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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Irannese_tale" title="Indo-Irannese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Indo-Irannese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%8A-%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ህንዳዊ-ኢራናዊ ቋንቋዎች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ህንዳዊ-ኢራናዊ ቋንቋዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="हिंद-ईरानी भाषासमूह – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिंद-ईरानी भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات هندوإيرانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات هندوإيرانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_indoiranicas" title="Luengas indoiranicas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas indoiranicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_indoiranies" title="Llingües indoiranies – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües indoiranies" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind-%C4%B0ran_dill%C9%99ri" title="Hind-İran dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hind-İran dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هیند-ایران دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیند-ایران دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="ইন্দো-ইরানি ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্দো-ইরানি ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Һинд-иран телдәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һинд-иран телдәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Арыйскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арыйскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Індаіранскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Індаіранскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इंडो-ईरानियन भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इंडो-ईरानियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Индо-ирански езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индо-ирански езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiranski_jezici" title="Indoiranski jezici – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Indoiranski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_indoiranianes" title="Llengües indoiranianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües indoiranianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo%C3%ADr%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Indoíránské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indoíránské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Indo-Iranaidd" title="Ieithoedd Indo-Iranaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Indo-Iranaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiranske_sprog" title="Indoiranske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indoiranske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoir%C3%A1nala%C5%A1_gielat" title="Indoiránalaš gielat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Indoiránalaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiranische_Sprachen" title="Indoiranische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indoiranische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoira%C5%84ske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Indoirańske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Indoirańske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiraani_keeled" title="Indoiraani keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Indoiraani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8A%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ινδοϊρανικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδοϊρανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_indoiranias" title="Lenguas indoiranias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas indoiranias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindirana_lingvaro" title="Hindirana lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindirana lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-irandar_hizkuntzak" title="Indo-irandar hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indo-irandar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های هندوایرانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های هندوایرانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_bhasa" title="Indo-Iranian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Indo-Iranian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_indo-iraniennes" title="Langues indo-iraniennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues indo-iraniennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Ind-Eeraanagh" title="Çhengaghyn Ind-Eeraanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Ind-Eeraanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_indoiranias" title="Linguas indoiranias – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas indoiranias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هيندۊايراني زوانان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="هيندۊايراني زوانان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin-thu_Iran_Ng%C3%AE-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Yin-thu Iran Ngî-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yin-thu Iran Ngî-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="인도이란어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도이란어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հնդիրանական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդիրանական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="हिन्द-ईरानी भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्द-ईरानी भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiranske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Indoiranske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Indoiranske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiranski_jezici" title="Indoiranski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indoiranski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranana_lingui" title="Indo-Iranana lingui – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Indo-Iranana lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Indo-Iran" title="Rumpun bahasa Indo-Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Indo-Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_indoiranian" title="Linguas indoiranian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas indoiranian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%B3%C3%ADr%C3%B6nsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Indóírönsk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Indóírönsk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_indoiraniche" title="Lingue indoiraniche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue indoiraniche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות הודו-איראניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות הודו-איראניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ინდოირანული ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდოირანული ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kihindi-Kiajemi" title="Lugha za Kihindi-Kiajemi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kihindi-Kiajemi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_hind_%C3%BB_%C3%AEran%C3%AE" title="Zimanên hind û îranî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên hind û îranî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Indoiranicae" title="Linguae Indoiranicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Indoiranicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoir%C4%81%C5%86u_valodas" title="Indoirāņu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indoirāņu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiran%C4%97n%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Indoiranėnų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indoiranėnų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iraanse_spraoke" title="Indo-Iraanse spraoke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Indo-Iraanse spraoke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_indoiranian" title="Linguas indoiranian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas indoiranian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoir%C3%A1ni_nyelvek" title="Indoiráni nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indoiráni nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="इन्डो-इरानी भाषा परिवार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इन्डो-इरानी भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Индоирански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индоирански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_ind%C3%B4-iraniana" title="Fiteny indô-iraniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny indô-iraniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B-%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇന്തോ-ഇറാനിയൻ ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്തോ-ഇറാനിയൻ ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_%C4%AAnia-%C4%AAr%C4%81na" title="Reo Īnia-Īrāna – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Īnia-Īrāna" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="हिंद-इराणी भाषासमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंद-इराणी भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ინდოირანული ნინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინდოირანული ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="هندو-ایرانی زوونون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هندو-ایرانی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indo-Iran" title="Bahasa Indo-Iran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Indo-Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iraanse_talen" title="Indo-Iraanse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indo-Iraanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="आर्य