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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Outdoor_bouldering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outdoor_bouldering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Outdoor bouldering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outdoor_bouldering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indoor_bouldering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indoor_bouldering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Indoor bouldering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indoor_bouldering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highball_bouldering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highball_bouldering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Highball bouldering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highball_bouldering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_bouldering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_bouldering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Competition bouldering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_bouldering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_bouldering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_bouldering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Modern bouldering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_bouldering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_ascents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_ascents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Notable ascents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_ascents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Боўлдэрынг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Боўлдэрынг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalada_de_blocs" title="Escalada de blocs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escalada de blocs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bouldering" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bouldering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouldern" title="Bouldern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bouldern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAlder" title="Búlder – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Búlder" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokgrimpado" title="Blokgrimpado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blokgrimpado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloke-eskalada" title="Bloke-eskalada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bloke-eskalada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_(escalade)" title="Bloc (escalade) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bloc (escalade)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Boulder" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%EB%8D%94%EB%A7%81" title="볼더링 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="볼더링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjat_dinding" title="Panjat dinding – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Panjat dinding" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bouldering" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="טיפוס בולדרינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיפוס בולדרינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulderings" title="Boulderings – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Boulderings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulderen" title="Boulderen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boulderen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ボルダリング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボルダリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buldring" title="Buldring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buldring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bouldering" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boulder" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bouldering" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Боулдеринг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боулдеринг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bouldering" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balvansko_plezanje" title="Balvansko plezanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Balvansko plezanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulderointi" title="Boulderointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Boulderointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bouldering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bouldering" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Болдеринг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Болдеринг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%B1%E7%9F%B3" title="抱石 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="抱石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q852989#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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href="/wiki/File:Bouldering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bouldering.jpg/220px-Bouldering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bouldering.jpg/330px-Bouldering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bouldering.jpg/440px-Bouldering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Bouldering in <a href="/wiki/Idyllwild,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Idyllwild, California">Idyllwild, California</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Category:Climbing" title="Category:Climbing">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbers_and_mountaineers" title="List of climbers and mountaineers">Climbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piolet_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Piolet d'Or">Piolet d'Or winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_career_IFSC_victories_by_climber" title="Ranking of career IFSC victories by climber">IFSC victories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_equipment" title="Climbing equipment">Equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbing_knots" title="List of climbing knots">Knots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rock_climbing" title="History of rock climbing">Historical events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grade_milestones_in_rock_climbing" title="List of grade milestones in rock climbing">Grade milestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">Eight-thousanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climbing_terms" title="Glossary of climbing terms">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Types of <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_climbing" title="Aid climbing">Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">Big wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pitch_climbing" title="Multi-pitch climbing">Multi-pitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bouldering</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Highball_bouldering">Highball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">Speed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_climbing" title="Free climbing">Free</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing" title="Sport climbing">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_climbing" title="Solo climbing">Solo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_soloing" title="Deep-water soloing">Deep-water solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_solo_climbing" title="Rope solo climbing">Rope solo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_rope_climbing" title="Top rope climbing">Top roping</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Types of <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climbing" title="Alpine climbing">Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_climbing" title="Mixed climbing">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_ferrata" title="Via ferrata">Via ferrata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">Himalayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine style">Alpine style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition style">Expedition style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry-tooling" title="Dry-tooling">Dry-tooling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrambling" title="Scrambling">Scrambling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillwalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillwalking">Hillwalking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Other types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buildering" title="Buildering">Buildering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_climbing" title="Crane climbing">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_climbing" title="Grass climbing">Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_access" title="Rope access">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_climbing" title="Pole climbing">Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_hopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock hopping">Rock hopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftopping" title="Rooftopping">Rooftopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_and_tunnel_hacking" title="Roof and tunnel hacking">Roof hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_climbing" title="Rope climbing">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_Climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Slide Climbing">Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_climbing" title="Tree climbing">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Key actions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abseiling" title="Abseiling">Abseiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaying" title="Belaying">Belaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">Leading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redpoint_(climbing)" title="Redpoint (climbing)">Redpointing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumaring">Jumaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_rescue_(climbing)" title="Self rescue (climbing)">Self rescuing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simul_climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Simul climbing">Simul climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_(climbing)" title="Traverse (climbing)">Traversing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_technique" title="Climbing technique">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Key terms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_(climbing)" title="Anchor (climbing)">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent">First ascent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_free_ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="First free ascent">FFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_female_free_ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="First female free ascent">FFFA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)" title="Grade (climbing)">Grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_route" title="Climbing route">Route</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(climbing)" title="Beta (climbing)">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_guidebook" title="Climbing guidebook">Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(climbing)" title="Pitch (climbing)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_climbing" title="Crack climbing">Crack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_climbing" title="Face climbing">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(climbing)" title="Overhang (climbing)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_climbing" title="Slab climbing">Slab</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climbing_sidebar" title="Template:Climbing sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climbing_sidebar" title="Template talk:Climbing sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climbing_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climbing sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bouldering</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a> that is performed on small rock formations or <a href="/wiki/Climbing_wall" title="Climbing wall">artificial rock walls</a> without the use of ropes or <a href="/wiki/Climbing_harness" title="Climbing harness">harnesses</a>. While bouldering can be done without any equipment, most climbers use <a href="/wiki/Climbing_shoe" title="Climbing shoe">climbing shoes</a> to help secure footholds, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">chalk</a> to keep their hands dry and to provide a firmer grip, and <a href="/wiki/Bouldering_mat" title="Bouldering mat">bouldering mats</a> to prevent injuries from falls. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">free solo climbing</a>, which is also performed without ropes, bouldering problems (the sequence of moves that a climber performs to complete the climb) are usually less than six metres (20 ft) tall. Traverses, which are a form of boulder problem, require the climber to climb horizontally from one end to another.<sup id="cite_ref-Access2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Access2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indoor_climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor climbing">Artificial climbing walls</a> allow boulderers to climb indoors in areas without natural boulders. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">bouldering competitions</a> take place in both indoor and outdoor settings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sport was originally a method of training for roped climbs and <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a>, so climbers could practice specific moves at a safe distance from the ground. Additionally, the sport served to build stamina and increase finger strength. Throughout the 20th century, bouldering evolved into a separate discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual problems are assigned ratings based on difficulty. Although there have been various <a href="/wiki/Grade_(bouldering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade (bouldering)">rating systems</a> used throughout the history of bouldering, modern problems usually use either the V-scale or the <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau_rock_climbing" title="Fontainebleau rock climbing">Fontainebleau</a> scale. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outdoor_bouldering">Outdoor bouldering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Outdoor bouldering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm/220px--Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="47" data-mwtitle="Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm/Hueco_Tanks_-_Baby_Martini_-_V6.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Bouldering in <a href="/wiki/Hueco_Tanks" title="Hueco Tanks">Hueco Tanks</a>: <i>Baby Martini</i> (V6)</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cliffs_at_DUMBO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Cliffs_at_DUMBO.jpg/220px-The_Cliffs_at_DUMBO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Cliffs_at_DUMBO.jpg/330px-The_Cliffs_at_DUMBO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Cliffs_at_DUMBO.jpg/440px-The_Cliffs_at_DUMBO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The largest outdoor bouldering gym in North America, The Cliffs at DUMBO, is located in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge_Park" title="Brooklyn Bridge Park">Brooklyn Bridge Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The characteristics of boulder problems depend largely on the type of rock being climbed. For example, <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> often features long <a href="/wiki/Crack_climbing" title="Crack climbing">cracks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slab_climbing" title="Slab climbing">slabs</a> while <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> rocks are known for their steep overhangs and frequent horizontal breaks. <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a> are also used for bouldering.<sup id="cite_ref-Lourens2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lourens2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21–22">: 21–22 </span></sup> </p><p>There are many prominent bouldering areas throughout the United States, including <a href="/wiki/Hueco_Tanks" title="Hueco Tanks">Hueco Tanks</a> in Texas, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Blue_Sky" title="Mount Blue Sky">Mount Blue Sky</a> in Colorado, <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">The Appalachian Mountains</a> in The Eastern United States, and <a href="/wiki/The_Buttermilks" title="The Buttermilks">The Buttermilks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bishop,_California" title="Bishop, California">Bishop, California</a>. <a href="/wiki/Squamish,_British_Columbia" title="Squamish, British Columbia">Squamish, British Columbia</a> is one of the most popular bouldering areas in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europe is also home to a number of bouldering sites, such as <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a> in France, <a href="/wiki/Roccafluvione" title="Roccafluvione">Meschia</a> in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Albarrac%C3%ADn" title="Albarracín">Albarracín</a> in Spain, and various mountains throughout Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Africa's most prominent bouldering areas include the more established <a href="/wiki/Rocklands,_South_Africa" title="Rocklands, South Africa">Rocklands, South Africa</a>, the newer <a href="/wiki/Ouka%C3%AFmeden" title="Oukaïmeden">Oukaïmeden</a> in Morocco or more recently opened areas like <a href="/wiki/Chimanimani" title="Chimanimani">Chimanimani</a> in Zimbabwe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indoor_bouldering">Indoor bouldering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indoor bouldering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indoor_climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor climbing">Indoor climbing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0_(7955003588).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An indoor bouldering gym" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0_%287955003588%29.jpg/220px-%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0_%287955003588%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0_%287955003588%29.jpg/330px-%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0_%287955003588%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0_%287955003588%29.jpg/440px-%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0_%287955003588%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>An indoor bouldering gym</figcaption></figure> <p>Artificial climbing walls are used to simulate boulder problems in an indoor environment, usually at <a href="/wiki/Climbing_gym" title="Climbing gym">climbing gyms</a>. These walls are constructed with wooden panels, <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> cement panels, <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> shells, or precast molds of actual rock walls.<sup id="cite_ref-StiehlRamsey2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StiehlRamsey2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holds, usually made of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, are then bolted onto the wall to create problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Lourens2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lourens2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> Some problems use steep overhanging surfaces which force the climber to support much of their weight using their upper body strength.<sup id="cite_ref-Burbach2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burbach2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> Other problems are set on flat walls; Instead of requiring upper body strength, these problems create difficulty by requiring the climber to execute a series of predetermined movements to complete the route. The <a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_World_Championships" title="IFSC Climbing World Championships">IFSC Climbing World Championships</a> have noticeably included more of such problems in their competitions as of late.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Climbing gyms often feature multiple problems within the same section of wall. Historically, the most common method route-setters used to designate the intended problem was by placing colored tape next to each hold. For example, red tape would indicate one bouldering problem while green tape would be used to set a different problem in the same area.<sup id="cite_ref-Burbach2005_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burbach2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> Today, it is more common for problems and grades to be designated using a set color of plastic hold to indicate problems and their difficulty levels. Using colored holds to set has certain advantages, the most notable of which are that it makes it more obvious where the holds for a problem are, and that there is no chance of tape being accidentally kicked off footholds. Smaller, resource-poor climbing gyms may prefer taped problems because large, expensive holds can be used in multiple routes by marking them with more than one color of tape. The tape indicates the hold(s) that the athlete should grab first.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Indoor bouldering requires very little in terms of equipment: at minimum, <a href="/wiki/Climbing_shoe" title="Climbing shoe">climbing shoes</a>; at maximum, a chalk bag, chalk, a brush, and climbing shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grading">Grading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grade_(bouldering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade (bouldering)">Grade (bouldering)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm/150px--Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" height="265" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm/Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="204" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="204" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm/Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="204" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm/Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm/Indoor_Bouldering_V3_Rock_Spot.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A climber completing an indoor V3 problem</figcaption></figure> <p>Bouldering problems are assigned numerical difficulty ratings by route-setters and climbers. The two most widely used rating systems are the V-scale and the Fontainebleau system.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The V-scale, which originated in the United States, is an open-ended rating system with higher numbers indicating a higher <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_difficulty" title="Degree of difficulty">degree of difficulty</a>. The V1 rating indicates that a problem can be completed by a novice climber in good physical condition after several attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> The scale begins at V0, and as of 2024, the highest V rating that has been assigned to a bouldering problem is V17.<sup id="cite_ref-first9Aboulder_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first9Aboulder-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some climbing gyms also use a VB grade to indicate beginner problems.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fontainebleau scale follows a similar system, with each numerical grade divided into three ratings with the letters <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, and <i>c</i>. For example, Fontainebleau 7A roughly corresponds with V6, while Fontainebleau 7C+ is equivalent to V10.<sup id="cite_ref-Horan2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horan2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both systems, grades are further differentiated by appending "+" to indicate a small increase in difficulty. Despite this level of specificity, ratings of individual problems are often controversial, as ability level is not the only factor that affects how difficult a problem may be for a particular climber. Height, arm length, <a href="/wiki/Flexibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexibility">flexibility</a>, and other body characteristics can also affect difficulty.<sup id="cite_ref-Horst2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horst2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highball_bouldering">Highball bouldering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Highball bouldering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Highball bouldering is defined as climbing high, difficult, long, and tall boulders, using the same protection as standard bouldering. This form of bouldering adds an additional requirement of mental focus to the existing test of physical strength and skill. Highballing, like most of climbing, is open to interpretation. Most climbers say anything above 4.5 m (15 ft) is a highball and can range in height up to 10.5–12 m (35–40 ft) where highball bouldering then turns into <a href="/wiki/Free_soloing" class="mw-redirect" title="Free soloing">free soloing</a>. </p><p>Highball bouldering may have begun in 1961 when <a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(climber)" title="John Gill (climber)">John Gill</a>, without top-rope rehearsal, bouldered a steep face on a 11.5 m (37 ft) granite spire called <i>The Thimble</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wizards_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wizards-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difficulty level of this ascent (V4/5 or 5.12a) was extraordinary for that time.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gill's achievement initiated a wave of climbers making ascents of large boulders. Later, with the introduction and evolution of crash pads, climbers were able to push the limits of highball bouldering ever higher. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Thimble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/The_Thimble.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="323" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Climber on the Thimble in <a href="/wiki/Custer_State_Park" title="Custer State Park">Custer State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> during the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2002 <a href="/wiki/Jason_Kehl" title="Jason Kehl">Jason Kehl</a> completed the first highball at double-digit V-difficulty, called Evilution, a 17 m (55 ft) boulder in the Buttermilks of California, earning the grade of V12.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This climb marked the beginning of a new generation of highball climbing that pushed not only height but great difficulty. It is not unusual for climbers to rehearse such risky problems on top-rope, although this practice is not a settled issue. </p><p>Important milestone ascents in this style include: </p> <ul><li><i>Ambrosia</i>, V11, a 17 m (55 ft) boulder in Bishop, California, climbed by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Jorgeson" title="Kevin Jorgeson">Kevin Jorgeson</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Too Big to Flail,</i> V10, another 17 m (55 ft) line in Bishop, California, climbed by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Honnold" title="Alex Honnold">Alex Honnold</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Livin' Large</i>, V15, a 10.5 m (35 ft) boulder in <a href="/wiki/Rocklands,_South_Africa" title="Rocklands, South Africa">Rocklands, South Africa</a>, found and established by <a href="/wiki/Nalle_Hukkataival" title="Nalle Hukkataival">Nalle Hukkataival</a> in 2009.</li> <li><i>The Process</i>, V16, a 17 m (55 ft) boulder in Bishop, California, first climbed by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Woods" title="Daniel Woods">Daniel Woods</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition_bouldering">Competition bouldering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Competition bouldering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Competition_bouldering" class="mw-redirect" title="Competition bouldering">Competition bouldering</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BW_2012-08-26_Dorothea_Karalus_GER_0541.