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</li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_animal_feces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_animal_feces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses of animal feces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses_of_animal_feces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses of animal feces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_animal_feces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fertilizer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertilizer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fertilizer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertilizer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coprolites_and_paleofeces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coprolites_and_paleofeces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Coprolites and paleofeces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coprolites_and_paleofeces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Synonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feces_of_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feces_of_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Feces of animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feces_of_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feelings_of_disgust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feelings_of_disgust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Feelings of disgust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feelings_of_disgust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jokes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jokes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Jokes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jokes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Feces</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontlasting" title="Ontlasting – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ontlasting" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kot" title="Kot – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kot" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="براز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepoti" title="Tepoti – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tepoti" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama" title="Jama – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jama" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99cis" title="Nəcis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəcis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2" title="মল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1i" title="Sái – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo" title="Udo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Udo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Изпражнения – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изпражнения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmet" title="Izmet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Izmet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoc%27h" title="Kaoc'h – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kaoc'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excrement" title="Excrement – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Excrement" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D1%85" title="Пăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai" title="Tai – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tai" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDkal" title="Výkal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výkal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhodhi" title="Dhodhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dhodhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymgarthion" title="Ymgarthion – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymgarthion" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aff%C3%B8ring" title="Afføring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Afføring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="خرا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="خرا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kot" title="Kot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe" title="Roe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Κόπρανα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόπρανα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8rda" title="Mèrda – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Mèrda" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excremento" title="Excremento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Excremento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feka%C4%B5o" title="Fekaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fekaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorotz" title="Gorotz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gorotz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B9" title="مدفوع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدفوع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_f%C3%A9cale" title="Matière fécale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matière fécale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochgong" title="Trochgong – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Trochgong" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faecas" title="Faecas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Faecas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cac" title="Cac – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cac" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces" title="Feces – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Feces" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-pun" title="Thai-pun – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai-pun" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%98%A5" title="똥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="똥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashi" title="Kashi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kashi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2" title="मल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmet" title="Izmet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izmet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feko" title="Feko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Feko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takki" title="Takki – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Takki" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinja" title="Tinja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tinja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%96%8F%E1%90%8B%E1%95%90%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᐊᖏᐋᕐᓂᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᖏᐋᕐᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indle" title="Indle – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Indle" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saur" title="Saur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Saur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feci" title="Feci – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Feci" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="צואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B2" title="ಮಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D2%A3" title="Заң – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Заң" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faeces" title="Faeces – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Faeces" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izk%C4%81rn%C4%ABjumi" title="Izkārnījumi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izkārnījumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kot" title="Kot – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kot" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1matos" title="Išmatos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išmatos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazi" title="Amazi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Amazi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merda" title="Merda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Merda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCl%C3%A9k" title="Ürülék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ürülék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Измет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Измет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay" title="Tay – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tay" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="മലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE" title="विष्ठा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विष्ठा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="براز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="براز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အိက် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အိက်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinja" title="Tinja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tinja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="မစင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မစင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontlasting" title="Ontlasting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontlasting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2" title="मल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%9E" title="糞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="糞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avf%C3%B8ring" title="Avføring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avføring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avf%C3%B8ring" title="Avføring – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Avføring" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria_fecala" title="Matèria fecala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Matèria fecala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayi%27" title="Tayi' – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tayi'" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%82" title="Kał – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kał" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezes" title="Fezes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fezes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BCzje" title="Prüzje – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Prüzje" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excrement" title="Excrement – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Excrement" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka" title="Aka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tai%27_(tempil)" title="tai' (tempil) – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tai' (tempil)" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faeces" title="Faeces – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Faeces" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92" title="අසූචි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අසූචි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces" title="Feces – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Feces" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDkal" title="Výkal – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Výkal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztrebek" title="Iztrebek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iztrebek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaar" title="Xaar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xaar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پیسایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیسایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Измет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Измет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmet" title="Izmet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izmet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai" title="Tai – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tai" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uloste" title="Uloste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uloste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avf%C3%B6ring" title="Avföring – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avföring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipot" title="Ipot – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ipot" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixxan" title="Ixxan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ixxan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మలము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మలము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="อุจจาระ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุจจาระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%B1%C5%9Fk%C4%B1" title="Dışkı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dışkı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byii%CC%B1ng" title="Byii̱ng – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Byii̱ng" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="براز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="براز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haex" title="Haex – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haex" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Solid or semisolid remains of undigested food</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about feces in general. For specifically human feces, see <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">Human feces</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Poo" and "Poo poo" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Poo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poo (disambiguation)">Poo (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poo_poo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poo poo (disambiguation)">Poo poo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fecal matter" redirects here. For the American punk rock band, see <a href="/wiki/Fecal_Matter_(band)" title="Fecal Matter (band)">Fecal Matter (band)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">faces</a> or <a href="/wiki/Facies" title="Facies">facies</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color:white"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:375px;max-width:375px;background-color:white"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_feces_in_the_wildlife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elephant feces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Elephant_feces_in_the_wildlife.jpg/192px-Elephant_feces_in_the_wildlife.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Elephant_feces_in_the_wildlife.jpg/288px-Elephant_feces_in_the_wildlife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Elephant_feces_in_the_wildlife.jpg/384px-Elephant_feces_in_the_wildlife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:white;width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cow_dung.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cow feces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cow_dung.JPG/175px-Cow_dung.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cow_dung.JPG/263px-Cow_dung.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cow_dung.JPG/350px-Cow_dung.