इरानेली भाषा परिवार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आर्य इरानेली भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="インド・イラン語派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド・イラン語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iraansk_spriaken" title="Indo-Iraansk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Indo-Iraansk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiranske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoiranske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indoiranske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiranske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoiranske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Indoiranske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_indoiranianas" title="Lengas indoiranianas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas indoiranianas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind-eroniy_tillari" title="Hind-eroniy tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hind-eroniy tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6-%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਹਿੰਦ-ਇਰਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦ-ਇਰਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="ہند ایرانی بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہند ایرانی بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="هندو آریایي ژبې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هندو آریایي ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_indoira%C5%84skie" title="Języki indoirańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki indoirańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_indo-iranianas" title="Línguas indo-iranianas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas indo-iranianas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind-iran_tilleri" title="Hind-iran tilleri – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Hind-iran tilleri" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_indo-iraniene" title="Limbi indo-iraniene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi indo-iraniene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inru-iranu_simikuna" title="Inru-iranu simikuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inru-iranu simikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Индоиранские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индоиранские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="हिन्द-ईरानीयभाषाः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिन्द-ईरानीयभाषाः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%BC%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_indo-iraniane" title="Gjuhët indo-iraniane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët indo-iraniane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94-%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F" title="ඉන්දු-අයිරේනියානු භාෂා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දු-අයිරේනියානු භාෂා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranic_languages" title="Indo-Iranic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indo-Iranic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="هند-ايراني ٻوليون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هند-ايراني ٻوليون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoir%C3%A1nske_jazyky" title="Indoiránske jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Indoiránske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiranski_jeziki" title="Indoiranski jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indoiranski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمانە ھیند و ئێرانییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانە ھیند و ئێرانییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Индоирански језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индоирански језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiranski_jezici" title="Indoiranski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indoiranski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiranilaiset_kielet" title="Indoiranilaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Indoiranilaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoiranska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoiranska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indoiranska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்திய-ஈரானிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய-ஈரானிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="กลุ่มภาษาอินโด-อิเรเนียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาอินโด-อิเรเนียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забонҳои ҳиндуэронӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забонҳои ҳиндуэронӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hint-%C4%B0ran_dilleri" title="Hint-İran dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hint-İran dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Індоіранські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індоіранські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="ہند ایرانی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہند ایرانی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_%E1%BA%A4n-Iran" title="Ngữ tộc Ấn-Iran – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ tộc Ấn-Iran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="印度-伊朗语族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印度-伊朗语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="印度-伊朗語族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印度-伊朗語族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Hind_u_%C4%B0ranki" title="Zıwanê Hind u İranki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Hind u İranki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="印度-伊朗语族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度-伊朗语族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_Bahasa_Indo-Iran" title="Rumpun Bahasa Indo-Iran – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Rumpun Bahasa Indo-Iran" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Iranian_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Iranian language">Indo-Iranian language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of the Indo-European language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Indo-Iranian+languages%22">"Indo-Iranian languages"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Indo-Iranian+languages%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Indo-Iranian+languages%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Indo-Iranian+languages%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Indo-Iranian+languages%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Indo-Iranian+languages%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Indo-Iranian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Indo-Iranic (Aryan)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Indo-Iranian</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> <small>(unclassified)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojan_language" title="Kambojan language">Kambojan</a> <small>(unclassified)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/iir" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:iir">iir</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1320">indo1320</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG/300px-Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG/450px-Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Lenguas_indoiranias.PNG 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="398" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of the Indo-Iranian languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Iranian_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Indo-Iranian_languages.png/220px-Indo-Iranian_languages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Indo-Iranian_languages.png/330px-Indo-Iranian_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Indo-Iranian_languages.png/440px-Indo-Iranian_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Chart classifying Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European language family</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Indo-Iranian languages</b> (also known as <b>Indo-Iranic languages</b><sup id="cite_ref-Mahulkar1990_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahulkar1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PuglielliFrascarelli2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PuglielliFrascarelli2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or collectively the <b>Aryan languages</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language family. They include over 300 languages, spoken by around 1.5 billion speakers, predominantly in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. </p><p>The areas with Indo-Iranian languages stretch from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a>), down to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji#Dialect_continuum" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji Dialect continuum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>), eastward to <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>), and south to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a>), with branches stretching as far out as Oceania and the Caribbean for <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a> respectively. Furthermore, there are large diaspora communities of Indo-Iranian speakers in northwestern Europe (the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>), North America (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and the Persian Gulf Region (<a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>). The number of distinct languages listed in <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> are 312,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while those recognised in <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i> are 320.