CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Donghu people - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"28326cf6-087b-4a85-9407-85b4e27730c5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Donghu_people","wgTitle":"Donghu people","wgCurRevisionId":1239933776,"wgRevisionId":1239933776,"wgArticleId":5222212, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Donghu_people","wgRelevantArticleId":5222212,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ar","autonym":"العربية","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym": "বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cs","autonym":"čeština","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"de","autonym":"Deutsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"es","autonym":"español","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fa","autonym":"فارسی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fi","autonym":"suomi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj" ,"autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw", "autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"it", "autonym":"italiano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر", "dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym": "Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag", "autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pl","autonym":"polski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pt","autonym":"português","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah" ,"autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sr","autonym":"српски / srpski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sv","autonym":"svenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym": "Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym": "Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr", "ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg", "sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q908664","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true, "mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Donghu people - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu_people"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Donghu_people rootpage-Donghu_people stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Donghu+people" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Donghu+people" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Donghu people</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Donghu_people" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Donghu_people" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Donghu+people" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Donghu (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 东胡; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 東胡; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Dōnghú; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: Tung-hu; <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʊ́ŋ.xǔ]</a>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Eastern foreigners or Eastern barbarians') was a tribal <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a>" (胡) nomadic people that was first recorded from the 7th century BCE<a href="#cite_note-Shiji110_-_Watson-1">[1]</a> and was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> in 150 BCE. They lived in northern <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> and the western part of <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Yan_Mountains" title="Yan Mountains">Yan Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Khingan Range">Greater Khingan Range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Donghu people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Donghu people is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Donghu people is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.347%;left:86.423%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><img alt="Donghu people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/20px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/30px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png/40px-Orange_dot_%28semi-transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1456"></div></div><div id="annotation_275x03" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 500 (page does not exist)">-500</a></div><div id="annotation_125x50" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:50px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">SAKAS</a></div><div id="annotation_130x37" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:37px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tasmola_culture" title="Tasmola culture">Tasmola</a></div><div id="annotation_145x18" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:18px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kulay_culture" title="Kulay culture">Kulay</a></div><div id="annotation_102x35" style="position:absolute; left:102px; top:35px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gorokhovo_culture" title="Gorokhovo culture">Goro- khovo</a></div><div id="annotation_95x27" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Itkul_culture" title="Itkul culture">Itkul</a></div><div id="annotation_115x27" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sargat_culture" title="Sargat culture">Sargat</a></div><div id="annotation_60x20" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:20px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ananyino_culture" title="Ananyino culture">Ananyino culture</a></div><div id="annotation_105x60" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:60px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></div><div id="annotation_65x39" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:39px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sauromatians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauromatians">Sauro- matians</a></div><div id="annotation_278x78" style="position:absolute; left:278px; top:78px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun</a></div><div id="annotation_210x110" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian culture</a></div><div id="annotation_51x136" style="position:absolute; left:51px; top:136px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">SABEANS</a></div><div id="annotation_225x74" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></div><div id="annotation_210x70" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:70px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture">Sha- jing</a></div><div id="annotation_162x40" style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:40px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk</a></div><div id="annotation_175x29" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:29px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar</a></div><div id="annotation_180x47" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:47px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chandman_culture" title="Chandman culture">Chandman</a></div><div id="annotation_190x37" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:37px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aldy-Bel_culture" title="Aldy-Bel culture">Aldy-Bel</a></div><div id="annotation_183x72" style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:72px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">YUEZHI</a></div><div id="annotation_170x60" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:60px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi</a></div><div id="annotation_38x90" style="position:absolute; left:38px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">ACHAEMENID EMPIRE</a></div><div id="annotation_140x110" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">MAHA- JANAPADAS</a></div><div id="annotation_235x94" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:94px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">ZHOU DYNASTY</a></div><div id="annotation_220x42" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:42px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px;"><a href="/wiki/Slab-grave_culture" title="Slab-grave culture">Slab-grave culture</a></div><div id="annotation_250x63" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:63px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DONGHU</a></div><div id="annotation_05x131" style="position:absolute; left:05px; top:131px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">MEROË</a></div><div id="annotation_15x45" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:45px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">General location of the Donghu people, and contemporary Asian polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BCE</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">600-150 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> <a href="/wiki/Yan_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nomenclature">1.1 Nomenclature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Etymology">1.2 Etymology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History">2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Legacy">3 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ethnic_origins">4 Ethnic origins</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Genetics">4.1 Genetics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Sources">7 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomenclature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg/220px-QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg/220px-QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg/330px-QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg/440px-QinEmpireWithOrdos.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Donghu were located to the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Qin_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin empire">Qin China</a> in the 3rd century BCE.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> name <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:東">東</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:胡">胡</a> literally means "Eastern Barbarians".