practical weight.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Algeria">Military of Algeria</a></div> <p>The military of Algeria consists of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="People's National Army">People's National Army</a> (ANP), the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_National_Navy" title="Algerian National Navy">Algerian National Navy</a> (MRA), and the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Air_Force" title="Algerian Air Force">Algerian Air Force</a> (QJJ), plus the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Air_Defence_Forces" title="Territorial Air Defence Forces">Territorial Air Defence Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup> It is the direct successor of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Army (Algeria)">National Liberation Army</a> (Armée de Libération Nationale or ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front which fought French colonial <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupation</a> during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). </p><p>Total military personnel include 147,000 active, 150,000 reserve, and 187,000 paramilitary staff (2008 estimate).<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_TMB_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS_TMB-86">[85]</a></sup> Service in the military is compulsory for men aged 19–30, for a total of 12 months.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></sup> The military expenditure was 4.3% of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup> Algeria has the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">second largest military</a> in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa ($10 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaSpending_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaSpending-13">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a>SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated cost of $1.9 billion. Russia is also building two <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilo_class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilo class submarine">636-type</a> diesel <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarines">submarines</a> for Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights">Human rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Algeria" title="Human rights in Algeria">Human rights in Algeria</a></div> <p>Algeria has been categorized by <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> as "not free" since it began publishing such ratings in 1972, with the exception of 1989, 1990, and 1991, when the country was labeled "partly free."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></sup> In December 2016, the <i>Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor</i> issued a report regarding violation of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media freedom">media freedom</a> in Algeria. It clarified that the Algerian government imposed restriction on <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>; expression; and right to peaceful demonstration, protest and assembly as well as intensified censorship of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast media">media</a> and websites. Due to the fact that the journalists and activists criticize the ruling government, some media organizations' licenses are canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></sup> </p><p>Independent and autonomous trade unions face routine harassment from the government, with many leaders imprisoned and protests suppressed. In 2016 a number of unions, many of which were involved in the 2010–2012 Algerian Protests, have been deregistered by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Algeria" title="LGBT rights in Algeria">Homosexuality</a> is illegal in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></sup> Public homosexual behavior is punishable by up to two years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Provinces of Algeria</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">Districts of Algeria</a>, and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Algeria">Municipalities of Algeria</a></div> <p>Algeria is divided into 48 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">provinces</a> (<i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilaya">wilayas</a></i>), 553 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">districts</a> (<i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C3%AFra" title="Daïra">daïras</a></i>) and 1,541 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Algeria">municipalities</a> (<i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladiyah" title="Baladiyah">baladiyahs</a></i>). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">seat</a>, which is usually the largest city. </p><p>The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983) they are<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <center> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;font-size:80%"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Wilaya</a></th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Population</th> <th>map</th> <th>#</th> <th><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Wilaya</a></th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrar_Province" title="Adrar Province">Adrar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">402,197</td> <td style="text-align:right">439,700 </td> <td rowspan="24"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria,_administrative_divisions_(%2Bnorthern)_-_Nmbrs_(geosort)_-_monochrome.svg" class="image"><img alt="Algeria, administrative divisions (+northern) - Nmbrs (geosort) - monochrome.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Algeria%2C_administrative_divisions_%28%2Bnorthern%29_-_Nmbrs_%28geosort%29_-_monochrome.svg/330px-Algeria%2C_administrative_divisions_%28%2Bnorthern%29_-_Nmbrs_%28geosort%29_-_monochrome.svg.png" width="330" height="490" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Algeria%2C_administrative_divisions_%28%2Bnorthern%29_-_Nmbrs_%28geosort%29_-_monochrome.svg/495px-Algeria%2C_administrative_divisions_%28%2Bnorthern%29_-_Nmbrs_%28geosort%29_-_monochrome.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Algeria%2C_administrative_divisions_%28%2Bnorthern%29_-_Nmbrs_%28geosort%29_-_monochrome.svg/660px-Algeria%2C_administrative_divisions_%28%2Bnorthern%29_-_Nmbrs_%28geosort%29_-_monochrome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="755"/></a></div></div> </td> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Province" title="Constantine Province">Constantine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,187</td> <td style="text-align:right">943,112 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlef_Province" title="Chlef Province">Chlef</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,975</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,013,718 </td> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a_Province" title="Médéa Province">Médéa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">8,866</td> <td style="text-align:right">830,943 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laghouat_Province" title="Laghouat Province">Laghouat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">25,057</td> <td style="text-align:right">477,328 </td> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostaganem_Province" title="Mostaganem Province">Mostaganem</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,269</td> <td style="text-align:right">746,947 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oum_El_Bouaghi_Province" title="Oum El Bouaghi Province">Oum El Bouaghi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">6,768</td> <td style="text-align:right">644,364 </td> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27Sila_Province" title="M'Sila Province">M'Sila</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">18,718</td> <td style="text-align:right">991,846 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batna_Province" title="Batna Province">Batna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">12,192</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,128,030 </td> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascara_Province" title="Mascara Province">Mascara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">5,941</td> <td style="text-align:right">780,959 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Béjaïa Province">Béjaïa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,268</td> <td style="text-align:right">915,835 </td> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouargla_Province" title="Ouargla Province">Ouargla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">211,980</td> <td style="text-align:right">552,539 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskra_Province" title="Biskra Province">Biskra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">20,986</td> <td style="text-align:right">730,262 </td> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran_Province" title="Oran Province">Oran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,114</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,584,607 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9char_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Béchar Province">Béchar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">161,400</td> <td style="text-align:right">274,866 </td> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Bayadh_Province" title="El Bayadh Province">El Bayadh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">78,870</td> <td style="text-align:right">262,187 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blida_Province" title="Blida Province">Blida</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,696</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,009,892 </td> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illizi_Province" title="Illizi Province">Illizi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">285,000</td> <td style="text-align:right">54,490 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bou%C3%AFra_Province" title="Bouïra Province">Bouïra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,439</td> <td style="text-align:right">694,750 </td> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordj_Bou_Arr%C3%A9ridj_Province" title="Bordj Bou Arréridj Province">Bordj Bou Arréridj</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,115</td> <td style="text-align:right">634,396 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanrasset_Province" title="Tamanrasset Province">Tamanrasset</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">556,200</td> <td style="text-align:right">198,691 </td> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boumerd%C3%A8s_Province" title="Boumerdès Province">Boumerdes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,591</td> <td style="text-align:right">795,019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tébessa Province">Tébessa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">14,227</td> <td style="text-align:right">657,227 </td> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Taref_Province" title="El Taref Province">El Taref</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,339</td> <td style="text-align:right">411,783 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen_Province" title="Tlemcen Province">Tlemcen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">9,061</td> <td style="text-align:right">945,525 </td> <td>37</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindouf_Province" title="Tindouf Province">Tindouf</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">58,193</td> <td style="text-align:right">159,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiaret_Province" title="Tiaret Province">Tiaret</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">20,673</td> <td style="text-align:right">842,060 </td> <td>38</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissemsilt_Province" title="Tissemsilt Province">Tissemsilt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,152</td> <td style="text-align:right">296,366 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizi_Ouzou_Province" title="Tizi Ouzou Province">Tizi Ouzou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,568</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,119,646 </td> <td>39</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Oued_Province" title="El Oued Province">El Oued</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">54,573</td> <td style="text-align:right">673,934 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers_Province" title="Algiers Province">Algiers</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">273</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,947,461 </td> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khenchela_Province" title="Khenchela Province">Khenchela</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">9,811</td> <td style="text-align:right">384,268 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djelfa_Province" title="Djelfa Province">Djelfa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">66,415</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,223,223 </td> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk_Ahras_Province" title="Souk Ahras Province">Souk Ahras</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,541</td> <td style="text-align:right">440,299 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jijel_Province" title="Jijel Province">Jijel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,577</td> <td style="text-align:right">634,412 </td> <td>42</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipaza_Province" title="Tipaza Province">Tipaza</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,166</td> <td style="text-align:right">617,661 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_Province" title="Sétif Province">Sétif</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">6,504</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,496,150 </td> <td>43</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mila_Province" title="Mila Province">Mila</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">9,375</td> <td style="text-align:right">768,419 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFda_Province" title="Saïda Province">Saïda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">6,764</td> <td style="text-align:right">328,685 </td> <td>44</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Defla_Province" title="Aïn Defla Province">Ain Defla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,897</td> <td style="text-align:right">771,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skikda_Province" title="Skikda Province">Skikda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,026</td> <td style="text-align:right">904,195 </td> <td>45</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%A2ma_Province" title="Naâma Province">Naâma</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">29,950</td> <td style="text-align:right">209,470 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Bel_Abb%C3%A8s_Province" title="Sidi Bel Abbès Province">Sidi Bel Abbès</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">9,150</td> <td style="text-align:right">603,369 </td> <td>46</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFn_T%C3%A9mouchent_Province" title="Aïn Témouchent Province">Ain Timouchent</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,376</td> <td style="text-align:right">384,565 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba_Province" title="Annaba Province">Annaba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,439</td> <td style="text-align:right">640,050 </td> <td>47</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharda%C3%AFa_Province" title="Ghardaïa Province">Ghardaia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">86,105</td> <td style="text-align:right">375,988 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelma_Province" title="Guelma Province">Guelma</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,101</td> <td style="text-align:right">482,261 </td> <td>48</td> <td><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relizane_Province" title="Relizane Province">Relizane</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,870</td> <td style="text-align:right">733,060 </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Economy of Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria_Export_Treemap.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Algeria_Export_Treemap.jpg/250px-Algeria_Export_Treemap.jpg" width="250" height="196" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Algeria_Export_Treemap.jpg/375px-Algeria_Export_Treemap.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Algeria_Export_Treemap.jpg/500px-Algeria_Export_Treemap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="863"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria_Export_Treemap.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Graphical depiction of the country's exports in 28 colour-coded categories.</div></div></div> <p>Algeria is classified as an upper middle income country by the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></sup> Algeria's currency is the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_dinar" title="Algerian dinar">dinar</a> (DZD). The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. In recent years, the Algerian government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup> These restrictions are just started to be lifted off recently although questions about Algeria's slow diversifying economy remains. </p><p>Algeria has struggled to develop industries outside hydrocarbons in part because of high costs and an inert state bureaucracy. The government's efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have done little to reduce high youth unemployment rates or to address housing shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup> The country is facing a number of short-term and medium-term problems, including the need to diversify the economy, strengthen political, economic and financial reforms, improve the business climate and reduce inequalities amongst regions.