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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Names </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Names subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romani-language_endonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romani-language_endonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Romani-language endonyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romani-language_endonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English-language_endonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-language_endonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 English-language endonyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-language_endonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_designations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_designations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Other designations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_designations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_and_subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_and_subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Population and subgroups </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population_and_subgroups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Population and subgroups subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Population_and_subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romani_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romani_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Romani populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romani_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romani_subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romani_subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Romani subgroups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romani_subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Indian origin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian_origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indian origin subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indian_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shahnameh_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shahnameh_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Shahnameh legend </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shahnameh_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Linguistic evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Genetic evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Full_genome_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_genome_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Full genome analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_genome_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_migration_route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_migration_route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Possible migration route </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_migration_route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_identities_conflated_with_the_Roma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_identities_conflated_with_the_Roma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ethnic identities conflated with the Roma </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_identities_conflated_with_the_Roma-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethnic identities conflated with the Roma subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_identities_conflated_with_the_Roma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romaei/Eastern_Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romaei/Eastern_Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Romaei/Eastern Romans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romaei/Eastern_Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athinganoi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athinganoi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Athinganoi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athinganoi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Egyptians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohemians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohemians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Bohemians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohemians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_Travellers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_Travellers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Irish Travellers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_Travellers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yenish_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yenish_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Yenish people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yenish_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan_people_and_Romanians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_people_and_Romanians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Balkan people and Romanians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_people_and_Romanians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Arrival in Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Early modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Post-1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_traditional_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_traditional_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Society and traditional culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_traditional_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and traditional culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_traditional_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belonging_and_exclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belonging_and_exclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Belonging and exclusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belonging_and_exclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deities_and_saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deities_and_saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Deities and saints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deities_and_saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Balkans/Southeast_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Balkans/Southeast_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 The Balkans/Southeast Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Balkans/Southeast_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Other regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_art_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_art_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Contemporary art and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_art_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Persecutions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Persecutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Persecutions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Persecutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roma_enslavement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roma_enslavement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Roma enslavement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roma_enslavement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Historical persecution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Forced assimilation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Porajmos_(Romani_Holocaust)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porajmos_(Romani_Holocaust)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Porajmos (Romani Holocaust) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porajmos_(Romani_Holocaust)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Contemporary issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forced_repatriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_repatriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Forced repatriation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_repatriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations_and_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_and_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Organizations and projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations_and_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Artistic representations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Romani people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 122 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" > 122 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureu%C3%ABng_Rom" title="Ureuëng Rom – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ureuëng Rom" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%82%E1%8D%95%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ጂፕሲዎች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጂፕሲዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="غجر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitans" title="Chitans – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chitans" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_xitanu" title="Pueblu xitanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu xitanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara%C3%A7%C4%B1lar" title="Qaraçılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaraçılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قاراچیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاراچیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="রোমানি জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমানি জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma-l%C3%A2ng" title="Roma-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Roma-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сиғандар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сиғандар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Цыганы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цыганы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Цыганы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цыганы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Цигани – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цигани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi" title="Romi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Romi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romed" title="Romed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Romed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gitanos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Чикансем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чикансем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romov%C3%A9" title="Romové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Romové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaer" title="Romaer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romaer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1nat" title="Románat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Románat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigeiner" title="Zigeiner – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Zigeiner" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustlased" title="Mustlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mustlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC" title="Ρομά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρομά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Цыган ломанть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Цыган ломанть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_gitano" title="Pueblo gitano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo gitano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciganoj" title="Ciganoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ciganoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromani" title="Erromani – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromani" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مردم کولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم کولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaf%C3%B3lki%C3%B0" title="Romafólkið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Romafólkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roms" title="Roms – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roms" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_(folk)" title="Roma (folk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Roma (folk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanaithe" title="Romanaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Romanaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ingenel%C3%A4r" title="Çingenelär – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çingenelär" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_xitano" title="Pobo xitano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo xitano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%AC%EC%9D%B8" title="롬인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롬인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen_Romani" title="Mutanen Romani – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mutanen Romani" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գնչուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գնչուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97)" title="रोमा (लोग) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमा (लोग)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi" title="Romi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Romi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi" title="Romi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Romi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%E1%BB%8B_Rom" title="Ndị Rom – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ndị Rom" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Romani" title="Suku Romani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Romani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Цигайнаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цигайнаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3maf%C3%B3lk" title="Rómafólk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómafólk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popoli_roman%C3%AD" title="Popoli romaní – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Popoli romaní" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צוענים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צוענים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბოშები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოშები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сығандар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сығандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitan" title="Jitan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jitan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_(gel)" title="Roman (gel) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Roman (gel)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingari" title="Zingari – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zingari" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cig%C4%81ni" title="Čigāni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čigāni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigeiner" title="Zigeiner – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zigeiner" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cigonai" title="Čigonai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čigonai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani" title="Romani – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Romani" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cig%C3%A1nyok" title="Cigányok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cigányok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Роми – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роми" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jit%C3%A0na" title="Jitàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jitàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4" title="റൊമാനി ജനത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൊമാനി ജനത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="रोमा जिप्सी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमा जिप्सी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჩაჩანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩაჩანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="غجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="الیات – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الیات" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Roma" title="Orang