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The term Dōnghú contrasts with the term Xīhú meaning "Western barbarians" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 西胡, meaning "non-Chinese peoples in the west" and <a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a> 五胡 (Wǔ Hú) "five northern nomadic tribes involved in the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_the_Five_Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of the Five Barbarians">Uprising of the Five Barbarians</a> (304–316 CE)". Hill (2009:59) translates Xīhú as "Western Hu" and notes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The term <a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">hu</a> 胡 was used to denote non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> populations. It is, rather unsatisfactorily, commonly translated as 'barbarian'. While sometimes it was used in this general way to describe people of non-Han descent, and carried the same negative overtones of the English term, this was not always the case. Most frequently, it was used to denote people, usually of Caucasoid or partial Caucasoid appearance, living to the north and west of China. (2009:453)</blockquote> In 307 BCE, the 胡 <a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hú</a> proper, encompassing both the eastern Dōnghú (東胡, "Eastern Hu") and the western Linhu (林胡, "Forest Hu"), were mentioned as a non-Chinese people who were neighbors of <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and skilled at <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">mounted archery</a> (a military tactic which <a href="/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao" title="King Wuling of Zhao">King Wuling of Zhao</a> would later adopt).<a href="#cite_note-Pulleyblank1994-6">[6]</a> However, the term Hu can also refer to a variety of different races and different ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It was used by Han Chinese to describe anyone who is not of ethnic Han Chinese descent and were considered barbarians: for example, Sima Qian also used Hu to call the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, who were then ruled by <a href="/wiki/Touman" title="Touman">Touman</a> <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">chanyu</a>, once expelled by <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> general <a href="/wiki/Meng_Tian" title="Meng Tian">Meng Tian</a> north from the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos Loop">Ordos Loop</a>, yet able to regain their territory following the Qin Empire's collapse.<a href="#cite_note-Pulleyblank1994-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> All Hu workmen were famed for their skills at making bows and carts even without specialization.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Xiajiadian_culture,_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg/330px-Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5478" data-file-height="2987"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg/330px-Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg/495px-Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg/660px-Upper_Xiajiadian_culture%2C_Horse_bit_and_harness_ornaments.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Horse bit and harness ornaments. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_Museum" title="Inner Mongolia Museum">Inner Mongolia Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_(151%E2%80%93153_CE)._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png/330px-Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="1062"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 104px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png/330px-Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png" data-width="330" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png/495px-Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png/660px-Hu_and_Han_war_narratives._Eastern_Han_Dynasty_%28151%E2%80%93153_CE%29._Tsangshan_Han_tomb_in_Linyi_city.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> tombs in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> often have depiction of battles between Hu barbarians, with bows and arrows and wearing pointed hats (left), against Han troops. Eastern Han dynasty (151–153 CE). Tsangshan Han tomb in Linyi city, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>. Also visible in <a href="/wiki/Yinan_tombs" title="Yinan tombs">Yinan tombs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hu-11">[11]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yinan_battle_scene,_2nd_century_CE,_Eastern_Han.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png/330px-Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="46" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="424"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 46px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png/330px-Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png" data-width="330" data-height="46" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png/495px-Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png/660px-Yinan_battle_scene%2C_2nd_century_CE%2C_Eastern_Han.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hu warriors from the mountains (left) and Han troops (right) battling around a bridge, <a href="/wiki/Yinan_tombs" title="Yinan tombs">Yinan tombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, 2nd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Hu-11">[11]</a></figcaption></figure> The peoples categorized as the Five Barbarians, or "Five Hu", were the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gernet-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Van_Der_Veer-13">[13]</a> Of these five ethnic groups, the Xiongnu and Xianbei were <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic people">nomadic peoples</a> from the northern <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>. The ethnic identity of the Xiongnu is uncertain, but the Xianbei appear to have been Mongolic. The <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a>, another <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> people, may have been a branch of the Xiongnu, who may have been <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeniseian">Yeniseian</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythian">Indo-Scythian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DWong-15">[15]</a> The Di and Qiang were from the highlands of western China.<a href="#cite_note-Gernet-12">[12]</a> The Qiang were predominantly herdsmen and spoke <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) languages</a>, while the Di were farmers who may have spoken a Sino-Tibetan<a href="#cite_note-Di_People-16">[16]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The traditional explanation, going back to the second-century <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> scholar Cui Hao 崔浩 is that the Donghu were originally located "east of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>" who were one of the "Five Barbarians" (Hú).<a href="#cite_note-Yu_1986,_p._436-18">[18]</a> Modern Chinese <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetics</a> suggests that "Donghu" was a transcription of an <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">endonym</a> and did not literally mean "Eastern Barbarian".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The usual English translation of Dōnghú is "Eastern Barbarians" (e.g., Watson, di Cosmo, Pulleyblank, and Yu), and the partial translation "Eastern Hu" is occasionally used (Pulleyblank). Note that "Eastern Barbarians" is also a translation for <a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Dōngyì</a> 東夷, which refers to "ancient peoples in eastern China, Korea, Japan, etc."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Chinese <a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a> differentiates the <a href="/wiki/Huaxia" title="Huaxia">Huáxià</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:華">華</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:夏">夏</a> "Chinese" and the Yì <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:夷">夷</a> "barbarians, non-Chinese, foreigner": this is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Huá–Yì distinction</a>. Many names besides Hu originally had <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> "barbarian" meanings, for instance <a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">Nanman</a> 南蠻 ("southern barbarians") and <a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Beidi</a> 北狄 ("northern barbarians"). <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Edwin G. Pulleyblank</a> explains: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">At the dawn of history we find the Chinese, self-identified by such terms as Hsia and Hua, surrounded and interspersed by other peoples with whom they were frequently in conflict and whom they typically looked down upon as inferior beings in the same way the Hellenes looked down on the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:βάρβαρος">barbaroi</a> and, indeed, as human we-groups have always looked down on their neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></blockquote> The historian Nicola di Cosmo concludes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We can thus reasonably say that, by the end of the fourth century B.C., the term "Hu" applied to various ethnic groups (tribes, groups of tribes, and even states) speaking different languages and generally found living scattered across a wide territory. Their fragmentation, however, could be turned, when the need arose, into a superior form of political organization (a "state"). This explains why hu appears often preceded by a qualifier that we may take for a specific ethnic group, as with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Hu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin Hu people (page does not exist)">Lin Hu</a> and the Tung Hu. Whether or not it had originally been an ethnonym, such a designation had been lost by the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></blockquote> In modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> usage hú has lost its original meaning although it still appears in words like <a href="/wiki/Erhu" title="Erhu">èrhú</a> 二胡 (lit. "two foreign") "Chinese two-string fiddle", hútáo 胡桃 ("foreign peach") "<a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>", and húluóbō 胡萝卜 ("foreign radish") "<a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrot</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_(with_and_without_mussel_mask),_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan,_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg/330px-Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="646"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg/330px-Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg/495px-Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg/660px-Burial_at_Zhoujiadi_cemetery_%28with_and_without_mussel_mask%29%2C_ancestor_of_the_Donghu_clan%2C_Upper_Xiajiadian_culture.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Burial at Zhoujiadi cemetery (with and without mussel mask), an ancestor of the Donghu clan, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian culture</a> (1000-600 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></figcaption></figure> The modern pronunciation Dōnghú differs from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> pronunciation, which roughly dates from the Warring States period (476–221 BCE) when Donghu was first recorded. Old Chinese reconstructions of Dōnghú include *Tûngɣâg,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> *Tungg'o,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> *Tewnggaɣ,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> *Tongga,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and *Tôŋgâ > *Toŋgɑ.