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BW_2012-08-26_Dorothea_Karalus_GER_0541.JPG/150px-BW_2012-08-26_Dorothea_Karalus_GER_0541.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BW_2012-08-26_Dorothea_Karalus_GER_0541.JPG/225px-BW_2012-08-26_Dorothea_Karalus_GER_0541.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BW_2012-08-26_Dorothea_Karalus_GER_0541.JPG/300px-BW_2012-08-26_Dorothea_Karalus_GER_0541.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="5104" /></a><figcaption>A competitor at a Boulder World Cup in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, competition in bouldering was informal, with climbers working out problems near the limits of their abilities, then challenging their peers to repeat these accomplishments. However, modern climbing gyms allow for a more formal competitive structure. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Sport_Climbing" title="International Federation of Sport Climbing">International Federation of Sport Climbing</a> (IFSC) employs an indoor format (although competitions can also take place in an outdoor setting<sup id="cite_ref-Lourens2005_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lourens2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup>) that breaks the competition into three rounds: qualifications, semi-finals, and finals. The rounds feature different sets of four to six boulder problems, and each competitor has a fixed amount of time to attempt each problem. At the end of each round, competitors are ranked by the number of completed problems with ties settled by the total number of attempts taken to solve the problems.<sup id="cite_ref-IFSC_Rules_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFSC_Rules-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some competitions only permit climbers a fixed number of attempts at each problem with a timed rest period in between.<sup id="cite_ref-Hague2011_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hague2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an open-format competition, all climbers compete simultaneously, and are given a fixed amount of time to complete as many problems as possible. More points are awarded for more difficult problems, while points are deducted for multiple attempts on the same problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the IFSC submitted a proposal to the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) to include <a href="/wiki/Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">lead climbing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>. The proposal was later revised to an "overall" competition, which would feature bouldering, lead climbing, and <a href="/wiki/Speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">speed climbing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2013, the IOC announced that climbing would not be added to the 2020 Olympic program.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) officially approved climbing as an Olympic sport "in order to appeal to younger audiences." The Olympics featured the earlier proposed overall competition. Medalists competed in all three categories for a best overall score.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The score is calculated by the multiplication of the positions that the climbers have attained in each discipline of climbing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rock_climbing" title="History of rock climbing">History of rock climbing</a></div> <p>Rock climbing first appeared as a sport in the late 1800s. Early records describe climbers engaging in what is now referred to as bouldering, not as a separate discipline, but as a playful form of training for larger ascents. It was during this time that the words "bouldering" and "problem" first appeared in British climbing literature. <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Eckenstein" title="Oscar Eckenstein">Oscar Eckenstein</a> was an early proponent of the activity in the British Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a> area of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> established itself as a prominent climbing area, where some of the first dedicated <i>bleausards</i> (or "boulderers") emerged. One of those athletes, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Allain" title="Pierre Allain">Pierre Allain</a>, invented the specialized shoe used for rock climbing.<sup id="cite_ref-Beal2011_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_bouldering">Modern bouldering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern bouldering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1950s through the 1960s, American mathematician <a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(climber)" title="John Gill (climber)">John Gill</a> pushed the sport further and contributed several important innovations, distinguishing bouldering as a separate discipline in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Master_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Master-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gill previously pursued <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, a sport which had an established scale of difficulty for movements and body positions, and shifted the focus of bouldering from reaching the summit to navigating a set of holds.<sup id="cite_ref-Beal2011_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gill developed a rating system that was closed-ended: B1 problems were as difficult as the most challenging roped routes of the time, B2 problems were more difficult, and B3 problems had been completed once.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman2001_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64–65">: 64–65 </span></sup> </p><p>Gill introduced <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">chalk</a> as a method of keeping the climber's hands dry, promoted a dynamic climbing style, and emphasized the importance of <a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">strength training</a> to complement skill.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Gill improved in ability and influence, his ideas became the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-Beal2011_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, two important training tools emerged. One important training tool was <a href="/wiki/Bouldering_mat" title="Bouldering mat">bouldering mats</a>, also referred to as "crash pads", which protected against injuries from falling and enabled boulderers to climb in areas that would have been too dangerous otherwise. The second important tool was indoor climbing walls, which helped spread the sport to areas without outdoor climbing and allowed serious climbers to train year-round.<sup id="cite_ref-Beal2011_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the sport grew in popularity, new bouldering areas were developed throughout Europe and the United States, and more athletes began participating in bouldering competitions. The visibility of the sport greatly increased in the early 2000s, as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> videos and climbing <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a> helped boulderers around the world to quickly learn techniques, find hard problems, and announce newly completed projects.<sup id="cite_ref-Beal2011_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gill_on_The_Scab_,_1963_,_The_Needles_of_the_Balck_Hills,_SD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Gill on the Scab in the Needles of the Black Hills, 1963"><img alt="John Gill on the Scab in the Needles of the Black Hills, 1963" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gill_on_The_Scab_%2C_1963_%2C_The_Needles_of_the_Balck_Hills%2C_SD.jpg/107px-Gill_on_The_Scab_%2C_1963_%2C_The_Needles_of_the_Balck_Hills%2C_SD.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gill_on_The_Scab_%2C_1963_%2C_The_Needles_of_the_Balck_Hills%2C_SD.jpg/161px-Gill_on_The_Scab_%2C_1963_%2C_The_Needles_of_the_Balck_Hills%2C_SD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gill_on_The_Scab_%2C_1963_%2C_The_Needles_of_the_Balck_Hills%2C_SD.jpg/215px-Gill_on_The_Scab_%2C_1963_%2C_The_Needles_of_the_Balck_Hills%2C_SD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(climber)" title="John Gill (climber)">John Gill</a> on the Scab in the Needles of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a>, 1963</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Core_on_Gioia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian Core on Gioia (Varazze, ITA), first 8C+ (V16) boulder in history, 2008"><img alt="Christian Core on Gioia (Varazze, ITA), first 8C+ (V16) boulder in history, 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Christian_Core_on_Gioia.jpg/153px-Christian_Core_on_Gioia.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Christian_Core_on_Gioia.jpg/229px-Christian_Core_on_Gioia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Christian_Core_on_Gioia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Core" title="Christian Core">Christian Core</a> on <i>Gioia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Varazze" title="Varazze">Varazze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">ITA</a>), first <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Bouldering" title="Grade (climbing)">8C+</a> (V16) boulder in history, 2008</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Midnight_Lightning_yosemite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michael Rael Armas on Midnight Lightning, Camp 4 (Yosemite National Park, USA), one of the world's most famous bouldering problems"><img alt="Michael Rael Armas on Midnight Lightning, Camp 4 (Yosemite National Park, USA), one of the world's most famous bouldering problems" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Midnight_Lightning_yosemite.jpg/150px-Midnight_Lightning_yosemite.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Midnight_Lightning_yosemite.jpg/225px-Midnight_Lightning_yosemite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Midnight_Lightning_yosemite.jpg/300px-Midnight_Lightning_yosemite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Michael Rael Armas on <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Lightning_(bouldering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midnight Lightning (bouldering)">Midnight Lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camp_4_(Yosemite)" title="Camp 4 (Yosemite)">Camp 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a>), one of the world's most famous bouldering problems</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_ascents">Notable ascents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable ascents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_grade_milestones_in_rock_climbing#Boulder_problems" title="List of grade milestones in rock climbing">List of grade milestones in rock climbing § Boulder problems</a></div> <p>Notable boulder climbs are chronicled by the climbing media to track progress in boulder climbing standards and levels of technical difficulty; in contrast, the hardest <a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">traditional climbing</a> routes tend to be of lower technical difficulty due to the additional burden of having to place protection during the course of the climb, and due to the lack of any possibility of using natural protection on the most extreme climbs.<sup id="cite_ref-PMEVOL_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMEVOL-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of November 2022, the world's hardest bouldering routes are <i><a href="/wiki/Burden_of_Dreams_(climb)" title="Burden of Dreams (climb)">Burden of Dreams</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nalle_Hukkataival" title="Nalle Hukkataival">Nalle Hukkataival</a> and <i>Return of the Sleepwalker</i> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Woods" title="Daniel Woods">Daniel Woods</a>, both at proposed grades of <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Bouldering" title="Grade (climbing)">9A</a> (V17).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of routes with a confirmed climbing grade of <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Bouldering" title="Grade (climbing)">8C+</a> (V16), the first of which was <i>Gioia</i> by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Core" title="Christian Core">Christian Core</a> in 2008 (and confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ondra" title="Adam Ondra">Adam Ondra</a> in 2011).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of December 2021, female climbers <a href="/wiki/Josune_Bereziartu" title="Josune Bereziartu">Josune Bereziartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashima_Shiraishi" title="Ashima Shiraishi">Ashima Shiraishi</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaddi_Lehmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaddi Lehmann (page does not exist)">Kaddi Lehmann</a> have repeated boulder problems at the <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Bouldering" title="Grade (climbing)">8C</a> (V15) boulder grade.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 28, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Katie_Lamb" title="Katie Lamb">Katie Lamb</a> repeated <i>Box Therapy</i> at <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a>, which was graded <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Bouldering" title="Grade (climbing)">8C+</a> (V16) at the time. This made Katie the first female to climb 8C+.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after <a href="/wiki/Brooke_Raboutou" title="Brooke Raboutou">Brooke Raboutou</a> repeated the climb In October 2023, the boulder was ultimately downgraded to <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Bouldering" title="Grade (climbing)">8C</a> (V15).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rock-climbing_equipment" title="Rock-climbing equipment">Rock-climbing equipment</a></div> <p>Unlike other climbing sports, bouldering can be performed safely and effectively with very little equipment, an aspect which makes the discipline highly appealing, but opinions differ.