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פורטל:ערכים מומלצים/ערכים/הוגו בלאק – ויקיפדיה

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href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&amp;returnto=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C%3A%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95+%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7" title="מומלץ ליצור חשבון ולהיכנס אליו, אך אין חובה לעשות זאת" class=""><span>יצירת חשבון</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&amp;returnto=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C%3A%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95+%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7" title="מומלץ להיכנס לחשבון, אך אין חובה לעשות זאת [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>כניסה לחשבון</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="אפשרויות נוספות" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="כלים אישיים" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">כלים אישיים</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="תפריט משתמש" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_he.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=he"><span>תרומה לוויקיפדיה</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&amp;returnto=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C%3A%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95+%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7" title="מומלץ ליצור חשבון ולהיכנס אליו, אך אין חובה לעשות זאת"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>יצירת חשבון</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&amp;returnto=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C%3A%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95+%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7" title="מומלץ להיכנס לחשבון, אך אין חובה לעשות זאת [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>כניסה לחשבון</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> דפים לעורכים שלא נכנסו לחשבון <a href="/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%94:%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" aria-label="מידע נוסף על עריכה"><span>מידע נוסף</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99" title="רשימת העריכות שנעשו מכתובת IP זו [y]" accesskey="y"><span>תרומות</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99" title="דיון על העריכות שנעשו מכתובת IP זו [n]" accesskey="n"><span>שיחה</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eהסתרה\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="הערך הזה קיים רק בשפה הזאת. מוזמנים להוסיף את הערך לשפות אחרות" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">הוספת שפות</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:NewItem?site=hewiki&amp;page=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C%3A%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95+%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7" title="הוספת קישורים בין־לשוניים" class="wbc-editpage">הוספת קישורים</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="מרחבי שם"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-פורטל" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7" title="צפייה בדף הנושא [c]" accesskey="c"><span>פורטל</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="שיחה על דף התוכן (הדף אינו קיים) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>שיחה</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="שינוי הגוון השפה" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">עברית</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="צפיות"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7"><span>קריאה</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7&amp;action=edit" title="דף זה מוגן.&#10;באפשרותך לצפות בקוד המקור שלו [e]" accesskey="e"><span>הצגת מקור</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7&amp;action=history" title="גרסאות קודמות של דף זה [h]" accesskey="h"><span>גרסאות קודמות</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="כלי דף"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="כלים" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">כלים</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">כלים</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">העברה לסרגל הצד</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">הסתרה</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="אפשרויות נוספות" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> פעולות </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7"><span>קריאה</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7&amp;action=edit"><span>הצגת מקור</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7&amp;action=history"><span>גרסאות קודמות</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> כללי </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9F/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7" title="רשימה של כל דפי הוויקי שמקשרים לדף הזה [j]" accesskey="j"><span>דפים המקושרים לכאן</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7" rel="nofollow" title="השינויים האחרונים בדפים המקושרים מהדף הזה [k]" accesskey="k"><span>שינויים בדפים המקושרים</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רשימה של כל הדפים המיוחדים [q]" accesskey="q"><span>דפים מיוחדים</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7&amp;oldid=33321978" title="קישור קבוע לגרסה הזאת של הדף הזה"><span>קישור קבוע</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7&amp;action=info" title="מידע נוסף על הדף הזה"><span>מידע על הדף</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fhe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%2598%25D7%259C%3A%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%259B%25D7%2599%25D7%259D_%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%259C%25D7%25A6%25D7%2599%25D7%259D%2F%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%259B%25D7%2599%25D7%259D%2F%25D7%2594%25D7%2595%25D7%2592%25D7%2595_%25D7%2591%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%25A7"><span>קבלת