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">William H. Baxter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Laurent Sagart</a> (2014)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> reconstruct the <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> ancestor of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:胡">胡</a> Hú as *[g]ˤa. Recently, Christopher Atwood reconstructs a foreign ethnonym *ga, which was borrowed into Old Chinese as 胡 *gâ (> hú), while an i-suffixed derivative of *ga underlies two <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> transcriptions: namely, <ul><li>*Bo-lâk Khėi (> Bùluò-Jī) (步落稽), based on the ethnonym of a people of <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xirong" title="Xirong">Mountain Rong</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Red Di</a> origins<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> in Northern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ordos_Plateau" title="Ordos Plateau">Ordos</a>; as well as</li> <li>*Gʰiei, based on the ethnonym of the Mongolic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Xī</a> (奚), whom Arab geographers knew as Qāy.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul> The etymology of ethnonym *ga (> 胡 OC *gâ > Ch. hú) is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> As for *ga's possibly derivation Qay: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden</a> (2003) proposes several Mongolic etymologies: ɣai "trouble, misfortune, misery", χai "interjection of grief", χai "to seek", χai "to hew", albeit none compelling.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Some dictionaries and scholars (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Abel-R%C3%A9musat" title="Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat">Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat</a>) confuse Dōnghú 東胡 with <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a>, Tonggu 通古. Russian Mongolist Lydia Viktorova states that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This is due to the insufficient amount of materials and partly due to the mistakes made. For example, the phonetic identification of the ancient people of the Donghu (Eastern Hu) with the Tungus, made at the beginning of the 19th century by Abel-Rémusat only on the principle of sound similarity between Donghu and Tungus. This led to the fact that for a long time all the descendants of the Donghu were considered the ancestors of the Tungus."<a href="#cite_note-viktorova1980-34">[34]</a></blockquote> This "chance similarity in modern pronunciation", writes Pulleyblank, "led to the once widely held assumption that the Eastern Hu were Tungusic in language. This is a vulgar error with no real foundation."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_(%2Bdetail_of_figurine).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg/220px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3475" data-file-height="5168"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 327px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg/220px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="327" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg/330px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg/440px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Dagger_%28%2Bdetail_of_figurine%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bronze Dagger with figurine, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian culture</a> (1000-600 BCE). Inner Mongolia Museum.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_(19808401406).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg/220px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg/220px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg/330px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg/440px-Early_Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Helmet_%2819808401406%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bronze helmet, Upper Xiajiadian Culture later period.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></figcaption></figure> Among the northern ethnic groups, the Donghu was the earliest to evolve into a state of civilization and first developed <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> technology. Their culture was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian culture</a>, characterized by the practice of agriculture and animal husbandry supplemented by handicrafts and bronze art.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Through the use of cavalry and bronze weaponry in warfare, the Donghu apparently dominated over the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> on their west.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Although "Upper Xiajiadian" is indeed frequently attributed to the Donghu, such attribution remains uncertain given the lack of details in Chinese sources about what the Donghu exactly were, beyond a name (Donghu, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a>, ie "Eastern mounted nomads") and the account of their destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The (ca. 109–91 BCE) <a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a> section on <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> history first records the Donghu during the era of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a> (r. 697–628 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Mu_of_Qin" title="Duke Mu of Qin">Duke Mu of Qin</a> (r. ca. 659–621 BCE).<blockquote>At this time Qin and Jin were the most powerful states in China. Duke Wen of Jin expelled the <a href="/wiki/Di_(Wu_Hu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Di (Wu Hu)">Di</a> barbarians and drove them into the region west of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> between the Yun and Luo rivers; there they were known as the Red Di and the White Di. Shortly afterwards, Duke Mu of Qin, having obtained the services of You Yu, succeeded in getting the eight barbarian tribes of the west to submit to his authority. Thus at this time there lived in the region west of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Long</a> the Mianzhu, the Hunrong, and the Diyuan tribes. North of Mts. Qi and Liang and the Jing and Qi rivers lived the Yiqu, Dali, Wuzhi, and Quyuan tribes. North of Jin were the Linhu (Forest Barbarians) and the Loufan, while north of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Yan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Yan">Yan</a> lived the Donghu (Eastern Barbarians) and <a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a> (Mountain Barbarians), each of them with their own chieftains. From time to time they would have gatherings of a hundred or so men, but no one tribe was capable of unifying the others under a single rule.<a href="#cite_note-Shiji110_-_Watson-1">[1]</a></blockquote> In 307 BC <a href="/wiki/King_Wuling_of_Zhao" title="King Wuling of Zhao">King Wuling of Zhao</a> (born 356 BC, reigned 325-299 BC), a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (356-323 BC), instituted a military reform called "Hu clothes, Cavalry archery" after having been repeatedly harassed earlier in his reign by Donghu horse-archers. In 300 BCE <a href="/wiki/Qin_Kai_(general)" title="Qin Kai (general)">Qin Kai</a>, a general taken hostage from the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Yan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Yan">state of Yan</a> (whose capital "Ji" is now <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>), defeated the Donghu after having gained the esteem of the Donghu and learning their battle tactics. In 273 BC (26th year of <a href="/wiki/King_Huiwen_of_Zhao" title="King Huiwen of Zhao">King Huiwen</a>) Zhao defeated the Donghu. In 265 BC <a href="/wiki/Li_Mu" title="Li Mu">Li Mu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Zhao">Zhao</a> state, one of the four most prominent generals of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">Warring States</a> period, defeated the Donghu after stopping a major Xiongnu invasion. By the time of the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">Chanyu</a> <a href="/wiki/Touman" title="Touman">Touman</a> (c. 220 BCE to 209 BCE), "the Donghu were very powerful and the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> were likewise flourishing."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> When the Xiongnu crown prince <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a> killed his father Touman (in 209 BCE) and took the title of Chanyu, the Donghu thought that Modu feared them, and they started to ask for tribute from the Xiongnu, his best horses and even a consort of Modu's. Modu conceded. Not satisfied with this they asked for some of the Xiongnu territories. This enraged Modu who attacked and soundly defeated them, killing their ruler, taking his subjects prisoner, and seizing their livestock, before turning west to attack and defeat the Yuezhi (c. 177 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> This caused disintegration in the Donghu federation. Thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> moved to Mt. Wuhuan and engaged in continuous warfare with the Xiongnu on the west and China on the south. As they came to be worn out from the lengthy battles, the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> preserved their strengths by moving northward to Mt. Xianbei. When the Han dynasty vassal king <a href="/wiki/Lu_Wan" title="Lu Wan">Lu Wan</a> defected to the Xiongnu in 195 BC he was created King of Donghu (東胡王) by the Xiongnu. This Kingdom of Donghu fiefdom lasted until 144 BC when Lu Wan's grandson Lu Tazhi defected back to the Han dynasty. The Wuhuan (southern Donghu) inhabitants of the fiefdom continued as vassals of the Xiongnu until 121 BC. Gradually the name Donghu stopped being used. In the 1st century, the Xianbei (northern Donghu) defeated the Wuhuan and northern Xiongnu, and developed into a powerful state under the leadership of their elected <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a>, Tanshihuai.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg/300px-EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="4348"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 276px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg/300px-EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg/450px-EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg/600px-EN-WarringStatesAll260BCE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Donghu raided both Zhao and Yan in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a>, published in 648, linked the Donghu and their <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> descendants to the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor#Xuanyuan_and_Youxiong" title="Yellow Emperor">Youxiong</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname#Shi" title="Chinese surname">lineage</a> (有熊氏),<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and possibly named after the Yellow Emperor's "hereditary principality".