<sup id="cite_ref-Beal2011_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While bouldering pioneer <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_(climber)" title="John Sherman (climber)">John Sherman</a> asserted that "The only gear really needed to go bouldering is boulders," others suggest the use of climbing shoes and a chalkbag – a small pouch where ground-up chalk is kept – as the bare minimum, and more experienced boulderers typically bring multiple pairs of climbing shoes, chalk, brushes, crash pads, and a skincare kit.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman2011_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman2011-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beal2011_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climbing shoes have the most direct impact on performance. Besides protecting the climber's feet from rough surfaces, climbing shoes are designed to help the climber secure footholds. Climbing shoes typically fit much tighter than other athletic footwear and often curl the toes downwards to enable precise footwork. They are manufactured in a variety of different styles to perform in different situations. Stiffer shoes excel at securing small edges, whereas softer shoes provide greater sensitivity. The front of the shoe, called the "toe box", can be asymmetric, which performs well on overhanging rocks, or symmetric, which is better suited for vertical problems and <a href="/wiki/Slab_climbing" title="Slab climbing">slabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman2011_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman2011-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Kidd2009_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Beal2011_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To absorb sweat, most boulderers use <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">gymnastics chalk</a> on their hands, stored in a chalk bag, which can be tied around the waist (also called sport climbing chalk bags), allowing the climber to reapply chalk during the climb.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd2009_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also versions of floor chalk bags (also called bouldering chalk bags), which are usually bigger than sport climbing chalk bags and are meant to be kept on the floor while climbing; this is because boulders do not usually have so many movements as to require chalking up more than once. Different sizes of <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brushes</a> are used to remove excess chalk and debris from boulders in between climbs; they are often attached to the end of a long straight object in order to reach higher holds.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman2011_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman2011-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Crash pads, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Bouldering_mat" title="Bouldering mat">bouldering mats</a>, are foam cushions placed on the ground to protect climbers from injury after falling.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman2011_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman2011-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup> </p><p>Boulder problems are generally shorter than 20 feet (6.1 m) from ground to top.<sup id="cite_ref-Access2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Access2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes the sport significantly safer than <a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">free solo climbing</a>, which is also performed without ropes, but with no upper limit on the height of the climb.<sup id="cite_ref-Hattingh2000_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hattingh2000-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, minor injuries are common in bouldering, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sprained_ankle" title="Sprained ankle">sprained ankles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sprained_wrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprained wrist">wrists</a>. Two factors contribute to the frequency of injuries in bouldering: first, boulder problems typically feature more difficult moves than other climbing disciplines, making falls more common. Second, without ropes to arrest the climber's descent, every fall will cause the climber to hit the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman2001_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To prevent injuries, boulderers position <a href="/wiki/Bouldering_mat" title="Bouldering mat">crash pads</a> near the boulder to provide a softer landing, as well as one or more <a href="/wiki/Spotting_(climbing)" title="Spotting (climbing)">spotters</a> to help redirect the climber towards the pads.<sup id="cite_ref-Access2006_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Access2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon landing, boulderers employ falling techniques similar to those used in <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>: spreading the impact across the entire body to avoid <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">bone fractures</a> and positioning limbs to allow joints to move freely throughout the impact.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quechua_climbing_shoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern climbing shoe by Quechua"><img alt="A modern climbing shoe by Quechua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Quechua_climbing_shoes.jpg/200px-Quechua_climbing_shoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Quechua_climbing_shoes.jpg/300px-Quechua_climbing_shoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Quechua_climbing_shoes.jpg/400px-Quechua_climbing_shoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern climbing shoe by <a href="/wiki/Quechua_(brand)" title="Quechua (brand)">Quechua</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joshue_Tree_National_Park_-_Manx_Boulder_-_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Using spotters for safety"><img alt="Using spotters for safety" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Joshue_Tree_National_Park_-_Manx_Boulder_-_6.jpg/133px-Joshue_Tree_National_Park_-_Manx_Boulder_-_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Joshue_Tree_National_Park_-_Manx_Boulder_-_6.jpg/199px-Joshue_Tree_National_Park_-_Manx_Boulder_-_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Joshue_Tree_National_Park_-_Manx_Boulder_-_6.jpg/266px-Joshue_Tree_National_Park_-_Manx_Boulder_-_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Using spotters for safety</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GIOVANNI_BOULDERING.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Using crash pads"><img alt="Using crash pads" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GIOVANNI_BOULDERING.jpg/200px-GIOVANNI_BOULDERING.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GIOVANNI_BOULDERING.jpg/300px-GIOVANNI_BOULDERING.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GIOVANNI_BOULDERING.jpg/400px-GIOVANNI_BOULDERING.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="2464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Using crash pads</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although every type of rock climbing requires a high level of strength and technique, bouldering is the most dynamic form of the sport, requiring the highest level of power and placing considerable strain on the body. Training routines that strengthen fingers and forearms are useful in preventing injuries such as <a href="/wiki/Tendonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendonitis">tendonitis</a> and ruptured ligaments.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as with other forms of climbing, bouldering technique begins with proper footwork. <a href="/wiki/Leg_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Leg muscles">Leg muscles</a> are significantly stronger than <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm muscles</a>; thus, proficient boulderers use their arms to maintain balance and body positioning as much as possible, relying on their legs to push them up the rock.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman2011_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman2011-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> Boulderers also keep their arms straight with their shoulders engaged whenever feasible, allowing their bones to support their body weight rather than their muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-Long1997_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long1997-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bouldering movements are described as either "static" or "dynamic". Static movements are those that are performed slowly, with the climber's position controlled by maintaining contact on the boulder with the other three limbs. Dynamic movements use the climber's <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> to reach holds that would be difficult or impossible to secure statically, with an increased risk of falling if the movement is not performed accurately.<sup id="cite_ref-Humi2002_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humi2002-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bouldering can damage vegetation that grows on rocks, such as <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>. This can occur as a result of the climber intentionally cleaning the boulder, or unintentionally from repeated use of handholds and footholds. Vegetation on the ground surrounding the boulder can also be damaged from overuse, particularly by climbers laying down crash pads. <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">Soil erosion</a> can occur when boulderers trample vegetation while hiking off of established trails, or when they unearth small rocks near the boulder in an effort to make the landing zone safer in case of a fall.<sup id="cite_ref-Access2006_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Access2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–6">: 4–6 </span></sup> The repeated use of white climbing chalk can damage the rock surface of boulders and cliffs, particularly sandstone and other porous rock types, and the scrubbing of rocks to remove chalk can also degrade the rock surface.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to prevent chalk from damaging the surface of the rock, it is important to remove it gently with a brush after a rock climbing session. Other environmental concerns include <a href="/wiki/Littering" class="mw-redirect" title="Littering">littering</a>, improperly disposed <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>. These issues have caused some land managers to prohibit bouldering, as was the case in Tea Garden, a popular bouldering area in <a href="/wiki/Rocklands,_South_Africa" title="Rocklands, South Africa">Rocklands, South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Competition climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">Lead climbing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Access2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Access2006_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Access2006_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Access2006_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Access2006_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190025/http://www.accessfund.org/atf/cf/%7B1F5726D5-6646-4050-AA6E-C275DF6CA8E3%7D/BoulderingPaper.pdf">"Bouldering: Understanding and Managing Climbing on Small Rock Formations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Access Fund. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessfund.org/atf/cf/%7B1F5726D5-6646-4050-AA6E-C275DF6CA8E3%7D/BoulderingPaper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bouldering%3A+Understanding+and+Managing+Climbing+on+Small+Rock+Formations&rft.pub=The+Access+Fund&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessfund.org%2Fatf%2Fcf%2F%257B1F5726D5-6646-4050-AA6E-C275DF6CA8E3%257D%2FBoulderingPaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stonecountry.co.uk/page11.html"><i>The Boulder: A Philosophy for Bouldering</i> (Stone Country Press)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816065033/http://www.stonecountry.co.uk/page11.html">Archived</a> 16 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Francis Sanzaro, for a more on bouldering movement, and its relation to other sports. I also found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0By3ygZspcP4WcDZsYnU2alpRLUk/edit">this article</a> from Sanzaro on bouldering philosophy and landscape, called "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0By3ygZspcP4WcDZsYnU2alpRLUk/edit">When the Earth Enters You – Movement Aesthetics</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2008" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Pete (2008). <i>The Complete Guide to Climbing and Mountaineering</i>. Cincinnati: David & Charles. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-2842-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-2842-2"><bdi>978-0-7153-2842-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+Climbing+and+Mountaineering&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-2842-2&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dumbo.is/hometo/cliffs-at-dumbo">"Cliffs at DUMBO"</a>. 14 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cliffs+at+DUMBO&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdumbo.is%2Fhometo%2Fcliffs-at-dumbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicht2018" class="citation web cs1">Picht, Jennifer (7 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/the-largest-outdoor-climbing-gym-in-the-country-is-returning-to-brooklyn-bridge-park-050718">"The largest outdoor climbing gym in the country is returning to Brooklyn Bridge Park"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)" title="Time Out (magazine)">Time Out</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Out&rft.atitle=The+largest+outdoor+climbing+gym+in+the+country+is+returning+to+Brooklyn+Bridge+Park&rft.date=2018-05-07&rft.aulast=Picht&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeout.com%2Fnewyork%2Fnews%2Fthe-largest-outdoor-climbing-gym-in-the-country-is-returning-to-brooklyn-bridge-park-050718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lourens2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lourens2005_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lourens2005_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lourens2005_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLourens,_Tony2005" class="citation book cs1">Lourens, Tony (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQcBNKK1iIC"><i>Guide to Climbing</i></a>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811701525" title="Special:BookSources/9780811701525"><bdi>9780811701525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Climbing&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780811701525&rft.au=Lourens%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdQcBNKK1iIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson2013_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Victoria2013" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Victoria (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OkUEt8CuXQC"><i>Rock Climbing</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313378621" title="Special:BookSources/9780313378621"><bdi>9780313378621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+Climbing&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780313378621&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OkUEt8CuXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815051803/http://www.climb-europe.com/areas.htm">"Rock climbing in Europe"</a>. Climb Europe. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climb-europe.com/areas.htm">the original</a> on 15 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rock+climbing+in+Europe&rft.pub=Climb+Europe&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climb-europe.com%2Fareas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StiehlRamsey2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StiehlRamsey2005_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiehl,_JimRamsey,_Tim_B.2005" class="citation book cs1">Stiehl, Jim & Ramsey, Tim B. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/climbingwallscom0000stie"><i>Climbing Walls</i></a></span>. Human Kinetics. pp. 49–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780736048316" title="Special:BookSources/9780736048316"><bdi>9780736048316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climbing+Walls&rft.pages=49-51&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780736048316&rft.au=Stiehl%2C+Jim&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Tim+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclimbingwallscom0000stie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burbach2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burbach2005_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burbach2005_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbach,_Matt2005" class="citation book cs1">Burbach, Matt (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48IYcqzwfHoC"><i>Gym Climbing</i></a>. The Mountaineers Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594854804" title="Special:BookSources/9781594854804"><bdi>9781594854804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gym+Climbing&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781594854804&rft.au=Burbach%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48IYcqzwfHoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gripped.com/indoor-climbing/five-of-the-best-climbing-brushes/">"Five of the Best Climbing Brushes"</a>. <i>Gripped Magazine</i>. 29 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gripped+Magazine&rft.atitle=Five+of+the+Best+Climbing+Brushes&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgripped.com%2Findoor-climbing%2Ffive-of-the-best-climbing-brushes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpora.com/rock-climbing/bouldering-walls-gear/">"What Gear Do I Need To Go Bouldering for the First Time?"</a>. <i>Mpora</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mpora&rft.atitle=What+Gear+Do+I+Need+To+Go+Bouldering+for+the+First+Time%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpora.com%2Frock-climbing%2Fbouldering-walls-gear%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill,_Pete2008" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Pete (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsL2ifP6JucC"><i>The Complete Guide to Climbing and Mountaineering</i></a>. Cincinnati: David & Charles. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715328422" title="Special:BookSources/9780715328422"><bdi>9780715328422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+Climbing+and+Mountaineering&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780715328422&rft.au=Hill%2C+Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsL2ifP6JucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherman2001-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman2001_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman2001_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman2001_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman,_John2001" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tp7eUBRn4M4C"><i>Sherman Exposed</i></a>. The Mountaineers Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594853968" title="Special:BookSources/9781594853968"><bdi>9781594853968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman+Exposed&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781594853968&rft.au=Sherman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTp7eUBRn4M4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-first9Aboulder-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-first9Aboulder_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanet_Mountain2016" class="citation web cs1">Planet Mountain, ed. (24 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/nalle-hukkataival-climbs-burden-of-dreams-and-proposes-worlds-first-9a-boulder-problem.html">"Nalle Hukkataival climbs Burden of Dreams and proposes world's first 9a boulder problem"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nalle+Hukkataival+climbs+Burden+of+Dreams+and+proposes+world%27s+first+9a+boulder+problem&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetmountain.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fclimbing%2Fnalle-hukkataival-climbs-burden-of-dreams-and-proposes-worlds-first-9a-boulder-problem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194956/http://www.spadout.com/wiki/index.php/Climbing_Grades">"Climbing Grades"</a>. Spadout. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spadout.com/wiki/index.php/Climbing_Grades">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climbing+Grades&rft.pub=Spadout&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spadout.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FClimbing_Grades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horan2008-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horan2008_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoran,_Bob2008" class="citation book cs1">Horan, Bob (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqWepPShgIoC"><i>Falcon Guides Bouldering Colorado</i></a>. Globe Pequot. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762736386" title="Special:BookSources/9780762736386"><bdi>9780762736386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Falcon+Guides+Bouldering+Colorado&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780762736386&rft.au=Horan%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUqWepPShgIoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horst2012-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horst2012_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorst,_Eric_J.2012" class="citation book cs1">Horst, Eric J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrekMmogxqoC"><i>Learning to Climb Indoors</i></a> (2nd ed.). Globe Pequot. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762780051" title="Special:BookSources/9780762780051"><bdi>9780762780051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+to+Climb+Indoors&rft.pages=11-12&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780762780051&rft.au=Horst%2C+Eric+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrekMmogxqoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wizards-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wizards_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">>Ament, Pat (2002). <i>Wizards of Rock: A History of Free Climbing in America</i>, Wilderness Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountainproject.com/area/105714549/the-thimble">"Rock Climbing in Custer State Park"</a>. <i>Mountain Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Project&rft.atitle=Rock+Climbing+in+Custer+State+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountainproject.com%2Farea%2F105714549%2Fthe-thimble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redbull.com/int-en/episodes/AP-1M8AK3NFD2111">"High & Mighty: Part 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Bull" title="Red Bull">Red Bull</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red+Bull&rft.atitle=High+%26+Mighty%3A+Part+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redbull.com%2Fint-en%2Fepisodes%2FAP-1M8AK3NFD2111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Climbing Magazine</i>, Millennium Special, March (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountainproject.com/route/105908296/evilution">"Climb Evilution, Sierra Eastside"</a>. <i>Mountain Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Project&rft.atitle=Climb+Evilution%2C+Sierra+Eastside&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountainproject.com%2Froute%2F105908296%2Fevilution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountainproject.com/route/110088205/ambrosia">"Climb Ambrosia, Sierra Eastside"</a>. <i>Mountain Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Project&rft.atitle=Climb+Ambrosia%2C+Sierra+Eastside&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountainproject.com%2Froute%2F110088205%2Fambrosia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountainproject.com/route/111711154/too-big-to-flail">"Climb Too Big To Flail, Sierra Eastside"</a>. <i>Mountain Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Project&rft.atitle=Climb+Too+Big+To+Flail%2C+Sierra+Eastside&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountainproject.com%2Froute%2F111711154%2Ftoo-big-to-flail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/daniel-woods-climbs-process-v16-highball-bishop-ca-david-clifford">"Daniel Woods climbs "The Process" a V16 highball in Bishop, CA"</a>. 2 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Daniel+Woods+climbs+%22The+Process%22+a+V16+highball+in+Bishop%2C+CA.&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fpulse%2Fdaniel-woods-climbs-process-v16-highball-bishop-ca-david-clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outsideonline.com/2237961/12-great-moments-bouldering-history">"12 Great Moments in Bouldering History"</a>. <i>outsideonline.com</i>. 28 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=outsideonline.com&rft.atitle=12+Great+Moments+in+Bouldering+History&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outsideonline.com%2F2237961%2F12-great-moments-bouldering-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IFSC_Rules-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IFSC_Rules_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412001936/https://climbgearhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf">"IFSC Rules 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Federation of Sport Climbing. March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climbgearhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFSC+Rules+2013&rft.pub=International+Federation+of+Sport+Climbing&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimbgearhub.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2FIFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hague2011-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hague2011_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHague,_DanHunter,_Douglas2011" class="citation book cs1">Hague, Dan & Hunter, Douglas (2011). <i>Redpoint</i>. Stackpole Books. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811745079" title="Special:BookSources/9780811745079"><bdi>9780811745079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redpoint&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780811745079&rft.au=Hague%2C+Dan&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid2011-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schmid2011_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid,_Stephen_E.2011" class="citation book cs1">Schmid, Stephen E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ilq1usRiD2EC"><i>Climbing – Philosophy for Everyone</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444341461" title="Special:BookSources/9781444341461"><bdi>9781444341461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climbing+%E2%80%93+Philosophy+for+Everyone&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444341461&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIlq1usRiD2EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2013" class="citation news cs1">MacDonald, Dougald (20 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climbing.com/news/new-olympic-plan-climbers-must-compete-in-bouldering-lead-and-speed/">"New Olympic Plan: Climbers Must Compete in Bouldering, Lead, and Speed"</a>. Climbing.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Olympic+Plan%3A+Climbers+Must+Compete+in+Bouldering%2C+Lead%2C+and+Speed&rft.date=2013-03-20&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Dougald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climbing.com%2Fnews%2Fnew-olympic-plan-climbers-must-compete-in-bouldering-lead-and-speed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climbing.com/news/climbing-out-of-the-olympic-games-running/">"Climbing Out of the Running for Olympic Games"</a>. 29 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Climbing+Out+of+the+Running+for+Olympic+Games&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climbing.com%2Fnews%2Fclimbing-out-of-the-olympic-games-running%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corrigan, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climbing.com/news/climbing-officially-approved-for-2020-olympics/">"Climbing Officially Approved for 2020 Olympics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Climbing_(magazine)" title="Climbing (magazine)">Climbing</a></i>. 