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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology_and_symmetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology_and_symmetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Morphology and symmetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology_and_symmetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Respiratory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Hearing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproductive_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Reproductive systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Social interaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phyla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phyla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Phyla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phyla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_of_invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_of_invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classification of invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Significance_of_the_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_of_the_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Significance of the group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_of_the_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Invertebrate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongewerweldes" title="Ongewerweldes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ongewerweldes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%B4" title="ኢደንደሴ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢደንደሴ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لافقاريات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لافقاريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrata" title="Invertebrata – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Invertebrata" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Env%C3%A8rt%C3%A8br%C3%A2s" title="Envèrtèbrâs – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Envèrtèbrâs" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="অমেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অমেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebr%C3%A1u" title="Invertebráu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Invertebráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onur%C4%9Fas%C4%B1zlar" title="Onurğasızlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Onurğasızlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اونورغاسیزلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اونورغاسیزلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="অমেরুদণ্ডী প্রাণী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অমেরুদণ্ডী প্রাণী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4-chek-chui_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bô-chek-chui tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Беспазваночныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беспазваночныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Безгръбначни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Безгръбначни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beski%C4%8Dmenjaci" title="Beskičmenjaci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Beskičmenjaci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divellkeineg" title="Divellkeineg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Divellkeineg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrats" title="Invertebrats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invertebrats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC_%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%C4%95%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Çурăм шăммисĕрри – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурăм шăммисĕрри" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezobratl%C3%AD" title="Bezobratlí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bezobratlí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertebrat" title="Infertebrat – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Infertebrat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvirvell%C3%B8se_dyr" title="Hvirvelløse dyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hvirvelløse dyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbellose" title="Wirbellose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirbellose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_(B%C3%AD%C3%ADgh%C3%A1%C3%A1n_%C3%81daadin%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD)" title="Chʼosh (Bíígháán Ádaadinígíí) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh (Bíígháán Ádaadinígíí)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selgrootud" title="Selgrootud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Selgrootud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Ασπόνδυλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασπόνδυλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrado" title="Invertebrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invertebrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senvertebruloj" title="Senvertebruloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senvertebruloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrau" title="Invertebrau – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Invertebrau" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornogabe" title="Ornogabe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ornogabe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بی‌مهرگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بی‌مهرگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invert%C3%A9br%C3%A9" title="Invertébré – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invertébré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wringeleazen" title="Wringeleazen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wringeleazen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inveirteabrach" title="Inveirteabrach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Inveirteabrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrado" title="Invertebrado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Invertebrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%B2%99%EC%B6%94%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="무척추동물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무척추동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անողնաշարավորներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անողնաշարավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="अकशेरुकी प्राणी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अकशेरुकी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beskralje%C5%BEnjaci" title="Beskralježnjaci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beskralježnjaci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrata" title="Invertebrata – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Invertebrata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrata" title="Invertebrata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invertebrata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrato" title="Invertebrato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Invertebrato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hryggleysingjar" title="Hryggleysingjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hryggleysingjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrata" title="Invertebrata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invertebrata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חסרי חוליות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חסרי חוליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avertebrata" title="Avertebrata – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Avertebrata" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95" title="ಅಕಶೇರುಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಕಶೇರುಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="უხერხემლოები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უხერხემლოები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омыртқасыздар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Омыртқасыздар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divellkeynek" title="Divellkeynek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Divellkeynek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Env%C3%A8tebre" title="Envètebre – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Envètebre" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омурткасыздар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Омурткасыздар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D3%B9%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%B9%D0%B4%D3%B9%D0%BC%D3%B9_%D0%B9%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Тупӹрдӹдӹмӹ йӓнвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тупӹрдӹдӹмӹ йӓнвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrata" title="Invertebrata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Invertebrata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezmugurkaulnieki" title="Bezmugurkaulnieki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bezmugurkaulnieki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestuburiai" title="Bestuburiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bestuburiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oongewervelde_bieste" title="Oongewervelde bieste – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oongewervelde bieste" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ya_mik%C3%BAwa_t%C9%9B%CC%82" title="Nyama ya mikúwa tɛ̂ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama ya mikúwa tɛ̂" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerinctelenek" title="Gerinctelenek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerinctelenek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Безрбетници – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Безрбетници" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="അകശേരുകികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അകശേരുകികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="بی میرکائون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بی میرکائون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrata" title="Invertebrata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Invertebrata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="ကျောရိုးမဲ့သတ္တဝါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောရိုးမဲ့သတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongewervelden" title="Ongewervelden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ongewervelden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="無脊椎動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無脊椎動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virvell%C3%B8se_dyr" title="Virvelløse dyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virvelløse dyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virvellause_dyr" title="Virvellause dyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Virvellause dyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAte_sans_h%C3%A9th%C3%A8que" title="Bête sans héthèque – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bête sans héthèque" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrata" title="Invertebrata – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Invertebrata" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duguggurmaleeyyii" title="Duguggurmaleeyyii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Duguggurmaleeyyii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umurtqasizlar" title="Umurtqasizlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Umurtqasizlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A3" title="ਕੰਗਰੋੜਹੀਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੰਗਰੋੜਹੀਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%91%DB%92" title="انکنگریڑے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انکنگریڑے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="د ملا تیر نه لرونکي موجودات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ملا تیر نه لرونکي موجودات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%A5%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%86%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%84" title="សត្វឥតឆ្អឹងកង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សត្វឥតឆ្អឹងកង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warvellose_Deerter" title="Warvellose Deerter – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Warvellose Deerter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezkr%C4%99gowce" title="Bezkręgowce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bezkręgowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrados" title="Invertebrados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invertebrados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevertebrate" title="Nevertebrate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nevertebrate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Беспозвоночные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беспозвоночные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="अकशेरुकाः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अकशेरुकाः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Invertebrate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A8%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="අපෘෂ්ඨවංශීන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අපෘෂ්ඨවංශීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Invertebrate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="غير ڪرنگھيدار جانور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="غير ڪرنگھيدار جانور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezstavovce" title="Bezstavovce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bezstavovce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevreten%C4%8Darji" title="Nevretenčarji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nevretenčarji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%A8%DA%95%D8%A8%DA%95%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بێبڕبڕەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێبڕبڕەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Бескичмењаци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бескичмењаци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beskralje%C5%BEnjaci" title="Beskralježnjaci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beskralježnjaci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrata" title="Invertebrata – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Invertebrata" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selk%C3%A4rangattomat" title="Selkärangattomat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Selkärangattomat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryggradsl%C3%B6sa_djur" title="Ryggradslösa djur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryggradslösa djur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbertebrado" title="Imbertebrado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imbertebrado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="முதுகெலும்பிலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதுகெலும்பிலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tira%C9%A3lalin" title="Tiraɣlalin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiraɣlalin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="అకశేరుకాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అకశేరుకాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="สัตว์ไม่มีกระดูกสันหลัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์ไม่มีกระดูกสันหลัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Бемуҳраҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бемуҳраҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurgas%C4%B1zlar" title="Omurgasızlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Omurgasızlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Безхребетні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Безхребетні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="غیر فقاریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غیر فقاریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_kh%C3%B4ng_x%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Động vật không xương sống – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật không xương sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesse_sins_cronzoxhs" title="Biesse sins cronzoxhs – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biesse sins cronzoxhs" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbertebrado" title="Inbertebrado – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inbertebrado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="无脊椎动物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无脊椎动物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%A9egun%E1%BA%B9%CC%80y%C3%ACn" title="Aláìléegunẹ̀yìn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Aláìléegunẹ̀yìn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="無脊椎動物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無脊椎動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="无脊椎动物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无脊椎动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43806#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Animals without a vertebral column</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Invertebrates<div><small>Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">665–0 Ma</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; font-size:small; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,192,141); left:220.50773980251px; width:15.703916975018px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,197,202); left:236.21165677753px; width:10.175705559083px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(242,249,29); left:246.38736233661px; width:3.6126376633897px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(154,217,221); left:220.50773980251px; width:29.492260197491px;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic"><span style="color:black;">Pha.</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,67,112); left:113.15766426554px; width:49.263240864406px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,180,98); left:162.42090512995px; width:32.84216057627px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,179,66); left:195.26306570622px; width:25.244674096293px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,53,99); left:113.15766426554px; width:107.35007553697px;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><span style="color:black;">Proterozoic</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(218,3,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:23.591618680621px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(244,68,159); left:52.947036542377px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,104,169); left:74.841810259891px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(249,155,193); left:96.736583977405px; width:16.421080288135px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,4,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:83.802246403783px;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:black;">Archean</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:white;">Had.</span></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.59993869463px; width:36.400061305366px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.59993869463px; width:36.400061305366px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:214.59993869463px; width:34.400061305366px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Invertebrate_montage_(2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diversity of various invertebrates from different phyla (including a invertebrate of the phylum Chordata)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Invertebrate_montage_%282022%29.jpg/260px-Invertebrate_montage_%282022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Invertebrate_montage_%282022%29.jpg/390px-Invertebrate_montage_%282022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Invertebrate_montage_%282022%29.jpg/520px-Invertebrate_montage_%282022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><b>Left to right</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysaora_fuscescens" title="Chrysaora fuscescens">Chrysaora fuscescens</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Fromia_indica" title="Fromia indica">Fromia indica</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a>), <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_reef_squid" title="Caribbean reef squid">Caribbean reef squid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Aplysina" title="Aplysina">Aplysina lacunosa</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudobiceros_hancockanus" title="Pseudobiceros hancockanus">Pseudobiceros hancockanus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Platyhelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Platyhelminthes">Platyhelminthes</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Hirudo_medicinalis" title="Hirudo medicinalis">Hirudo medicinalis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">Annelida</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Polycarpa_aurata" title="Polycarpa aurata">Polycarpa aurata</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tunicata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunicata">Tunicata</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Milnesium_tardigradum" title="Milnesium tardigradum">Milnesium tardigradum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Animalia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Groups included </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li>All animal groups not in subphylum <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> <p><b>Invertebrates</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> describing <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> that neither develop nor retain a <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> (commonly known as a <i>spine</i> or <i>backbone</i>), which evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> grouping including all animals excluding the <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">chordate</a> <a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">subphylum</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. Well-known <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> of invertebrates include <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cnidarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidarian">cnidarians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>. </p><p>The majority of animal species are invertebrates; one estimate puts the figure at 97%.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many invertebrate <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> have a greater number and diversity of species than the entire subphylum of Vertebrata.