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> However, many non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> rulers were claimed to be the Yellow Emperor's descendants, for individual and national prestige.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Chinese historian <a href="/wiki/Yu_Ying-shih" title="Yu Ying-shih">Yu Ying-shih</a> describes the Donghu.<blockquote>The Tung-hu peoples were probably a tribal federation founded by a number of nomadic peoples, including the Wu-huan and Hsien-pi. After its conquest of the Hsiung-nu, the federation apparently ceased to exist. Throughout the Han period, no trace can be found of activities of the Tung-hu as a political entity.<a href="#cite_note-Yu_1986,_p._436-18">[18]</a></blockquote> Di Cosmo says the Chinese considered the <a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a> 胡 as "a new type of foreigner", and believes, "This term, whatever its origin, soon came to indicate an 'anthropological type' rather than a specific group or tribe, which the records allow us to identify as early steppe nomads. The Hu were the source of the introduction of cavalry in China."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_(%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png/170px-Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="906"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 285px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png/170px-Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png" data-width="170" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png/255px-Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png/340px-Han_monumental_statues_of_Barbarian_%28%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>General appearance of the numerous <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythoïd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a> monumental statues from <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, featuring people with a high nose, deep eyes and a pointed hat. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> period, 2nd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> Pulleyblank cites <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a> that the Donghu, Xianbei, and Wuhuan were "proto-Mongols".<blockquote>The Eastern Hu, mentioned in the Shih-chi along with the Woods Hu and the Lou-fan as barbarians to the north of Chao in the fourth century B.C., appear again as one of the first peoples whom the Hsiung-nu conquered in establishing their empire. Toward the end of the Former Han, as the Hsiung-nu empire was weakening through internal dissension, the Eastern Hu became rebellious. From then on they played an increasingly prominent role in Chinese frontier strategy as a force to play off against the Hsiung-nu. Two major divisions are distinguished, the Hsien-pei to the north and the Wu-huan to the south. By the end of the first century B.C. these more specific names had supplanted the older generic term.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></blockquote> Pulleyblank also writes that although <blockquote>there is now archaeological evidence of the spread of pastoral nomadism based on horse riding from Central Asia into Mongolia and farther east in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E., as far as we have evidence it did not impinge on Chinese consciousness until the northward push of the state of Zhao 趙 to the edge of the steppe in present Shanxi province shortly before the end of the fifth century B.C.E. brought them into contact with a new type of horse-riding “barbarian” that they called Hu 胡. … In Han times the term Hu was applied to steppe nomads in general but especially to the Xiongnu who had become the dominant power in the steppe. Earlier it had referred to a specific proto-Mongolian people, now differentiated as the Eastern Hu 東胡, from whom the Xianbei 鮮卑 and the Wuhuan 烏桓 later emerged.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Hu.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eastern_Hu.png/300px-Eastern_Hu.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="406"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 103px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eastern_Hu.png/300px-Eastern_Hu.png" data-width="300" data-height="103" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eastern_Hu.png/450px-Eastern_Hu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eastern_Hu.png/600px-Eastern_Hu.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lineage of the Donghu (Eastern Hu)</figcaption></figure> The Dōnghú later divided into the <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yan_Mountains" title="Yan Mountains">Yan Mountains</a><a href="#cite_note-wuhuan-kumoxi-60">[60]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Khingan Range">Greater Khingan Range</a>:<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200524-62">[62]</a> the Wuhuan are ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-wuhuan-kumoxi-60">[60]</a> while the Xianbei are ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200524-62">[62]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200575,_86,_175%E2%80%93179-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405%E2%80%936-66">[66]</a> Another people of Donghu descent were the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a> tribe).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In the past, scholars such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Zuoguai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Zuoguai (page does not exist)">Fan Zuoguai</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Feimu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Feimu (page does not exist)">Han Feimu</a> also mistakenly[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>] thought that <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a> (ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a>) descended from the Donghu.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 1980, Russian scholar Lydia Leonidovna Viktorova criticized the 19th century phonetic identification of the ancient people of the Donghu (Eastern Hu) with the Tungus.<a href="#cite_note-viktorova1980-34">[34]</a> A genetic study published in the <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a> detected the paternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">haplogroup C2b1a1b</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a>. This lineage has also been found among the Donghu. Haplogroup C2b1a1b has a high frequency among <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181,_8%E2%80%939-70">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Ethnic_origins">Ethnic origins</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethnic origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:261px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi,_Shandong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/149px-Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 149px;height: 262px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/149px-Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="149" data-height="262" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/224px-Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/298px-Hu_statue_columns_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:261px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi,_Shandong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/135px-Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 261px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/135px-Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="135" data-height="261" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/203px-Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg/270px-Hu_statue_with_lion_column_from_Wu_Baizhuang_%E5%90%B3%E7%99%BD%E8%8E%8A_Han_period_tomb_in_Linyi%2C_Shandong.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a> statues from Wu Baizhuang tomb (吳白莊), Late <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></div></div></div></div> The ethnic composition of the Donghu people remains unclear. It is suggested that the majority was of <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a> origins, and that they stood in contact with other Steppe nomadic entities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saka_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka people">Saka people</a> further West. The Donghu were ethnically related to the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinggouzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinggouzi">Jinggouzi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a>, which are described as either <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a> or Para-Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-hw-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> While often being referred as tribal confederation, they may rather be an only loosely united group of nomadic tribes "that occupied territories between the Mongolian steppes and the Great Xing'an Mountains of China".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate#Genetics" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Genetics" title="Xianbei">Xianbei § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu#Genetics" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns#Genetics" title="Huns">Huns § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars#Genetics" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars § Genetics</a></div> A genetic study published in the <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a> in August 2018 detected the paternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">haplogroup C2b1a1b</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a>. This lineage has also been found among remains associated with the Donghu people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20184Table_2-76">[76]</a> The authors of the study suggested that haplogroup C2b1a1b was an important lineage among the Donghu, and that the Rouran were paternally descended from the Xianbei and Donghu. Haplogroup C2b1a1b has a high frequency among <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181,_8%E2%80%939-70">[70]</a> Genetic data support a close genetic relationship between the Donghu, the ancient Jinggouzi people, and the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>. The closest modern extant people to the historical Donghu are the <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqen people</a> of Northern China.