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indo-Iranian language with the largest number of native speakers is the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Indo-Iranian languages</i> refers to the spectrum of Indo-European languages spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Asian">Southern Asian</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, spanning from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> (where the Indic branch is spoken, also called Indo-Aryan) up to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a> (where the Iranic branch is spoken). </p><p>This branch is also known as <i>Aryan languages</i>, referring to the languages spoken by <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> peoples, where the term <i>Aryan</i> is the ethnocultural self-designation of ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a>. But in modern-day, Western scholars avoid the term <i>Aryan</i> since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, owing to the perceived negative connotation associated with <a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the Indo-Iranian speakers, both Iranians and Indo-Aryans, originally referred to themselves as the <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a><i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:422_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:422-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a>-speakers are generally associated with the Sintashta culture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._408-411_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._408-411-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubotsky2023259"There_is_growing_consensus_among_both_archaeologists_and_linguists_that_the_Sintashta–Petrovka_culture_(2100–1900_BCE)_in_the_Southern_Trans-Urals_was_inhabited_by_the_speakers_of_Proto-Indo-Iranian"_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubotsky2023259"There_is_growing_consensus_among_both_archaeologists_and_linguists_that_the_Sintashta–Petrovka_culture_(2100–1900_BCE)_in_the_Southern_Trans-Urals_was_inhabited_by_the_speakers_of_Proto-Indo-Iranian"-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is thought to represent an eastward migration of peoples from the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015"The_close_affinity_we_observe_between_peoples_of_Corded_Ware_and_Sintashta_cultures_suggests_similar_genetic_sources_of_the_two._[...]_Although_we_cannot_formally_test_whether_the_Sintashta_derives_directly_from_an_eastward_migration_of_Corded_Ware_peoples_or_if_they_share_common_ancestry_with_an_earlier_steppe_population,_the_presence_of_European_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_both_the_Corded_Ware_and_the_Sintashta,_combined_with_the_absence_of_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_the_earlier_Yamnaya,_would_suggest_the_former_being_more_probable._[...]_The_enigmatic_Sintashta_culture_near_the_Urals_bears_genetic_resemblance_to_Corded_Ware_and_was_therefore_likely_to_be_an_eastward_migration_into_Asia._As_this_culture_spread_towards_Altai_it_evolved_into_the_Andronovo_culture"_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015"The_close_affinity_we_observe_between_peoples_of_Corded_Ware_and_Sintashta_cultures_suggests_similar_genetic_sources_of_the_two._[...]_Although_we_cannot_formally_test_whether_the_Sintashta_derives_directly_from_an_eastward_migration_of_Corded_Ware_peoples_or_if_they_share_common_ancestry_with_an_earlier_steppe_population,_the_presence_of_European_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_both_the_Corded_Ware_and_the_Sintashta,_combined_with_the_absence_of_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_the_earlier_Yamnaya,_would_suggest_the_former_being_more_probable._[...]_The_enigmatic_Sintashta_culture_near_the_Urals_bears_genetic_resemblance_to_Corded_Ware_and_was_therefore_likely_to_be_an_eastward_migration_into_Asia._As_this_culture_spread_towards_Altai_it_evolved_into_the_Andronovo_culture"-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015Supplementary_material:_"Sintashta_and_Andronovo_populations_had_an_affinity_to_more_western_populations_from_central_and_northern_Europe_like_the_Corded_Ware_and_associated_cultures._[...]_the_Srubnaya/Sintashta/Andronovo_group_resembled_Late_Neolithic/Bronze_Age_populations_from_mainland_Europe."_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015Supplementary_material:_"Sintashta_and_Andronovo_populations_had_an_affinity_to_more_western_populations_from_central_and_northern_Europe_like_the_Corded_Ware_and_associated_cultures._[...]_the_Srubnaya/Sintashta/Andronovo_group_resembled_Late_Neolithic/Bronze_Age_populations_from_mainland_Europe."-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials:_"We_observed_a_main_cluster_of_41_''Sintashta''_individuals_that_was_genetically_similar_to_''Srubnaya'',_''Potapovka'',_and_''Andronovo''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_''Yamnaya''-related_and_''Anatolia_N''_(European_farmer-related)_ancestry"_(p.40)_[...]_"Additional_work_has_documented_genetic_similarity_of_people_of_the_Corded_Ware_Complex_to_those_of_both_the_Sintashta_and_Srubnaya_archaeological_cultures_of_the_western_Steppe"_(p.243)_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials:_"We_observed_a_main_cluster_of_41_''Sintashta''_individuals_that_was_genetically_similar_to_''Srubnaya'',_''Potapovka'',_and_''Andronovo''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_''Yamnaya''-related_and_''Anatolia_N''_(European_farmer-related)_ancestry"_(p.40)_[...]_"Additional_work_has_documented_genetic_similarity_of_people_of_the_Corded_Ware_Complex_to_those_of_both_the_Sintashta_and_Srubnaya_archaeological_cultures_of_the_western_Steppe"_(p.243)-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022p._13:_"[T]he_CWC_expanded_to_the_east_to_form_the_archaeological_complexes_of_Sintashta,_Srubnaya,_Andronovo,_and_the_BA_cultures_of_Kazakhstan."_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022p._13:_"[T]he_CWC_expanded_to_the_east_to_form_the_archaeological_complexes_of_Sintashta,_Srubnaya,_Andronovo,_and_the_BA_cultures_of_Kazakhstan."-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, in turn, is believed to represent the westward migration of Yamnaya-related people from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> zone into the territory of late Neolithic European cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the exact genetic relationship between the Yamnaya culture, Corded Ware culture and Sinthasta culture remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kristiansen2023_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristiansen2023-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> have been found in Sintashta burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology, which spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and played an important role in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">ancient warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007402"Eight_radiocarbon_dates_have_been_obtained_from_five_Sintashta_culture_graves_containing_the_impressions_of_spoked_wheels,_including_three_at_Sintashta_(SM_cemetery,_gr._5,_19,_28),_one_at_Krivoe_Ozero_(k._9,_gr._1),_and_one_at_Kammeny_Ambar_5_(k._2,_gr._8)._Three_of_these_(3760_±_120_BP,_3740_±_50_BP,_and_3700_±_60_BP),_with_probability_distributions_that_fall_predominantly_before_2000_BCE,_suggest_that_the_earliest_chariots_probably_appeared_in_the_steppes_before_2000_BCE_(table_15.1_[p._376])."_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007402"Eight_radiocarbon_dates_have_been_obtained_from_five_Sintashta_culture_graves_containing_the_impressions_of_spoked_wheels,_including_three_at_Sintashta_(SM_cemetery,_gr._5,_19,_28),_one_at_Krivoe_Ozero_(k._9,_gr._1),_and_one_at_Kammeny_Ambar_5_(k._2,_gr._8)._Three_of_these_(3760_±_120_BP,_3740_±_50_BP,_and_3700_±_60_BP),_with_probability_distributions_that_fall_predominantly_before_2000_BCE,_suggest_that_the_earliest_chariots_probably_appeared_in_the_steppes_before_2000_BCE_(table_15.1_[p._376])."-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is almost a general consensus among scholars that the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>, the successor of Sintasha culture, was an Indo-Iranian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, only two sub-cultures are considered as part of Andronovo culture: Alakul and Fëdorovo cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Grigoriev_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigoriev-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Andronovo culture is considered as an "Indo-Iranic dialect continuum", with a later split between Iranian and Indo-Aryan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Hiebert, an expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a> (BMAC) into Iran and the margin of the Indus Valley is "the best candidate for an archaeological correlate of the introduction of Indo-Iranian speakers to Iran and South Asia",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola201576_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola201576-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the absence of the characteristic timber graves of the steppe in the Near East,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2001206_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001206-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or south of the region between <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a>-<a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a> acknowledges the difficulties of making a case