Roma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Roma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Rumani" title="Urang Rumani – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Rumani" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciganos" title="Ciganos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ciganos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျစ်ပစီလူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျစ်ပစီလူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_(volk)" title="Roma (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roma (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E" title="ロマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Цигонаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цигонаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romfolket" title="Romfolket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romfolket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sig%C3%B8ynarar" title="Sigøynarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sigøynarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gitanos" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95)" title="ਰੋਮਾ (ਲੋਕ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮਾ (ਲੋਕ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جپسی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جپسی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy" title="Gypsy – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gypsy" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romowie" title="Romowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Romowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciganos" title="Ciganos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciganos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ingeneler" title="Çingeneler – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çingeneler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi" title="Romi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Romi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romane_manusha" title="Romane manusha – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Romane manusha" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumani_runa" title="Rumani runa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumani runa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Циґане – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Циґане" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Цыгане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цыгане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_fowk" title="Romani fowk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Romani fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinti_un_Roma" title="Sinti un Roma – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sinti un Roma" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%ABt" title="Romët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Romët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitani" title="Gitani – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gitani" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_people" title="Roma people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roma people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="جپسي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جپسي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3movia" title="Rómovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rómovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi" title="Romi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Romi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_(qaran)" title="Roma (qaran) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Roma (qaran)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%85" title="دۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Роми – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роми" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi" title="Romi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Romi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanit" title="Romanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romer" title="Romer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitano" title="Hitano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hitano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="உரோமானி மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோமானி மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iziganen" title="Iziganen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iziganen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%80" title="Чегәннәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чегәннәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ชาวโรมานี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวโรมานี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%AF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Лӯлиҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лӯлиҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ingeneler" title="Çingeneler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çingeneler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Цигани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цигани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="رومینی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومینی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Digan" title="Người Digan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Digan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustlas%C3%B5q" title="Mustlasõq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mustlasõq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djupsyins_(peupe)" title="Djupsyins (peupe) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djupsyins (peupe)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_(katawhan)" title="Romani (katawhan) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Romani (katawhan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86%E4%BA%BA" title="罗姆人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗姆人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="ציגיינער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ציגיינער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gypsy (disambiguation)">Gypsy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Romani people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Romani_people" title="Flag of the Romani people">Romani flag</a> created in 1933 and accepted at the 1971 <a href="/wiki/World_Romani_Congress" title="World Romani Congress">World Romani Congress</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/260px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/390px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/520px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">2–12 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000,000 estimated with Romani ancestry<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">800,000 (0.4%)<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">750,000–1,500,000 (1.5–3.7%)<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_–_CIS-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">569,500–1,850,000 (3.4–8.32%)<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000–2,750,000 (0.57%-3.2%)<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turkey-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">325,343<a href="#cite_note-22">[b]</a>–750,000 (4.9–10.3%)<a href="#cite_note-NSI-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">309,632<a href="#cite_note-25">[c]</a>–870,000 (3.21–9%)<a href="#cite_note-KSH-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">300,000–1,200,000 (0.21%)<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-350000_en_France_en_2010-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">300,000<a href="#cite_note-33">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hazel_Marsh-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">225,000 (0.4%)<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">205,007<a href="#cite_note-census-38">[e]</a>–825,000 (0.6%)<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">147,604<a href="#cite_note-39">[f]</a>–600,000 (2.1–8.2%)<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">120,000–180,000 (0.3%)<a href="#cite_note-DiGiacomo-42">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">111,000–300,000 (2.7%)<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">105,000 (0.1%)<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">105,738<a href="#cite_note-46">[g]</a>–490,000 (2.1–9%)<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000-140,000 (3.62%-5.06%)<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000–110,000<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">46,433 (2.53%)<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000–100,000<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">47,587<a href="#cite_note-55">[h]</a>–260,000 (0.6%)<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">52,000 (0.5%)<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-minorityrights.org-57">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000–50,000 (0.6%)<a href="#cite_note-59">[51]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">36,000<a href="#cite_note-60">[i]</a> (2%)<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[52]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32,000–40,000 (0.2%)<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17,049<a href="#cite_note-census-38">[e]</a>–32,500 (0.1%)<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[53]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,975<a href="#cite_note-census-38">[e]</a>–35,000 (0.8%)<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[54]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,850<a href="#cite_note-64">[55]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000–20,000<a href="#cite_note-Hazel_Marsh-34">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,778<a href="#cite_note-census-38">[e]</a>–250,000 (3.0%–7.05%)<a href="#cite_note-65">[56]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000–12,000 est. (0.2%)<a href="#cite_note-66">[57]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,864<a href="#cite_note-census-38">[e]</a>–58,000 (1.5%)<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[58]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,649–8,000<a href="#cite_note-Hazel_Marsh-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[59]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,316<a href="#cite_note-census-38">[e]</a>–47,500 (0.5%)<a href="#cite_note-69">[60]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,193<a href="#cite_note-census-38">[e]</a>–12,500 (0.6%)<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,255–80,000<a href="#cite_note-70">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[62]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,251<a href="#cite_note-census-38">[e]</a>–20,000 (3.7%)<a href="#cite_note-monstat1-72">[63]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,199<a href="#cite_note-73">[j]</a>–40,370<a href="#cite_note-census-38">[e]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani speakers</a>)–250,000 (1.9%)<a href="#cite_note-74">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000–25,000<a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,246<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,571<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,500<a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22,435<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,200<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<a href="#cite_note-78">[68]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,250<a href="#cite_note-79">[69]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,000–35,000<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Para-Romani</a> varieties, languages of native regions</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mostly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><a href="#cite_note-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318-80">[70]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> · <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>) Minorities: <a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani mythology</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><a href="#cite_note-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318-80">[70]</a> · <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><a href="#cite_note-Gall,_Timothy_L._1998_pp._316,_318-80">[70]</a> · <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><a href="#cite_note-vish-81">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-bhal-82">[72]</a> · <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (conversion through marriage to Jewish spouses)<a href="#cite_note-83">[73]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghorbati" title="Ghorbati">Ghorbati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Doms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dom_(caste)" title="Dom (caste)">Ḍoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Romani" title="Category:Romani">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romani people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Romani people"><img alt="Flag of the Romani people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Romani_people" title="Archaeology of the Romani people">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dress" title="Romani dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_media" title="Romani media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_people" title="List of Romani people">People</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">Settlements</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Romani people by sub-group</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romani" title="Afro-Romani">Afro-Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Roma" title="Burgenland Roma">Burgenland Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gurbeti" title="Gurbeti">Gurbeti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Romani_relations#Romani_Jews" title="Jewish–Romani relations"> Judeo-Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Kale (Iberian Roma)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Kale (Finnish Roma)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale (Welsh Roma)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">Lăutari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Machvaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvaya">Machvaya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Romanisæl</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Servitka_Roma" title="Servitka Roma">Servitka Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zargari</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a> by country</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Albania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Argentina" title="Romani people in Argentina">Argentina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Australia" title="Romani people in Australia">Australia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium" title="Romani people in Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Colombia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus" title="Romani people in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Romani people in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Denmark" title="Romani people in Denmark">Denmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Estonia" title="Romani people in Estonia">Estonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Finland" title="Romani people in Finland">Finland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Romani people in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Ireland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Latvia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Mexico">Mexico</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Moldova" title="Romani people in Moldova">Moldova</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Norway" title="Romani people in Norway">Norway</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Poland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Spain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sweden" title="Romani people in Sweden">Sweden</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Switzerland" title="Romani people in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimea</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gypsy,_Roma_and_Traveller_people_(UK)" title="Gypsy, Roma and Traveller people (UK)">term</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gypsy_and_Traveller_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gypsy and Traveller groups">Scotland</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian-Slovak</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Uruguay" title="Romani