3 August 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgman" class="citation web cs1">Burgman, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climbing.com/competition/a-guide-to-the-olympic-climbing-format/">"A Guide to the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Climbing Format"</a>. <i>Climbing Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climbing+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+the+Tokyo+2020+Olympic+Climbing+Format&rft.aulast=Burgman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climbing.com%2Fcompetition%2Fa-guide-to-the-olympic-climbing-format%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill" class="citation web cs1">Gill, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www128.pair.com/r3d4k7/Bouldering_History1.0.html">"Origins of Bouldering"</a>. <i>johngill.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=johngill.net&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Bouldering&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww128.pair.com%2Fr3d4k7%2FBouldering_History1.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beal2011-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beal2011_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beal2011_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beal2011_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beal2011_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beal2011_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beal2011_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beal2011_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beal2011_36-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal,_Peter2011" class="citation book cs1">Beal, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ei5GEfWDrKYC"><i>Bouldering: Movement, Tactics, and Problem Solving</i></a>. The Mountaineers Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594855016" title="Special:BookSources/9781594855016"><bdi>9781594855016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bouldering%3A+Movement%2C+Tactics%2C+and+Problem+Solving&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781594855016&rft.au=Beal%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEi5GEfWDrKYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherman, John (1994). Stone Crusade: A Historical Guide to Bouldering in America, American Alpine Club Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Master-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Master_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ament, Pat (1998). <i>John Gill:Master of Rock. Climbing Classics #2</i>, Stackpole Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FdMLil9lNU">"John Gill bouldering at age 45 from "On the Rocks" - movie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 23 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=John+Gill+bouldering+at+age+45+from+%22On+the+Rocks%22+-+movie&rft.date=2009-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8FdMLil9lNU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on Gill's bouldering philosophy, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stonecountry.co.uk/page11.html"><i>The Boulder: A Philosophy for Bouldering</i> (Stone Country Press)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816065033/http://www.stonecountry.co.uk/page11.html">Archived</a> 16 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Francis Sanzaro (Stone Country press, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMEVOL-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMEVOL_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOviglia2012" class="citation web cs1">Oviglia, Maurizio (23 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/the-evolution-of-free-climbing.html">"The evolution of free climbing"</a>. <i>PlanetMountain.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PlanetMountain.com&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+free+climbing&rft.date=2012-12-23&rft.aulast=Oviglia&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetmountain.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fclimbing%2Fthe-evolution-of-free-climbing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Corrigan, Kevin (27 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climbing.com/news/interview-daniel-woods-talks-return-of-the-sleepwalker-v17/">"Daniel Woods Spent a Month Alone in the Desert to Send the First US V17, He Came Back a Different Person"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Climbing_(magazine)" title="Climbing (magazine)">Climbing</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climbing&rft.atitle=Daniel+Woods+Spent+a+Month+Alone+in+the+Desert+to+Send+the+First+US+V17%2C+He+Came+Back+a+Different+Person&rft.date=2021-04-27&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climbing.com%2Fnews%2Finterview-daniel-woods-talks-return-of-the-sleepwalker-v17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/adam-ondra-the-pure-gioia-interview.html">"Adam Ondra, the pure Gioia interview"</a>. <i>PlanetMountain.com</i>. Planetmountain. 7 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PlanetMountain.com&rft.atitle=Adam+Ondra%2C+the+pure+Gioia+interview&rft.date=2011-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetmountain.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fclimbing%2Fadam-ondra-the-pure-gioia-interview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gripped.com/indoor-climbing/watch-kaddi-lehmann-climb-kryptos-8c-v15/">"Watch Kaddi Lehmann climb Kryptos 8C/V15"</a>. <i>Gripped.com</i>. 29 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gripped.com&rft.atitle=Watch+Kaddi+Lehmann+climb+Kryptos+8C%2FV15&rft.date=2021-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgripped.com%2Findoor-climbing%2Fwatch-kaddi-lehmann-climb-kryptos-8c-v15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2023" class="citation web cs1">Potter, Steven (5 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climbing.com/news/katie-lamb-box-therapy-v16/">"Katie Lamb Sends "Box Therapy"—Becoming the First Woman to Climb V16"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Climbing_(magazine)" title="Climbing (magazine)">Climbing</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climbing&rft.atitle=Katie+Lamb+Sends+%22Box+Therapy%22%E2%80%94Becoming+the+First+Woman+to+Climb+V16&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climbing.com%2Fnews%2Fkatie-lamb-box-therapy-v16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFktlambies2023" class="citation web cs1">@ktlambies (5 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw0gZKwPj3c/">"Box Therapy (V16)"</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Box+Therapy+%28V16%29&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.au=ktlambies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fp%2FCw0gZKwPj3c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2023" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Delaney (13 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climbing.com/news/brooke-raboutou-sends-box-therapy-she-called-it-v15/">"Brooke Raboutou Sends 'Box Therapy'—She Called it V15"</a>. <i>Climbing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climbing&rft.atitle=Brooke+Raboutou+Sends+%27Box+Therapy%27%E2%80%94She+Called+it+V15&rft.date=2023-10-13&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Delaney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climbing.com%2Fnews%2Fbrooke-raboutou-sends-box-therapy-she-called-it-v15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherman2011-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman2011_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman2011_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman2011_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman2011_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman2011_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman,_John2011" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AqYzRslaVYAC"><i>Better Bouldering</i></a> (2nd ed.). Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762775583" title="Special:BookSources/9780762775583"><bdi>9780762775583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Better+Bouldering&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780762775583&rft.au=Sherman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAqYzRslaVYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nomadcolorado.com/best-beginner-bouldering-areas-near-denver/">"Best Beginner Bouldering Areas Near Denver – Nomad Colorado"</a>. <i>Nomad Colorado</i>. 21 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nomad+Colorado&rft.atitle=Best+Beginner+Bouldering+Areas+Near+Denver+%E2%80%93+Nomad+Colorado&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomadcolorado.com%2Fbest-beginner-bouldering-areas-near-denver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kidd2009-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd2009_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd2009_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd,_Timothy_W.Hazelrigs,_Jennifer2009" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Timothy W. & Hazelrigs, Jennifer (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockclimbingoutd00wild"><i>Rock Climbing</i></a></span>. Human Kinetics. pp. 116–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450409001" title="Special:BookSources/9781450409001"><bdi>9781450409001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+Climbing&rft.pages=116-119&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781450409001&rft.au=Kidd%2C+Timothy+W.&rft.au=Hazelrigs%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockclimbingoutd00wild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hattingh2000-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hattingh2000_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattingh,_Garth2000" class="citation book cs1">Hattingh, Garth (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RZvVKB4600C"><i>Rock and Wall Climbing</i></a>. Stackpole Books. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811729161" title="Special:BookSources/9780811729161"><bdi>9780811729161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+and+Wall+Climbing&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780811729161&rft.au=Hattingh%2C+Garth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-RZvVKB4600C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_JeffBourdon,_Marc" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Jeff & Bourdon, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131129203813/http://www.mec.ca/AST/ContentPrimary/Learn/Climbing/IntroToClimbing/SaferBouldering.jsp">"Bouldering Safety"</a>. Mountain Equipment Co-op. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mec.ca/AST/ContentPrimary/Learn/Climbing/IntroToClimbing/SaferBouldering.jsp">the original</a> on 29 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bouldering+Safety&rft.pub=Mountain+Equipment+Co-op&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Bourdon%2C+Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mec.ca%2FAST%2FContentPrimary%2FLearn%2FClimbing%2FIntroToClimbing%2FSaferBouldering.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rockandice.com/rock-climbing-training/injury-free-bouldering-15-tips-to-keep-you-healthy-and-strong/">"Injury-Free Bouldering: 15 Tips to Keep You Healthy and Strong"</a>. <i>Rock and Ice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rock+and+Ice&rft.atitle=Injury-Free+Bouldering%3A+15+Tips+to+Keep+You+Healthy+and+Strong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frockandice.com%2Frock-climbing-training%2Finjury-free-bouldering-15-tips-to-keep-you-healthy-and-strong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long1997-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Long1997_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong,_John1997" class="citation book cs1">Long, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YZSAnneM-OkC"><i>Sport Climbing</i></a> (3rd ed.). Globe Pequot. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575400785" title="Special:BookSources/9781575400785"><bdi>9781575400785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+Climbing&rft.pages=60-61&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781575400785&rft.au=Long%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYZSAnneM-OkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humi2002-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Humi2002_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumi,_Michelle2002" class="citation book cs1">Humi, Michelle (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=giNqB3LifocC"><i>Coaching Climbing</i></a>. Globe Pequot. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762725342" title="Special:BookSources/9780762725342"><bdi>9780762725342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coaching+Climbing&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780762725342&rft.au=Humi%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgiNqB3LifocC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/use-colored-chalk-to-leave-no-trace-755626">"Use Colored Climbing Chalk to Leave No Trace"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Use+Colored+Climbing+Chalk+to+Leave+No+Trace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fuse-colored-chalk-to-leave-no-trace-755626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetmountain.com/english/News/shownews1.lasso?l=2&keyid=41107">"Rocklands bouldering at risk"</a>. PlanetMountain. 