for expansions from Andronovo to northern India, and that attempts to link the Indo-Aryans to such sites as the Beshkent and Vakhsh cultures "only gets the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> to Central Asia, but not as far as the seats of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> or Indo-Aryans". He has developed the <i>Kulturkugel</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the culture bullet</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) model that has the Indo-Iranians taking over cultural traits of BMAC, but preserving their language and religion while moving into Iran and India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2001216_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001216-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola201576_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola201576-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A fourth independent branch, <a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a>, was previously posited, but recent scholarship in general places Dardic languages as archaic members of the Indo-Aryan branch<sup id="cite_ref-jain-cardona-20073_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jain-cardona-20073-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarianidi states that "direct archaeological data from Bactria and <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a> show without any shade of doubt that Andronovo tribes penetrated to a minimum extent into Bactria and Margianian oases".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2001_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jain-cardona-20073-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jain-cardona-20073_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBashir2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bashir" title="Elena Bashir">Bashir, Elena</a> (2007). "Dardic". In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (eds.). <i>The Indo-Aryan languages</i>. Routledge. p. 905. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which [...] developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dardic&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+languages&rft.pages=905&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahulkar1990-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahulkar1990_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahulkar1990" class="citation book cs1">Mahulkar, D. D. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vsNF-yuHEgYC"><i>Pre-Pāṇinian Linguistic Studies</i></a>. Northern Book Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85119-88-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85119-88-5"><bdi>978-81-85119-88-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-P%C4%81%E1%B9%87inian+Linguistic+Studies&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85119-88-5&rft.aulast=Mahulkar&rft.aufirst=D.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvsNF-yuHEgYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PuglielliFrascarelli2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PuglielliFrascarelli2011_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuglielliFrascarelli2011" class="citation book cs1">Puglielli, Annarita; Frascarelli, Mara (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OCwJBdGbW-cC"><i>Linguistic Analysis: From Data to Theory</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022250-0"><bdi>978-3-11-022250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Analysis%3A+From+Data+to+Theory&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022250-0&rft.aulast=Puglielli&rft.aufirst=Annarita&rft.au=Frascarelli%2C+Mara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOCwJBdGbW-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGvozdanović1999" class="citation book cs1">Gvozdanović, Jadranka (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFBDGWjCP7gC&pg=PA221"><i>Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016113-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016113-7"><bdi>978-3-11-016113-7</bdi></a>. <q>The usage of 'Aryan languages' is not to be equated with Indo-Aryan languages, rather Indo-Iranic languages of which Indo-Aryan is a subgrouping.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numeral+Types+and+Changes+Worldwide&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-11-016113-7&rft.aulast=Gvozdanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Jadranka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKFBDGWjCP7gC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatoevKʻosyan1999" class="citation book cs1">Chatoev, Vladimir; Kʻosyan, Aram (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uA5pAAAAMAAJ&q=ezdiki+language"><i>Nationalities of Armenia</i></a>. YEGEA Publishing House. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99930-808-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-99930-808-0-0"><bdi>978-99930-808-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalities+of+Armenia&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=YEGEA+Publishing+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-99930-808-0-0&rft.aulast=Chatoev&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=K%CA%BBosyan%2C+Aram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuA5pAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dezdiki%2Blanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatrian1995" class="citation journal cs1">Asatrian, Garnik (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dimli">"DIMLĪ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a></i>. <b>VI</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429180830/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dimli">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=DIML%C4%AA&rft.volume=VI&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Asatrian&rft.aufirst=Garnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdimli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1998" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Ludwig (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/zazaki/zazakipositionof.pdf">"The Pozition of Zazaki the West Iranian Languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Iran Chamber</i>. Open Publishing<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iran+Chamber&rft.atitle=The+Pozition+of+Zazaki+the+West+Iranian+Languages&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azargoshnasp.net%2Flanguages%2Fzazaki%2Fzazakipositionof.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras2012_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatras2012">Matras 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/indo-iranian">"Indo-Iranian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Indo-Iranian&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroups%2Findo-iranian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1320">"Glottolog 4.7 – Indo-Iranian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.7+%E2%80%93+Indo-Iranian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Findo1320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hindi" L1: 322 million (2011 Indian census), including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as "Hindi" on the census. L2: 274 million (2016, source unknown). Urdu L1: 67 million (2011 & 2017 censuses), L2: 102 million (1999 Pakistan, source unknown, and 2001 Indian census): <i>Ethnologue</i> 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/21/language/hin">Hindi</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (21st ed., 2018) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/21/language/ur">Urdu</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (21st ed., 2018) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:422-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:422_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1987">Schmitt 1987</a>: "The name <i>Aryan</i> is the self designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages, in contrast to the 'non-Aryan' peoples of those 'Aryan' countries."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2008">Mallory & Mair 2008</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony_2007_pp._408-411-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_2007_pp._408-411_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. 408–411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubotsky2023259"There_is_growing_consensus_among_both_archaeologists_and_linguists_that_the_Sintashta–Petrovka_culture_(2100–1900_BCE)_in_the_Southern_Trans-Urals_was_inhabited_by_the_speakers_of_Proto-Indo-Iranian"-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubotsky2023259"There_is_growing_consensus_among_both_archaeologists_and_linguists_that_the_Sintashta–Petrovka_culture_(2100–1900_BCE)_in_the_Southern_Trans-Urals_was_inhabited_by_the_speakers_of_Proto-Indo-Iranian"_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLubotsky2023">Lubotsky 2023</a>, p. 259, "There is growing consensus among both archaeologists and linguists that the Sintashta–Petrovka culture (2100–1900 BCE) in the Southern Trans-Urals was inhabited by the speakers of Proto-Indo-Iranian".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015"The_close_affinity_we_observe_between_peoples_of_Corded_Ware_and_Sintashta_cultures_suggests_similar_genetic_sources_of_the_two._[...]_Although_we_cannot_formally_test_whether_the_Sintashta_derives_directly_from_an_eastward_migration_of_Corded_Ware_peoples_or_if_they_share_common_ancestry_with_an_earlier_steppe_population,_the_presence_of_European_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_both_the_Corded_Ware_and_the_Sintashta,_combined_with_the_absence_of_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_the_earlier_Yamnaya,_would_suggest_the_former_being_more_probable._[...]