<sup id="cite_ref-aaeo_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaeo-75">[74]</a></sup> </p><p>A wave of economic protests in February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian government to offer more than $23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases. Public spending has increased by 27% annually during the past 5 years. The 2010–14 public-investment programme will cost US$286 billion, 40% of which will go to human development.<sup id="cite_ref-aaeo_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaeo-75">[74]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theatre_d%27oran.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Theatre_d%27oran.jpg/220px-Theatre_d%27oran.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Theatre_d%27oran.jpg/330px-Theatre_d%27oran.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Theatre_d%27oran.jpg/440px-Theatre_d%27oran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theatre_d%27oran.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The port city of Oran</div></div></div> <p>The Algerian economy grew by 2.6% in 2011, driven by public spending, in particular in the construction and public-works sector, and by growing internal demand. If hydrocarbons are excluded, growth has been estimated at 4.8%. Growth of 3% is expected in 2012, rising to 4.2% in 2013. The rate of inflation was 4% and the budget deficit 3% of GDP. The current-account surplus is estimated at 9.3% of GDP and at the end of December 2011, official reserves were put at US$182 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-aaeo_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaeo-75">[74]</a></sup> Inflation, the lowest in the region, has remained stable at 4% on average between 2003 and 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-MFW4A_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFW4A-97">[96]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria,_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Algeria%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png/250px-Algeria%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png" width="250" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Algeria%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png/375px-Algeria%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Algeria%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="272"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria,_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Algeria, trends in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> 1970–2010</div></div></div> <p>In 2011 Algeria announced a budgetary surplus of $26.9 billion, 62% increase in comparison to 2010 surplus. In general, the country exported $73 billion worth of commodities while it imported $46 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to strong hydrocarbon revenues, Algeria has a cushion of $173 billion in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_currency_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign currency reserves">foreign currency reserves</a> and a large hydrocarbon stabilization fund. In addition, Algeria's <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_external_debt" title="List of countries by external debt">external debt</a> is extremely low at about 2% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup> The economy remains very dependent on hydrocarbon wealth, and, despite high foreign exchange reserves (US$178 billion, equivalent to three years of imports), current expenditure growth makes Algeria's budget more vulnerable to the risk of prolonged lower hydrocarbon revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-imfart4_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imfart4-99">[98]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the agricultural sector and services recorded growth of 10% and 5.3%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-aaeo_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaeo-75">[74]</a></sup> About 14% of the labor force are employed in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Algeria" title="Agriculture in Algeria">agricultural sector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup> Fiscal policy in 2011 remained expansionist and made it possible to maintain the pace of public investment and to contain the strong demand for jobs and housing.<sup id="cite_ref-aaeo_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaeo-75">[74]</a></sup> </p><p>Algeria has not joined the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>, despite several years of negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></sup> </p><p>In March 2006, Russia agreed to erase $4.74 billion of Algeria's <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>-era debt<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></sup> during a visit by <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> to the country, the first by a Russian leader in half a century. In return, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">Algerian President</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a> agreed to buy $7.5 billion worth of combat planes, air-defence systems and other arms from Russia, according to the head of Russia's state arms exporter <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosoboronexport" title="Rosoboronexport">Rosoboronexport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a></sup> </p><p>Dubai-based conglomerate Emarat Dzayer Group said it had signed a joint venture agreement to develop a $1.6 billion steel factory in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hydrocarbons">Hydrocarbons</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hydrocarbons">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Algeria" title="Mining industry of Algeria">Mining industry of Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg/220px-Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg" width="220" height="211" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg/330px-Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg/440px-Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="799"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Pipelines across Algeria</div></div></div> <p>Algeria, whose economy is reliant on petroleum, has been an <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> member since 1969. Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-opb15_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opb15-105">[104]</a></sup> Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings. Algeria has the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">10th-largest reserves of natural gas</a> in the world and is the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">sixth-largest gas exporter</a>. The U.S. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a> reported that in 2005, Algeria had 160 trillion cubic feet (4.5<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>12</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of proven <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas reserves">natural-gas reserves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ciawfb_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciawfb-106">[105]</a></sup> It also ranks <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">16th in oil reserves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>Non-hydrocarbon growth for 2011 was projected at 5%. To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries. High hydrocarbon prices have improved the current account and the already large international reserves position.<sup id="cite_ref-imfart4_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imfart4-99">[98]</a></sup> </p><p>Income from oil and gas rose in 2011 as a result of continuing high oil prices, though the trend in production volume is downwards.<sup id="cite_ref-aaeo_75-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaeo-75">[74]</a></sup> Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume, continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes between 2007 and 2011. Nevertheless, the sector accounted for 98% of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48% in 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></sup> and 70% of budgetary receipts, or USD 71.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-aaeo_75-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaeo-75">[74]</a></sup> </p><p>The Algerian national oil company is <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a>, which plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in Algeria. All foreign operators must work in partnership with Sonatrach, which usually has majority ownership in production-sharing agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Research_and_alternative_energy_sources">Research and alternative energy sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Research and alternative energy sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development program is meant to advance alternative energy production, especially solar and wind power.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></sup> Algeria is estimated to have the largest solar energy potential in the Mediterranean, so the government has funded the creation of a solar science park in Hassi R’Mel. Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000. Besides solar energy, areas of research in Algeria include space and satellite telecommunications, nuclear power and medical research. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Labour_market">Labour market</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Labour market">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Despite a decline in total <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, youth and women unemployment is high.<sup id="cite_ref-imfart4_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imfart4-99">[98]</a></sup> Unemployment particularly affects the young, with a jobless rate of 21.5% among the 15–24 age group.<sup id="cite_ref-aaeo_75-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaeo-75">[74]</a></sup> </p><p>The overall rate of unemployment was 10% in 2011, but remained higher among young people, with a rate of 21.5% for those aged between 15 and 24. The government strengthened in 2011 the job programmes introduced in 1988, in particular in the framework of the programme to aid those seeking work (Dispositif d'Aide à l'Insertion Professionnelle).<sup id="cite_ref-aaeo_75-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaeo-75">[74]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Algeria" title="Tourism in Algeria">Tourism in Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg/220px-Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg/330px-Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg/440px-Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2981"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djanet" title="Djanet">Djanet</a></div></div></div> <p>The development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built. </p><p>There are several <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a> in Algeria<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a></sup> including <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qal%27a_of_Beni_Hammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad">Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad</a>, the first capital of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadid">Hammadid</a> empire; <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a>, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%A9mila" title="Djémila">Djémila</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timgad" title="Timgad">Timgad</a>, both <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> ruins; <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27Zab_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="M'Zab Valley">M'Zab Valley</a>, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a>; and the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Casbah">Casbah</a> of Algiers, an important citadel. The only natural <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> is the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a>, a mountain range. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Algeria" title="Transport in Algeria">Transport in Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG/220px-Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG" width="220" height="116" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG/330px-Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG/440px-Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="808"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The main highway connecting the Moroccan to the Tunisian border was a part of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo%E2%80%93Dakar_Highway" title="Cairo–Dakar Highway">Cairo–Dakar Highway</a> project</div></div></div> <p>The Algerian road network is the densest in Africa; its length is estimated at 180,000 km of highways, with more than 3,756 structures and a paving rate of 85%. This network will be complemented by the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_East%E2%80%93West_Highway" title="Algeria East–West Highway">East-West Highway</a>, a major infrastructure project currently under construction. It is a 3-way, 1,216-kilometre-long (756 mi) highway, linking <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a> in the extreme east to the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> in the far west. Algeria is also crossed by the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Sahara_Highway" title="Trans-Sahara Highway">Trans-Sahara Highway</a>, which is now completely paved. This road is supported by the Algerian government to increase trade between the six countries crossed: Algeria, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Algeria" title="Demographics of Algeria">Demographics of Algeria</a></div> <table class="toccolours" style="width:170px;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="padding:0.25em;font-size:110%">Historical populations (in thousands)</th></tr><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1856 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,496</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1872 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,416</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.20%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1886 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,752</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.19%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1906 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,721</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.16%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1926 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">5,444</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.72%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,902</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.63%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,510</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.98%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1948 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,787</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.50%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1954 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,615</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.70%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1966 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">12,022</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.82%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1977 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,948</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.17%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1987 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,051</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.12%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1998 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,113</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.15%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2008 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">34,080</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2013 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">37,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.15%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: (1856–1872)<sup id="cite_ref-Kateb2001_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kateb2001-111">[110]</a></sup> (1886–2008)<sup id="cite_ref-rgp08p82_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgp08p82-112">[111]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In January 2016 Algeria's population was an estimated 40.4 million, who are mainly <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab-Berber" title="Arab-Berber">Arab-Berber</a> ethnically.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ons_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons-113">[112]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ber_evidance_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ber_evidance-114">[113]</a></sup> At the outset of the 20th century, its population was approximately four million.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a></sup> About 90% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the inhabitants of the Sahara desert are mainly concentrated in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a>, although some 1.5 million remain <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> or partly nomadic. 28.1% of Algerians are under the age of 15.