people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Romani_people" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Romani people">WikiProject</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_people" title="Template:Romani people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_people" title="Template talk:Romani people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Romani people<a href="#cite_note-84">[k]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈroʊməni/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ROH-mə-nee</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈrɒməni/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ROM-ə-nee</a>), also known as the Roma (<abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: Rom), are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> origin<a href="#cite_note-85">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[76]</a> who traditionally lived a <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">itinerant</a> lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Roma originated in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, in particular the region of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[77]</a> Their first wave of westward migration is believed to have occurred sometime between the 5th and 11th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock20029-89">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[82]</a> They are thought to have arrived in Europe around the 13th to 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-94">[83]</a> Although they are <a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">widely dispersed</a>, their most concentrated populations are believed to be in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[86]</a> In the English language, Romani people have long been known by the <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> Gypsies or Gipsies,<a href="#cite_note-98">[87]</a> which many Roma consider a <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">racial slur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Randall-99">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[89]</a> The attendees of the first <a href="/wiki/World_Romani_Congress" title="World Romani Congress">World Romani Congress</a> in 1971 unanimously voted to reject the use of all exonyms for the Roma, including "Gypsy".<a href="#cite_note-pickering-101">[90]</a> However, it is not considered a slur in the UK and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">Romani people in the United Kingdom</a> commonly <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">refer to themselves</a> as "Gypsies".<a href="#cite_note-102">[91]</a> The first Roma to come to the United States arrived in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and Louisiana during the 1600s.<a href="#cite_note-103">[92]</a> Romani slaves were first shipped to the Americas with Columbus in 1498.<a href="#cite_note-104">[93]</a> Spain sent Romani slaves to their Louisiana colony between 1762 and 1800.<a href="#cite_note-105">[94]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Afro-Romani" title="Afro-Romani">Afro-Romani</a> community exists in <a href="/wiki/St._Martin_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Martin Parish, Louisiana">St. Martin Parish</a> due to intermarriage between freed <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> and Romani slaves.<a href="#cite_note-106">[95]</a> The Romani population in the United States is estimated at more than one million.<a href="#cite_note-107">[l]</a> There are between 800,000 and 1 million Roma in <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a>, most of whose ancestors emigrated in the 19th century from Eastern Europe. Brazilian Roma are mostly descended from German/Italian <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> (in the South/Southeast regions), and Roma and Calon people. Brazil also includes a notable Romani community descended from Sinti and Roma deportees from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> Since the late 19th century, Roma have also migrated to other countries in South America and Canada. The <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> with strong <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Balkans" title="Languages of the Balkans">Balkan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras2002240-109">[97]</a> It is divided into several <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, which together are estimated to have over 2 million speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras2002239-110">[98]</a> Because the language has traditionally been oral, many Roma are native speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">dominant language</a> in their country of residence, or else of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a> that combine the dominant language with a dialect of Romani in <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">para-Romani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[99]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Names of the Romani people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romani-language_endonyms">Romani-language endonyms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Romani-language endonyms">edit</a>]</div> Rom literally means husband in the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[101]</a> with the plural Roma. The feminine of Rom in the Romani language is Romni/Romli/Romnije or Romlije. However, in most other languages Rom is now used for individuals regardless of gender.<a href="#cite_note-words-114">[102]</a> It has the variants dom and lom, which may be related to the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> words dam-pati (lord of the house, husband), dama (to subdue), lom (hair), lomaka (hairy), loman, roman (hairy), romaça (man with beard and long hair).<a href="#cite_note-115">[103]</a> Another possible origin is from Sanskrit डोम <a href="/wiki/Doms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doms">doma</a> (member of a <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">low caste</a> of travelling musicians and dancers). Despite their presence in the country and neighboring nations, the word is not related in any way to the name of Romania. Romani is the feminine adjective, while Romano is the masculine adjective. Some Romanies use Rom or Roma as an ethnic name, while others (such as the Sinti, or the Romanichal) do not use this term as a self-description for the entire ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xix-116">[104]</a> Sometimes, rom and romani are spelled with a double r, i.e., rrom and rromani. In this case rr is used to represent the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> <a href="/wiki/Uvular_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular trill">/ʀ/</a> (also written as ř and rh), which in some Romani dialects has remained different from the one written with a single r. The rr spelling is common in certain institutions (such as the <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_langues_et_civilisations_orientales" title="Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales">INALCO Institute</a> in Paris), or used in certain countries, e.g., Romania, to distinguish from the <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>/<a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homonym</a> for <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> (sg. român, pl. români).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xxi-117">[105]</a> In Norway, Romani is used exclusively for an older <a href="/wiki/Northern_Romani_dialects" title="Northern Romani dialects">Northern Romani</a>-speaking population (which arrived in the 16th century) while Rom/Romanes is used to describe <a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani_language" title="Vlax Romani language">Vlax Romani</a>-speaking groups that migrated since the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-118">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English-language_endonyms">English-language endonyms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English-language endonyms">edit</a>]</div> In the English language (according to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>), Rom is both a noun (with the plural Roma or Roms) and an adjective. Similarly, Romani (Romany) is both a noun (with the plural Romani, the Romani, Romanies, or Romanis) and an adjective. Both Rom and Romani have been in use in English since the 19th century as an alternative for Gypsy.