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-412-61390-5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-412-61390-5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invertebrates vary widely in size, from 10 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> (0.0004 in)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a> to the 9–10 m (30–33 ft) <a href="/wiki/Colossal_squid" title="Colossal squid">colossal squid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some so-called invertebrates, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tunicata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunicata">Tunicata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cephalochordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordata">Cephalochordata</a>, are actually sister chordate subphyla to Vertebrata, being more closely related to vertebrates than to other invertebrates. This makes the term "invertebrates" rather <a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a>, so the term has little meaning in <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word "invertebrate" comes from the Latin word <i>vertebra</i>, which means a joint in general, and sometimes specifically a joint from the spinal column of a vertebrate. The jointed aspect of <i>vertebra</i> is derived from the concept of turning, expressed in the root <i>verto</i> or <i>vorto</i>, to turn.<sup id="cite_ref-Latin_Tucker_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latin_Tucker-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prefix <i>in-</i> means "not" or "without".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomic_significance">Taxonomic significance</h2></div> <p>The term <i>invertebrates</i> is not always precise among non-biologists since it does not accurately describe a <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> in the same way that <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manidae" title="Manidae">Manidae</a> do. Each of these terms describes a valid taxon, <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">subphylum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>. "Invertebrata" is a term of convenience, not a taxon; it has very little <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscriptional</a> significance except within the <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>. The Vertebrata as a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">subphylum</a> comprises such a small proportion of the <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Metazoa</a> that to speak of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> in terms of "Vertebrata" and "Invertebrata" has limited practicality. In the more formal taxonomy of Animalia other attributes that logically should precede the presence or absence of the vertebral column in constructing a <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a>, for example, the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a>. That would at least circumscribe the Chordata. However, even the notochord would be a less fundamental criterion than aspects of embryological development and symmetry<sup id="cite_ref-Pech_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pech-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or perhaps <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">bauplan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this, the concept of <i>invertebrates</i> as a taxon of animals has persisted for over a century among the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-19-861271-0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-19-861271-0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and within the zoological community and in its literature it remains in use as a term of convenience for animals that are not members of the Vertebrata.<sup id="cite_ref-Agassiz2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agassiz2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following text reflects earlier scientific understanding of the term and of those animals which have constituted it. According to this understanding, invertebrates do not possess a skeleton of bone, either internal or external. They include hugely varied <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plans</a>. Many have fluid-filled, hydrostatic skeletons, like <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a> or worms. Others have hard <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeletons</a>, outer shells like those of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>. The most familiar invertebrates include the <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coelenterata" title="Coelenterata">Coelenterata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platyhelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Platyhelminthes">Platyhelminthes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nematoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematoda">Nematoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">Annelida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a>. Arthropoda include <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_extant_species">Number of extant species</h2></div> <p>By far the largest number of described invertebrate species are insects. The following table lists the number of described <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxa">extant</a> species for major invertebrate groups as estimated in the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN Red List of Threatened Species">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a><i>, 2014.3.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN1014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN1014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Invertebrate group </th> <th>Phylum </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Estimated number of<br />described species<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN1014_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN1014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">Insects</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/180px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/270px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg/360px-European_wasp_white_bg02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="984" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right">1,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arachnids" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnids">Arachnids</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg/180px-PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg/270px-PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg/360px-PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="2514" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right">102,248 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/180px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/270px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/360px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="604" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right">85,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg/180px-J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg/270px-J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg/360px-J_J_Wild_Pseudocarcinus_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5654" data-file-height="3861" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right">47,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Argopecten_irradians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Argopecten_irradians.jpg/180px-Argopecten_irradians.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Argopecten_irradians.jpg/270px-Argopecten_irradians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Argopecten_irradians.jpg/360px-Argopecten_irradians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="389" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right">20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coral_Outcrop_Flynn_Reef.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coral_Outcrop_Flynn_Reef.jpg/180px-Coral_Outcrop_Flynn_Reef.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coral_Outcrop_Flynn_Reef.jpg/270px-Coral_Outcrop_Flynn_Reef.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coral_Outcrop_Flynn_Reef.jpg/360px-Coral_Outcrop_Flynn_Reef.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right">2,175 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sepia_officinalis1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sepia_officinalis1.jpg/180px-Sepia_officinalis1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sepia_officinalis1.jpg/270px-Sepia_officinalis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sepia_officinalis1.jpg/360px-Sepia_officinalis1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2863" data-file-height="1097" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right">900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Velvet_worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Velvet worms">Velvet worms</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Velvet_worm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Velvet_worm.jpg/180px-Velvet_worm.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Velvet_worm.jpg/270px-Velvet_worm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Velvet_worm.jpg/360px-Velvet_worm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right">165 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_crabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseshoe crabs">Horseshoe crabs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_(mangrove_horseshoe_crab).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_%28mangrove_horseshoe_crab%29.jpg/180px-Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_%28mangrove_horseshoe_crab%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_%28mangrove_horseshoe_crab%29.jpg/270px-Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_%28mangrove_horseshoe_crab%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_%28mangrove_horseshoe_crab%29.jpg/360px-Carcinoscorpius_rotundicauda_%28mangrove_horseshoe_crab%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="1326" /></a></span> </td> <td align="right">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worms</a> etc.