_The_enigmatic_Sintashta_culture_near_the_Urals_bears_genetic_resemblance_to_Corded_Ware_and_was_therefore_likely_to_be_an_eastward_migration_into_Asia._As_this_culture_spread_towards_Altai_it_evolved_into_the_Andronovo_culture"-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015"The_close_affinity_we_observe_between_peoples_of_Corded_Ware_and_Sintashta_cultures_suggests_similar_genetic_sources_of_the_two._[...]_Although_we_cannot_formally_test_whether_the_Sintashta_derives_directly_from_an_eastward_migration_of_Corded_Ware_peoples_or_if_they_share_common_ancestry_with_an_earlier_steppe_population,_the_presence_of_European_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_both_the_Corded_Ware_and_the_Sintashta,_combined_with_the_absence_of_Neolithic_farmer_ancestry_in_the_earlier_Yamnaya,_would_suggest_the_former_being_more_probable._[...]_The_enigmatic_Sintashta_culture_near_the_Urals_bears_genetic_resemblance_to_Corded_Ware_and_was_therefore_likely_to_be_an_eastward_migration_into_Asia._As_this_culture_spread_towards_Altai_it_evolved_into_the_Andronovo_culture"_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015">Allentoft et al. 2015</a>, "The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two. [...] Although we cannot formally test whether the Sintashta derives directly from an eastward migration of Corded Ware peoples or if they share common ancestry with an earlier steppe population, the presence of European Neolithic farmer ancestry in both the Corded Ware and the Sintashta, combined with the absence of Neolithic farmer ancestry in the earlier Yamnaya, would suggest the former being more probable. [...] The enigmatic Sintashta culture near the Urals bears genetic resemblance to Corded Ware and was therefore likely to be an eastward migration into Asia. As this culture spread towards Altai it evolved into the Andronovo culture".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015Supplementary_material:_"Sintashta_and_Andronovo_populations_had_an_affinity_to_more_western_populations_from_central_and_northern_Europe_like_the_Corded_Ware_and_associated_cultures._[...]_the_Srubnaya/Sintashta/Andronovo_group_resembled_Late_Neolithic/Bronze_Age_populations_from_mainland_Europe."-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015Supplementary_material:_"Sintashta_and_Andronovo_populations_had_an_affinity_to_more_western_populations_from_central_and_northern_Europe_like_the_Corded_Ware_and_associated_cultures._[...]_the_Srubnaya/Sintashta/Andronovo_group_resembled_Late_Neolithic/Bronze_Age_populations_from_mainland_Europe."_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathieson2015">Mathieson 2015</a>, Supplementary material: "Sintashta and Andronovo populations had an affinity to more western populations from central and northern Europe like the Corded Ware and associated cultures. [...] the Srubnaya/Sintashta/Andronovo group resembled Late Neolithic/Bronze Age populations from mainland Europe.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials:_"We_observed_a_main_cluster_of_41_''Sintashta''_individuals_that_was_genetically_similar_to_''Srubnaya'',_''Potapovka'',_and_''Andronovo''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_''Yamnaya''-related_and_''Anatolia_N''_(European_farmer-related)_ancestry"_(p.40)_[...]_"Additional_work_has_documented_genetic_similarity_of_people_of_the_Corded_Ware_Complex_to_those_of_both_the_Sintashta_and_Srubnaya_archaeological_cultures_of_the_western_Steppe"_(p.243)-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019Supplementary_Materials:_"We_observed_a_main_cluster_of_41_''Sintashta''_individuals_that_was_genetically_similar_to_''Srubnaya'',_''Potapovka'',_and_''Andronovo''_in_being_well_modeled_as_a_mixture_of_''Yamnaya''-related_and_''Anatolia_N''_(European_farmer-related)_ancestry"_(p.40)_[...]_"Additional_work_has_documented_genetic_similarity_of_people_of_the_Corded_Ware_Complex_to_those_of_both_the_Sintashta_and_Srubnaya_archaeological_cultures_of_the_western_Steppe"_(p.243)_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019">Narasimhan et al. 2019</a>, Supplementary Materials: "We observed a main cluster of 41 <i>Sintashta</i> individuals that was genetically similar to <i>Srubnaya</i>, <i>Potapovka</i>, and <i>Andronovo</i> in being well modeled as a mixture of <i>Yamnaya</i>-related and <i>Anatolia_N</i> (European farmer-related) ancestry" (p.40) [...] "Additional work has documented genetic similarity of people of the Corded Ware Complex to those of both the Sintashta and Srubnaya archaeological cultures of the western Steppe" (p.243).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022p._13:_"[T]he_CWC_expanded_to_the_east_to_form_the_archaeological_complexes_of_Sintashta,_Srubnaya,_Andronovo,_and_the_BA_cultures_of_Kazakhstan."-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022p._13:_"[T]he_CWC_expanded_to_the_east_to_form_the_archaeological_complexes_of_Sintashta,_Srubnaya,_Andronovo,_and_the_BA_cultures_of_Kazakhstan."_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChintalapatiPattersonMoorjani2022">Chintalapati, Patterson & Moorjani 2022</a>, p. 13: "[T]he CWC expanded to the east to form the archaeological complexes of Sintashta, Srubnaya, Andronovo, and the BA cultures of Kazakhstan.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristiansenAllentoftFreiIversen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kristiansen, Kristian; Allentoft, Morten E.; Frei, Karin M.; Iversen, Rune; Johannsen, Niels N.; Kroonen, Guus; Pospieszny, Łukasz; Price, T. Douglas; Rasmussen, Simon; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Sikora, Martin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2017.17">"Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>91</b> (356): 334–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2017.17">10.15184/aqy.2017.17</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F70150">1887/70150</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15536709">15536709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Re-theorising+mobility+and+the+formation+of+culture+and+language+among+the+Corded+Ware+Culture+in+Europe&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=356&rft.pages=334-347&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F70150&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15536709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2017.17&rft.aulast=Kristiansen&rft.aufirst=Kristian&rft.au=Allentoft%2C+Morten+E.&rft.au=Frei%2C+Karin+M.&rft.au=Iversen%2C+Rune&rft.au=Johannsen%2C+Niels+N.&rft.au=Kroonen%2C+Guus&rft.au=Pospieszny%2C+%C5%81ukasz&rft.au=Price%2C+T.+Douglas&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Simon&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6gren%2C+Karl-G%C3%B6ran&rft.au=Sikora%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15184%252Faqy.2017.17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmströmGüntherSvenssonJuras2019" class="citation journal cs1">Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Svensson, Emma M.; Juras, Anna; Fraser, Magdalena; Munters, Arielle R.; Pospieszny, Łukasz; Tõrv, Mari; Lindström, Jonathan; Götherström, Anders; Storå, Jan (9 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6790770">"The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>286</b> (1912): 20191528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2019.1528">10.1098/rspb.2019.1528</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6790770">6790770</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31594508">31594508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+genomic+ancestry+of+the+Scandinavian+Battle+Axe+Culture+people+and+their+relation+to+the+broader+Corded+Ware+horizon&rft.volume=286&rft.issue=1912&rft.pages=20191528&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6790770%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31594508&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2019.1528&rft.aulast=Malmstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther%2C+Torsten&rft.au=Svensson%2C+Emma+M.&rft.au=Juras%2C+Anna&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Magdalena&rft.au=Munters%2C+Arielle+R.&rft.au=Pospieszny%2C+%C5%81ukasz&rft.au=T%C3%B5rv%2C+Mari&rft.au=Lindstr%C3%B6m%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=G%C3%B6therstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders&rft.au=Stor%C3%A5%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6790770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pamjav H, Feher T, Nemeth E, Padar Z (2012). "Brief communication: new Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 149 (4): 611–615. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22167. PMID 23115110. "<i>However, with the discovery of the Z280 and Z93 substitutions within Phase 1 1000 Genomes Project data and subsequent genotyping of these SNPs in ∼200 samples, a schism between European and Asian R1a chromosomes has emerged</i>" </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristiansen2023-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kristiansen2023_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristiansenKroonenWillerslev2023" class="citation book cs1">Kristiansen, Kristian; Kroonen, Guus; Willerslev, Eske (11 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSysEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70"><i>The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26174-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26174-6"><bdi>978-1-009-26174-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Puzzle+Revisited%3A+Integrating+Archaeology%2C+Genetics%2C+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft.isbn=978-1-009-26174-6&rft.aulast=Kristiansen&rft.aufirst=Kristian&rft.au=Kroonen%2C+Guus&rft.au=Willerslev%2C+Eske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSysEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span> "How exactly the emergence and expansion of the Corded Ware are linked to the emergence and expansion of the Yamnaya horizon remains unclear. However, the Y chromosome record of both groups indicates that Corded Ware cannot be derived directly from the Yamnaya or late eastern farming groups sampled thus far, and is therefore likely to constitute a parallel development in the forest steppe and temperate forest zones of Eastern Europe. Even in Central Europe, the formation of the earliest regional Corded Ware identities was the result of local and regional social practices that resulted in the typical Corded Ware rite of passage."