<a href="#cite_note-119">[107]</a> Romani was sometimes spelled Rommany, but more often Romany, while today Romani is the most popular spelling. Occasionally, the double r spelling (e.g., Rroma, Rromani) mentioned above is also encountered in English texts. The term Roma is increasingly encountered<a href="#cite_note-120">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[109]</a> as a generic term for the Roma.<a href="#cite_note-122">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garner-123">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[112]</a> Because not all Roma use the word Romani as an adjective, the term became a noun for the entire ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xx-125">[113]</a> Today, the term Romani is used by some organizations, including the United Nations and the US Library of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xxi-117">[105]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and other organizations consider that Roma is the correct term referring to all related groups, regardless of their country of origin, and recommend that Romani be restricted to the language and culture: <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Romani culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-words-114">[102]</a> The British government uses the term "Roma" as a sub-group of "<a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>" in its ethnic classification system.<a href="#cite_note-126">[114]</a> The standard assumption is that the <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonyms</a> of the Roma, <a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a>, share the same origin.<a href="#cite_note-127">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_designations">Other designations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other designations">edit</a>]</div> The English <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> Gypsy (or Gipsy) originates from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> gypcian, short for Egipcien. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> term Gitano and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> Gitan have similar etymologies. They are ultimately derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> Αιγύπτιοι (Aigyptioi), meaning "Egyptian", via <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. This designation owes its existence to the belief, common in the Middle Ages, that the Roma, or some related group (such as the Indian <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom people</a>), were itinerant <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Soulis-129">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-White_1999-130">[118]</a> This belief appears to be derived from verses in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> (29: 6 and 12–13) which refer to the Egyptians being scattered among the nations by an angry God. According to one narrative, they were exiled from Egypt as punishment for allegedly harbouring the <a href="/wiki/Child_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Jesus">infant Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1992-131">[119]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/The_Zincali" title="The Zincali">The Zincali: an account of the Gypsies of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Borrow" title="George Borrow">George Borrow</a> notes that when they first appeared in Germany, it was under the character of Egyptians doing penance for their having refused hospitality to Mary and her son. As described in <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a>, the medieval French referred to the Romanies as Égyptiens. These exonyms are sometimes written with capital letter, to show that they designate an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[120]</a> However, the word is often considered derogatory because of its negative and stereotypical associations.<a href="#cite_note-Garner-123">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-RomaReport-135">[123]</a> The Council of Europe consider that "Gypsy" or equivalent terms, as well as administrative terms such as "Gens du Voyage" are not in line with European recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-words-114">[102]</a> In Britain, many Roma proudly identify as "Gypsies",<a href="#cite_note-136">[124]</a> and, as part of the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller grouping, this is the name used to describe all para-Romani groups in official contexts.<a href="#cite_note-uk_gov-137">[125]</a> In North America, the word Gypsy is most commonly used as a reference to Romani ethnicity, though lifestyle and fashion are at times also referenced by using this word.<a href="#cite_note-138">[126]</a> Another designation of the Roma is Cingane (alternatively Çingene, Tsinganoi, Zigar, Zigeuner, Tschingaren), likely deriving from the Persian word چنگانه (chingane), derived from the Turkic word çıgañ, meaning poor person.<a href="#cite_note-139">[127]</a> It is also possible that the origin of this word is <a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a>, the name of a Christian sect with whom the Roma (or some related group) could have become associated in the past.<a href="#cite_note-White_1999-130">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Starr-140">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_and_subgroups">Population and subgroups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Population and subgroups">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romani_populations">Romani populations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Romani populations">edit</a>]</div> There is no official or reliable count of the Romani populations worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-143">[131]</a> Many Roma refuse to register their ethnic identity in official censuses for a variety of reasons, such as fear of discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-144">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[133]</a> Others are descendants of intermarriage with local populations, some who no longer identify only as Romani and some who do not identify as Romani at all. Then, too, some countries do not collect data by ethnicity. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg/170px-Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg/255px-Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg/340px-Francisco_Iturrino_Two_Gypsies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3273" /></a><figcaption>Two Gypsies by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Iturrino" title="Francisco Iturrino">Francisco Iturrino</a></figcaption></figure> Despite these challenges to getting an accurate picture of the Romani dispersal, there were an estimated 10 million in Europe (as of 2019),<a href="#cite_note-146">[134]</a> although some Romani organizations have given earlier estimates as high as 14 million.<a href="#cite_note-147">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[136]</a> Significant Romani populations are found in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, in some central European states, in Spain, France, Russia and Ukraine. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, there are an estimated 6 million Roma.