31 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rocklands+bouldering+at+risk&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetmountain.com%2Fenglish%2FNews%2Fshownews1.lasso%3Fl%3D2%26keyid%3D41107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouldering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouldering&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bouldering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bouldering">Bouldering</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climbing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climbing" title="Template:Climbing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climbing" title="Template talk:Climbing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climbing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climbing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climbing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Rock climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing#Types_of_rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Disciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_climbing" title="Aid climbing">Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">Big wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pitch_climbing" title="Multi-pitch climbing">Multi-pitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bouldering</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Highball_bouldering">Highball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">Speed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_climbing" title="Free climbing">Free</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing" title="Sport climbing">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_climbing" title="Solo climbing">Solo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_soloing" title="Deep-water soloing">Deep-water solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_solo_climbing" title="Rope solo climbing">Rope solo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_rope_climbing" title="Top rope climbing">Top roping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing_route#Types_of_routes" title="Climbing route">Route types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crack_climbing" title="Crack climbing">Crack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_climbing" title="Face climbing">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(climbing)" title="Overhang (climbing)">Overhang / Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_climbing" title="Slab climbing">Slab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climbing" title="Alpine climbing">Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_ferrata" title="Via ferrata">Via ferrata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">Himalayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine style">Alpine style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_climbing" title="Expedition climbing">Expedition style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_climbing" title="Mixed climbing">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry-tooling" title="Dry-tooling">Dry-tooling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrambling" title="Scrambling">Scrambling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillwalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillwalking">Hillwalking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buildering" title="Buildering">Buildering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_climbing" title="Crane climbing">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_climbing" title="Grass climbing">Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_access" title="Rope access">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_climbing" title="Pole climbing">Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropes_course" title="Ropes course">Ropes course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftopping" title="Rooftopping">Rooftopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_and_tunnel_hacking" title="Roof and tunnel hacking">Roof and tunnel hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_Climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Slide Climbing">Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_climbing" title="Tree climbing">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alpine_clubs" title="List of alpine clubs">Alpine clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbers_and_mountaineers" title="List of climbers and mountaineers">Climbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piolet_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Piolet d'Or">Piolet d'Or winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_World_Cup" title="IFSC Climbing World Cup">IFSC World Cup winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_World_Championships" title="IFSC Climbing World Championships">IFSC World Championships winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_career_IFSC_victories_by_climber" title="Ranking of career IFSC victories by climber">IFSC victories</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deaths <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_on_eight-thousanders" title="List of deaths on eight-thousanders">Eight-thousanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest" title="List of people who died climbing Mount Everest">Everest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_equipment" title="Climbing equipment">Equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbing_and_mountaineering_equipment_brands" title="List of climbing and mountaineering equipment brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbing_knots" title="List of climbing knots">Knots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rock_climbing" title="History of rock climbing">Historical events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grade_milestones_in_rock_climbing" title="List of grade milestones in rock climbing">Grade milestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ascents_of_mountain_summits" title="List of first ascents of mountain summits">First ascents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_technique" title="Climbing technique">Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climbing_terms" title="Glossary of climbing terms">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing_equipment" title="Climbing equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock-climbing_equipment" title="Rock-climbing equipment">Rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aider" class="mw-redirect" title="Aider">Aider</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy chain (climbing)">Daisy chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_(climbing)" title="Anchor (climbing)">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascender_(climbing)" title="Ascender (climbing)">Ascender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petzl_Croll" title="Petzl Croll">Croll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belay_device" title="Belay device">Belay device</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_belay" title="Auto belay">Auto belay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belay_glasses" title="Belay glasses">Glasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belay_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Belay gloves">Gloves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(climbing)" title="Bolt (climbing)">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouldering_mat" title="Bouldering mat">Boulder mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabiner" title="Carabiner">Carabiner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maillon" title="Maillon">Maillon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_rope" title="Climbing rope">Climbing rope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cord_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord (climbing)">Cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_rope" title="Dynamic rope">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_rope" title="Static rope">Static</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_chalk" title="Liquid chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descender_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descender (climbing)">Descenders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_8_(climbing)" title="Figure 8 (climbing)">Figure-8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_harness" title="Climbing harness">Harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook (climbing)">Hooks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifi_hook" title="Fifi hook">Fifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyhook_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyhook (climbing)">Skyhook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing_hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock climbing hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_(climbing)" title="Hex (climbing)">Hex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanyard_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyard (climbing)">Lanyard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_anchor_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal anchor system">PAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(climbing)" title="Nut (climbing)">Nut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(climbing)" title="Copperhead (climbing)">Copperhead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piton" title="Piton">Piton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portaledge" title="Portaledge">Portaledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickdraw" title="Quickdraw">Quickdraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-locking_device" title="Self-locking device">SLDs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grigri" title="Grigri">Grigri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revo_(climbing)" title="Revo (climbing)">Revo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_(climbing_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling (climbing equipment)">Sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-loaded_camming_device" title="Spring-loaded camming device">SLCDs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camalot" title="Camalot">Camalot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_shoe" title="Climbing shoe">Shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricam" title="Tricam">Tricam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing#Equipment" title="Ice climbing">Ice and snow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpenstock" title="Alpenstock">Alpenstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abalakov_thread" title="Abalakov thread">Abalakov thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottled_oxygen_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottled oxygen (climbing)">Bottled oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crampons" title="Crampons">Crampons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_axe" title="Ice axe">Ice axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_tool" title="Ice tool">Ice tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_screw" title="Ice screw">Ice screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering_boot" title="Mountaineering boot">Mountaineering boot</a></li> <li>Rescue <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_cord" title="Avalanche cord">Avalanche cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RECCO" title="RECCO">RECCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_transceiver" title="Avalanche transceiver">Transeiver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_anchor" title="Snow anchor">Snow anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">Snowshoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abseiling" title="Abseiling">Abseiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rappel" title="Australian rappel">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BClfersitz" title="Dülfersitz">Dülfersitz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaying" title="Belaying">Belaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_pointing" title="Front pointing">Front pointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissade_(climbing)" title="Glissade (climbing)">Glissading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_rope" title="Fixed rope">Jumaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">Leading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash (climbing)">Flashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsight" class="mw-redirect" title="Onsight">Onsighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redpoint_(climbing)" title="Redpoint (climbing)">Redpointing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_rescue" title="Mountain rescue">Rescue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse_rescue" title="Crevasse rescue">Crevasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_rescue_(climbing)" title="Self rescue (climbing)">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-arrest" title="Self-arrest">Self-arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simul-climbing" title="Simul-climbing">Simul-climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rope_team" title="Rope team">Rope team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotting_(climbing)" title="Spotting (climbing)">Spotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_(climbing)" title="Traverse (climbing)">Traversing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_traverse" title="Tyrolean traverse">Tyrolean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ape_index" title="Ape index">Ape index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approach_shoe" title="Approach shoe">Approach shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_climbing" title="Clean climbing">Clean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_route" title="Climbing route">Climbing route</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(climbing)" title="Beta (climbing)">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_guidebook" title="Climbing guidebook">Guidebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_wall" title="Climbing wall">Climbing wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipping_(climbing)" title="Chipping (climbing)">Chipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent">First ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(climbing)" title="Pitch (climbing)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topo_(climbing)" title="Topo (climbing)">Topo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(heights)" title="Exposure (heights)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_factor" title="Fall factor">Fall factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)" title="Grade (climbing)">Grades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_guide" title="Mountain guide">Guides</a></li> <li>Training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachar_ladder" title="Bachar ladder">Bachar ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_board" title="Campus board">Campus board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangboard">Hangboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonBoard" class="mw-redirect" title="MoonBoard">MoonBoard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Journal" title="Alpine