<a href="#cite_note-hw-73">[73]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Wan" title="Lu Wan">Lu Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Kai_(general)" title="Qin Kai (general)">Qin Kai</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shiji110_-_Watson-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shiji110_-_Watson_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shiji110_-_Watson_1-1">b</a> Sima Qian (author); Watson, Burton (translator), 1993. Shiji, "vol. 110 - Account of the Xiongnu"; p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orientaldiscovery.com/html/2011/11/201111231554001713.html">Origins of Minority Ethnic Groups in Heilongjiang</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322043037/http://www.orientaldiscovery.com/html/2011/11/201111231554001713.html">Archived</a> March 22, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Liang (1992) and DeFrancis (2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/shiji/zhao-shi-jia#n6694">"Hereditary House of Zhao"</a> quote: "今中山在我腹心，北有燕，東有胡，西有林胡、樓煩、秦、韓之邊，而無彊兵之救，是亡社稷，柰何？" translation: "Now <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a> is at our heart and belly [note: Zhao surrounded Zhongshan, except on the Zhongshan's north-eastern side], <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a> to the north, Hu to the east, Forest Hu to the west, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loufan_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loufan (tribe) (page does not exist)">Loufan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a> at our borders. Yet we have no strong army to help us, surely we will lose our country. What is to be done?" </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratagems_of_the_Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratagems of the Warring States">Stratagems of the Warring States</a>, "King Wuling spends his day in idleness", quote: "自常山以至代、上黨，東有燕、東胡之境，西有樓煩、秦、韓之邊，而無騎射之備。" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jenniferdodgson.wixsite.com/warringstates/wuling">Jennifer Dodgson's translation</a>: "From <a href="/wiki/Mount_Heng_(Shanxi)" title="Mount Heng (Shanxi)">Mount Chang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dai_(Spring_and_Autumn_period)" title="Dai (Spring and Autumn period)">Dai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shangdang_Commandery" title="Shangdang Commandery">Shangdang</a>, our lands border Yan and the Donghu in the east, and to the west we have the Loufan and shared borders with Qin and Han. Nevertheless, we have no mounted archers ready for action." </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulleyblank1994-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pulleyblank1994_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pulleyblank1994_6-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Pulleyblank E. G.</a> (1994) “Ji Hu: Indigenous Inhabitants of Shaanbei and Western Shanxi,” in Edward H. Kaplan, ed., Opuscula Altaica: Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz. ed. by. Bellingham: Western Washington University. pp. 518-519 of 499-531 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania By Barbara A. West <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&dq=Hu+term+Donghu&pg=PA293">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Shiji "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/shiji/xiong-nu-lie-zhuan">Ch. 110 Account of the Xiongnu</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Zhouli (<a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou" title="Rites of Zhou">Rites of Zhou</a>) "Dongguan Kaogong Ji (Winter Office(r)s: Records on the Examination of Craftsmanship)" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=37323">4</a> quote: 「胡無弓車。……胡之無弓車也，非無弓車也，夫人而能為弓車也。」Translation by Jun (2013): "Among the nomads Hu there are no special craftsmen of bow and chariot but all the men there are proficient in the art." </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Jun Wenren (translator) (2013) Ancient Chinese Encyclopedia of Technology: Translation and Annotation of the Kaogong Ji (the Artificers' Records). New York: Routledge. p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hu-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hu_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hu_11-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bi, Zhicheng (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125923384.pdf">"Stone Reliefs of the Han Tombs in Shandong Province: Relationship Between Motifs and Composition"</a> (PDF). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. 368: 175–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Social+Science%2C+Education+and+Humanities+Research&rft.atitle=Stone+Reliefs+of+the+Han+Tombs+in+Shandong+Province%3A+Relationship+Between+Motifs+and+Composition&rft.volume=368&rft.pages=175-177&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Bi&rft.aufirst=Zhicheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantis-press.com%2Farticle%2F125923384.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gernet-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gernet_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gernet_12-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&dq=%22five+barbarians%22&pg=PA186">A History of Chinese Civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gernet" title="Jacques Gernet">Jacques Gernet</a>, Cambridge University Press 1996 P.186-87 </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Der_Veer-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Van_Der_Veer_13-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slp8RTUn97AC&dq=%22five+barbarians%22&pg=PA200">Peter Van Der Veer, "III. Contexts of Cosmopolitanism" in Steven Vertovec, Robin Cohen eds., Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: Theory, Context and Practice Oxford University Press 2002</a> p. 200-01 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Vovin, Alexander. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87-104. </li> <li id="cite_note-DWong-15"><a href="#cite_ref-DWong_15-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4gNk5HzIIKgC&dq=di+qiang+people&pg=PA44">Dorothy Wong, Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form University of Hawaii Press</a> P.44 </li> <li id="cite_note-Di_People-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Di_People_16-0">^</a> (Chinese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bswh.net/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=421&BigClassName=%B3%C9%B9%FB%D5%B9%CC%A8&SmallClassName=%D7%A8%D6%B0%C8%CB%D4%B1%C2%DB%CE%C4&SpecialID=45">段渝, 先秦巴蜀地区百濮和氐羌的来源</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908054257/http://www.bswh.net/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=421&BigClassName=%B3%C9%B9%FB%D5%B9%CC%A8&SmallClassName=%D7%A8%D6%B0%C8%CB%D4%B1%C2%DB%CE%C4&SpecialID=45">Archived</a> 2018-09-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2006-11-30 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=UAAaAQAAIAAJ">Guo Ji Zhongguo Yu Yan Xue Ping Lun</a>, Volume 1, Issue 1, J. Benjamins 1996. page 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Yu_1986,_p._436-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yu_1986,_p._436_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yu_1986,_p._436_18-1">b</a> Yu (1986), p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Hao and Qimudedaoerji (2007), p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Pulleyblank (1983), p. 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Di Cosmo (2002), p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ban, Lin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1893664/v1/75102b6a-6015-4bee-a3bf-53ce1c9fa791.pdf?c=1661258677">""Shelter My Soul with Your Body" – A Burial Custom Influenced by Shamanism: A Case of Covering a Dead Face with the Right Ribs of a Local Sheep in Inner Mongolia, China"</a> (PDF). <q>The most typical early form of metal mask was a combination of sackcloth, copper clasps and mussels found in the Zhoujiadi cemetery in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia, of the Xiajiadian upper culture (Yang and Gu 1984). (...) Besides, both Zhoujiadi M45 and Iheura M2 can be identified as remains of the Donghu clan, with Zhoujiadi M45 considered to be an ancestor of the Donghu clan...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Shelter+My+Soul+with+Your+Body%22+%E2%80%93+A+Burial+Custom+Influenced+by+Shamanism%3A+A+Case+of+Covering+a+Dead+Face+with+the+Right+Ribs+of+a+Local+Sheep+in+Inner+Mongolia%2C+China&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Ban&rft.aufirst=Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.researchsquare.com%2Ffiles%2Frs-1893664%2Fv1%2F75102b6a-6015-4bee-a3bf-53ce1c9fa791.pdf%3Fc%3D1661258677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Dong 1948:?. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Karlgren 1957:303, 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Zhou 1972:?. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Baxter 1992:754, 763. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Schuesler 2007:215, 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Baxter, William H. and Laurent Sagart. 2014. Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994537-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994537-5">978-0-19-994537-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zhou" title="Book of Zhou">Book of Zhou</a> "稽胡一曰步落稽，蓋匈奴別種，劉元海五部之苗裔也。或云山戎赤狄之後。" tr. "Jihu, another appellation is Buluoji, probably a splinter kind of Xiongnu [and] descendants of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han_Zhao)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)">Liu Yuanhai</a>'s five tribes. Or said [to be] successors of Mountain Rong [or] Red Di". </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Atwood, Christopher P. "The Qai, the Khongai, and the Names of the Xiōngnú" International Journal of Eurasian Studies II. p. 47-53 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Schuessler (2007), p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Golden, Peter B. (2006). "Cumanica V: The Basmils and Qipčaqs" in Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 15: notes 24–25. p. 17 of 13-42 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Golden, P.B. (2003) "Cumanica II: The Olberli (Olperli): The Fortunes and Misfortunes of an Inner Asian Nomadic Clan" in Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian Steppe note. 49 p. 17 of 5-29 </li> <li id="cite_note-viktorova1980-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-viktorova1980_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-viktorova1980_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViktorova1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viktorova, Lydia Leonidovna (1980). Mongols: Origin of the People and Source of Culture (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. p. 183. <q>Это отчасти связано с недостаточным количеством материалов, отчасти - с допущенными ошибками. Например, фонетическое отождествление древнего народа дунху (восточные ху) с тунгусами, сделанное в начале XIX в. Абелем Ремюса лишь на принципе звукового сходства дунху - тунгус, привело к тому, что всех потомков дунху долгое время считали предками тунгусов.