<a href="#cite_note-149">[137]</a> Outside Europe there may be several million more Roma, in particular in the Middle East and the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-PanPfeil2003-150">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romani_subgroups">Romani subgroups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Romani subgroups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolme_romaninaista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kolme_romaninaista.jpg/220px-Kolme_romaninaista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kolme_romaninaista.jpg/330px-Kolme_romaninaista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kolme_romaninaista.jpg/440px-Kolme_romaninaista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Kàlo</a> Romani women in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland, 1930s</figcaption></figure> The Roma may identify as distinct ethnicities based in part on territorial, cultural and <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectal</a> differences, and self-designation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock20012-152">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras20025-153">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Names_of_the_Romani_People-154">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[143]</a> Like the Roma in general, many different <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonyms</a> are given to subgroups of Roma. Sometimes a subgroup uses more than one <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>, is commonly known by an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> or erroneously by the endonym of another subgroup. The only name approaching an all-encompassing self-description is Rom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a> Even when subgroups do not use the name, they all acknowledge a common origin and a dichotomy between themselves and <a href="/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadjo (non-Romani)">Gadjo</a> (non-Roma).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a> For instance, while the main group of Roma in <a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_German_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where German is an official language">German-speaking countries</a> refer to themselves as <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a>, their name for their original language is Romanes. Subgroups have been described as, in part, a result of the castes and subcastes in India, which the founding population of Rom almost certainly experienced in their south Asian <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">urheimat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg/220px-Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg/330px-Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg/440px-Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a>: Interior of a gipsy's house in Brazil (c. 1820)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_(8678055650).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%288678055650%29.jpg/220px-Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%288678055650%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%288678055650%29.jpg/330px-Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%288678055650%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%288678055650%29.jpg/440px-Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%288678055650%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Gypsies camping. <a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kalá</a> Roma near <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> in Wales, 1953</figcaption></figure> Many groups use names derived from the Romani word kalo or calo, meaning "black" or "absorbing all light". This closely resembles words for "black" or "dark" in <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> काल <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la_(time)#Etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāla (time)">kāla</a>: "black", "of a dark colour").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a> Likewise, the name of the <a href="/wiki/Domba" class="mw-redirect" title="Domba">Dom</a> or Domba people of north India—with whom the Roma have genetic,<a href="#cite_note-158">[146]</a> cultural and linguistic links—has come to imply "dark-skinned" in some Indian languages.<a href="#cite_note-159">[147]</a> Hence, names such as kale and calé may have originated as an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> for Roma. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg/220px-Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg/330px-Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg/440px-Romi_z_medvedom_v_%C5%A0marci_leta_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a> Roma in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0marca" title="Šmarca">Šmarca</a>, Slovenia, 1934</figcaption></figure> Other endonyms for Roma include, for example: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a> (also Erlides, Yerli, meaning "local", from the Turkish word Yerli) in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and Turkey to describe sedentary Muslim Roma.</li> <li>Bashaldé – <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Slovakia" title="Hungarians in Slovakia">Hungarian-Slovak</a> Roma diaspora in the US from the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-160">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a> (also Carpathian Roma), Poland, mainly <a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Goral</a> lands. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Romani people in Poland</a></div></li> <li>Çerge also Čergarja (<a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomad</a>), Nomadic Lifestyle Muslim Roma in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and Turkey.</li> <li>Calé, the <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> used by both the <a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Spanish Roma</a> (gitanos) and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portuguese Roma</a> (ciganos).<a href="#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-161">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> is the language spoken by the Calé.</li> <li>Dasikane or Daskane, meaning "slaves" or "servants"; a <a href="/wiki/Religionym_and_confessionym" title="Religionym and confessionym">religionym and confessionym</a> for Orthodox Christian Roma in the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garachi" title="Garachi">Garachi</a> Shia Islam followers Roma people in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbeti" title="Gurbeti">Gurbeti</a> Muslim Roma in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>, Turkey and Balkans.</li> <li>Horahane or Xoraxai, also known as "Turkish Roma" or "Muslim Roma", a <a href="/wiki/Religionym_and_confessionym" title="Religionym and confessionym">religionym and confessionym</a> in the Balkans for <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Muslim Roma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Kaale</a>, in Finland and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-161">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kale (Welsh Romanies)">Kale</a>, Kalá, or Valshanange – a <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a> endonym used by some Roma clans in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[m]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> also live in Wales.) Roma in Spain are also attributed to the Kale.<a href="#cite_note-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_–_CIS-13">[12]</a></li> <li>Lalleri, from Austria, Germany, and the western <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (including the former <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>).<a href="#cite_note-163">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a>, chiefly in Central Europe, speaking a <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">dialect of Romani</a> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>;<a href="#cite_note-167">[154]</a> known in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> as Machvaya, Machavaya, Machwaya or Macwaia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuli" title="Lyuli">Lyuli</a>, in Central Asian countries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a>, largest Romani subgroup in Poland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Romani people in Poland</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Rom</a> in Italy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Roma</a> in Romania, commonly known by ethnic Romanians as țigani, including many subgroups defined by occupation: <ul><li>Argintari "<a href="/wiki/Silversmiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Silversmiths">silversmiths</a>."<a href="#cite_note-rom3-168">[155]</a></li> <li>Aurari "<a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a>."<a href="#cite_note-rom3-168">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a>, also known as Băieși, Lingurari, Ludar, Ludari, or Rudari, who coalesced in the <a href="/wiki/Apuseni_Mountains" title="Apuseni Mountains">Apuseni Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. Băieși is a Romanian word for "miners." Lingurari means "spoon makers",<a href="#cite_note-169">[156]</a> and Ludar (sing.), Ludari (pl.), and Rudari may mean "woodworkers" or "miners".