Journal">Alpine Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpinist_(magazine)" title="Alpinist (magazine)">Alpinist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Alpine_Journal" title="American Alpine Journal">American Alpine Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alpine_Journal" title="Canadian Alpine Journal">Canadian Alpine Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Climbing_(magazine)" title="Climbing (magazine)">Climbing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desnivel" title="Desnivel">Desnivel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Journal" title="Himalayan Journal">Himalayan Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planinski_Vestnik" title="Planinski Vestnik">Planinski Vestnik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rock_%26_Ice" title="Rock & Ice">Rock & Ice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summit_(magazine)" title="Summit (magazine)">Summit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alpinist" title="The Alpinist">The Alpinist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Capitan_(film)" title="El Capitan (film)">El Capitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dawn_Wall" title="The Dawn Wall">The Dawn Wall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Solo" title="Free Solo">Free Solo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Grit" title="Hard Grit">Hard Grit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment" title="Black Diamond Equipment">Black Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMP_(company)" title="CAMP (company)">CAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Designs" title="Cascade Designs">Cascade Designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuter_Sport" title="Deuter Sport">Deuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Winters" title="Early Winters">Early Winters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mountain_Sports" title="Eastern Mountain Sports">Eastern Mountain Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ten_Footwear" title="Five Ten Footwear">Five Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostline_Kits" title="Frostline Kits">Frostline Kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_(company)" title="Gerry (company)">GERRY Mountain Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grivel_(company)" title="Grivel (company)">Grivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holubar_Mountaineering" title="Holubar Mountaineering">Holubar Mountaineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JanSport" title="JanSport">JanSport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellwood_Company" title="Kellwood Company">Sierra Designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelty_(company)" title="Kelty (company)">Kelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Sportiva" title="La Sportiva">La Sportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowe_Alpine" title="Lowe Alpine">Lowe Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammut_Sports_Group" title="Mammut Sports Group">Mammut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmot_(company)" title="Marmot (company)">Marmot Mountain Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_(manufacturer)" title="Millet (manufacturer)">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Equipment_Co-op" title="Mountain Equipment Co-op">Mountain Equipment Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Safety_Research" title="Mountain Safety Research">Mountain Safety Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Research" title="Outdoor Research">Outdoor Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc." title="Patagonia, Inc.">Patagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petzl" title="Petzl">Petzl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_(company)" title="Rab (company)">Rab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Equipment,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational Equipment, Inc.">REI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_North_Face" title="The North Face">The North Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therm-a-Rest" title="Therm-a-Rest">Therm-a-Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Country_(company)" title="Wild Country (company)">Wild Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Climbing clubs">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Access_Fund" title="The Access Fund">Access Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club_(UK)" title="Alpine Club (UK)">Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club_of_Canada" title="Alpine Club of Canada">Alpine Club of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Alpine_Club" title="American Alpine Club">American Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountain_Club" title="Appalachian Mountain Club">Appalachian Mountain Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Alpine_Club" title="Austrian Alpine Club">Austrian Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Mountaineering_Council" title="British Mountaineering Council">British Mountaineering Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Alpin_Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Alpin Français">Club Alpin Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Alpino_Italiano" title="Club Alpino Italiano">Club Alpino Italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Deportes_de_Monta%C3%B1a_y_Escalada" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada">Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_fran%C3%A7aise_de_la_montagne_et_de_l%27escalade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade">Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Alpine_Club" title="German Alpine Club">German Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Climbing_Federation" title="South African National Climbing Federation">South African Climbing Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol_Alpine_Club" title="South Tyrol Alpine Club">South Tyrol Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alpine_Club" title="Swiss Alpine Club">Swiss Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Climbing" title="USA Climbing">USA Climbing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Sport_Climbing" title="International Federation of Sport Climbing">International Federation of Sport Climbing</a> (IFSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation">International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation</a> (UIAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UIAGM" class="mw-redirect" title="UIAGM">Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes</a> (UIAGM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_International_Mountain_Leader_Associations" title="Union of International Mountain Leader Associations">Union of International Mountain Leader Associations</a> (UIMLA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Climbing" title="Category:Climbing">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Climbing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Climbing">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Climbing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Climbing">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extreme_and_adventure_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extreme_sports" title="Template:Extreme sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extreme_sports" title="Template talk:Extreme sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_and_adventure_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">Extreme and adventure sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boardsport" title="Boardsport">Boardsports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellyboarding" title="Bellyboarding">Bellyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodyboarding" title="Bodyboarding">Bodyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirtsurfing" title="Dirtsurfing">Dirtsurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_landboarding" title="Kite landboarding">Kite landboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboarding" title="Kiteboarding">Kiteboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">Longboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainboarding" title="Mountainboarding">Mountainboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">Sandboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimboarding" title="Skimboarding">Skimboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skysurfing" title="Skysurfing">Skysurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">Snowboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowskate" title="Snowskate">Snowskating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">Wakeboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorsports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)" title="Drifting (motorsport)">Drifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">Motocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallycross" title="Rallycross">Rallycross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">Rallying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_raid" title="Rally raid">Rally raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snocross" title="Snocross">Snocross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">Water sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coasteering" title="Coasteering">Coasteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_diving" title="High diving">High diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_watercraft" title="Personal watercraft">Jet Skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">Water skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Whitewater rafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_climbing" title="Crane climbing">Crane climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_climbing" title="Mixed climbing">Mixed climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climbing" title="Alpine climbing">Alpine climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Rock climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">Big wall climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Falling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASE_jumping" title="BASE jumping">BASE jumping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBASE_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeBASE (climbing)">Free BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski-BASE_jumping" title="Ski-BASE jumping">Ski-BASE jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungee_jumping" title="Bungee jumping">Bungee jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_diving#Cliff_diving" title="High diving">Cliff-diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_jumping" title="Cliff jumping">Cliff jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombstoning">Tombstoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">Parachuting/Skydiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flying</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobatics" title="Aerobatics">Aerobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_racing" title="Air racing">Air racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">Gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">Hang gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">Paragliding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powered_paragliding" title="Powered paragliding">Powered paragliding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasailing" title="Parasailing">Parasailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_flying" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed flying">Speed flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsuit_flying" title="Wingsuit flying">Wingsuit flying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cycling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX" title="BMX">BMX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_mountain_biking" title="Downhill mountain biking">Downhill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rolling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_scootering" title="Freestyle scootering">Freestyle scootering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skating" title="Inline skating">Inline skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_inline_skating" title="Aggressive inline skating">Aggressive inline skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vert_skating" title="Vert skating">Vert skating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skiing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_skiing" title="Extreme skiing">Extreme skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeriding_(winter_sport)" title="Freeriding (winter sport)">Freeriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing" title="Freestyle skiing">Freestyle skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skiing" title="Speed skiing">Speed skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">Ski mountaineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">Sledding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh">Bobsleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sledding" title="Extreme sledding">Extreme sledding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">Luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">Skeleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_Hill_Cheese-Rolling_and_Wake" title="Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake">Cheese rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ironing" title="Extreme ironing">Extreme ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Pogo" title="Extreme Pogo">Extreme Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstacle racing">Obstacle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping_stilts" title="Jumping stilts">Powerbocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacklining" title="Slacklining">Slacklining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultramarathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_line" title="Zip line">Zip-lining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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