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongols%3A+Origin+of+the+People+and+Source+of+Culture&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Viktorova&rft.aufirst=Lydia+Leonidovna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Pulleyblank (1983), p. 452. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPsarras1999" class="citation journal cs1">Psarras, Sophia-Karin (January 1999). "Upper Xiajiadian". Monumenta Serica. 47 (1): 90, Figure 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1999.11731324">10.1080/02549948.1999.11731324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.atitle=Upper+Xiajiadian&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=90%2C+Figure+19&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1999.11731324&rft.aulast=Psarras&rft.aufirst=Sophia-Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://image.invaluable.com/housePhotos/Kim/84/734184/H22682-L306697095.jpg">"Certificate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Certificate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimage.invaluable.com%2FhousePhotos%2FKim%2F84%2F734184%2FH22682-L306697095.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangShaoPan2020" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9155-3">The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road</a>. Singapore: Springer. p. 249 Fig 4.12 No25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-32-9155-3">10.1007/978-981-32-9155-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-32-9154-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-32-9154-6"><bdi>978-981-32-9154-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+metal+road+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+steppe%3A+the+formation+of+the+Xiongnu+Confederation+and+the+Silk+Road&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=249+Fig+4.12+No25&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-32-9155-3&rft.isbn=978-981-32-9154-6&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jianhua&rft.au=Shao%2C+Huiqiu&rft.au=Pan%2C+Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-981-32-9155-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Lin (2007)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Ma (1962)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Liu (1994)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Wang (2007)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Lü (2002), pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPsarras1999" class="citation journal cs1">Psarras, Sophia-Karin (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02549948.1999.11731324">"Upper Xiajiadian"</a>. Monumenta Serica. 47 (1): 4–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1999.11731324">10.1080/02549948.1999.11731324</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-9948">0254-9948</a>. <q>The study of Upper Xiaiadianis hampered by the small number of well-reported excavations, the conditions of the tombs themselves, and by confusion concerning the nature of the culture and its dating. In general，"Upper Xiajiadian" is considered to refer to a nomadic culture，frequently attributed to the Donghu.(p.4) The attribution of any non-Chinese culture to a name provided by early Chinese texts is risky. Unless material evidence appears to coincide with written evidence (assuming there is indeed written evidence, other than the notation of a name), we cannot be sure such attribution is justified. In the case of the Donghu, we have scant textual evidence.(p.5) In any case, attributing Upper Xiajiadian to the Donghu compounds the problems the material remains themselves present. At this time，I see no benefit in making any specific attribution (p.6)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.atitle=Upper+Xiajiadian&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-6&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1999.11731324&rft.issn=0254-9948&rft.aulast=Psarras&rft.aufirst=Sophia-Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1999.11731324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Watson (1993), p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Watson (1993), p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Ma (1962)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Liu (1994)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Wang (2007)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Lü (2002)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fang_Xuanling" title="Fang Xuanling">Fang Xuanling</a> et al., Jinshu, vol. 108 <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7108#%E6%85%95%E5%AE%B9%E5%BB%86">Murong Hui</a> text: "慕容廆，字弈洛瑰，昌黎棘城鮮卑人也。其先有熊氏之苗裔，世居北夷，邑于紫蒙之野，號曰東胡。" tr.: "<a href="/wiki/Murong_Hui" title="Murong Hui">Murong Hui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> Yìluòguī, a Xianbei man from the Jí Citadel, Chānglí. He/They descended from the Youxiong lineage in former times; for generations [they] had been dwelling [among] the Northern <a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Yi</a>, [their] settlement in the wilderness of Zimeng, [their] appellation Eastern Hu." </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a>, vol. 1 <a class="external autonumber" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7001#%E7%B5%90%E8%AA%9E">[2]</a> txt: "自黃帝至舜、禹，皆同姓而異其國號，以章明德。故黃帝爲有熊，..." tr.: "From the Yellow Emperor to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun" title="Emperor Shun">Shùn</a>, [and then] <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yǔ</a>, all [had] the same <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname#Xing" title="Chinese surname">tribal surname</a> (姓) yet [each] called [his] nation differently; [each] used [a different appellation] to stamp [his] bright virtue; therefore, the Yellow Emperor['s nation] was Youxiong..." </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Giles, Herbert Allen (1898), A Chinese Biographical Dictionary, p. 338 cited in Unschuld, Paul U.; Tessenow, Hermann, eds. (2011), Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen: An Annotated Translation of Huang Di's Inner Classic – Basic Questions, 2 volumes, p.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Edward_Lewis" title="Mark Edward Lewis">Lewis, Mark Edward</a> (2009), China's Cosmopolitan Empire: the Tang Dynasty, Harvard University Press. p. 202 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Abramson, Mark Samuel (2008), Ethnic Identity in Tang China, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Di Cosmo (1999), pp. 951–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Several photographs and descriptions in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF徐2017" class="citation journal cs1">徐, 龙国 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/2017/20170912xulongguo.pdf">"山东发现的汉代大型胡人石雕像再研究"</a> (PDF). 美术研究 (Art Research). <q> 上述石雕像为胡人形象，对此学者们均无异议。胡人是我国古代中原汉人对北方和西方异族的通称。在汉人的认知领域，胡人的概念比较模糊，大致也有个变化的过程。先秦时的胡，专指匈奴，汉晋时期泛指匈奴、鲜卑、羯、氐、羌，"胡人"的范围已由北方逐渐扩大到西部族群。 "The above-mentioned stone statues are images of Hu people, and scholars have no objection to this. Hu people are the general name given by the Han people in the Central Plains of our country to the foreign ethnic groups in the north and west in ancient China. In the cognitive field of Han people, the concept of Hu people is relatively vague, and it has a tendency to change with time. The Hu in the pre-Qin period refers specifically to the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, but in the Han and Jin dynasties generally Hu refers to the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a>. The scope of "Hu people" also expanded from the north to the west." 山东发现的这种高鼻深目、头戴尖帽的胡人形象，很可能是与斯基泰人文化有关的某些白种民族，并推测可能是月氏或早于月氏的民族 "The image of a barbarian with a high nose, deep eyes, and a pointed hat found in Shandong is likely to be some white ethnic group related to the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Scythian culture</a>, it is also speculated that it may be the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> or an ethnic group earlier than the Yuezhi."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+%28Art+Research%29&rft.atitle=%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%83%A1%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%E5%86%8D%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=%E5%BE%90&rft.aufirst=%E9%BE%99%E5%9B%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fuploads%2Fsoft%2F2017%2F20170912xulongguo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Pulleyblank (1983), p. 452 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Pulleyblank (2000), p 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-wuhuan-kumoxi-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wuhuan-kumoxi_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wuhuan-kumoxi_60-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7219">vol. 219</a> "奚亦東胡種, 為匈奴所破, 保烏丸山. 漢曹操斬其帥蹋頓蓋其後也." tr. "The Xi are also a Donghu race. Defeated by the Xiongnu, their refuge was Wuwan mountains. During <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#End_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> time, <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a> slew their leader <a href="/wiki/Tadun" title="Tadun">Tadun</a>. [Xi] are probably their descendants" </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Later_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> "Vol. 90 Accounts of the Wuhuan & Xianbei - <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B790#%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%91">Xianbei</a>" quote: "鮮卑者，亦東胡之支也，別依鮮卑山，故因號焉。其言語習俗與烏桓同。…… 漢初，亦為冒頓所破，遠竄遼東塞外，與烏桓相接，未常通中國焉。" Xu (2005)'s translation: "The Xianbei who were a branch of the Donghu, relied upon the Xianbei Mountains. Therefore, they were called the Xianbei. [...] At the beginning of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220), (they) were defeated by Maodun, and then fled in disorder to Liaodong beyond the northern border of China Proper ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200524-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu200524_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu200524_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Suishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Suishu">Suishu</a> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B784">vol. 84</a> "奚本曰庫莫奚東部胡之種" tr. "The Xi were originally called the Kumo Xi. They are a race of Eastern Hu" </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> New Book of Tang "Vol. 219 - Northern Barbarians - <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7219#%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9">Khitans</a>" quote: "契丹，本東胡種，其先爲匈奴所破，保鮮卑山。" Xu (2005)'s translation: "The Khitan were of Donghu origin. Their ancestors were defeated by the Xiongnu, and then sought refuge in the Xianbei Mountains." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200575,_86,_175–179-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu200575,_86,_175%E2%80%93179_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFXu2005">Xu 2005</a>, pp. 75, 86, 175–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405–6-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2006405%E2%80%936_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJanhunen2006">Janhunen 2006</a>, pp. 405–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Book of Wei <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7103">vol. 103</a> "蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏" tr. "Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ" </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Pulleyblank (2000), p. 20, n. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrow2015" class="citation book cs1">Zarrow, Peter (2015-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sJ2NCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA191">Educating China: Knowledge, Society and Textbooks in a Modernizing World, 1902–1937</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11547-7"><bdi>978-1-107-11547-7</bdi></a>. <q>Fan and Han noted that the Jurchens were of the Eastern Hu race (Donghuzu)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Educating+China%3A+Knowledge%2C+Society+and+Textbooks+in+a+Modernizing+World%2C+1902%E2%80%931937&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11547-7&rft.aulast=Zarrow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsJ2NCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181,_8–9-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181,_8%E2%80%939_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20181,_8%E2%80%939_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLi_et_al.2018">Li et al. 2018</a>, pp. 1, 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuanBing2023" class="citation journal cs1">Guan, Liu; Bing, Huang (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13467581.2022.2153057">"The hybrid origin of the dragon-wrapped column in Han dynasty China"</a>. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. 22 (4): 1970–1994. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13467581.2022.2153057">10.1080/13467581.2022.2153057</a>. <q>Other evidence to support our argument is that Western, Asian-style architectural elements such as Hu statue columns and arched doorways (Figure 35) indicate the influence of foreign styles in some of the large, high-grade Han pictorial stone tombs currently found in this region, such as the afore-mentioned Wu Baizhuang 吳白莊 tomb in Linyi 臨沂, Shandong.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Architecture+and+Building+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+hybrid+origin+of+the+dragon-wrapped+column+in+Han+dynasty+China&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1970-1994&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13467581.2022.2153057&rft.aulast=Guan&rft.aufirst=Liu&rft.au=Bing%2C+Huang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13467581.2022.2153057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidaković2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vidaković, Nenad (2012-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/121384">"From the Ethnic History of Asia – the Dōnghú, Wūhuán and Xiānbēi Proto-Mongolian Tribes"</a>. Migracijske i Etniĉke Teme. 28 (1): 75–95. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1333-2546">1333-2546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Migracijske+i+Etni%C4%89ke+Teme&rft.atitle=From+the+Ethnic+History+of+Asia+%E2%80%93+the+D%C5%8Dngh%C3%BA%2C+W%C5%ABhu%C3%A1n+and+Xi%C4%81nb%C4%93i+Proto-Mongolian+Tribes&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-95&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft.issn=1333-2546&rft.aulast=Vidakovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nenad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F121384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hw-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hw_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hw_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangChenGeZhang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Haijing; Chen, Lu; Ge, Binwen; Zhang, Ye; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23249313/">"Genetic data suggests that the Jinggouzi people are associated with the Donghu, an ancient nomadic group of North China"</a>. Human Biology. 84 (4): 365–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3378%2F027.084.0402">10.3378/027.084.0402</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-6617">1534-6617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23249313">23249313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Genetic+data+suggests+that+the+Jinggouzi+people+are+associated+with+the+Donghu%2C+an+ancient+nomadic+group+of+North+China&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=365-378&rft.date=2012-08&rft.issn=1534-6617&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23249313&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3378%2F027.084.0402&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Haijing&rft.au=Chen%2C+Lu&rft.au=Ge%2C+Binwen&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ye&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Hong&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F23249313%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiZhangZhaoChen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Jiawei; Zhang, Ye; Zhao, Yongbin; Chen, Yongzhi; Ochir, A.; Sarenbilige, null; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29681138/">"The genome of an ancient Rouran individual reveals an important paternal lineage in the Donghu population"</a>. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 166 (4): 895–905. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.23491">10.1002/ajpa.23491</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-8644">1096-8644</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29681138">29681138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+genome+of+an+ancient+Rouran+individual+reveals+an+important+paternal+lineage+in+the+Donghu+population&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=895-905&rft.date=2018-08&rft.issn=1096-8644&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29681138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.23491&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jiawei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ye&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Yongbin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Yongzhi&rft.au=Ochir%2C+A.&rft.au=Sarenbilige%2C+null&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Hong&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F29681138%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalzielMacKenzie2016" class="citation book cs1">Dalziel, Nigel; MacKenzie, John M, eds. (2016-01-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118455074">The Encyclopedia of Empire</a> (1 ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe153">10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-44064-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-44064-3"><bdi>978-1-118-44064-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Empire&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe153&rft.isbn=978-1-118-44064-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9781118455074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20184Table_2-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.20184Table_2_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLi_et_al.2018">Li et al. 2018</a>, p. 4, Table 2. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Baxter, William H. (1992). A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter.</li> <li>DeFrancis, John, (2003). ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary. University of Hawaii Press.</li> <li>Di Cosmo, Nicola. (1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre-imperial China", in Cambridge History of Ancient China, Cambridge University Press, pp. 885–966.</li> <li>Di Cosmo, Nicola. (2002). Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77064-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-77064-5">0-521-77064-5</a> (hbk); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54382-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54382-7">0-521-54382-7</a> (pbk).</li> <li>Dong, Tonghe [董同龢]. (1948). "Shanggu yinyun biao gao 上古音韻表搞", Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica 18:1–249. (in Chinese)</li> <li>Hao, Weimin [郝维民] and Qimudedaoerji [齐木德道尔吉]. (2007). Neimenggu tong shi gang yao [Outline of Comprehensive History of Inner Mongolia] 内蒙古通史纲要. Beijing [北京], Renmin chubanshe [People's Press] 人民出版社.</li> <li>Hill, John. 2009. Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE. BookSurge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1">978-1-4392-2134-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Janhunen, Juha</a> (2003). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2006" class="citation book cs1">Janhunen, Juha (27 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuCRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA364">The Mongolic Languages</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79690-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79690-7"><bdi>978-1-135-79690-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongolic+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79690-7&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuCRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Karlgren, Bernhard. (1957). Grammata Serica Recensa. Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities.</li> <li>Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. (2007). Les nomades. Editions Errance, Paris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-346-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-346-6">978-2-87772-346-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_et_al.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Jiawei; et al. (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.23491">"The genome of an ancient Rouran individual reveals an important paternal lineage in the Donghu population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a>. 166 (4). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Physical_Anthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Physical Anthropologists">American Association of Physical Anthropologists</a>: 895–905. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.23491">10.1002/ajpa.23491</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29681138">29681138</a>. Retrieved April 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+genome+of+an+ancient+Rouran+individual+reveals+an+important+paternal+lineage+in+the+Donghu+population&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=895-905&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.23491&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29681138&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jiawei&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Jongbin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.23491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Liang Shih-Chiu (1992). Far East Chinese-English Dictionary. Far East Book Co.