<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>Women make up 70% of the country's lawyers and 60% of its judges and also dominate the field of medicine. Increasingly, women are contributing more to household income than men. 60% of university students are women, according to university researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></sup> </p><p>Between 90,000 and 165,000 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_people" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawis</a> from Western Sahara live in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps" title="Sahrawi refugee camps">Sahrawi refugee camps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCRAlgeria_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCRAlgeria-117">[116]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USCRIAlgeria_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCRIAlgeria-118">[117]</a></sup> in the western Algerian Sahara desert.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></sup> There are also more than 4,000 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugees</a>, who are well integrated and have not asked for assistance from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCRAlgeria_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCRAlgeria-117">[116]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USCRIAlgeria_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCRIAlgeria-118">[117]</a></sup> In 2009, 35,000 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> migrant workers lived in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></sup> </p><p>The largest concentration of Algerian migrants outside Algeria is in France, which has reportedly over 1.7 million Algerians of up to the second generation.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria" title="Ethnic groups in Algeria">Ethnic groups in Algeria</a></div> <p>Indigenous <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> as well as <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantines</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, various <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan Africans">Sub-Saharan Africans</a>, and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> have contributed to the history of Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></sup> Descendants of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></sup> Moreover, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> was spoken by these <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragonese</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian people">Castillian</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Morisco</a> descendants deep into the 18th century, and even <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> was spoken at the same time by <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Morisco</a> descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png/220px-Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png" width="220" height="129" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png/330px-Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png/440px-Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="270"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Some of Algeria's traditional clothes</div></div></div> <p>Despite the dominance of the Berber culture and ethnicity in Algeria, the majority of Algerians identify with an Arabic-based identity, especially after the Arab nationalism rising in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></sup> Berbers and Berber-speaking Algerians are divided into many groups with varying languages. The largest of these are the Kabyles, who live in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabylie" title="Kabylie">Kabylie</a> region east of Algiers, the Chaoui of Northeast Algeria, the Tuaregs in the southern desert and the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenouas" title="Chenouas">Shenwa people</a> of North Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the colonial period, there was a large (10% in 1960)<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-128">[127]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> population who became known as <i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied-Noir" title="Pied-Noir">Pied-Noirs</a></i>. They were primarily of French, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> origin. Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Languages of Algeria</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language_in_Algeria" title="French language in Algeria">French language in Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg/220px-Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg/330px-Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg/440px-Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Signs in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tizi_Ouzou" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Tizi Ouzou">University of Tizi Ouzou</a> in three languages: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>, and French</div></div></div> <p><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> are the official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a> (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic is heavily infused with borrowings from French and Berber. </p><p><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a> has been recognized as a "national language" by the constitutional amendment of 8 May 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a>, the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabylie" title="Kabylie">Kabylie</a>. In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that would make Berber an official language alongside Arabic. </p><p>Although <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> has no official status, Algeria is the second-largest Francophone country in the world in terms of speakers,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></sup> and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French rule in Algeria">Algeria's colonial history</a>. It can be regarded as a <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></sup> An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60% of households could speak and understand French or 18 million in a population of 30 million then. After an earlier period during which the Algerian government tried to phase out French (which is why it has no official status), in recent decades the government has backtracked and reinforced the study of French and TV programs have reinforced use of the language. </p><p>Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></sup> Colloquial <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a> is spoken by about 72% of the population and Berber by 27–30%.<sup id="cite_ref-leclerc_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leclerc-135">[134]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Religion in Algeria</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_African_Church" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">History of the Jews in Algeria</a></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Algeria, 2010 (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-pew_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-136">[135]</a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:97.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">97.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Unaffiliated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:1.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Algeria" title="Christianity in Algeria">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:0.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Judaism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djama%C3%A2_el_Kebir.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Djama%C3%A2_el_Kebir.jpg/220px-Djama%C3%A2_el_Kebir.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Djama%C3%A2_el_Kebir.jpg/330px-Djama%C3%A2_el_Kebir.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Djama%C3%A2_el_Kebir.jpg/440px-Djama%C3%A2_el_Kebir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djama%C3%A2_el_Kebir.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Algiers">Great Mosque of Algiers</a>.</div></div></div> <p>Islam is the predominant religion in Algeria, with its adherents, mostly Sunnis, accounting for 99% of the population according to a 2012 CIA World Factbook estimate,<sup id="cite_ref-AlgeriaFactbook_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-5">[5]</a></sup> and 97.9% according to Pew Research in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-pew_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-136">[135]</a></sup> There are about 150,000 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi" title="Ibadi">Ibadis</a> in the M'zab Valley in the region of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghardaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia">Ghardaia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></sup> </p><p>The second-largest group in Algeria are the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">religiously unaffiliated</a>, comprising about 1.8% according to Pew Research in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-pew_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-136">[135]</a></sup> </p><p>Estimates of the number of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Algeria" title="Christianity in Algeria">Christians in Algeria</a> vary. A <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> study in 2010 estimated there were 60,000 Christians in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></sup> In a 1993 study the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> estimated there were 45,000 <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></sup> and 50,000–100,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2016)">not in citation given</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> in Algeria. A 2015 study estimated there were 380,000 Muslims who converted to Christianity in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Revolution">Revolution</a> and Algerian independence, all but 6,500 of the country's 140,000 Jews left the country, of whom about 90% moved to France with the Pied-Noirs and 10% left for <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Algeria has given the Muslim world a number of prominent thinkers, including <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis" title="Abdelhamid Ben Badis">Abdelhamid Ben Badis</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouloud_Kacem_Na%C3%AEt_Belkacem" title="Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem">Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malek_Bennabi" title="Malek Bennabi">Malek Bennabi</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Arkoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Arkoun">Mohamed Arkoun</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cities">Cities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Algeria" title="List of cities in Algeria">List of cities in Algeria</a></div> <p>Below is a list of the most important Algerian cities: </p> <table class="navbox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Algeria" title="Template:Largest cities of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_of_Algeria&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Algeria</span><br/><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Office_of_Statistics" title="National Office of Statistics">ONS</a> estimates for 2008</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Algeria" title="List of cities in Algeria">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Algeria" title="List of cities in Algeria">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG" class="image" title="Algiers"><img alt="Algiers" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG/120px-Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG" width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG/180px-Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG/240px-Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"/></a><br/><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a><br/><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oran_facade_maritime.JPG" class="image" title="Oran"><img alt="Oran" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Oran_facade_maritime.JPG/120px-Oran_facade_maritime.JPG" width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Oran_facade_maritime.JPG/180px-Oran_facade_maritime.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Oran_facade_maritime.JPG/240px-Oran_facade_maritime.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"/></a><br/><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers_Province" title="Algiers Province">Algiers Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,988,145</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskra" title="Biskra">Biskra</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskra_Province" title="Biskra Province">Biskra Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">205,608 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constantine10.JPG" class="image" title="Constantine"><img alt="Constantine" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Constantine10.JPG/120px-Constantine10.JPG" width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Constantine10.JPG/180px-Constantine10.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Constantine10.JPG/240px-Constantine10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"/></a><br/><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a><br/><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capucine_et_baie_d%27Annaba._Mahieddine_Boumendjel.jpg" class="image" title="Annaba"><img alt="Annaba" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Capucine_et_baie_d%27Annaba._Mahieddine_Boumendjel.jpg/120px-Capucine_et_baie_d%27Annaba._Mahieddine_Boumendjel.jpg" width="120" height="80" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Capucine_et_baie_d%27Annaba._Mahieddine_Boumendjel.jpg/180px-Capucine_et_baie_d%27Annaba._Mahieddine_Boumendjel.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Capucine_et_baie_d%27Annaba._Mahieddine_Boumendjel.jpg/240px-Capucine_et_baie_d%27Annaba._Mahieddine_Boumendjel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="1351"/></a><br/><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran_Province" title="Oran Province">Oran Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,224,540</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bou_Sa%C3%A2da" title="Bou Saâda">Bou Saâda</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27sila_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="M'sila Province">M'sila Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">201,263 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Province" title="Constantine Province">Constantine Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">943,112</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa" title="Tébessa">Tébessa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tébessa Province">Tébessa Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">196,537 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba_Province" title="Annaba Province">Annaba Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">640,499</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouargla" title="Ouargla">Ouargla</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouargla_Province" title="Ouargla Province">Ouargla Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">183,238 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Sétif</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_Province" title="Sétif Province">Sétif Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">317,206</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Skikda</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skikda_Province" title="Skikda Province">Skikda Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">178,687 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blida" title="Blida">Blida</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blida_Province" title="Blida Province">Blida Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">264,598</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Béjaïa Province">Béjaïa Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">177,988 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batna,_Algeria" title="Batna, Algeria">Batna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batna_Province" title="Batna Province">Batna Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">246,379</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordj_Bou_Arr%C3%A9ridj" title="Bordj Bou Arréridj">Bordj Bou Arréridj</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordj_Bou_Arr%C3%A9ridj_Province" title="Bordj Bou Arréridj Province">Bordj Bou Arréridj Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">167,230 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlef" title="Chlef">Chlef</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlef_Province" title="Chlef Province">Chlef Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">235,062</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9char" title="Béchar">Béchar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9char_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Béchar Province">Béchar Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">165,627 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen_Province" title="Tlemcen Province">Tlemcen Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">221,231</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Be%C3%AFda,_Oum_El_Bouaghi" title="Aïn Beïda, Oum El Bouaghi">Ain Beida</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oum_El_Bouaghi_Province" title="Oum El Bouaghi Province">Oum El Bouaghi Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">155,852 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Bel_Abb%C3%A8s" title="Sidi Bel Abbès">Sidi Bel Abbès</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Bel_Abb%C3%A8s_Province" title="Sidi Bel Abbès Province">Sidi Bel Abbès Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">208,498</td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a" title="Médéa">Médéa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a_Province" title="Médéa Province">Médéa Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">140,151 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Algeria" title="Culture of Algeria">Culture of Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bensari2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bensari2.jpg/220px-Bensari2.jpg" width="220" height="152" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bensari2.jpg/330px-Bensari2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bensari2.jpg/440px-Bensari2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1189"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bensari2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Algerian musicians in Tlemcen. Painting by <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachir_Yell%C3%A8s" title="Bachir Yellès">Bachir Yellès</a></div></div></div> <p>Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Tamazight</a> and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Algerian_writers" title="List of Algerian writers">Famous novelists</a> of the 20th century include <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Dib" title="Mohammed Dib">Mohammed Dib</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateb_Yacine" title="Kateb Yacine">Kateb Yacine</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi" title="Ahlam Mosteghanemi">Ahlam Mosteghanemi</a> while <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia_Djebar" title="Assia Djebar">Assia Djebar</a> is widely translated. Among the important novelists of the 1980s were <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachid_Mimouni" title="Rachid Mimouni">Rachid Mimouni</a>, later vice-president of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahar_Djaout" title="Tahar Djaout">Tahar Djaout</a>, murdered by an <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> group in 1993 for his secularist views.