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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Eurasian Steppe Chariots and Social Complexity During the Bronze Age | Journal of World Prehistory</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Eurasian Steppe Chariots and Social Complexity During the Bronze Age"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Journal of World Prehistory - This paper aims to examine some societal principles that underlie the development of horse-drawn chariots in Inner Eurasia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age (cal...."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="10963"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Eurasian Steppe Chariots and Social Complexity During the Bronze Age"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Journal of World Prehistory 2018 31:4"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2018-10-16"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="This paper aims to examine some societal principles that underlie the development of horse-drawn chariots in Inner Eurasia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age (cal. 2050–1750 BC). Analysis is based on an evaluation and re-examination of the archaeological evidence for horse-drawn chariots, and the social constructs they entail. Chariots were developed in the zone of the Northern Eurasian steppes before c. 2000 BC in the context of complex but stateless societies. Because chariots depend on a set of developed skills, valuable resources, and complicated technologies, which involve several outstanding improvements to previously known solutions, they require specific conditions for their development and maintenance in social life. Most fundamentally, they require a group of people with an interest in this complex technology: a class of military elites characterized by aggrandizing behavior. The competition between collectives of military elites for resources, power and prestige brought into life the earliest chariot complex in the world."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1573-7802"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Journal of World Prehistory"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2018-10-16"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="31"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="4"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="435"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="483"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of World Prehistory"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="J World Prehist"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer US"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1573-7802"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Eurasian Steppe Chariots and Social Complexity During the Bronze Age"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="31"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018/12"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2018/10/16"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="435"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="483"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0"/> <meta name="size" content="395999"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="This paper aims to examine some societal principles that underlie the development of horse-drawn chariots in Inner Eurasia during the Middle and Late Bronz"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Chechushkov, Igor V."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Epimakhov, Andrei V."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Archaeology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Anthropology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Kratkiye soobshcheniya o dokladakh i polevykh issledovaniyakh Instituta istorii material’noy kul’tury: KSIIMK [Summary of the reports and field studies of the Institute of History of Material Culture: KSIIMK]; citation_title=Kurgany epokhi bronzy u s. 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Ekaterinburg: Institut Istorii i Arkheologii."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Otchet ob arkheologicheskikh issledovaniyakh UKAE v 1977 godu [Report on the archaeological investigation of UKAE in 1977]; citation_publication_date=1978; citation_id=CR126; citation_author=GB Zdanovich; citation_publisher=Chelyabinsk State University"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Bronzovyy vek Uralo-Kazakhstanskikh stepey [The Bronze Age of the Ural-Kazakhstan steppes]; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_id=CR127; citation_author=GB Zdanovich; citation_publisher=Izd-vo Ural’skogo un-ta"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Chechushkov, Igor V."/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="chivpost@gmail.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Epimakhov, Andrei V."/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="eav74@rambler.ru"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of History and Archaeology, The Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Science, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2018/12/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Eurasian Steppe Chariots and Social Complexity During the Bronze Age - Journal of World Prehistory"/> <meta property="og:description" content="This paper aims to examine some societal principles that underlie the development of horse-drawn chariots in Inner Eurasia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age (cal. 2050–1750 BC). Analysis is based on an evaluation and re-examination of the archaeological evidence for horse-drawn chariots, and the social constructs they entail. Chariots were developed in the zone of the Northern Eurasian steppes before c. 2000 BC in the context of complex but stateless societies. Because chariots depend on a set of developed skills, valuable resources, and complicated technologies, which involve several outstanding improvements to previously known solutions, they require specific conditions for their development and maintenance in social life. Most fundamentally, they require a group of people with an interest in this complex technology: a class of military elites characterized by aggrandizing behavior. The competition between collectives of military elites for resources, power and prestige brought into life the earliest chariot complex in the world."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" 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Analysis is based on an evaluation and re-examination of the archaeological evidence for horse-drawn chariots, and the social constructs they entail. Chariots were developed in the zone of the Northern Eurasian steppes before c. 2000 BC in the context of complex but stateless societies. Because chariots depend on a set of developed skills, valuable resources, and complicated technologies, which involve several outstanding improvements to previously known solutions, they require specific conditions for their development and maintenance in social life. Most fundamentally, they require a group of people with an interest in this complex technology: a class of military elites characterized by aggrandizing behavior. The competition between collectives of military elites for resources, power and prestige brought into life the earliest chariot complex in the world.","datePublished":"2018-10-16T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2018-10-16T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"435","pageEnd":"483","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0","keywords":["Chariot","Bronze Age","Eurasia","Sintashta","Social complexity","Archaeology","Anthropology"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig1_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig2_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig3_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig4_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig5_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig6_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig7_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig8_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig9_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig10_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig11_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig12_HTML.png"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Journal of World Prehistory","issn":["1573-7802","0892-7537"],"volumeNumber":"31","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer US","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Igor V. 