</li> <li>Lin, Gan [林干]. (2007). Donghu shi [A History of the Donghu] 东胡史. Huhehaote [呼和浩特], Nei Menggu renmin chubanshe [<a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_People%27s_Publishing_House" title="Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House">Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House</a>] 内蒙古人民出版社.</li> <li>Liu, Xueyao [劉學銚] (1994). Xianbei shi lun [the Xianbei History] 鮮卑史論. Taipei [台北], Nantian shuju [Nantian Press] 南天書局.</li> <li>Lü, Jianfu [呂建福]. (2002). Tu zu shi [The Tu History] 土族史. Beijing [北京], Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe [Chinese Social Sciences Press] 中囯社会科学出版社.</li> <li>Ma, Changshou [馬長壽]. (1962). Wuhuan yu Xianbei [Wuhuan and Xianbei] 烏桓與鮮卑. Shanghai [上海], Shanghai renmin chubanshe [Shanghai People's Press] 上海人民出版社.</li> <li>Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1994). “Ji Hu 稽胡: Indigenous Inhabitants of Shaanbei and Western Shanxi,” in Edward H. Kaplan, ed., Opuscula Altaica: Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz. ed. by. Bellingham: Western Washington University. pp. 518–519 of 499–531</li> <li>Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1983). "The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic China," in The Origins of Chinese Civilization, University of California Press, pp. 411–466.</li> <li>Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118181857/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~earlychina/docs/2008/ec25_pulleyblank.pdf">"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"</a>, Early China 25:1–27.</li> <li>Schuessler, Axel. (2007). An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. University of Hawaii Press.</li> <li>Wang, Zhongluo [王仲荦] (2007). Wei jin nan bei chao shi [History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties] 魏晋南北朝史. Beijing [北京], Zhonghua shuju [China Press] 中华书局.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Xu, Elina-Qian (2005). Historical development of the pre-dynastic Khitan (PhD). University of Helsinki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Historical+development+of+the+pre-dynastic+Khitan&rft.inst=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Elina-Qian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson,_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson, Burton">Watson, Burton</a>. (1993). <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a> by Sima Qian. Translated by Burton Watson. Revised Edition. Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7">0-231-08167-7</a>.</li> <li>Yu Ying-Shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in The Cambridge History of China. 1. The Ch'in and Han Empires, Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–462.</li> <li>Zhou Fagao [周法高]. (1972). "Shanggu Hanyu he Han-Zangyu 上古漢語和漢藏語", Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong 5:159–244. (in Chinese)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang_et_al.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Haijung; et al. (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioone.org/journals/human-biology/volume-84/issue-4/027.084.0402/Genetic-Data-Suggests-that-the-Jinggouzi-People-are-Associated-with/10.3378/027.084.0402.short">"Genetic data suggests that the Jinggouzi people are associated with the Donghu, an ancient nomadic group of North China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Genetics_(journal)" title="Human Genetics (journal)">Human Genetics</a>. 84 (4). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>: 365–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3378%2F027.084.0402">10.3378/027.084.0402</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23249313">23249313</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202599607">202599607</a>. Retrieved April 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+data+suggests+that+the+Jinggouzi+people+are+associated+with+the+Donghu%2C+an+ancient+nomadic+group+of+North+China&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=365-378&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202599607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23249313&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3378%2F027.084.0402&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Haijung&rft.au=Chen%2C+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioone.org%2Fjournals%2Fhuman-biology%2Fvolume-84%2Fissue-4%2F027.084.0402%2FGenetic-Data-Suggests-that-the-Jinggouzi-People-are-Associated-with%2F10.3378%2F027.084.0402.short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonghu+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/hu/bottom.html">The Hu Peoples</a>, Silk Road Seattle Virtual Art Exhibit.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/hu.html">Non-Chinese peoples and neighboring states: Hu 胡</a>, ChinaKnowledge.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&oldid=1239933776">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&oldid=1239933776</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 12 August 2024, at 14:26 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhu" title="Dunhu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dunhu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%83" title="Дунху – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дунху" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu" title="Donghu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Donghu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu_(peuple)" title="Donghu (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Donghu (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%98%B8_(%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1)" title="동호 (민족) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동호 (민족)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="दोंगहु लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दोंगहु लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%83" title="Дунху – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дунху" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu" title="Donghu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Donghu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donguk" title="Donguk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Donguk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%83" title="Дорнод ху – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дорнод ху" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu" title="Donghu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Donghu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%83%A1" title="東胡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東胡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghufolket" title="Donghufolket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Donghufolket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun-xu" title="Dun-xu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dun-xu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%81%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="دونگہو لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دونگہو لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%83" title="Дунху – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дунху" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghu" title="Donghu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Donghu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghular" title="Donghular – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Donghular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%83%A1" title="东胡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东胡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%83%A1" title="东胡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="东胡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 August 2024, at 14:26 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donghu_people&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6dfcdd5ff5-tsl8m","wgBackendResponseTime":225,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.123","walltime":"1.363","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9968,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":244693,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24890,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":152405,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1154.943 1 -total"," 31.77% 366.892 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.06% 162.427 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.98% 126.811 8 Template:Page_needed"," 10.17% 117.440 18 Template:Delink"," 10.08% 116.415 9 Template:Fix"," 9.21% 106.342 2 Template:In_lang"," 8.88% 102.599 1 Template:Infobox_archaeological_culture"," 8.86% 102.311 1 Template:History_of_Manchuria"," 8.61% 99.441 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.660","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21893293,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalzielMacKenzie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuanBing2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanhunen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiZhangZhaoChen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi_et_al.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPsarras1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVidaković2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViktorova1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangChenGeZhang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang_et_al.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangShaoPan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarrow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF徐2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Continental Asia in 500 BCE\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Donghu People\"] = 1,\n [\"Donghu and Xianbei\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Historical Non-Chinese peoples in China\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Manchuria\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox archaeological culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 2,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 1,\n [\"Mongolic ethnic groups\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Why\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-67fc484f47-qk7h8","timestamp":"20241204030423","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Donghu people","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donghu_people","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q908664","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q908664","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-05-20T19:56:43Z","dateModified":"2024-08-12T14:26:21Z","headline":"Nomadic confederacy, 697-150 BCE"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>