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChechushkovEpimakhov2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chechushkov, I.V.; Epimakhov, A.V. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0">"Eurasian Steppe Chariots and Social Complexity During the Bronze Age"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_World_Prehistory" title="Journal of World Prehistory">Journal of World Prehistory</a></i>. <b>31</b> (4): 435–483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0">10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254743380">254743380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Eurasian+Steppe+Chariots+and+Social+Complexity+During+the+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-483&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254743380%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chechushkov&rft.aufirst=I.V.&rft.au=Epimakhov%2C+A.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaulwing2000" class="citation book cs1">Raulwing, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cP9qQgAACAAJ"><i>Horses, Chariots and Indo-Europeans – Foundations and Methods of Chariotry Research from the Viewpoint of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics</i></a>. Archaeolingua Alapítvány, Budapest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789638046260" title="Special:BookSources/9789638046260"><bdi>9789638046260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horses%2C+Chariots+and+Indo-Europeans+%E2%80%93+Foundations+and+Methods+of+Chariotry+Research+from+the+Viewpoint+of+Comparative+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pub=Archaeolingua+Alap%C3%ADtv%C3%A1ny%2C+Budapest&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789638046260&rft.aulast=Raulwing&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcP9qQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007402"Eight_radiocarbon_dates_have_been_obtained_from_five_Sintashta_culture_graves_containing_the_impressions_of_spoked_wheels,_including_three_at_Sintashta_(SM_cemetery,_gr._5,_19,_28),_one_at_Krivoe_Ozero_(k._9,_gr._1),_and_one_at_Kammeny_Ambar_5_(k._2,_gr._8)._Three_of_these_(3760_±_120_BP,_3740_±_50_BP,_and_3700_±_60_BP),_with_probability_distributions_that_fall_predominantly_before_2000_BCE,_suggest_that_the_earliest_chariots_probably_appeared_in_the_steppes_before_2000_BCE_(table_15.1_[p._376])."-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007402"Eight_radiocarbon_dates_have_been_obtained_from_five_Sintashta_culture_graves_containing_the_impressions_of_spoked_wheels,_including_three_at_Sintashta_(SM_cemetery,_gr._5,_19,_28),_one_at_Krivoe_Ozero_(k._9,_gr._1),_and_one_at_Kammeny_Ambar_5_(k._2,_gr._8)._Three_of_these_(3760_±_120_BP,_3740_±_50_BP,_and_3700_±_60_BP),_with_probability_distributions_that_fall_predominantly_before_2000_BCE,_suggest_that_the_earliest_chariots_probably_appeared_in_the_steppes_before_2000_BCE_(table_15.1_[p._376])."_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 402, "Eight radiocarbon dates have been obtained from five Sintashta culture graves containing the impressions of spoked wheels, including three at Sintashta (SM cemetery, gr. 5, 19, 28), one at Krivoe Ozero (k. 9, gr. 1), and one at Kammeny Ambar 5 (k. 2, gr. 8). Three of these (3760 ± 120 BP, 3740 ± 50 BP, and 3700 ± 60 BP), with probability distributions that fall predominantly before 2000 BCE, suggest that the earliest chariots probably appeared in the steppes before 2000 BCE (table 15.1 [p. 376]).".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holm, Hans J. J. G. (2019): The Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Series Minor 43. Budapest: ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPÍTVÁNY. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5766-30-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5766-30-5">978-615-5766-30-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOIC-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallory1997">Mallory 1997</a>, pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grigoriev-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grigoriev_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2020-0123/html">"Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age"</a>, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), <b>p.3:</b> "...By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjørn2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bjørn, Rasmus G. (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10432883">"Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia: Six new perspectives on prehistoric exchange in the Eastern Steppe Zone"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>. <b>4</b>: e23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2022.16">10.1017/ehs.2022.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2513-843X">2513-843X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10432883">10432883</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37599704">37599704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Indo-European+loanwords+and+exchange+in+Bronze+Age+Central+and+East+Asia%3A+Six+new+perspectives+on+prehistoric+exchange+in+the+Eastern+Steppe+Zone&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=e23&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10432883%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2513-843X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37599704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2022.16&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B8rn&rft.aufirst=Rasmus+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10432883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola201576-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola201576_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola201576_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParpola2015">Parpola 2015</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001206-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2001206_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2001">Bryant 2001</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francfort, in (<a href="#CITEREFFussman_et_al.2005">Fussman et al. 2005</a>, p. 268); Fussman, in (<a href="#CITEREFFussman_et_al.2005">Fussman et al. 2005</a>, p. 220); Francfort (1989), Fouilles de Shortugai.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2001_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2001">Bryant 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001216-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2001216_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2001">Bryant 2001</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Allentoft, Morten E.; et al. (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155">"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>522</b> (7555). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 167–172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..167A">2015Natur.522..167A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14507">10.1038/nature14507</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26062507">26062507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4399103">4399103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Population+genomics+of+Bronze+Age+Eurasia&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4399103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26062507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..167A&rft.aulast=Allentoft&rft.aufirst=Morten+E.&rft.au=Sikora%2C+Martin&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6gren%2C+Karl+G.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepot.ceon.pl%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F13155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, David W. (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i>. 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In Willerslev, Eske; Kroonen, Guus; Kristiansen, Kristian (eds.). <i>The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26175-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26175-3"><bdi>978-1-009-26175-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-European+and+Indo-Iranian+Wagon+Terminology+and+the+Date+of+the+Indo-Iranian+Split&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Puzzle+Revisited%3A+Integrating+Archaeology%2C+Genetics%2C+and+Linguistics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=257-262&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-26175-3&rft.aulast=Lubotsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Findoeuropean-puzzle-revisited%2Findoeuropean-and-indoiranian-wagon-terminology-and-the-date-of-the-indoiranian-split%2FADBF07BCD6447A00E1B5E3EE4E128FA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (6 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>365</b> (6457). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: eaat7487. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F292581">10.1101/292581</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487">10.1126/science.aat7487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">6822619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488661">31488661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+human+populations+in+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=6457&rft.pages=eaat7487&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31488661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F292581%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Narasimhan&rft.aufirst=Vagheesh+M.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Moorjani%2C+Priya&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bryant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Bryant (author)">Bryant, Edwin</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_the_Origins_of_Vedic_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture"><i>The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513777-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513777-4"><bdi>978-0-19-513777-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Origins+of+Vedic+Culture%3A+The+Indo-Aryan+Migration+Debate&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513777-4&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussman_et_al.2005" class="citation book cs1">Fussman, G.; Kellens, J.; Francfort, H. 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P.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC"><i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1884964985" title="Special:BookSources/978-1884964985"><bdi>978-1884964985</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1884964985&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryMair2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lr62GwAACAAJ"><i>The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500283721" title="Special:BookSources/9780500283721"><bdi>9780500283721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+Mummies%3A+Ancient+China+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Earliest+Peoples+from+the+West&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780500283721&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlr62GwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mathieson, Iain (23 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918750">"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>528</b> (7583): 499–503. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.528..499M">2015Natur.528..499M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16152">10.1038/nature16152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918750">4918750</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26595274">26595274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+patterns+of+selection+in+230+ancient+Eurasians&rft.volume=528&rft.issue=7583&rft.pages=499-503&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4918750%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26595274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature16152&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.528..499M&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4918750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola2015" class="citation cs2">Parpola, Asko (2015), <i>The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Hinduism.+The+Early+Aryans+and+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Schmitt" title="Rüdiger Schmitt">Schmitt, Rüdiger</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans">"Aryans"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aryans&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Faryans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imprs.shh.mpg.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/04-Contact-and-change-in-the-diversification-of-the-Indo-Iranic-languages.pdf">"Contact and change in the diversification of the Indo-Iranic languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dr. Russell Gray, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Russell+Gray%2C+Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History%2C+Department+of+Linguistic+and+Cultural+Evolution&rft.atitle=Contact+and+change+in+the+diversification+of+the+Indo-Iranic+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimprs.shh.mpg.de%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F12%2F04-Contact-and-change-in-the-diversification-of-the-Indo-Iranic-languages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatras2012" class="citation book cs1">Matras, Yaron (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Indo-European/Indo-Aryan/Domari%2C%20A%20Grammar%20of%20%28Matras%29.pdf"><i>A grammar of Domari</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mouton Grammar Library. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110291421">10.1515/9783110291421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+Domari&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Mouton+Grammar+Library&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110291421&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheswissbay.ch%2Fpdf%2FBooks%2FLinguistics%2FMega%2520linguistics%2520pack%2FIndo-European%2FIndo-Aryan%2FDomari%252C%2520A%2520Grammar%2520of%2520%2528Matras%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaly1897" class="citation book cs1">Baly, Joseph (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459583"><i>Eur-Aryan roots: With their English derivatives and the corresponding words in the cognate languages compared and systematically arranged</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: Keegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eur-Aryan+roots%3A+With+their+English+derivatives+and+the+corresponding+words+in+the+cognate+languages+compared+and+systematically+arranged&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Keegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner+%26+Company&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Baly&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.459583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Byomkes_Chakrabarti" title="Byomkes Chakrabarti">Chakrabarti, Byomkes</a> (1994). <i>A comparative study of Santali and Bengali</i>. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7074-128-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7074-128-9"><bdi>81-7074-128-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+comparative+study+of+Santali+and+Bengali&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=K.P.+Bagchi+%26+Co.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=81-7074-128-9&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Byomkes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKümmel2018" class="citation book cs1">Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2018). "The morphology of Indo-Iranian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). <i>Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</i>. Vol. 3. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1888–1924. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110542431-032">10.1515/9783110542431-032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135347276">135347276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+morphology+of+Indo-Iranian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=1888-1924&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110542431-032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135347276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCmmel&rft.aufirst=Martin+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKümmel2020" class="citation book cs1">Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2020). "Substrata of Indo-Iranic and related questions". In Garnier, Romain (ed.). <i>Loanwords and substrata: Proceedings of the colloquium held in Limoges (5th-7th June, 2018)</i>. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. pp. 237–277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85124-751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85124-751-0"><bdi>978-3-85124-751-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Substrata+of+Indo-Iranic+and+related+questions&rft.btitle=Loanwords+and+substrata%3A+Proceedings+of+the+colloquium+held+in+Limoges+%285th-7th+June%2C+2018%29&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pages=237-277&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachwissenschaft+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Innsbruck&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-85124-751-0&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCmmel&rft.aufirst=Martin+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKümmel2022" class="citation book cs1">Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2022). "Indo-Iranian". In Olander, Thomas (ed.). <i>The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 246–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108758666.014">10.1017/9781108758666.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-75866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-75866-6"><bdi>978-1-108-75866-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-Iranian&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Language+Family%3A+A+Phylogenetic+Perspective&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=246-268&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108758666.014&rft.isbn=978-1-108-75866-6&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCmmel&rft.aufirst=Martin+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubotsky2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lubotsky" title="Alexander Lubotsky">Lubotsky, Alexander</a> (2018). "The phonology of Proto-Indo-Iranian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). <i>Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</i>. Vol. 3. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1875–1888. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110542431-031">10.1515/9783110542431-031</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F63480">1887/63480</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165490459">165490459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+phonology+of+Proto-Indo-Iranian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=1875-1888&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F63480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165490459%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110542431-031&rft.aulast=Lubotsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinault2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pinault, Georges-Jean (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2005_num_149_1_22848">"Contacts religieux et culturels des Indo-Iraniens avec la civilisation de l'Oxus"</a>. <i>Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</i> (in French). <b>149</b> (1): 213–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcrai.2005.22848">10.3406/crai.2005.22848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Inscriptions+et+Belles-Lettres&rft.atitle=Contacts+religieux+et+culturels+des+Indo-Iraniens+avec+la+civilisation+de+l%27Oxus&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=213-257&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcrai.2005.22848&rft.aulast=Pinault&rft.aufirst=Georges-Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fcrai_0065-0536_2005_num_149_1_22848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinault2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pinault, Georges-Jean (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2008_num_152_1_92104">"La langue des Scythes et le nom des Arimaspes"</a>. <i>Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</i> (in French). <b>152</b> (1): 105–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcrai.2008.92104">10.3406/crai.2008.92104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Inscriptions+et+Belles-Lettres&rft.atitle=La+langue+des+Scythes+et+le+nom+des+Arimaspes&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-138&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcrai.2008.92104&rft.aulast=Pinault&rft.aufirst=Georges-Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fcrai_0065-0536_2008_num_152_1_92104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams2002" class="citation book cs1">Sims-Williams, Nicholas, ed. (2002). <i>Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726285-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726285-6"><bdi>978-0-19-726285-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Iranian+Languages+and+Peoples&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726285-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Iranian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kümmel, Martin. "Substrata of Indo-Iranic and related questions." Loanwords and substrata: Proceedings of the Colloquium held in Limoges (5th–7th June, 2018). 2020.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Iranian_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Indo-Iranian Swadesh lists">Indo-Iranian Swadesh lists</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indo-Iranian_languages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Indo-Iranian_Swadesh_lists">Swadesh lists of Indo-Iranian basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages#Luwic_branch" title="Anatolian languages">Luwic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Balts" title="Dnieper Balts">Dnieper Baltic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tocharian A</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuchean_language" title="Kuchean language">Kuchean</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getaean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Hellenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Iranian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Indo-Iranian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indo-Iranian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_languages" title="Template talk:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Old_Iranian" title="Iranian languages">Old Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Middle_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Middle Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#New_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">New Iranian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushani_language" title="Rushani language">Rushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi_language" title="Sanglechi language">Sanglechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartangi_language" title="Bartangi language">Bartangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshori_dialect" title="Oroshori dialect">Oroshori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanji_language" title="Vanji language">Vanji</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazghulami_language" title="Yazghulami language">Yazghulami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachi_language" title="Parachi language">Parachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarghulami" title="Sarghulami">Sarghulami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a></i> <ul><li><i>Alanian</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_Ossetian" title="Digor Ossetian">Digor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Ossetian" title="Iron Ossetian">Iron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jassic_dialect" title="Jassic dialect">Jassic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtiani_language" title="Ashtiani language">Ashtiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_dialect" title="Makrani dialect">Makrani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daylami_language" title="Daylami language">Daylami</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Fars" title="Dialects of Fars">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgani_language" title="Gorgani language">Gorgani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karingani_language" title="Karingani language">Karingani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordali_language" title="Kordali language">Kordali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaroid_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaroid dialects (page does not exist)">Tabaroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_languages" title="Semnani languages">Semnani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lasgerdi_language" title="Lasgerdi language">Lasgerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangsari_language" title="Sangsari language">Sangsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkhei_language" title="Sorkhei language">Sorkhei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatoid_dialects" title="Tatoid dialects">Tatoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari_language" title="Zoroastrian Dari language">Zoroastrian Dari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_language" title="Bashkardi language">Bashkardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmsiri_language" title="Garmsiri language">Garmsiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhmareyi_language" title="Kuhmareyi language">Kuhmareyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_language" title="Kumzari language">Kumzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_dialect" title="Bakhtiari dialect">Bakhtiari</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavani_language" title="Pahlavani language">Pahlavani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Caucasian Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a> or <a href="/wiki/Historical_language" title="Historical language">historical languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuristani_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuristani_languages" title="Template:Nuristani languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuristani_languages" title="Template talk:Nuristani languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuristani_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuristani languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuristani_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kat%C3%AB_language" title="Katë language">Katë</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Kat%C3%AB_dialect" title="Western Katë dialect">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Kat%C3%AB_dialect" title="Northeastern Katë dialect">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Kat%C3%AB_dialect" title="Southeastern Katë dialect">Southeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wasi-wari" title="Wasi-wari">Wasi-wari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wasi-wari" title="Wasi-wari">Wasi-wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askunu_language" title="Askunu language">Askunu</a> (Ashkun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-ala" title="Kalasha-ala">Waigali</a> (Kalasha-ala)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tregami_language" title="Tregami language">Tregami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemiaki_language" title="Zemiaki language">Zemiaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133813-3">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Indoiranische Sprachen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4225088-2">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Indo-Iranian languages"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85065708">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langues indo-iraniennes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12649446w">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langues indo-iraniennes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12649446w">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span 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