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malek_Bennabi" title="Malek Bennabi">Malek Bennabi</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> are noted for their thoughts on <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>; <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> was born in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagaste" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagaste">Tagaste</a> (modern-day <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk_Ahras" title="Souk Ahras">Souk Ahras</a>); and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, though born in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, wrote the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddima" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqaddima">Muqaddima</a> while staying in Algeria. The works of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senussi" title="Senussi">Sanusi</a> family in pre-colonial times, and of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a> and Sheikh <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Badis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Badis">Ben Badis</a> in colonial times, are widely noted. The Latin author <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> was born in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Madaurus">Madaurus</a> (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria. </p><p>Contemporary <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian cinema">Algerian cinema</a> is various in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues. There has been a transition from cinema which focused on the war of independence to films more concerned with the everyday lives of Algerians.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Algeria" title="Media of Algeria">Media of Algeria</a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Art">Art</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:163px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait-racim.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Portrait-racim.jpg" width="161" height="231" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="231"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait-racim.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Mohammed Racim was a Painter and founder of the Algerian school of miniature painting</div></div></div> <p>Algerian painters, like <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Racim" class="extiw" title="fr:Mohamed Racim">Mohamed Racim</a> or Baya, attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonization, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria. In this line, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Temam" title="Mohamed Temam">Mohamed Temam</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelkhader_Houamel" title="Abdelkhader Houamel">Abdelkhader Houamel</a> have also returned through this art, scenes from the history of the country, the habits and customs of the past and the country life. Other new artistic currents including the one of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27hamed_Issiakhem" title="M'hamed Issiakhem">M'hamed Issiakhem</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Khadda" title="Mohammed Khadda">Mohammed Khadda</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachir_Yelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachir Yelles">Bachir Yelles</a>, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, in order to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Khadda" title="Mohammed Khadda">Mohammed Khadda</a><sup id="cite_ref-art_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art-144">[143]</a></sup> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27hamed_Issiakhem" title="M'hamed Issiakhem">M'hamed Issiakhem</a> have been notable in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-art_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art-144">[143]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algerian literature</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Algerian_writers" title="List of Algerian writers">List of Algerian writers</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG/220px-Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG" width="220" height="258" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG/330px-Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG/440px-Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1981"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi" title="Ahlam Mosteghanemi">Ahlam Mosteghanemi</a>, the most widely read woman writer in the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a></sup></div></div></div> <p>The historic roots of Algerian literature go back to the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidian</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman African</a> era, when <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> wrote <i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i>, the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety. This period had also known <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a>, among many others. The Middle Ages have known many Arabic writers who revolutionized the Arab world literature, with authors like <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Buni" title="Ahmad al-Buni">Ahmad al-Buni</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Manzur" title="Ibn Manzur">Ibn Manzur</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a>, who wrote the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a> while staying in Algeria, and many others. </p><p><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> was an Algerian-born French Pied-Noir author. In 1957 he was awarded the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in literature">Nobel Prize in literature</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus,_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27,_published_in_1825_(C19).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus%2C_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27%2C_published_in_1825_%28C19%29.jpg/120px-Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus%2C_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27%2C_published_in_1825_%28C19%29.jpg" width="120" height="155" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus%2C_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27%2C_published_in_1825_%28C19%29.jpg/180px-Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus%2C_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27%2C_published_in_1825_%28C19%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus%2C_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27%2C_published_in_1825_%28C19%29.jpg/240px-Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus%2C_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27%2C_published_in_1825_%28C19%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="719"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg/120px-Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg" width="120" height="148" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg/180px-Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg/240px-Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="2008"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateb_Yacine" title="Kateb Yacine">Kateb Yacine</a></div></div><div style="clear:left"></div></div></div> <p>Today Algeria contains, in its literary landscape, big names having not only marked the Algerian literature, but also the universal literary heritage in Arabic and French. </p><p>As a first step, Algerian literature was marked by works whose main concern was the assertion of the Algerian national entity, there is the publication of novels as the <i>Algerian trilogy</i> of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Dib" title="Mohammed Dib">Mohammed Dib</a>, or even <i>Nedjma</i> of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateb_Yacine" title="Kateb Yacine">Kateb Yacine</a> novel which is often regarded as a monumental and major work. Other known writers will contribute to the emergence of Algerian literature whom include <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouloud_Feraoun" title="Mouloud Feraoun">Mouloud Feraoun</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malek_Bennabi" title="Malek Bennabi">Malek Bennabi</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malek_Haddad" title="Malek Haddad">Malek Haddad</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moufdi_Zakaria" title="Moufdi Zakaria">Moufdi Zakaria</a>, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouloud_Mammeri" title="Mouloud Mammeri">Mouloud Mammeri</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>, and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia_Djebar" title="Assia Djebar">Assia Djebar</a>. </p><p>In the aftermath of the independence, several new authors emerged on the Algerian literary scene, they will attempt through their works to expose a number of social problems, among them there are <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachid_Boudjedra" title="Rachid Boudjedra">Rachid Boudjedra</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachid_Mimouni" title="Rachid Mimouni">Rachid Mimouni</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Sebbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Leila Sebbar">Leila Sebbar</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahar_Djaout" title="Tahar Djaout">Tahar Djaout</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_Wattar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahir Wattar">Tahir Wattar</a>. </p><p>Currently, a part of Algerian writers tends to be defined in a literature of shocking expression, due to the terrorism that occurred during the 1990s, the other party is defined in a different style of literature who staged an individualistic conception of the human adventure. Among the most noted recent works, there is the writer, <i>the swallows of Kabul</i> and <i>the attack</i> of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmina_Khadra" title="Yasmina Khadra">Yasmina Khadra</a>, <i>the oath of barbarians</i> of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boualem_Sansal" title="Boualem Sansal">Boualem Sansal</a>, <i>memory of the flesh</i> of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi" title="Ahlam Mosteghanemi">Ahlam Mosteghanemi</a> and the last novel by Assia Djebar <i>nowhere in my father's House</i>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Music of Algeria</a></div> <p><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Chaâbi music</a> is a typically Algerian musical genre characterized by specific rhythms and of Qacidate (Popular poems) in Arabic dialect. The undisputed master of this music is <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hadj_M%27Hamed_El_Anka" title="El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka">El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka</a>. The Constantinois <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" title="Andalusian classical music">Malouf</a> style is saved by musician from whom <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Tahar_Fergani" title="Mohamed Tahar Fergani">Mohamed Tahar Fergani</a> is a performer. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anka.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Anka.jpg/170px-Anka.jpg" width="170" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Anka.jpg/255px-Anka.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Anka.jpg/340px-Anka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1729"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anka.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hadj_M%27Hamed_El_Anka" title="El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka">El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka</a></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheb_Khaled_performed_in_Oran_on_July_5th_2011.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cheb_Khaled_performed_in_Oran_on_July_5th_2011.jpg/220px-Cheb_Khaled_performed_in_Oran_on_July_5th_2011.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cheb_Khaled_performed_in_Oran_on_July_5th_2011.jpg/330px-Cheb_Khaled_performed_in_Oran_on_July_5th_2011.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cheb_Khaled_performed_in_Oran_on_July_5th_2011.jpg/440px-Cheb_Khaled_performed_in_Oran_on_July_5th_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheb_Khaled_performed_in_Oran_on_July_5th_2011.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_(musician)" title="Khaled (musician)">Cheb Khaled</a> King <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">raï</a></div></div></div> <p>Folk music styles include <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music">Bedouin music</a>, characterized by the poetic songs based on long kacida (poems); Kabyle music, based on a rich repertoire that is poetry and old tales passed through generations; Shawiya music, a folklore from diverse areas of the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aurès Mountains</a>. Rahaba music style is unique to the Aures. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souad_Massi" title="Souad Massi">Souad Massi</a> is a rising Algerian folk singer. Other Algerian singers of the diaspora include <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manel_Filali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manel Filali (page does not exist)">Manel Filali</a> in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenza_Farah" title="Kenza Farah">Kenza Farah</a> in France. Tergui music is sung in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg languages</a> generally, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinariwen" title="Tinariwen">Tinariwen</a> had a worldwide success. Finally, the staïfi music is born in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Sétif</a> and remains a unique style of its kind. </p><p>Modern music is available in several facets, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a> music is a style typical of Western Algeria. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria_Rap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algeria Rap (page does not exist)">Rap</a>, relatively recent style in Algeria, is experiencing significant growth. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cinema">Cinema</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Cinema of Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chronique_des_annees_de_braise.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Chronique_des_annees_de_braise.jpg/220px-Chronique_des_annees_de_braise.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Chronique_des_annees_de_braise.jpg/330px-Chronique_des_annees_de_braise.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Chronique_des_annees_de_braise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="447"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chronique_des_annees_de_braise.