</small> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td align="right">68,658 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><b>Total:</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>~1,300,000</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> estimates that 66,178 <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate#Number_of_extant_species" title="Vertebrate">extant vertebrate species</a> have been described,<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN1014_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN1014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means that over 95% of the described animal species in the world are invertebrates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <p>The trait that is common to all invertebrates is the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> (backbone): this creates a distinction between invertebrates and vertebrates. The distinction is one of convenience only; it is not based on any clear biologically <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> trait, any more than the common trait of having wings functionally unites insects, bats, and birds, or than not having wings unites <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>. Being animals, invertebrates are heterotrophs, and require sustenance in the form of the consumption of other organisms. With a few exceptions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>, invertebrates generally have bodies composed of differentiated tissues. There is also typically a digestive chamber with one or two openings to the exterior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology_and_symmetry">Morphology and symmetry</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plans</a> of most <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organisms</a> exhibit some form of <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology" title="Symmetry in biology">symmetry</a>, whether radial, bilateral, or spherical. A minority, however, exhibit no symmetry. One example of asymmetric invertebrates includes all <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropod</a> species. This is easily seen in <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">sea snails</a>, which have helical shells. <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">Slugs</a> appear externally symmetrical, but their <a href="/wiki/Pneumostome" title="Pneumostome">pneumostome</a> (breathing hole) is located on the right side. Other gastropods develop external asymmetry, such as <a href="/wiki/Glaucus_atlanticus" title="Glaucus atlanticus">Glaucus atlanticus</a> that develops asymmetrical <a href="/wiki/Cerata" title="Cerata">cerata</a> as they mature. The origin of gastropod asymmetry is a subject of scientific debate.<sup id="cite_ref-gastropod_development_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gastropod_development-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples of asymmetry are found in <a href="/wiki/Fiddler_crab" title="Fiddler crab">fiddler crabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">hermit crabs</a>. They often have one claw much larger than the other. If a male fiddler loses its large claw, it will grow another on the opposite side after <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moulting</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessility (zoology)">Sessile</a> animals such as <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a> are asymmetrical<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonies</a> (with the exception of the individual <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(zoology)" title="Polyp (zoology)">polyps</a> that exhibit radial symmetry); <a href="/wiki/Alpheidae" title="Alpheidae">alpheidae</a> claws that lack pincers; and some <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyopisthocotylea" title="Polyopisthocotylea">polyopisthocotyleans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">monogeneans</a> which parasitize by attachment or residency within the <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a> chamber of their <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">hosts</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">Neurons</a> differ in invertebrates from mammalian cells. Invertebrates cells fire in response to similar stimuli as mammals, such as tissue trauma, high temperature, or changes in pH. The first invertebrate in which a neuron cell was identified was the medicinal <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leech</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hirudo_medicinalis" title="Hirudo medicinalis">Hirudo medicinalis</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls_and_Baylor,_1968_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls_and_Baylor,_1968-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pastor_et_al.,_1996_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pastor_et_al.,_1996-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Learning and memory using nociceptors in the sea hare, <i><a href="/wiki/Aplysia" title="Aplysia">Aplysia</a></i> has been described.<sup id="cite_ref-Byrne_et_al.,_1978_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrne_et_al.,_1978-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Castellucci_et_al.,_1970_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castellucci_et_al.,_1970-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_et_al.,_2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer_et_al.,_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mollusk neurons are able to detect increasing pressures and tissue trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-Illich_and_Walters,_1997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illich_and_Walters,_1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neurons have been identified in a wide range of invertebrate species, including annelids, molluscs, <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> and arthropods.<sup id="cite_ref-Eismann_et_al.,_1984_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eismann_et_al.,_1984-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-St_John_Smith_and_Lewis,_2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St_John_Smith_and_Lewis,_2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Respiratory_system">Respiratory system</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Tracheal_system_of_dissected_cockroach.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tracheal system of dissected <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroach</a>. The largest tracheae run across the width of the body of the cockroach and are horizontal in this image. Scale bar, 2 mm.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Cockroach_tracheae_supplying_crop.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The tracheal system branches into progressively smaller tubes, here supplying the <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a> of the cockroach. Scale bar, 2.0 mm.</figcaption></figure> <p>One type of invertebrate respiratory system is the open <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a>, tracheae, and <a href="/wiki/Tracheole" title="Tracheole">tracheoles</a> that <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> arthropods have to transport <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> gases to and from tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of spiracles can vary greatly among the many <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a> of insects, but in general each segment of the body can have only one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it. The tracheae are invaginations of the cuticular <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> that branch (<a href="/wiki/Anastomosis" title="Anastomosis">anastomose</a>) throughout the body with diameters from only a few micrometres up to 0.8 mm. The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and serve as sites of <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> for <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. Gas may be conducted through the respiratory system by means of active <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">ventilation</a> or passive diffusion. Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their <a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">haemolymph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of <a href="/wiki/Taenidia" title="Taenidia">taenidia</a> in various <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometries</a> such as loops or <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helices</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, tracheae may also be connected to air sacs. Many insects, such as <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body. In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a>, or function essentially as normal, via a <a href="/wiki/Plastron_(arthropod)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastron (arthropod)">plastron</a>. Despite being internal, the tracheae of arthropods are shed during moulting (<a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hearing">Hearing</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ear#Invertebrates" title="Ear">Ear § Invertebrates</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ear&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Only vertebrate animals have ears, though many invertebrates detect sound using other kinds of sense organs. In insects, <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympanal organs</a> are used to hear distant sounds. They are located either on the head or elsewhere, depending on the insect <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tympanal organs of some insects are extremely sensitive, offering acute hearing beyond that of most other animals. The female cricket fly <i><a href="/wiki/Ormia_ochracea" title="Ormia ochracea">Ormia ochracea</a></i> has tympanal organs on each side of her abdomen. They are connected by a thin bridge of exoskeleton and they function like a tiny pair of eardrums, but, because they are linked, they provide acute directional information. The fly uses her "ears" to detect the call of her host, a male cricket. Depending on where the song of the cricket is coming from, the fly's hearing organs will reverberate at slightly different frequencies. This difference may be as little as 50 billionths of a second, but it is enough to allow the fly to home in directly on a singing male cricket and parasitise it.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Simpler structures allow other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> to detect <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/near-field" class="extiw" title="wikt:near-field">near-field</a> sounds. Spiders and cockroaches, for example, have hairs on their legs, which are used for detecting sound. Caterpillars may also have hairs on their body that perceive vibrations<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allow them to respond to sound.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div> <p>Like vertebrates, most invertebrates reproduce at least partly through <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>. They produce specialized <a href="/wiki/Gametogonium" title="Gametogonium">reproductive cells</a> that undergo <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> to produce smaller, motile <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoa</a> or larger, non-motile <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fuse to form <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygotes</a>, which develop into new individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others are capable of asexual reproduction, or sometimes, both methods of reproduction. </p><p>Extensive research with model invertebrate species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> has contributed much to our understanding of <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> and reproduction. However, beyond the few model systems, the modes of reproduction found in invertebrates show incredible diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Picard2021_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard2021-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one extreme example it is estimated that 10% of <a href="/wiki/Oribatida" title="Oribatida">orbatid mite</a> species have persisted without sexual reproduction and have reproduced asexually for more than 400 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-Picard2021_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard2021-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reproductive_systems">Reproductive systems</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system#Invertebrates" title="Reproductive