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="752" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center;background-color:white">A comparison of <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Cow_feces" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow feces">cow feces</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Feces</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#ae_and_oe" title="American and British English spelling differences">or</a> <b>faeces</b>; <abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: <b>faex</b>) are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, and has been broken down by <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tortora1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tortora1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ciba_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciba-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feces contain a relatively small amount of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic waste</a> products such as bacterially altered <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>, and dead epithelial cells from the lining of the gut.<sup id="cite_ref-tortora1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tortora1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feces are discharged through the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a> during <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a>. </p><p>Feces can be used as <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soil_conditioner" title="Soil conditioner">soil conditioner</a> in agriculture. They can also be burned as <a href="/wiki/Dry_animal_dung_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry animal dung fuel">fuel</a> or dried and used for <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">construction</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Medicinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal">medicinal</a> uses have been found. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">human feces</a>, fecal transplants or <a href="/wiki/Fecal_bacteriotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal bacteriotherapy">fecal bacteriotherapy</a> are in use. <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">Urine</a> and feces together are called <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excreta</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skatole_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Skatole_structure.svg/220px-Skatole_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Skatole_structure.svg/330px-Skatole_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Skatole_structure.svg/440px-Skatole_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skatole" title="Skatole">Skatole</a> is the principal compound responsible for the unpleasant smell of feces.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.png/100px-Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.png/150px-Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.png/200px-Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> contributes to the smell of feces.</figcaption></figure><p>The distinctive <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odor</a> of feces is due to <a href="/wiki/Skatole" title="Skatole">skatole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>-containing compounds), as well as amines and carboxylic acids. Skatole is produced from <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a> via indoleacetic acid. <a href="/wiki/Decarboxylation" title="Decarboxylation">Decarboxylation</a> gives skatole.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perceived bad odor of feces has been hypothesized to be a deterrent for humans, as consuming or touching it may result in sickness or infection.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a></div> <p>Feces are discharged through the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a> during <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a>. This process requires pressures that may reach 100 millimetres of mercury (3.9 inHg) (13.3 kPa) in humans and 450 millimetres of mercury (18 inHg) (60 kPa) in penguins.<sup id="cite_ref-LangleyCheraskin1958_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LangleyCheraskin1958-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-RochowGal2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-RochowGal2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forces required to expel the feces are generated through muscular contractions and a build-up of gases inside the gut, prompting the sphincter to relieve the pressure and release the feces.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-RochowGal2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-RochowGal2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <p>After an animal has digested eaten material, the remains of that material are discharged from its body as waste. Although it is lower in energy than the food from which it is derived, feces may retain a large amount of energy, often 50% of that of the original food.<sup id="cite_ref-CummingsCampbell2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CummingsCampbell2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that of all food eaten, a significant amount of energy remains for the decomposers of ecosystems. </p><p>Many organisms feed on feces, from bacteria to fungi to insects such as <a href="/wiki/Dung_beetle" title="Dung beetle">dung beetles</a>, who can <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">sense</a> odors from long distances.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some may specialize in feces, while others may eat other foods. Feces serve not only as a basic food, but also as a supplement to the usual diet of some animals. This process is known as <a href="/wiki/Coprophagia" title="Coprophagia">coprophagia</a>, and occurs in various animal species such as young elephants eating the feces of their mothers to gain essential <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a>, or by other animals such as dogs, rabbits, and monkeys. </p><p>Feces and urine, which reflect <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light, are important to raptors such as <a href="/wiki/Kestrel" title="Kestrel">kestrels</a>, who can see the <a href="/wiki/Near_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near ultraviolet">near ultraviolet</a> and thus find their prey by their <a href="/wiki/Animal_latrine" title="Animal latrine">middens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territorial</a> markers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seeds</a> also may be found in feces. Animals who eat <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivores</a>. An advantage for a plant in having fruit is that animals will eat the fruit and unknowingly disperse the seed in doing so. This mode of <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">seed dispersal</a> is highly successful, as seeds dispersed around the base of a plant are unlikely to succeed and often are subject to heavy <a href="/wiki/Seed_predation" title="Seed predation">predation</a>. Provided the seed can withstand the pathway through the digestive system, it is not only likely to be far away from the parent plant, but is even provided with its own fertilizer. </p><p>Organisms that subsist on dead organic matter or <i><a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a></i> are known as <a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivores</a>, and play an important role in ecosystems by recycling organic matter back into a simpler form that plants and other <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophs</a> may absorb once again. This cycling of matter is known as the <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycle</a>. To maintain nutrients in soil it is therefore important that feces returns to the area from which they came, which is not always the case in human society where food may be transported from rural areas to urban populations and then feces disposed of into a river or sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_feces">Human feces</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">Human feces</a></div> <p>Depending on the individual and the circumstances, human beings may defecate several times a day, every day, or once every two or three days. Extensive hardening of the feces that interrupts this routine for several days or more is called <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>. </p><p>The appearance of human fecal matter varies according to diet and health.