כתובת מקוצרת</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fhe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%2598%25D7%259C%3A%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%259B%25D7%2599%25D7%259D_%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%259C%25D7%25A6%25D7%2599%25D7%259D%2F%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%259B%25D7%2599%25D7%259D%2F%25D7%2594%25D7%2595%25D7%2592%25D7%2595_%25D7%2591%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%25A7"><span>הורדת קוד QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> הדפסה/יצוא </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C%3A%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95+%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7"><span>יצירת ספר</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C%3A%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D%2F%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>הורדה כ־PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7&amp;printable=yes" title="גרסה להדפסה של הדף הזה [p]" accesskey="p"><span>גרסה להדפסה</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> במיזמים אחרים </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="כלי דף"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="מראה"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">מראה</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">העברה לסרגל הצד</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">הסתרה</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">מתוך ויקיפדיה, האנציקלופדיה החופשית</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">&lt; <bdi dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פורטל:ערכים מומלצים">פורטל:ערכים מומלצים</a></bdi> | <bdi dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פורטל:ערכים מומלצים/ערכים">ערכים</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="he" dir="rtl"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:Hugo_Black.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="דיוקנו הרשמי של בלאק בבית המשפט העליון"><img alt="דיוקנו הרשמי של בלאק בבית המשפט העליון" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hugo_Black.jpg/150px-Hugo_Black.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hugo_Black.jpg/225px-Hugo_Black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hugo_Black.jpg/300px-Hugo_Black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>דיוקנו הרשמי של בלאק בבית המשפט העליון</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7" title="הוגו בלאק">הוגו בלאק</a></b> היה <a href="/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9A_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="עורך דין">עורך דין</a> ו<a href="/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99" title="פוליטיקאי">פוליטיקאי</a> <a href="/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אמריקאים">אמריקאי</a>, שכיהן כ<a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הסנאט של ארצות הברית">סנאטור</a> בשנים <a href="/wiki/1927" title="1927">1927</a>–<a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>, ולאחר מכן ועד <a href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</a> כ<a href="/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שופטי בית המשפט העליון של ארצות הברית">שופט בבית המשפט העליון של ארצות הברית</a>. כחבר <a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הדמוקרטית">המפלגה הדמוקרטית</a> וכתומך מסור של מדיניות ה<a href="/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9C" title="ניו דיל">ניו דיל</a>, הוא תמך ב<a href="/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98" title="פרנקלין דלאנו רוזוולט">פרנקלין דלאנו רוזוולט</a>, הן ב<a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_1932" title="הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית 1932">בחירות לנשיאות של 1932</a> והן ב<a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_1936" title="הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית 1936">אלו של 1936</a>. </p><p>כמי שהיה השופט החמישי באורך כהונתו בהיסטוריה של בית המשפט העליון, היה בלאק אחד השופטים המשפיעים ביותר בבית המשפט ב<a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-20" title="המאה ה-20">מאה ה-20</a>. הוא בלט בעיקר בשל תמיכתו בפירוש טקסט <a href="/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חוקת ארצות הברית">חוקת ארצות הברית</a> כפשוטו ובשל עמדתו שהחירויות שהוענקו ב<a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מגילת הזכויות של ארצות הברית">מגילת הזכויות</a> מחייבות את <a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מדינות ארצות הברית">המדינות</a> על פי <a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94-14_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התיקון ה-14 לחוקת ארצות הברית">התיקון ה-14 לחוקה</a>. </p><p>ב<a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת העולם השנייה">מלחמת העולם השנייה</a> כתב בלאק את חוות דעת הרוב ב<a href="/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פסק דין קורמאטסו נגד ארצות הברית">פסק דין קורמאטסו נגד ארצות הברית</a> שאישר את <a href="/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כליאת היפנים בארצות הברית">כליאת היפנים בארצות הברית</a>. בלאק התנגד לדוקטרינת ההליך הראוי המהותי (תפישה של מתנגדי הניו-דיל, שהגבילה את הממשלה בחקיקת חוקים שהפריעו לכאורה לחירויותיהם של בעלי העסקים) והאמין כי אין כל מקור בטקסט של החוקה ל<a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="הזכות לפרטיות">זכות לפרטיות</a>. </p> <div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7" title="הוגו בלאק">לערך המלא</a> – <a href="/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פורטל:ערכים מומלצים">מומלצים נוספים</a></b></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6df7948d6c‐jx22n Cached time: 20241127180237 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.009 seconds Real time usage: 0.016 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 144/2097152 bytes 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