system">Reproductive system § Invertebrates</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reproductive_system&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> Invertebrates have an extremely diverse array of reproductive systems, the only commonality may be that they all lay eggs. Also, aside from <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, nearly all other invertebrates are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditic">hermaphroditic</a> and exhibit <a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">external fertilization</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_interaction">Social interaction</h3></div> <p>Social behavior is widespread in invertebrates, including cockroaches, termites, aphids, <a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">thrips</a>, ants, bees, <a href="/wiki/Passalidae" title="Passalidae">Passalidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acari" class="mw-redirect" title="Acari">Acari</a>, spiders, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-ChoeCrespi1997_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChoeCrespi1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social interaction is particularly salient in <a href="/wiki/Eusocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusocial">eusocial</a> species but applies to other invertebrates as well. </p><p>Insects recognize information transmitted by other insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Riley_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frisch1967_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frisch1967-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phyla">Phyla</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cladocora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cladocora.jpg/220px-Cladocora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cladocora.jpg/330px-Cladocora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cladocora.jpg/440px-Cladocora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption>The fossil coral <i><a href="/wiki/Cladocora" title="Cladocora">Cladocora</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term invertebrates covers several phyla. One of these are the sponges (<a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a>). They were long thought to have diverged from other animals early.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They lack the complex organization found in most other phyla.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organized into distinct tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sponges typically feed by drawing in water through pores.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some speculate that sponges are not so primitive, but may instead be secondarily simplified.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are only two main germ layers, the <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a>, with only scattered cells between them. As such, they are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Diploblastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploblastic">diploblastic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a> are radially symmetric and exclusively marine, including <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a> (Asteroidea), <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>, (Echinoidea), <a href="/wiki/Brittle_star" title="Brittle star">brittle stars</a> (Ophiuroidea), <a href="/wiki/Holothuroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Holothuroidea">sea cucumbers</a> (Holothuroidea) and <a href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">feather stars</a> (Crinoidea).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest animal phylum is also included within invertebrates: the Arthropoda, including insects, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. In addition, they possess a hardened exoskeleton that is periodically shed during growth.<sup id="cite_ref-forensic_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forensic-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two smaller phyla, the <a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a>, are close relatives of the arthropods and share some traits with them, excluding the hardened exoskeleton. The <a href="/wiki/Nematoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematoda">Nematoda</a>, or roundworms, are perhaps the second largest animal phylum, and are also invertebrates. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number are important parasites.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller phyla related to them are the <a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a>. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom. Other invertebrates include the <a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a>, or ribbon worms, and the <a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a>. </p><p>Another phylum is <a href="/wiki/Platyhelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Platyhelminthes">Platyhelminthes</a>, the flatworms.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilson_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were originally considered primitive, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flatworms are <a href="/wiki/Aceolomate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aceolomate">acoelomates</a>, lacking a body cavity, as are their closest relatives, the microscopic <a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-umodena_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umodena-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a>, or rotifers, are common in aqueous environments. Invertebrates also include the <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a>, or spiny-headed worms, the <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IntroCyclio_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroCyclio-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also included are two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squids</a>, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leeches</a>. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of <a href="/wiki/Trochophore" title="Trochophore">trochophore</a> larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, this is generally considered <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among lesser phyla of invertebrates are the <a href="/wiki/Hemichordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemichordata">Hemichordata</a>, or acorn worms,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Chaetognatha, or arrow worms. Other phyla include <a href="/wiki/Acoelomorpha" title="Acoelomorpha">Acoelomorpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoronida" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronida">Phoronida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xenoturbellida" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenoturbellida">Xenoturbellida</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_invertebrates">Classification of invertebrates</h2></div> <p>Invertebrates can be classified into several main categories, some of which are <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">taxonomically</a> obsolescent or debatable, but still used as terms of convenience. Each however appears in its own article at the following links.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponges">Sponges</a> (<i>Porifera</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comb_jellies" class="mw-redirect" title="Comb jellies">Comb jellies</a> (<i>Ctenophora</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Medusozoans and corals</a> (<i>Cnidaria</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Acoels</a> (<i>Xenacoelomorpha</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworms</a> (<i>Platyhelminthes</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Bristleworms, earthworms and leeches</a> (<i>Annelida</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Insects, springtails, crustaceans, myriapods, chelicerates</a> (<i>Arthropoda</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Chitons, snails, slugs, bivalves, tusk shells, cephalopods</a> (<i>Mollusca</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodes">Roundworms or threadworms</a> (<i>Nematoda</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifers">Rotifers</a> (<i>Rotifera</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrades" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrades">Tardigrades</a> (<i>Tardigrada</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophores</a> (<i>Scalidophora</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">Lophophorates</a> (<i>Lophophorata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Velvet worms">Velvet worms</a> (<i>Onychophora</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow worms">Arrow worms</a> (<i>Chaetognatha</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematomorph">Gordian worms or horsehair worms</a> (<i>Nematomorpha</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Ribbon worms</a> (<i>Nemertea</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea lilies and brittle stars</a> (<i>Echinodermata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemichordata">Acorn worms, cephalodiscids and graptolites</a> (<i>Hemichordata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphioxiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphioxiformes">Lancelets</a> (<i>Amphioxiformes</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunicates">Salps, pyrosomes, doliolids, larvaceans and sea squirts</a> (<i>Tunicata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbion" title="Symbion">Cycliophora</a> (currently a monogeneric phylum)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The earliest animal fossils appear to be those of invertebrates. 665-million-year-old fossils in the Trezona Formation at Trezona Bore, West Central Flinders, South Australia have been interpreted as being early sponges.