<sup id="cite_ref-Stromberg2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stromberg2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally it is semisolid, with a <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> coating. A combination of <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>, which comes from dead <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Red blood cells">red blood cells</a>, gives feces the typical brown color.<sup id="cite_ref-tortora1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tortora1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ciba_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciba-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Meconium" title="Meconium">meconium</a>, the first stool expelled, a newborn's feces contains only <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>, which gives it a yellow-green color. <a href="/wiki/Breast_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast feeding">Breast feeding</a> babies expel soft, pale yellowish, and not quite malodorous matter; but once the baby begins to eat, and the body starts expelling bilirubin from dead red blood cells, its matter acquires the familiar brown color.<sup id="cite_ref-ciba_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciba-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At different times in their life, human beings will expel feces of different colors and textures. A stool that passes rapidly through the intestines will look greenish; lack of bilirubin will make the stool look like clay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_of_animal_feces">Uses of animal feces</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuse of excreta">Reuse of excreta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_feces#Uses" title="Human feces">Human feces § Uses</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</h3></div> <p>The feces of animals, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>, often are used as <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dry_animal_dung_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry animal dung fuel">Dry animal dung fuel</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dry_animal_dung_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry animal dung fuel">Dry animal dung</a>, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, is burned as fuel in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals such as the <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a><sup id="cite_ref-Handwerk2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwerk2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebra</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ray2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possess gut bacteria capable of producing biofuel. The bacterium in question, <a href="/wiki/Brocadia_anammoxidans" class="mw-redirect" title="Brocadia anammoxidans">Brocadia anammoxidans</a>, can be used to synthesize the rocket fuel <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handwerk2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwerk2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coprolites_and_paleofeces">Coprolites and paleofeces</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">coprolite</a> is <a href="/wiki/Fossilized" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossilized">fossilized</a> feces and is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">trace fossil</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a> they give evidence about the diet of an animal. They were first described by <a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a> in 1829. Prior to this, they were known as "fossil <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone#Pinaceae_cones" title="Conifer cone">fir cones</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">bezoar</a> stones". They serve a valuable purpose in paleontology because they provide direct evidence of the predation and diet of extinct organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coprolites may range in size from a few millimetres to more than 60 centimetres. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Palaeofeces" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeofeces">Palaeofeces</a> are ancient <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">feces</a>, often found as part of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> excavations or surveys. Intact paleofeces of ancient people may be found in caves in arid climates and in other locations with suitable preservation conditions. These are studied to determine the <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> of the people who produced them through the analysis of seeds, small bones, and parasite eggs found inside. Feces may contain information about the person excreting the material as well as information about the material. They also may be analyzed chemically for more in-depth information on the individual who excreted them, using <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> analysis and ancient <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> analysis. The success rate of usable DNA extraction is relatively high in paleofeces, making it more reliable than skeletal DNA retrieval.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reason this analysis is possible at all is due to the digestive system not being entirely efficient, in the sense that not everything that passes through the digestive system is destroyed. Not all of the surviving material is recognizable, but some of it is. Generally, this material is the best indicator archaeologists can use to determine ancient diets, as no other part of the archaeological record is so direct an indicator.<sup id="cite_ref-Feder2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A process that preserves feces in a way that they may be analyzed later is the <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a>. This reaction creates a casing of sugar that preserves the feces from the elements. To extract and analyze the information contained within, researchers generally have to freeze the feces and grind it up into powder for analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pet_Waste_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pet_Waste_Station.jpg/220px-Pet_Waste_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pet_Waste_Station.jpg/330px-Pet_Waste_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pet_Waste_Station.jpg/440px-Pet_Waste_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>A pet waste station in <a href="/wiki/Tucker,_Georgia" title="Tucker, Georgia">Tucker, Georgia</a>, US</figcaption></figure> <p>Animal dung occasionally is used as a <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a>) huts,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even in throwing sports, especially with cow and camel dung.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kopi_luwak" title="Kopi luwak">Kopi luwak</a>, or civet coffee, is coffee made from coffee beans that have been eaten and excreted by <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civets</a> (<i>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giant_pandas" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant pandas">Giant pandas</a> provide fertilizer for the world's most expensive <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-huffpo_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffpo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, tea is made from the droppings of <a href="/wiki/Stick_insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick insect">stick insects</a> fed on <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a> leaves. </p><p>In northern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a> are used to digest coffee beans in order to make <a href="/wiki/Black_Ivory_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Ivory coffee">Black Ivory coffee</a>, which is among the world's most expensive coffees. <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a> is also made from elephant dung in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-huffpo_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffpo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haathi_Chaap" title="Haathi Chaap">Haathi Chaap</a> is a brand of paper made from elephant dung. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a> feces was used in the <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> process of <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>. Collected dog feces, known as "pure", "puer", or "pewer",<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were mixed with water to form a substance known as "bate", because <a href="/wiki/Proteolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteolytic">proteolytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> in the dog feces helped to relax the fibrous structure of the hide before the final stages of tanning.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dog feces collectors were known as <i>pure finders</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elephants, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koalas</a> and pandas are born with sterile intestines, and require bacteria obtained from eating the feces of their mothers to digest vegetation. </p><p>In India, <a href="/wiki/Cow_dung" title="Cow dung">cow dung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cow_urine" title="Cow urine">cow urine</a> are major ingredients of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> drink <i><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></i>. Politician <a href="/wiki/Shankarbhai_Vegad" title="Shankarbhai Vegad">Shankarbhai Vegad</a> stated that they can cure <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclosia_papilionaris_by_Kadavoor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cyclosia_papilionaris_by_Kadavoor.JPG/220px-Cyclosia_papilionaris_by_Kadavoor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cyclosia_papilionaris_by_Kadavoor.JPG/330px-Cyclosia_papilionaris_by_Kadavoor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cyclosia_papilionaris_by_Kadavoor.JPG/440px-Cyclosia_papilionaris_by_Kadavoor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclosia_papilionaris" title="Cyclosia papilionaris">Cyclosia papilionaris</a></i> consuming bird droppings</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Feces</i> is the scientific terminology, while the term <i>stool</i> is also commonly used in medical contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of scientific contexts, these terms are less common, with the most common layman's term being <i>poop</i> or <i>poo</i>. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Shit" title="Shit">shit</a></i> is also in common use, although it is widely considered vulgar or offensive. There are many other terms, see below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>The word <i>faeces</i> is the plural of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/faex" class="extiw" title="wikt:faex">faex</a></i> meaning "dregs". In most English-language <a href="/wiki/Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Usage">usage</a>, there is no singular form, making the word a <a href="/wiki/Plurale_tantum" title="Plurale tantum">plurale tantum</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of various major dictionaries, only one enters <a href="/wiki/English_plurals#Plural_in_form_but_singular_in_construction" title="English plurals">variation from plural agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHD_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHD-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shit" title="Shit">Shit</a></div> <p>"Feces" is used more in biology and medicine than in other fields (reflecting <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>'s tradition of classical Latin and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a>) </p> <ul><li>In hunting and tracking, terms such as <i>dung</i>, <i>scat</i>, <i>spoor</i>, and <i>droppings</i> normally are used to refer to non-human animal feces</li> <li>In husbandry and farming, <i><a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a></i> is common.</li> <li><i>Stool</i> is a common term in reference to <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">human feces</a>. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, to diagnose the presence or absence of a medical condition, a <a href="/wiki/Stool_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Stool sample">stool sample</a> sometimes is requested for testing purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The term <i>bowel movement(s)</i> (with each movement a defecation event) is also common in <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>.</li></ul> <p>There are many synonyms in informal <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a> for feces, just like there are for <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. Many are <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial</a>, or both; some are <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">profane</a> (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Shit" title="Shit">shit</a></i>), whereas most belong chiefly to <a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">child-directed speech</a> (such as <i>poo</i> or the <a href="/wiki/Palindromic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palindromic">palindromic word</a> <i>poop</i>) or to <a href="/wiki/Off-color_humor" title="Off-color humor">crude humor</a> (such as <i>crap</i>, <i>dump</i>, <i>load</i> and <i>turd</i>.). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badaia_-_Heces_de_caballo_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Badaia_-_Heces_de_caballo_02.jpg/220px-Badaia_-_Heces_de_caballo_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Badaia_-_Heces_de_caballo_02.jpg/330px-Badaia_-_Heces_de_caballo_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Badaia_-_Heces_de_caballo_02.jpg/440px-Badaia_-_Heces_de_caballo_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a> feces</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feces_of_animals">Feces of animals</h3></div> <p>The feces of animals often have special names (some of them are slang), for example: </p> <ul><li>Non-human animals <ul><li>As bulk material – dung</li> <li>Individually – droppings</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a> <ul><li>Bulk material – <a href="/wiki/Cow_dung" title="Cow dung">cow dung</a></li> <li>Individual droppings – cow pats, meadow muffins, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Deer</a> (and formerly other quarry animals) – fewmets</li> <li>Wild <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivores</a> – scat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Otter</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spraint" title="Spraint">spraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> (individual) – droppings (also include urine as white crystals of <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> (large accumulations) – <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a></li> <li>Herbivorous <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaf_beetle" title="Leaf beetle">leaf beetles</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frass" title="Frass">frass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">Earthworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lugworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugworm">lugworms</a> etc. – <a href="/wiki/Worm_castings" class="mw-redirect" title="Worm castings">worm castings</a> (feces extruded at ground surface)</li> <li>Feces when used as <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> (usually mixed with animal bedding and urine) – <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses">Horses</a> – horse manure, roadapple (before motor vehicles became common, horse droppings were a big part of the rubbish communities needed to clean off roads)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NoPoopHoustonTX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/NoPoopHoustonTX.jpg/170px-NoPoopHoustonTX.