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href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10963/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Igor_V_-Chechushkov-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Igor_V_-Chechushkov-Aff1" data-author-search="Chechushkov, Igor V." data-corresp-id="c1">Igor V. Chechushkov<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Andrei_V_-Epimakhov-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Andrei_V_-Epimakhov-Aff2" data-author-search="Epimakhov, Andrei V.">Andrei V. Epimakhov</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>1937 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>30 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>6 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>This paper aims to examine some societal principles that underlie the development of horse-drawn chariots in Inner Eurasia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age (cal. 2050–1750 BC). Analysis is based on an evaluation and re-examination of the archaeological evidence for horse-drawn chariots, and the social constructs they entail. Chariots were developed in the zone of the Northern Eurasian steppes before c. 2000 BC in the context of complex but stateless societies. Because chariots depend on a set of developed skills, valuable resources, and complicated technologies, which involve several outstanding improvements to previously known solutions, they require specific conditions for their development and maintenance in social life. Most fundamentally, they require a group of people with an interest in this complex technology: a class of military elites characterized by aggrandizing behavior. The competition between collectives of military elites for resources, power and prestige brought into life the earliest chariot complex in the world.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D7f445146-19eb-4564-9951-d79a2c6ba376" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg> to check access. </p> </div> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D7f445146-19eb-4564-9951-d79a2c6ba376" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-mobile" class="c-article-buy-box"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin" id="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin">  <div class="buying-option" data-test-id="buy-article-darwin"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"><span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="buybox__buy"> <form action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="article"><input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0"><input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="1573-7802"><input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="Eurasian Steppe Chariots and Social Complexity During the Bronze Age"><input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2018"><input type="hidden" name="year" value="2018"><input type="hidden" name="authors" value="Igor V. 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srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig9_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig9_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="281"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-10"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig10" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 10</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig10_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig10_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="241" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-11"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig11" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 11</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig11_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig11_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="235"></picture><p class="c-article-section__figure-credit text-right c-article-section__figure-credit-right" data-test="figure-credit">(source, Botalov and Vasina <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Botalov, S. G., & Vasina, Y. V. (2014). Kamennaya skul’ptura loshadi: Sluchaynaya nakhodka iz urochishcha Buzykay [A stone sculpture of a horse: Accidental discovery near Buzykay]. Nauka YuUrGU: Materialy 66-y nauchnoy konferentsii (pp. 860–866). Chelyabinsk: YuUrGU." href="/article/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d221557110e6048">2014</a>, with the authors’ permission)</p></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-12"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig12" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 12</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig12_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10963-018-9124-0/MediaObjects/10963_2018_9124_Fig12_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="148"></picture></div></div></figure></div> </div> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w92h120/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-319-48402-0?as=webp" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-48402-0_14?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1007/978-3-319-48402-0_14">Pathways to Social Complexity in the Norte Chico Region of Peru </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Chapter</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">© 2017</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w92h120/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-319-48402-0?as=webp" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-48402-0_8?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1007/978-3-319-48402-0_8">The Emergence of Sociopolitical Complexity: Evidence from Contact-Era New Guinea </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Chapter</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">© 2017</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10437-014-9166-3/MediaObjects/10437_2014_9166_Fig1_HTML.gif" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10437-014-9166-3?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1007/s10437-014-9166-3">Social Complexity in Southern Africa </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">14 December 2014</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; 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The authors would like to thank colleagues from the University of Pittsburgh, Elizabeth Arkush, Robert Drennan, Maria Liz Baiocchi, Lauren Herckis, Patrick Mullins, Camilla Kelsoe, Mathew Kesterke and Loukas Barton, for the discussion and valuable comments to this paper. Gail Brownrigg provided valuable feedback and helped to pronounce our ideas in the clearest possible way. Two anonymous reviewers also gave us important feedback and suggestions to improve this article. We also gratefully acknowledge the following colleagues who supported this research over the years: Nikolai Vinogradov, Ludmila Koryakova, and Natalia Berseneva. Irina Shevnina kindly allowed us to provide the illustrations of the Bestamak Cemetery and Igor Novikov provided images of the Ozernoye-1 Cemetery. Stanislav Arefyev identified tree species of the ethnographic wheels. All opinions and mistakes within this paper are the sole responsibility of the authors.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, 3302 WWPH, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Igor V. Chechushkov</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of History and Archaeology, The Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Science, South Ural State University, Lenina Av., 76-403, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Andrei V. Epimakhov</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Igor_V_-Chechushkov-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Igor V. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Chechushkov, I.V., Epimakhov, A.V. Eurasian Steppe Chariots and Social Complexity During the Bronze Age. <i>J World Prehist</i> <b>31</b>, 435–483 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2018-10-16">16 October 2018</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2018-12">December 2018</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable 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class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Chariot&facet-discipline="Social%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Chariot</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Bronze%20Age&facet-discipline="Social%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Bronze Age</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Eurasia&facet-discipline="Social%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Eurasia</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Sintashta&facet-discipline="Social%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Sintashta</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Social%20complexity&facet-discipline="Social%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Social complexity</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <aside> <div data-test="collections"> </div> <div data-test="editorial-summary"> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a 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