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Years_of_Fire" title="Chronicle of the Years of Fire">Chronicle of the Years of Fire</a>, the film won the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> prize at the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1975 Cannes Film Festival">1975 Cannes Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-festival-cannes.com_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-146">[145]</a></sup></div></div></div> <p>The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.8) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture in order to promote national production, renovate the cinema stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation. </p><p>The financial support provided by the state, through the Fund for the Development of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production. Between 2007 and 2013, FDATIC subsidised 98 films (feature films, documentaries and short films). In mid-2013, AARC had already supported a total of 78 films, including 42 feature films, 6 short films and 30 documentaries. </p><p>According to the European Audiovisual Observatory's LUMIERE database, 41 Algerian films were distributed in Europe between 1996 and 2013; 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co-productions. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Glory_(2006_film)" title="Days of Glory (2006 film)"><i>Days of Glory</i> (2006)</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_the_Law_(2010_film)" title="Outside the Law (2010 film)"><i>Outside the Law</i> (2010)</a> recorded the highest number of admissions in the European Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></sup> </p><p>Algeria won the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> for <i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Years_of_Fire" title="Chronicle of the Years of Fire">Chronicle of the Years of Fire</a></i> (1975), two Oscars for <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_(1969_film)" title="Z (1969 film)"><i>Z</i> (1969)</a>, and other awards for <i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Algiers" title="The Battle of Algiers">The Battle of Algiers</a></i>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Algeria" title="Sport in Algeria">Sport in Algeria</a></div> <p>Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. In the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aures</a>, people played several games such as El Kherdba or El khergueba (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> variant). Playing cards, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Checkers">checkers</a> and chess games are part of Algerian culture. Racing (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasia_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (culture)">fantasia</a>) and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle shooting">rifle shooting</a> are part of cultural recreation of the Algerians.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a></sup> </p><p>The first Algerian and African gold medalist is <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boughera_El_Ouafi" title="Boughera El Ouafi">Boughera El Ouafi</a> in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">1928 Olympics of Amsterdam</a> in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a>. The second Algerian Medalist was <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Mimoun" title="Alain Mimoun">Alain Mimoun</a> in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Summer Olympics</a> in Melbourne. Several men and women were champions in athletics in the 1990s including <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noureddine_Morceli" title="Noureddine Morceli">Noureddine Morceli</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiba_Boulmerka" title="Hassiba Boulmerka">Hassiba Boulmerka</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouria_M%C3%A9rah-Benida" title="Nouria Mérah-Benida">Nouria Merah-Benida</a>, and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoufik_Makhloufi" title="Taoufik Makhloufi">Taoufik Makhloufi</a>, all specialized in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">middle-distance running</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Algeria" title="Football in Algeria">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Algeria. Several names are engraved in the history of the sport, including <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhdar_Belloumi" title="Lakhdar Belloumi">Lakhdar Belloumi</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachid_Mekhloufi" title="Rachid Mekhloufi">Rachid Mekhloufi</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C3%A8ne_Lalmas" title="Hacène Lalmas">Hassen Lalmas</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabah_Madjer" title="Rabah Madjer">Rabah Madjer</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Assad" title="Salah Assad">Salah Assad</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djamel_Zidane" title="Djamel Zidane">Djamel Zidane</a>. The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team" title="Algeria national football team">Algeria national football team</a> qualified for the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1982 FIFA World Cup">1982 FIFA World Cup</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">1986 FIFA World Cup</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014 FIFA World Cup</a>. In addition, several football clubs have won continental and international trophies as the club <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ES_S%C3%A9tif" title="ES Sétif">ES Sétif</a> or <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Kabylia" class="mw-redirect" title="JS Kabylia">JS Kabylia</a>. The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Football_Federation" title="Algerian Football Federation">Algerian Football Federation</a> is an association of Algeria football clubs organizing national competitions and international matches of the selection of Algeria national football team.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian cuisine</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgur_wheat_salad.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bulgur_wheat_salad.jpg/220px-Bulgur_wheat_salad.jpg" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bulgur_wheat_salad.jpg/330px-Bulgur_wheat_salad.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bulgur_wheat_salad.jpg/440px-Bulgur_wheat_salad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1678"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgur_wheat_salad.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a>-based salad</div></div></div> <p>Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse. The country was considered as the "granary of Rome". It offers a component of dishes and varied dishes, depending on the region and according to the seasons. The cuisine uses cereals as the main products, since they are always produced with abundance in the country. There is not a dish where cereals are not present. </p><p>Algerian cuisine varies from one region to another, according to seasonal vegetables. It can be prepared using meat, fish and vegetables. Among the dishes known, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-151">[150]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">chorba</a>, Couscous, Rechta, Chakhchoukha, Berkoukes, Shakshouka, Mthewem, Chtitha, Mderbel, Dolma, Brik or Bourek, Garantita, Lham'hlou, etc. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merguez" title="Merguez">Merguez</a> sausage is widely used in Algeria, but it differs, depending on the region and on the added spices. </p><p>Cakes are marketed and can be found in cities either in Algeria, in Europe or North America. However, traditional cakes are also made at home, following the habits and customs of each family. Among these cakes, there are Tamina, Baklawa, Chrik, Garn logzelles, Griouech, Kalb el-louz, Makroud, Mbardja, Mchewek, Samsa, Tcharak, Baghrir, Khfaf, Zlabia, Aarayech, Ghroubiya and Mghergchette. Algerian pastry also contains Tunisian or French cakes. Marketed and home-made bread products include varieties such as Kessra or Khmira or Harchaya, chopsticks and so-called washers Khoubz dar or Matloue. Other traditional meals sold often as street food include Mhadjeb, Karantika, Doubara.(Chakhchokha-Hassoua-T'chicha-Mahjouba and Doubara)are famous in Biskra. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Algeria" title="Health in Algeria">Health in Algeria</a></div> <p>In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to "improved water sources" was limited to 92% of the population in urban areas and 80% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82% of those living in rural areas, had access to "improved sanitation". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of "reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015". Given Algeria's young population, policy favors preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunization program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a></sup> </p><p>Health records have been maintained in Algeria since 1882 and began adding Muslims living in the South to their Vital record database in 1905 during French rule.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Education in Algeria</a> and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Algeria" title="List of universities in Algeria">List of universities in Algeria</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nouria_Benghabrit-Remaoun_in_Blida.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nouria_Benghabrit-Remaoun_in_Blida.JPG/220px-Nouria_Benghabrit-Remaoun_in_Blida.JPG" width="220" height="310" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nouria_Benghabrit-Remaoun_in_Blida.JPG/330px-Nouria_Benghabrit-Remaoun_in_Blida.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nouria_Benghabrit-Remaoun_in_Blida.JPG/440px-Nouria_Benghabrit-Remaoun_in_Blida.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1717"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nouria_Benghabrit-Remaoun_in_Blida.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouria_Benghabrit-Remaoun" title="Nouria Benghabrit-Remaoun">Nouria Benghabrit-Remaoun</a>, Minister of National education</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Des_%C3%A9levesen_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Des_%C3%A9levesen_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg/220px-Des_%C3%A9levesen_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg" width="220" height="151" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Des_%C3%A9levesen_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg/330px-Des_%C3%A9levesen_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Des_%C3%A9levesen_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg/440px-Des_%C3%A9levesen_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2598"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Des_%C3%A9levesen_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Algerian school children</div></div></div> <p>Since the 1970s, in a centralized system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20 facilities built since independence, now the literacy rate is around 78.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-illit_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illit-154">[153]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png/220px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png" width="220" height="174" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png/330px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="314"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics" title="UNESCO Institute for Statistics">UIS</a> literacy rate Algeria population plus 15 1985–2015</div></div></div> <p>Since 1972, Arabic is used as the language of instruction during the first nine years of schooling. From the third year, French is taught and it is also the language of instruction for science classes. The students can also learn English, Italian, Spanish and German. In 2008, new programs at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></sup> Apart from the 122 private, learning at school, the Universities of the State are free of charge. After nine years of primary school, students can go to the high school or to an educational institution. The school offers two programs: general or technical. At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue graduate studies in universities and institutes.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></sup> </p><p>Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of six and 15. In 2008, the illiteracy rate for people over 10 was 22.3%, 15.6% for men and 29.0% for women. The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers_Province" title="Algiers Province">Algiers Province</a> at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djelfa_Province" title="Djelfa Province">Djelfa Province</a> at 35.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-illit_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illit-154">[153]</a></sup> </p><p>Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and 80,000 foreign students in 2008. The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Algiers" title="University of Algiers">University of Algiers</a>, founded in 1879, is the oldest, it offers education in various disciplines (law, medicine, science and letters). 25 of these universities and almost all of the institutions of higher education were founded after the independence of the country. </p><p>Even if some of them offer instruction in <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> like areas of law and the economy, most of the other sectors as science and medicine continue to be provided in French and English. Among the most important universities, there are the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sciences_and_Technology_Houari_Boumediene" title="University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene">University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene</a>, the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mentouri" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Mentouri">University of Mentouri</a> Constantine, and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oran" title="University of Oran">University of Oran</a> Es-Senia. The <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Abou_Bekr_Belka%C3%AFd" title="University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd">University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd</a> in Tlemcen and <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Batna" title="University of Batna">University of Batna</a> Hadj Lakhdar occupy the 26th and 45th row in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small noprint selfref" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000;width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yakh.svg/27px-Yakh.svg.png" width="27" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yakh.svg/41px-Yakh.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yakh.svg/55px-Yakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="878"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;">You may need <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Tifinagh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Multilingual support (Tifinagh)">rendering support</a> to display the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh text</a> in this article correctly.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles" title="Index of Algeria-related articles">Index of Algeria-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline of Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Open_book_nae_02.svg/16px-Open_book_nae_02.svg.png" width="16" height="9" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Open_book_nae_02.svg/24px-Open_book_nae_02.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Open_book_nae_02.svg/32px-Open_book_nae_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="209"/> <i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Algeria" title="Book:Algeria">Algeria</a></i> – <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" title="Wikipedia:Books">Wikipedia book</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></i> states that about 15% of Algerians, a minority, identify as Berber even though many Algerians have Berber origins. The Factbook explains that of the approximately 15% who identify as Berber, most live in the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabylie" title="Kabylie">Kabylie</a> region, more closely identify with Berber heritage instead of Arab heritage, and are Muslim.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CONST-AR-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CONST-AR_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124116/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm">"Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11"</a>. El-mouradia.dz. language: English and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm">the original</a> on 18 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-71966-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-71966-4">978-0-333-71966-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Slaves%2C+Muslim+Masters%3A+White+Slavery+in+the+Mediterranean%2C+the+Barbary+Coast+and+Italy%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-333-71966-4&rft.au=Robert+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5q9zcB3JS40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/history/American_and_Military/Barbary_Pirates/Britannica_1911*.html">"Barbary Pirates—Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911"</a>. 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Littell. p. 231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Museum+of+foreign+literature%2C+science+and+art&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=E.+Littell&rft.date=1836&rft.au=Littell%2C+Eliakim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48L1w21XYI4C%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/8005.htm">"Background Note: Algeria"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Background+Note%3A+Algeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F8005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Horne, Alistair (2006). <i>A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962</i>. 1755 Broadway, New York, NY 10019: NYRB Classics. pp. 29–30. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-218-6">978-1-59017-218-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Savage+War+of+Peace%3A+Algeria+1954%E2%80%931962&rft.place=1755+Broadway%2C+New+York%2C+NY+10019&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=NYRB+Classics&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-218-6&rft.au=Horne%2C+Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Barbary_Pirates">Barbary Pirates</a>". <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricoux1880-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ricoux1880_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ricoux, René (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103772b/f299.image"><i>La démographie figurée de l'Algérie: étude statistique des...</i></a> [<i>The figurative demographics of Algeria</i>]. G. Masson. pp. 260–261<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+d%C3%A9mographie+figur%C3%A9e+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+%C3%A9tude+statistique+des...&rft.pages=260-261&rft.pub=G.+Masson&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Ricoux&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k103772b%2Ff299.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kiernan, Ben (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=XR91bs70jukC"><i>Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur</i></a>. p. 374. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10098-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10098-1">0-300-10098-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil%3A+A+World+History+of+Genocide+and+Extermination+from+Sparta+to+Darfur&rft.pages=374&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-300-10098-1&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXR91bs70jukC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Had planning been better (barracks, hospitals, medical services), the drain on men would have been miniscule: it has been calculated that between 1831 and 1851, 92,329 died in hospital, and only 3,336 in battle." The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman Landscape of North Africa ... - Michael Greenhalgh, p366 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=5pCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lahmeyer, Jan (11 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://www.populstat.info/Africa/algeriac.htm">"Algeria (Djazaïria) historical demographic data of the whole country"</a>. <i>Population Statistics</i>. populstat.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Population+Statistics&rft.atitle=Algeria+%28Djaza%C3%AFria%29+historical+demographic+data+of+the+whole+country&rft.date=2003-10-11&rft.au=Lahmeyer%2C+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.populstat.info%2FAfrica%2Falgeriac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ruedy, John Douglas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIRWgrbE_fEC&pg=PA103"><i>Modern Algeria: The Origins And Development of a Nation</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 103. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21782-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21782-0">978-0-253-21782-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Algeria%3A+The+Origins+And+Development+of+a+Nation&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21782-0&rft.au=Ruedy%2C+John+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIRWgrbE_fEC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hargreaves, Alec G.; McKinney, Mark (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=0xk6235fcNcC&pg=PA104"><i>Post-Colonial Cultures in France</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 104. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14487-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14487-2">978-0-415-14487-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Colonial+Cultures+in+France&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14487-2&rft.au=Hargreaves%2C+Alec+G.&rft.au=McKinney%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0xk6235fcNcC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Randell, Keith (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=AvyGHAAACAAJ"><i>France: Monarchy, Republic and Empire, 1814–70</i></a>. Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-51805-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-51805-2">978-0-340-51805-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%3A+Monarchy%2C+Republic+and+Empire%2C+1814%E2%80%9370&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-340-51805-2&rft.aulast=Randell&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAvyGHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fisher, Michael H. (2014). <i>Migration: A World History</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 80. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199764344" title="Special:BookSources/0199764344">0199764344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%3A+A+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=0199764344&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Horne, Alistair (2006). <i>A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 (New York Review Books Classics)</i>. 1755 Broadway, New York, NY 10019: NYRB Classics. p. 32. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-218-6">978-1-59017-218-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Savage+War+of+Peace%3A+Algeria+1954%E2%80%931962+%28New+York+Review+Books+Classics%29&rft.place=1755+Broadway%2C+New+York%2C+NY+10019&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=NYRB+Classics&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-218-6&rft.au=Horne%2C+Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA323">A history of the Arab peoples</a></i>". Harvard University Press. p.323. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01017-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01017-5">0-674-01017-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Baten, Jörg (2016). <i>A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107507180" title="Special:BookSources/9781107507180">9781107507180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present.&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107507180&rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7130307.stm">"French 'Reparation' for Algerians"</a>. BBC News. 6 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=French+%27Reparation%27+for+Algerians&rft.date=2007-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7130307.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Horne, Alistair. <i>A Savage War of Peace</i>. p. 538. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-61964-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-61964-7">0-670-61964-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Savage+War+of+Peace&rft.pages=538&rft.isbn=0-670-61964-7&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Windrow, Martin. <i>The Algerian War 1954–62</i>. p. 13. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1_85532_658_2" title="Special:BookSources/1 85532 658 2">1 85532 658 2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Algerian+War+1954%E2%80%9362&rft.pages=13&rft.isbn=1855326582&rft.aulast=Windrow&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ussama Samir Makdisi; Paul A. 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African Economic Outlook.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algeria&rft.pub=African+Economic+Outlook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africaneconomicoutlook.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fnorth-africa%2Falgeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Metz, Helen Chapin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://web.archive.org/web/20130115052428/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dztoc.html">"Algeria : a country study"</a>. United States Library of Congress. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+Lack+of+Donor+Funds+Threatens+Humanitarian+Projects&rft.pub=IRIN&rft.date=2007-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F74134%2Fwestern-sahara-lack-of-donor-funds-threatens-humanitarian-projects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8184499.stm">"Chinese Migrants in Algiers Clash"</a>. BBC News. 4 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chinese+Migrants+in+Algiers+Clash&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8184499.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop">"Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée – Immigrés 2012"</a>. Insee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiches+th%C3%A9matiques+%E2%80%93+Population+immigr%C3%A9e+%E2%80%93+Immigr%C3%A9s+2012&rft.pub=Insee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Fdocument.asp%3Freg_id%3D0%26ref_id%3DIMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">UNESCO (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://web.archive.org/web/20130725111743/http://rabat.unesco.org/IMG/pdf/Diversite_InterculturalitAlgerie.pdf">"Diversité et interculturalité en Algérie"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://rabat.unesco.org/IMG/pdf/Diversite_InterculturalitAlgerie.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on 2013-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diversit%C3%A9+et+interculturalit%C3%A9+en+Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2009&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frabat.unesco.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FDiversite_InterculturalitAlgerie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ruedy, John Douglas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIRWgrbE_fEC&pg=PA22"><i>Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 22. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253217820" title="Special:BookSources/9780253217820">9780253217820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Algeria+%E2%80%93+The+Origins+and+Development+of+a+Nation&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780253217820&rft.au=Ruedy%2C+John+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIRWgrbE_fEC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">De Epalza, Mikel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7_VKzdSIzwC"><i>El español hablado en Túnez por los moriscos (siglos XVII-XVIII)</i></a>. Universitat de València. pp. 32–38–39–444. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-370-8415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-370-8415-2">978-84-370-8415-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+espa%C3%B1ol+hablado+en+T%C3%BAnez+por+los+moriscos+%28siglos+XVII-XVIII%29&rft.pages=32-38-39-444&rft.pub=Universitat+de+Val%C3%A8ncia&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-84-370-8415-2&rft.aulast=De+Epalza&rft.aufirst=Mikel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7_VKzdSIzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stokes, Jamie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA21"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 21. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0">978-1-4381-2676-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%3A+L+to+Z&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dstl97FdyRswC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Oxford Business Group (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSGzIPz8cYIC"><i>The Report: Algeria 2011</i></a>. Oxford Business Group. p. 9. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-37-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-37-8">978-1-907065-37-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Algeria+2011&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-907065-37-8&rft.au=Oxford+Business+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSGzIPz8cYIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marion Mill Preminger (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=xfCfAAAAMAAJ"><i>The sands of Tamanrasset: the story of Charles de Foucauld</i></a>. Hawthorn Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sands+of+Tamanrasset%3A+the+story+of+Charles+de+Foucauld&rft.pub=Hawthorn+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Marion+Mill+Preminger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfCfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cook_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cook, Bernard A. (2001). <i>Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia</i>. New York: Garland. p. 398. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-4057-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-4057-5">0-8153-4057-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+since+1945%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8153-4057-5&rft.au=Cook%2C+Bernard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">De Azevedo; Raimond Cagiano (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25"><i>Migration and Development Co-Operation</i></a>. Council of Europe. p. 25. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789287126115" title="Special:BookSources/9789287126115">9789287126115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Development+Co-Operation&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789287126115&rft.au=De+Azevedo&rft.au=Raimond+Cagiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8VHizsqaH0C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/pays-zones-geo_833/algerie_406/presentation-algerie_922/index.html">"Présentation de l'Algérie"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9sentation+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.pub=French+Ministry+of+Foreign+and+European+Affairs&rft.date=2012-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fpays-zones-geo_833%2Falgerie_406%2Fpresentation-algerie_922%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://web.archive.org/web/20110216045948/http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2007/06/21/feature-01">"L'Algérie crée une académie de la langue amazigh"</a>. Magharebia.com. 2 June 2006. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+cr%C3%A9e+une+acad%C3%A9mie+de+la+langue+amazigh&rft.pub=Magharebia.com&rft.date=2006-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magharebia.com%2Fcocoon%2Fawi%2Fxhtml1%2Ffr%2Ffeatures%2Fawi%2Ffeatures%2F2007%2F06%2F21%2Ffeature-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Unfit url (<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Unfit_url" title="Category:CS1 maint: Unfit url">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://www.webcitation.org/6FhBDeanP?url=http://www.senat.fr/colloques/actes_mondialisation_francophonie/actes_mondialisation_francophonie10.html">"La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie"</a>. Senat.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://www.senat.fr/colloques/actes_mondialisation_francophonie/actes_mondialisation_francophonie10.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+mondialisation%2C+une+chance+pour+la+francophonie&rft.pub=Senat.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Fcolloques%2Factes_mondialisation_francophonie%2Factes_mondialisation_francophonie10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> () "L'Algérie, non-membre de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, comptabilise la seconde communauté francophone au monde, avec environ 16 millions de locuteurs, suivie par la Côte d'Ivoire avec près de 12 millions de locuteurs francophones, le Québec avec 6 millions et la Belgique avec plus de 4 millions de francophones."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://www.webcitation.org/6FhBO8XsN?url=http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/1e.pdf">"Le dénombrement des francophones"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/1e.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+d%C3%A9nombrement+des+francophones&rft.pub=Organisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2F1e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> () p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n'appartenant pas à l'OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l'Algérie (11,2 millions en 2008<sup>1</sup>)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d'après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l'<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_des_statistiques_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie" class="mw-redirect" title="Office national des statistiques d'Algérie">Office national des statistiques d'Algérie</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">New, The (19 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/algerias-liberation-terrorism-and-arabization/">"Algeria's liberation terrorism and Arabization"</a>. blogs.nytimes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Luce+Ben+Aben%2C+Moorish+Women+Preparing+Couscous%2C+Algiers%2C+Algeria&rft.date=1899&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F8804%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Algeria.pdf">"Library of Congress Country Studies – Algeria"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies+%E2%80%93+Algeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FAlgeria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kemp, Thomas Jay (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=afnc6_o5AqoC&pg=PA347"><i>International Vital Records Handbook</i></a>. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 347. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-1793-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-1793-9">978-0-8063-1793-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Vital+Records+Handbook&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Com&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8063-1793-9&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Thomas+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dafnc6_o5AqoC%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-illit-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-illit_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-illit_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/pop9_national.pdf">"Taux d'Analphabétisme et taux d'Alphabétisation de la population âgée de 10 ans et plus selon le sexe et la wilaya de résidence"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Office National des Statistiques.