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/NoPoopHoustonTX.jpg/255px-NoPoopHoustonTX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/NoPoopHoustonTX.jpg/340px-NoPoopHoustonTX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Sign ordering owners to clean up after pets, <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bag_it_and_bin_it_scoop_the_poop_don%27t_be_fined_love_the_streets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bag_it_and_bin_it_scoop_the_poop_don%27t_be_fined_love_the_streets.jpg/220px-Bag_it_and_bin_it_scoop_the_poop_don%27t_be_fined_love_the_streets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bag_it_and_bin_it_scoop_the_poop_don%27t_be_fined_love_the_streets.jpg/330px-Bag_it_and_bin_it_scoop_the_poop_don%27t_be_fined_love_the_streets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bag_it_and_bin_it_scoop_the_poop_don%27t_be_fined_love_the_streets.jpg/440px-Bag_it_and_bin_it_scoop_the_poop_don%27t_be_fined_love_the_streets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Sign in <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a>, 2024</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feelings_of_disgust">Feelings of disgust</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">Human feces</a></div> <p>In all human cultures, feces elicit varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a> in adults. Children under two years typically have no disgust response to it, suggesting it is culturally derived.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disgust toward feces appears to be strongest in cultures where <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilets</a> make olfactory contact with human feces minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disgust is experienced primarily in relation to the sense of taste (either perceived or imagined) and, secondarily to anything that causes a similar feeling by sense of smell, touch, or vision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3></div> <p>There is a <a href="/wiki/Pile_of_Poo_emoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Pile of Poo emoji">Pile of Poo emoji</a> represented in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> as <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+1F4A9</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">💩</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PILE OF POO</span>, called <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="unchi"></span><span class="vanchor-text">unchi</span></span></i> or <i>unchi-kun</i> in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jokes">Jokes</h3></div> <p>Poop is the center of <a href="/wiki/Toilet_humour" title="Toilet humour">toilet humor</a>, and is commonly an interest of young children and teenagers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coprophagia" title="Coprophagia">Coprophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprophilia" title="Coprophilia">Coprophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprophilous_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Coprophilous fungi">Coprophilous fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_dung" title="Cow dung">Cow dung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excretory_system" title="Excretory system">Excretory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_microbiota" title="Fecal microbiota">Fecal microbiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_plug" title="Fecal plug">Fecal plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenkem" title="Jenkem">Jenkem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">Manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">Metabolic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_soil" title="Night soil">Night soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatology" title="Scatology">Scatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_feces" title="Whale feces">Whale feces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton_fecal_pellets" class="mw-redirect" title="Zooplankton fecal pellets">Zooplankton fecal pellets</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tortora1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tortora1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tortora1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tortora1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTortoraAnagnostakos1987" class="citation book cs1">Tortora, Gerard J.; Anagnostakos, 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(1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofanat05tort"><i>Principles of anatomy and physiology</i></a></span> (Fifth ed.). New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofanat05tort/page/624">624</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-350729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-350729-6"><bdi>978-0-06-350729-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+anatomy+and+physiology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=624&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-06-350729-6&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rft.au=Anagnostakos%2C+Nicholas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofanat05tort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciba-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciba_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciba_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciba_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiemLentner1970" class="citation book cs1">Diem, K.; Lentner, C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+do+humans+hate+poo+so+much%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Jason+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20131111-hate-poo-theres-good-reason-why&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/3037803/the-oral-history-of-the-poop-emoji-or-how-google-brought-poop-to-america">"The Oral History Of The Poop Emoji (Or, How Google Brought Poop To America)"</a>, <i>Fast Company</i>, 18 November 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403070613/https://www.fastcompany.com/3037803/the-oral-history-of-the-poop-emoji-or-how-google-brought-poop-to-america">archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=The+Oral+History+Of+The+Poop+Emoji+%28Or%2C+How+Google+Brought+Poop+To+America%29&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F3037803%2Fthe-oral-history-of-the-poop-emoji-or-how-google-brought-poop-to-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarlin2015" class="citation cs2">Darlin, Damon (7 March 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/opinion/sunday/turn-emojis-red-white-and-blue.html">"America Needs its own Emojis"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030180735/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/opinion/sunday/turn-emojis-red-white-and-blue.html">archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=America+Needs+its+own+Emojis&rft.date=2015-03-07&rft.aulast=Darlin&rft.aufirst=Damon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F08%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fturn-emojis-red-white-and-blue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraeger2007" class="citation book cs1">Praeger, Dave (2007). <i>Poop Culture: How America Is Shaped by Its Grossest National Product</i>. United States: Feral House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932595-21-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932595-21-5"><bdi>978-1-932595-21-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poop+Culture%3A+How+America+Is+Shaped+by+Its+Grossest+National+Product&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Feral+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-932595-21-5&rft.aulast=Praeger&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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