<sup id="cite_ref-roseMaloof_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roseMaloof-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they probably became multicellular in the <a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">Trace fossils</a> such as tracks and burrows found in the late <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> era indicate the presence of <a href="/wiki/Triploblastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploblastic">triploblastic</a> worms, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seilacher1998_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seilacher1998-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 453 MYA, animals began diversifying, and many of the important groups of invertebrates diverged from one another. Fossils of invertebrates are found in various types of sediment from the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clarkson_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarkson-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossils of invertebrates are commonly used in stratigraphy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kummel_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kummel-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> divided these animals into only two groups, the Insecta and the now-obsolete <a href="/wiki/Vermes" title="Vermes">Vermes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worms</a>). <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a>, who was appointed to the position of "Curator of Insecta and Vermes" at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_National_d%27Histoire_Naturelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle">Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle</a> in 1793, both coined the term "invertebrate" to describe such animals and divided the original two groups into ten, by splitting Arachnida and Crustacea from the Linnean Insecta, and Mollusca, Annelida, <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">Cirripedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiata" title="Radiata">Radiata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coelenterata" title="Coelenterata">Coelenterata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infusoria" title="Infusoria">Infusoria</a> from the Linnean Vermes. They are now classified into over 30 <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a>, from simple organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge">sea sponges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a> to complex animals such as arthropods and molluscs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Significance_of_the_group">Significance of the group</h4></div> <p>Invertebrates are animals <i>without</i> a vertebral column. This has led to the conclusion that <i>in</i>vertebrates are a group that deviates from the normal, vertebrates. This has been said to be because researchers in the past, such as Lamarck, viewed vertebrates as a "standard": in Lamarck's theory of evolution, he believed that characteristics acquired through the evolutionary process involved not only survival, but also progression toward a "higher form", to which humans and vertebrates were closer than invertebrates were. Although goal-directed evolution has been abandoned, the distinction of invertebrates and vertebrates persists to this day, even though the grouping has been noted to be "hardly natural or even very sharp." Another reason cited for this continued distinction is that Lamarck created a precedent through his classifications which is now difficult to escape from. It is also possible that some humans believe that, they themselves being vertebrates, the group deserves more attention than invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-rskbarnes_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rskbarnes-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any event, in the 1968 edition of <i>Invertebrate Zoology</i>, it is noted that "division of the Animal Kingdom into vertebrates and invertebrates is artificial and reflects human bias in favor of man's own relatives." The book also points out that the group lumps a vast number of species together, so that no one characteristic describes all invertebrates. In addition, some species included are only remotely related to one another, with some more related to vertebrates than other invertebrates (see <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">Paraphyly</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_research">In research</h2></div> <p>For many centuries, invertebrates were neglected by biologists, in favor of big vertebrates and "useful" or <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic species">charismatic species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aristotle_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aristotle-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invertebrate biology was not a major field of study until the work of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamarck">Lamarck</a> in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Aristotle_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aristotle-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 20th century, invertebrate zoology became one of the major fields of natural sciences, with prominent discoveries in the fields of medicine, genetics, palaeontology, and ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-Aristotle_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aristotle-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of invertebrates has also benefited law enforcement, as arthropods, and especially insects, were discovered to be a source of information for forensic investigators.<sup id="cite_ref-forensic_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forensic-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of the most commonly studied model organisms nowadays are invertebrates: the fruit fly <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> and the nematode <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i>. They have long been the most intensively studied <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a>, and were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced. This was facilitated by the severely reduced state of their <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a>, but many <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_linkage" title="Genetic linkage">linkages</a> have been lost. Analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Starlet_sea_anemone" title="Starlet sea anemone">starlet sea anemone</a> genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">choanoflagellates</a>, also being sequenced, in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to animals.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invertebrates are also used by scientists in the field of <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">aquatic biomonitoring</a> to evaluate the effects of water pollution and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_zoology" title="Invertebrate zoology">Invertebrate zoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_paleontology" title="Invertebrate paleontology">Invertebrate paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMay1988" class="citation journal cs1">May, Robert M. (16 September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115011411/http://www.ciesin.org/docs/002-253/002-253.html">"How Many Species Are There on Earth?"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>241</b> (4872): 1441–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Sci...241.1441M">1988Sci...241.1441M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.241.4872.1441">10.1126/science.241.4872.1441</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1702670">1702670</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17790039">17790039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34992724">34992724</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciesin.org/docs/002-253/002-253.html">the original</a> on 15 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+Are+There+on+Earth%3F&rft.volume=241&rft.issue=4872&rft.pages=1441-9&rft.date=1988-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34992724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Sci...241.1441M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17790039&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.241.4872.1441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1702670%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciesin.org%2Fdocs%2F002-253%2F002-253.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-412-61390-5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-412-61390-5_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards,_O._W.Davies,_R.G.1977" class="citation book cs1">Richards, O. 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Academic Press. pp. 43–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-308X%2803%2956002-X">10.1016/S0065-308X(03)56002-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-031756-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-031756-1"><bdi>978-0-12-031756-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14710996">14710996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biodiversity+and+Evolution+of+the+Myxozoa&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Parasitology&rft.pages=43-131&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14710996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-308X%2803%2956002-X&rft.isbn=978-0-12-031756-1&rft.aulast=Canning&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+U.&rft.au=Okamura%2C+Beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb (2010). Family Cranchiidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper (eds.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i1920e/i1920e00.htm">Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129054613/http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i1920e/i1920e00.htm">Archived</a> 29 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 148–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latin_Tucker-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Latin_Tucker_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker,_T._G.1931" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, T. G. (1931). <i>A Concise Etymological Dictionary of Latin</i>. Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Etymological+Dictionary+of+Latin&rft.place=Halle+%28Saale%29&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer+Verlag&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Tucker%2C+T.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeat1882" class="citation book cs1">Skeat, Walter William (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anetymologicald02skeagoog"><i>An etymological dictionary of the English language</i></a>. Clarendon Press. p. 301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+etymological+dictionary+of+the+English+language&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Skeat&rft.aufirst=Walter+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanetymologicald02skeagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pech-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pech_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPechenik1996" class="citation book cs1">Pechenik, Jan (1996). <i>Biology of the Invertebrates</i>. Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-697-13712-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-697-13712-8"><bdi>978-0-697-13712-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+the+Invertebrates&rft.place=Dubuque&rft.pub=Wm.+C.+Brown+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-697-13712-8&rft.aulast=Pechenik&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrusca,_Richard_C.Brusca,_Gary_J.1990" class="citation book cs1">Brusca, Richard C.; Brusca, Gary J. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invertebrates0000brus"><i>Invertebrates</i></a></span>. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-098-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-098-2"><bdi>978-0-87893-098-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrates&rft.place=Sunderland&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-098-2&rft.au=Brusca%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Brusca%2C+Gary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvertebrates0000brus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-19-861271-0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-19-861271-0_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Lesley1993" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Lesley (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newshorteroxford00lesl"><i>The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles</i></a>. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861271-1"><bdi>978-0-19-861271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+shorter+Oxford+English+dictionary+on+historical+principles&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEng.%5D&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861271-1&rft.au=Brown%2C+Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewshorteroxford00lesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agassiz2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agassiz2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Agassiz2013" class="citation book cs1">Louis Agassiz (21 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O6fDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT115"><i>Essay on Classification</i></a>. Courier Corporation. pp. 115–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-15135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-15135-9"><bdi>978-0-486-15135-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essay+on+Classification&rft.pages=115-&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.isbn=978-0-486-15135-9&rft.au=Louis+Agassiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO6fDAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN1014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN1014_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN1014_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN1014_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The World Conservation Union. 2014. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN Red List of Threatened Species">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>, 2014.3. Summary Statistics for Globally Threatened Species. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/summarystats/2014_3_Summary_Stats_Page_Documents/2014_3_RL_Stats_Table_1.pdf">Table 1: Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996–2014)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224091921/http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/summarystats/2014_3_Summary_Stats_Page_Documents/2014_3_RL_Stats_Table_1.pdf">Archived</a> 24 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gastropod_development-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gastropod_development_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouise_R._Page2006" class="citation journal cs1">Louise R. Page (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficj018">"Modern insights on gastropod development: Reevaluation of the evolution of a novel body plan"</a>. <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 134–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficj018">10.1093/icb/icj018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21672730">21672730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Modern+insights+on+gastropod+development%3A+Reevaluation+of+the+evolution+of+a+novel+body+plan&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=134-143&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficj018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21672730&rft.au=Louise+R.+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252Ficj018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0847482.html">Symmetry, biological</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113143415/http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0847482.html">Archived</a> 13 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cited at FactMonster.com from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_Electronic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia">The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia</a></i> (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholls_and_Baylor,_1968-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_and_Baylor,_1968_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichollsBaylor1968" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholls JG, Baylor DA (September 1968). 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Wiley-Blackwell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami/page/n69">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3277-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-3277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+genetics&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3277-0&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Matthew+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopulationgeneti00hami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picard2021-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Picard2021_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picard2021_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicardVicosoBertrandEscriva2021" class="citation journal cs1">Picard MA, Vicoso B, Bertrand S, Escriva H (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8391622">"Diversity of Modes of Reproduction and Sex Determination Systems in Invertebrates, and the Putative Contribution of Genetic Conflict"</a>. <i>Genes (Basel)</i>. <b>12</b> (8): 1136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes12081136">10.3390/genes12081136</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8391622">8391622</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34440310">34440310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes+%28Basel%29&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+Modes+of+Reproduction+and+Sex+Determination+Systems+in+Invertebrates%2C+and+the+Putative+Contribution+of+Genetic+Conflict&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1136&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8391622%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34440310&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fgenes12081136&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Vicoso%2C+B&rft.au=Bertrand%2C+S&rft.au=Escriva%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8391622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChoeCrespi1997-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChoeCrespi1997_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids</i>. 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D.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas; Okusu, Akiko; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06614">"Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>452</b> (7188): 745–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.452..745D">2008Natur.452..745D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06614">10.1038/nature06614</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18322464">18322464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Broad+phylogenomic+sampling+improves+resolution+of+the+animal+tree+of+life&rft.volume=452&rft.issue=7188&rft.pages=745-9&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06614&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18322464&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.452..745D&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Casey+W.&rft.au=Hejnol%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Matus%2C+David+Q.&rft.au=Pang%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Browne%2C+William+E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Seaver%2C+Elaine&rft.au=Rouse%2C+Greg+W.&rft.au=Obst%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Edgecombe%2C+Gregory+D.&rft.au=S%C3%B8rensen%2C+Martin+V.&rft.au=Haddock%2C+Steven+H.+D.&rft.au=Schmidt-Rhaesa%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Okusu%2C+Akiko&rft.au=Kristensen%2C+Reinhardt+M%C3%B8bjerg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature06614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangstroth,_LovellLibby_LangstrothTodd_NewberryMonterey_Bay_Aquarium2000" class="citation book cs1">Langstroth, Lovell; Libby Langstroth; Todd Newberry; Monterey Bay Aquarium (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingbayunderwa0000lang/page/244"><i>A living bay: the underwater world of Monterey Bay</i></a>. 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John Wiley and Sons. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75804-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75804-5"><bdi>978-0-470-75804-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+forensic+biology&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-75804-5&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrewitt,_Nancy_L.Larry_S._UnderwoodWilliam_Surver2003" class="citation book cs1">Prewitt, Nancy L.; Larry S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+the+Main+Groups+of+Invertebrates%3F&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reference.com%2Fscience%2Fmain-groups-invertebrates-30b0365b4702b5f8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roseMaloof-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roseMaloof_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloof,_Adam_C.Rose,_Catherine_V.Beach,_RobertSamuels,_Bradley_M.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (17 August 2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia". <i>Nature Geoscience</i>. <b>3</b> (9): 653. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NatGe...3..653M">2010NatGe...3..653M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo934">10.1038/ngeo934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Possible+animal-body+fossils+in+pre-Marinoan+limestones+from+South+Australia&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=653&rft.date=2010-08-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo934&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010NatGe...3..653M&rft.au=Maloof%2C+Adam+C.&rft.au=Rose%2C+Catherine+V.&rft.au=Beach%2C+Robert&rft.au=Samuels%2C+Bradley+M.&rft.au=Calmet%2C+Claire+C.&rft.au=Erwin%2C+Douglas+H.&rft.au=Poirier%2C+Gerald+R.&rft.au=Yao%2C+Nan&rft.au=Simons%2C+Frederik+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell._Neil_A.Jane_B._Reece2005" class="citation book cs1">Campbell. Neil A.; Jane B. Reece (2005). <i>Biology</i> (7 ed.). Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. p. 526. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-7171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-7171-0"><bdi>978-0-8053-7171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pages=526&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Pearson%2C+Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-7171-0&rft.au=Campbell.+Neil+A.&rft.au=Jane+B.+Reece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seilacher1998-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seilacher1998_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeilacherBosePflüger1998" class="citation journal cs1">Seilacher, A.; Bose, P.K.; Pflüger, F. (October 1998). "Animals More Than 1 Billion Years Ago: Trace Fossil Evidence from India". <i>Science</i>. <b>282</b> (5386): 80–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...282...80S">1998Sci...282...80S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5386.80">10.1126/science.282.5386.80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9756480">9756480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Animals+More+Than+1+Billion+Years+Ago%3A+Trace+Fossil+Evidence+from+India&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=5386&rft.pages=80-83&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.282.5386.80&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9756480&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...282...80S&rft.aulast=Seilacher&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Bose%2C+P.K.