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taux+d%27Analphab%C3%A9tisme+et+taux+d%27Alphab%C3%A9tisation+de+la+population+%C3%A2g%C3%A9e+de+10+ans+et+plus+selon+le+sexe+et+la+wilaya+de+r%C3%A9sidence&rft.pub=Office+National+des+Statistiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.dz%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fpop9_national.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://www.presse-dz.com/revue-de-presse/version-imprimable/1045-les-verites-de-benbouzid.html">"Ecoles privées, Tamazight, enseignement du Français, syndicats ... – Les vérités de Benbouzid"</a>. Presse-dz.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecoles+priv%C3%A9es%2C+Tamazight%2C+enseignement+du+Fran%C3%A7ais%2C+syndicats+...+%E2%80%93+Les+v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9s+de+Benbouzid&rft.pub=Presse-dz.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presse-dz.com%2Frevue-de-presse%2Fversion-imprimable%2F1045-les-verites-de-benbouzid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://www.algerie-dz.com/article10808.html">"Le taux d'analphabétisme en Algérie est de 21,3%"</a>. Algerie-dz.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+taux+d%27analphab%C3%A9tisme+en+Alg%C3%A9rie+est+de+21%2C3%25&rft.pub=Algerie-dz.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.algerie-dz.com%2Farticle10808.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://web.archive.org/web/20140208084507/http://webometrics.info/en/Africa/Algeria">"Algeria | Ranking Web of Universities"</a>. Webometrics.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://webometrics.info/en/Africa/Algeria">the original</a> on 8 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algeria+%26%23124%3B+Ranking+Web+of+Universities&rft.pub=Webometrics.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebometrics.info%2Fen%2FAfrica%2FAlgeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r852805940">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). <i>Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present</i>. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Hurst & Co">Hurst</a>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-266-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-266-6">978-0-86543-266-6</a>.</li> <li>Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). <i>Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects</i>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34848-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34848-5">978-0-415-34848-5</a>.</li> <li>Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). <i>The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30150-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30150-3">978-0-521-30150-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon, Frantz</a> (1966; 2005 paperback). <i>The Wretched of the Earth</i>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. ASIN B0007FW4AW, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4132-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4132-3">978-0-8021-4132-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Horne, Alistair</a> (1977). <i>A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962</i>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Adult" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Adult">Viking Adult</a>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-61964-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-61964-1">978-0-670-61964-1</a>, <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-218-6">978-1-59017-218-6</a> (2006 reprint)</li> <li>Laouisset, Djamel (2009). <i>A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry</i>. New York City: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Publishers">Nova Publishers</a>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61761-190-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61761-190-2">978-1-61761-190-2</a>.</li> <li>Roberts, Hugh (2003). <i>The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity</i>. London: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-684-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-684-1">978-1-85984-684-1</a>.</li> <li>Ruedy, John (1992). <i>Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation</i>. Bloomington: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34998-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34998-9">978-0-253-34998-9</a>.</li> <li>Stora, Benjamin (2001). <i>Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History</i>. Ithaca, New York: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3715-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3715-1">978-0-8014-3715-1</a>.</li> <li>Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://books.google.com/books?id=UouRFVxywIQC"><i>Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation</i></a>. Farnham: <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-7418-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-7418-5">0-7546-7418-5</a>.</li></ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;"> <div style="padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;">Find more about<b style="display:block;">Algeria</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a> </div> <ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;"> <li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"/></span><span style="display: inline-block; 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width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Algeria" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Algeria">News</a> from Wikinews</span> </li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; 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width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Algeria" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Algeria">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span> </li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Algeria" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Algeria">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span> </li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"/></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Algeria#Q262" class="extiw" title="voy:Algeria">Travel guide</a> from Wikivoyage</span> </li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="27" height="24" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900"/></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Algeria" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Algeria">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</span> </li> </ul> </div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Countries_A%E2%80%93Z" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Wikijunior:Countries A–Z">Wikijunior:Countries A–Z</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Countries_A%E2%80%93Z/Algeria" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Wikijunior:Countries A–Z/Algeria">Algeria</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/">People's Democratic Republic of Algeria</a> <i>Official government website</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span> / <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html">"Algeria"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Algeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/algeria.htm">Algeria</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder#Library" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado at Boulder">University of Colorado–Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://curlie.org/Regional/Africa/Algeria">Algeria</a> at Curlie (based on <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118852">Algeria profile</a> from the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><cite class="citation map"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/ftp://undp-pogar.org/LocalUser/pogarp/other/maps/algeria-apr07.pdf"><i>Algeria Atlas Map</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Map). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://www.webcitation.org/6mdDU9gLR?url=ftp://undp-pogar.org/LocalUser/pogarp/other/maps/algeria-apr07.pdf">Archived</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algeria+Atlas+Map&rft.pub=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees+%28UNHCR%29&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fundp-pogar.org%2FLocalUser%2Fpogarp%2Fother%2Fmaps%2Falgeria-apr07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Algeria" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Algeria">Wikimedia Atlas of Algeria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DZ">Key Development Forecasts for Algeria</a> from <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=1">EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Algeria</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Algeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Algeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Algeria</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;"><div style="padding:0px;"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Algeria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Algeria_topics" title="Template:Algeria topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Algeria_topics" title="Template talk:Algeria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Algeria_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algeria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles" title="Index of Algeria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa_during_Antiquity" title="North Africa during Antiquity">Classical period <span style="font-size:85%;">(Antiquity)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Medieval Muslim Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" title="Ottoman Algeria">Ottoman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French rule</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism_and_resistance_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism and resistance in Algeria">Nationalism and resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%9399)" title="History of Algeria (1962–99)">1962–99</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_in_Algeria" title="2000s in Algeria">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9312_Algerian_protests" title="2010–12 Algerian protests">2010–12 protests</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Algeria.svg" class="image"><img alt="Seal of Algeria.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seal_of_Algeria.svg/100px-Seal_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="100" height="100" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seal_of_Algeria.svg/150px-Seal_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seal_of_Algeria.svg/200px-Seal_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="651"/></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Algeria" title="List of cities in Algeria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Algeria" title="List of earthquakes in Algeria">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Algeria" title="List of ecoregions in Algeria">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">Municipalities <span style="font-size:85%;">(communes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Algeria">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Algeria" title="List of rivers of Algeria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Algeria" title="List of volcanoes in Algeria">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Algeria" title="Wildlife of Algeria">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Algeria" title="Politics of Algeria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Algeria" title="Cabinet of Algeria">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria" title="Constitution of Algeria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Council of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9partement_de_Surveillance_et_de_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Département de Surveillance et de Sécurité (page does not exist)">DSS <span style="font-size:85%;">(intelligence service)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Algeria" title="Elections in Algeria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Algeria" title="Foreign relations of Algeria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Algeria" title="Human rights in Algeria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Algeria" title="LGBT rights in Algeria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Algeria">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Algeria" title="Law enforcement in Algeria">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Armed_Forces" title="Algerian People's National Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Algeria" title="List of political parties in Algeria">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Algeria" title="Bank of Algeria">Bank of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Algeria" title="List of companies of Algeria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_dinar" title="Algerian dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Algeria" title="Energy in Algeria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Algeria" title="Health in Algeria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Algeria" title="Mining industry of Algeria">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Algeria" title="Taxation in Algeria">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria" title="Telecommunications in Algeria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Algeria" title="Tourism in Algeria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Algeria" title="Trade unions in Algeria">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Algeria" title="Transport in Algeria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Algerian_society" title="Category:Algerian society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Algeria" title="Demographics of Algeria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria" title="Ethnic groups in Algeria">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Algerians" title="List of Algerians">List of Algerians</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Algeria" title="Public holidays in Algeria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Algeria" title="Culture of Algeria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Algeria" title="Flag of Algeria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Algeria" title="Football in Algeria">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Algeria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Algerian_films" title="List of Algerian films">films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles" title="Index of Algeria-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Algeria" title="Book:Algeria">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Algeria" title="Category:Algeria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geographic_locale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Geographic_locale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;"><div style="padding:0px;"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_of_Africa&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">entirely/mostly<br/>in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">partly<br/>in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image" title="Orthographic projection of Africa"><img alt="Orthographic projection of Africa" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"/></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory (subdivision)">Territories</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">and</span><br/><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;">France</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;">UK</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces (Western Sahara)</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/>recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Unclear sovereignty</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> </span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480"/> </span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> </span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"/> </span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"/> </span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Partially recognized state</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"/></a></span> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a><sup>1</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Vélez de la Gomera</a><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala%27ib_Triangle" title="Hala'ib Triangle">Hala'ib Triangle</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Halfa_Salient" title="Wadi Halfa Salient">Wadi Halfa Salient</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Tawil" title="Bir Tawil">Bir Tawil</a><sup>5</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafia_Kingi" title="Kafia Kingi">Kafia Kingi</a><sup>6</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>/<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aouzou_Strip" title="Aouzou Strip">Aouzou Strip</a><sup>7</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perejil_Island" title="Perejil Island">Perejil</a><sup>8</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><sup>1</sup>Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a>.</i> <i><sup>2</sup>Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco.</i> <i><sup>3</sup>Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain.</i> <i><sup>4</sup>Disputed between Sudan and Egypt.</i> <i><sup>5</sup><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Terra nullius</a> located between Egypt and Sudan.</i> <i><sup>6</sup>Disputed between Sudan and South Sudan.</i> <i><sup>7</sup>Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya.</i> <i><sup>8</sup>Disputed between Morocco and Spain</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of the 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title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(UK)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"><i>Northern Cyprus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><i>Palestine</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip"><i>Gaza</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Federation_of_Northern_Syria" title="Democratic Federation of Northern Syria">North Syria Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image"><img alt="Middle East (orthographic projection).svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/70px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" width="70" height="70" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/105px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/140px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553"/></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_membership" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_membership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International membership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;"><div style="padding:0px;"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arab_League&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="*Category&#124;16x16px&#124;link=_Arab_League&#10;*List-Class_article&#124;16x16px&#124;link=_Lists&#10;*Portal&#124;16x16px&#124;link=_Portal_Arab_world"> <ul><li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="List-Class article" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arab_world" title="Portal:Arab world">Portal Arab world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_League" title="Geography of the Arab League">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="image"><img alt="Emblem of the Arab League.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" width="55" height="59" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450"/></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_the_Arab_League" title="Transport in the Arab League">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Games">Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union_(AU)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African_Union&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union_(AU)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AU_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="AU Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Institutions_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Institutions of the African Union">Financial Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFRA_Commission" title="AFRA Commission">AFRA Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a 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Union">Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" 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transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Countries<br/>and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Muslim<br/>communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">International<br/>organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:G-15_nations&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="noprint metadata navbox" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em"><ul style="margin:0.1em 0 0"><li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Algeria.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/24px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="24" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/36px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a></span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Algeria portal</a></span></li><li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa-locator.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Africa-locator.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Africa-locator.jpg/20px-Africa-locator.jpg" width="20" height="21" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Africa-locator.jpg/31px-Africa-locator.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Africa-locator.jpg/40px-Africa-locator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="219"/></a></span><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li><li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Relief.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Mediterranean Relief.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mediterranean_Relief.jpg/24px-Mediterranean_Relief.jpg" width="24" height="13" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180803234109im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mediterranean_Relief.jpg/36px-Mediterranean_Relief.jpg 1.5x, 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</div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label"> <h3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">In other projects</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Algeria" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Algeria" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Algeria" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"> <h3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Achinese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алджазаир – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeri%C3%AB" title="Algerië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ak"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Akan" lang="ak" hreflang="ak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Akan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerien" title="Algerien – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%84%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="አልጄሪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="الجزائر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcheria" title="Alcheria – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%99%DC%90%DC%90%DC%AA" title="ܓܙܐܐܪ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algheria" title="Algheria – Aromanian" lang="roa-rup" hreflang="roa-rup" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C2%B7%C3%A8rie" title="Alg·èrie – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আলজেৰিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxelia" title="Arxelia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arh%C3%A9lia" title="Arhélia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Flc%C9%99zair" title="Əlcəzair – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="الجزاییر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alizeri" title="Alizeri – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আলজেরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljajair" title="Aljajair – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Алжыр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Альжыр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जीरिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerya" title="Algerya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerien" title="Algerien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨཱལ་ཇི་རི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeria" title="Aljeria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A8ria" title="Algèria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85)" title="Алжир (патшалăх) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhelya" title="Arhelya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C3%ADrsko" title="Alžírsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argelia" title="Argelia – Chavacano" lang="cbk-zam" hreflang="cbk-zam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriet" title="Algeriet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altschieri" title="Altschieri – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerien" title="Algerien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%92%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ޖަޒާއިރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BCask%CA%BCidii_Bi%C5%82ikahii_Bik%C3%A9yah_Ntsaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii Biłikahii Bikéyah Ntsaaígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriska" title="Algeriska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1" title="ཨཱལ་ཇི་རི་ཡ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEeeria" title="Alžeeria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αλγερία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argelia" title="Argelia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%9Derio" title="Alĝerio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arg%C3%A9lia" title="Argélia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeria" title="Aljeria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86ldzeria" title="Ɔldzeria – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="الجزایر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Algérie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerije" title="Algerije – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeri" title="Aljeri – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ailg%C3%A9ir" title="An Ailgéir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Algear" title="Yn Algear – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezair" title="Cezair – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aildiria" title="Aildiria – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alxeria" title="Alxeria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आल्जेरिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D2%97%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Алҗирмудин Улс Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%A0%9C%EB%A6%AC" title="알제리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeriya" title="Aljeriya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Alekelia" title="‘Alekelia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AA%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Ալժիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जीरिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriska" title="Algeriska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeria" title="Aljeria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhelia" title="Arhelia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আলজেরিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Algeria" title="E-Algeria – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAljiriya" title="IAljiriya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Als%C3%ADr" title="Alsír – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלג'יריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅಲ್ಜೀರಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ალჟირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeri" title="Aljeri – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligeriya" title="Aligeriya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeri" title="Aljeri – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezayir" title="Cezayir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjelia" title="Arjelia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerium" title="Algerium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C4%ABrija" title="Alžīrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerien" title="Algerien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEyras" title="Alžyras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger%C3%AEa" title="Algerîa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerije" title="Algerije – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeria" title="Aljeria – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jexygu%27e" title="jexygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9ria" title="Algéria – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeria" title="Aljeria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="അൾജീറിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%A1erija" title="Alġerija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जीरिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ალჟირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="الجزاير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="الجزایر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" class="interlanguage-link-target">Baso Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အယ်လ်ဂျီးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argelia" title="Argelia – Nāhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardjiriya" title="Ardjiriya – Nauru" lang="na" hreflang="na" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dorerin Naoero</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerije" title="Algerije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जेरिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जेरिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="アルジェリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeerien" title="Algeerien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argeria" title="Argeria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଆଲଜେରିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeeriyaa" title="Aljeeriyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazoir" title="Jazoir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਅਲਜੀਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जीरिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="الجزائر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="الجزاير – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljiiria" title="Aljiiria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="អាល់ហ្សេរី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger%C3%ACa" title="Algerìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerien" title="Algerien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algieria" title="Algieria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arg%C3%A9lia" title="Argélia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljir" title="Aljir – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezair" title="Cezair – Crimean Turkish" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhirya" title="Alhirya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%96%D1%80" title="Алжір – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जीरिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaz%C3%ABri" title="Alazëri – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger%C3%ACa" title="Algerìa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerien" title="Algerien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algjeria" title="Algjeria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algir%C3%ACa" title="Algirìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="الجزائر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Alijeriya" title="I-Alijeriya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C3%ADrsko" title="Alžírsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEirija" title="Alžirija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeryj%C5%8F" title="Algeryjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeeriya" title="Aljeeriya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="جەزائیر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriet" title="Algeriet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="அல்சீரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzayer" title="Dzayer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie – Tarantino" lang="roa-Tara" hreflang="roa-Tara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D2%97%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Әлҗәзаир – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="అల్జీరియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศแอลจีเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="አልጀሪያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алҷазоир – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%AF" title="ᎠᎵᏥᎵᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezayir" title="Cezayir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD)" title="Алжир (кун) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="الجزائر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئالجىرىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Algérie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laljer%C3%A4n" title="Laljerän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEeeri%C3%A4" title="Alžeeriä – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldjereye" title="Aldjereye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="阿爾及利亞 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algereye" title="Algereye – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alherya" title="Alherya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alseeri" title="Alseeri – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔及利亚 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriya" title="Algeriya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8" title="אלזשיר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80lg%C3%A9r%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Àlgéríà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="阿爾及利亞 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezayir" title="Cezayir – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alherije" title="Alherije – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C4%ABrs" title="Alžīrs – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔及利亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जेरिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alizeerii" title="Alizeerii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazair" title="Jazair – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803234109/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q262#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li 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