&rft.au=Pfl%C3%BCger%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clarkson-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clarkson_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkson1998" class="citation book cs1">Clarkson, Euan Neilson Kerr (1998). <i>Invertebrate palaeontology and evolution</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05238-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05238-7"><bdi>978-0-632-05238-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+palaeontology+and+evolution&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-632-05238-7&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Euan+Neilson+Kerr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kummel-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kummel_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKummel1954" class="citation book cs1">Kummel, Bernhard (1954). <i>Status of invertebrate paleontology, 1953</i>. Ayer Publishing. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-12715-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-12715-1"><bdi>978-0-405-12715-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Status+of+invertebrate+paleontology%2C+1953&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-0-405-12715-1&rft.aulast=Kummel&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rskbarnes-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rskbarnes_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Richard Stephen Kent (2001). <i>The Invertebrates: A Synthesis</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-04761-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-04761-1"><bdi>978-0-632-04761-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invertebrates%3A+A+Synthesis&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-632-04761-1&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Richard+Stephen+Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1968" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Robert D. (1968). <i>Invertebrate Zoology</i> (2nd ed.). W.B. 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A philosophical argument from Aristotle"</a>. <i>No Bones (Smithsonian Institution website)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715175131/http://nmnh.typepad.com/no_bones/2015/06/why-study-invertebrates-a-philosophical-argument-from-aristotle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=No+Bones+%28Smithsonian+Institution+website%29&rft.atitle=Why+study+invertebrates%3F+A+philosophical+argument+from+Aristotle&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ducarme&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnmnh.typepad.com%2Fno_bones%2F2015%2F06%2Fwhy-study-invertebrates-a-philosophical-argument-from-aristotle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN.H._PutnamSrivastavaHellstenDirks2007" class="citation journal cs1">N.H. Putnam, NH; et al. (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc884638/">"Sea anemone genome reveals ancestral eumetazoan gene repertoire and genomic organization"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>317</b> (5834): 86–94. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317...86P">2007Sci...317...86P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1139158">10.1126/science.1139158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17615350">17615350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9868191">9868191</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213038/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc884638/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Sea+anemone+genome+reveals+ancestral+eumetazoan+gene+repertoire+and+genomic+organization&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=5834&rft.pages=86-94&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9868191%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...317...86P&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1139158&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17615350&rft.aulast=N.H.+Putnam&rft.aufirst=NH&rft.au=Srivastava%2C+M&rft.au=Hellsten%2C+U&rft.au=Dirks%2C+B&rft.au=Chapman%2C+J&rft.au=Salamov%2C+A&rft.au=Terry%2C+A&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+H&rft.au=Lindquist%2C+E&rft.au=Kapitonov%2C+V.+V.&rft.au=Jurka%2C+J&rft.au=Genikhovich%2C+G&rft.au=Grigoriev%2C+IV&rft.au=Lucas%2C+SM&rft.au=Steele%2C+RE&rft.au=Finnerty%2C+JR&rft.au=Technau%2C+U&rft.au=Martindale%2C+MQ&rft.au=Rokhsar%2C+DS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc884638%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceLundeMazorBêche2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence, J.E.; Lunde, K.B.; Mazor, R.D.; Bêche, L.A.; McElravy, E.P.; Resh, V.H. (2010). "Long-Term Macroinvertebrate Responses to Climate Change: Implications for Biological Assessment in Mediterranean-Climate Streams". <i>Journal of the North American Benthological Society</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 1424–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1899%2F09-178.1">10.1899/09-178.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84679634">84679634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+North+American+Benthological+Society&rft.atitle=Long-Term+Macroinvertebrate+Responses+to+Climate+Change%3A+Implications+for+Biological+Assessment+in+Mediterranean-Climate+Streams&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1424-40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1899%2F09-178.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84679634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=Lunde%2C+K.B.&rft.au=Mazor%2C+R.D.&rft.au=B%C3%AAche%2C+L.A.&rft.au=McElravy%2C+E.P.&rft.au=Resh%2C+V.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyman1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Libbie_Hyman" title="Libbie Hyman">Hyman, L.H.</a> (1940). <i>The Invertebrates</i>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/896702848">896702848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invertebrates&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F896702848&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=L.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span> (6 volumes) A classic work.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2001" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, D.T., ed. (2001). <i>Invertebrate zoology</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551368-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551368-4"><bdi>978-0-19-551368-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48627623">48627623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+zoology&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48627623&rft.isbn=978-0-19-551368-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruscaBrusca2003" class="citation book cs1">Brusca, R.C.; Brusca, G.J. (2003). <i>Invertebrates</i> (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-097-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-097-5"><bdi>978-0-87893-097-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51053596">51053596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrates&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51053596&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-097-5&rft.aulast=Brusca&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rft.au=Brusca%2C+G.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerHarley1996" class="citation book cs1">Miller, S.A.; Harley, J.P. (1996). <i>Zoology</i> (4th ed.). WCB/McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-697-24374-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-697-24374-5"><bdi>0-697-24374-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33263056">33263056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoology&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=WCB%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33263056&rft.isbn=0-697-24374-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft.au=Harley%2C+J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPechenik2005" class="citation book cs1">Pechenik, Jan A. (2005). <i>Biology of the invertebrates</i> (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill, Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-234899-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-234899-6"><bdi>978-0-07-234899-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54805957">54805957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+the+invertebrates&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2C+Higher+Education&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54805957&rft.isbn=978-0-07-234899-6&rft.aulast=Pechenik&rft.aufirst=Jan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. (2004). <i>Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach</i>. Belmont CA: Thomas-Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-025982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-025982-1"><bdi>978-0-03-025982-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475257771">475257771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+zoology%3A+a+functional+evolutionary+approach&rft.place=Belmont+CA&rft.pub=Thomas-Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475257771&rft.isbn=978-0-03-025982-1&rft.aulast=Ruppert&rft.aufirst=E.E.&rft.au=Fox%2C+R.S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+R.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdiyodiAdyiodi" class="citation book cs1">Adiyodi, K.G.; Adyiodi, R.G. <i>Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/679323766">679323766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Biology+of+Invertebrates&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F679323766&rft.aulast=Adiyodi&rft.aufirst=K.G.&rft.au=Adyiodi%2C+R.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span> (Many volumes.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiesePearse" class="citation book cs1">Giese, A.G.; Pearse, J.S. (eds.). <i>Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates</i>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/679395548">679395548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproduction+of+Marine+Invertebrates&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F679395548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span> (Many volumes.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isird.org/">International Society of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development</a> <ul><li>International Congress for Invertebrate Reproduction and Development (ICIRD) — proceedings</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/tinv20">Invertebrate Reproduction & Development</a> (journal) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2157-0272">2157-0272</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/633196745">633196745</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._R._MaggentiS._Gardner2005" class="citation book cs1">A. R. Maggenti; S. Gardner (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/onlinedictinvertzoology/"><i>Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226124609/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/onlinedictinvertzoology/%20">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Online+Dictionary+of+Invertebrate+Zoology&rft.date=2005&rft.au=A.+R.+Maggenti&rft.au=S.+Gardner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fonlinedictinvertzoology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154711/https://www.buglife.org.uk/News/Endangeredspeciessculpture.htm">Buglife (UK)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820143549/http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/"><i>African Invertebrates</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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