<a href="#cite_note-170">[157]</a> (There is a semantic overlap due to the <a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophony</a> or merging of <a href="/wiki/Headword" class="mw-redirect" title="Headword">lemmas</a> with different meanings from at least two languages: the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> rudar "miner", and ruda "stick", "staff", "rod", "bar", "pole" (in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, rúd,<a href="#cite_note-171">[158]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, rudă).<a href="#cite_note-172">[159]</a></li> <li>Churari<a href="#cite_note-173">[160]</a> (from Romanian ciurari "sieve-makers")</li> <li>Colari "carpet dealers"<a href="#cite_note-174">[161]</a></li> <li>Florari "<a href="/wiki/Flower_seller" title="Flower seller">flower-sellers.</a>"<a href="#cite_note-rom3-168">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a>, from Romanian căldărar, literally "bucket-maker", meaning "kettle-maker", "tinsmith", "tinker"; also in Poland, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-rom3-168">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">Lăutari</a> "musicians" (lăută = <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>).<a href="#cite_note-rom3-168">[155]</a></li> <li>Ungaritza (<a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmiths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bladesmith" title="Bladesmith">bladesmiths</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a> "<a href="/wiki/Animal_training#Wild_animals" title="Animal training">"dancing bears" trainers</a>" (from Romanian urs "bear").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a></li> <li>Zlătari "goldsmiths."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Roma">Roma</a> or Romové, Czech Republic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Roma">Roma</a> or Rómovia, Slovakia.<a href="#cite_note-175">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a>, in the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-161">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a> emigrated also to the <a href="/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma in the United States">United States</a>, Canada and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-176">[163]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg/220px-Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg/330px-Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg/440px-Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardo_(Romani_wagon)" title="Vardo (Romani wagon)">vardo</a> pictured at the Great Dorset Steam Fair in 2007, England</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Romanisæl</a>, in Norway and Sweden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Romanlar</a>, Turkish-speaking Muslim Roma in Turkey, also called Çingene or Şopar, with all subgroups, who are named after their professions, like: <ul><li>Cambazı (<a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse_trading" title="Horse trading">horse trading</a>)</li> <li>Sünnetçi (<a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumciser</a>)</li> <li>Kuyumcu (<a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmith</a>)</li> <li>Subaşı (soldier or butler)</li> <li>Çiçekçi (<a href="/wiki/Flower_seller" title="Flower seller">flower-seller</a>)</li> <li>Sepetçi (<a href="/wiki/Basketmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketmaker">basket-maker</a>)</li> <li>Ayıcı (<a href="/wiki/Bear-leader" title="Bear-leader">bear-leader</a>)</li> <li>Kalaycı (<a href="/wiki/Tinsmith" title="Tinsmith">tinsmith</a>)</li> <li>Müzisyen (musician)</li> <li>Şarkıcı (singer)</li> <li>Demirci (<a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a>) etc., but the majority of Turkish Roma work as <a href="/wiki/Day_labor" title="Day labor">day laborers</a> too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">Roms</a> or Manouche (from manush, "people" in Romani) in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romungro" class="mw-redirect" title="Romungro">Romungro</a> or Carpathian Roma from eastern Hungary and neighbouring parts of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians.</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[165]</a></li> <li>Sepečides, meaning "basket-maker"; Muslim Roma in <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">West Thrace</a>, Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> or Zinti, predominantly in Germany,<a href="#cite_note-jurova_endonyma-161">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001-179">[166]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>; Sinti do not refer to themselves as Roma, although their language is called Romanes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHübshmanová2003-156">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zargari people">Zargari people</a>, Shia Muslim Roma in Iran, who once came from Rumelia/Southern Bulgaria from the Maritsa Valley in Ottoman times and settled in Persia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png/220px-Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png/330px-Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png/440px-Visiting_Romani_-_The_Australasian_1898.png 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="4028" /></a><figcaption>"Visiting Gipsies", article from Australian newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Australasian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Australasian">The Australasian</a>, 1898</figcaption></figure> The Romani people have a number of distinct populations, the largest being the Roma, who reached <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> about the early 12th century from a migration out of northwestern India beginning about 600 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-180">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Comas-181">[168]</a> The Roma migrated throughout Europe and Iberian Calé or Caló. The first Roma to come to the United States arrived in Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and Louisiana during the 1500s.<a href="#cite_note-182">[169]</a> Romani slaves were first shipped to the Americas with Columbus in 1498.<a href="#cite_note-183">[170]</a> Spain sent Romani slaves to their Louisiana colony between 1762 and 1800.<a href="#cite_note-184">[171]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Afro-Romani" title="Afro-Romani">Afro-Romani</a> community exists in <a href="/wiki/St._Martin_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Martin Parish, Louisiana">St. Martin Parish</a> due to intermarriage of freed <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> and Romani slaves.<a href="#cite_note-185">[172]</a> The Romani population in the United States is estimated at more than one million.<a href="#cite_note-186">[n]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsies_Ellis_Island_1905_Sherman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gypsies_Ellis_Island_1905_Sherman.jpg/300px-Gypsies_Ellis_Island_1905_Sherman.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gypsies_Ellis_Island_1905_Sherman.jpg/450px-Gypsies_Ellis_Island_1905_Sherman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gypsies_Ellis_Island_1905_Sherman.jpg/600px-Gypsies_Ellis_Island_1905_Sherman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>Romani people in <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, 1905</figcaption></figure> In Brazil, the Roma are mainly called ciganos by non-Romani Brazilians. Most of them belong to the ethnic subgroup Calés (Kale) of the Iberian peninsula. <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a>, Brazil's president from 1956 to 1961, was 50% Czech Romani by his mother's bloodline, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Lu%C3%ADs" title="Washington Luís">Washington Luís</a>, the last president of the <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First Brazilian Republic</a> (1926–1930), had <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Kale</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-187">[173]</a> Persecution against the Roma has led to many of the cultural practices being extinguished, hidden or modified to survive in a country that has excluded them ethnically and culturally. The very common carnivals throughout Brazil are one of the few spaces in which the Roma can still express their cultural traditions, including the so-called "carnival wedding" in which a boy is disguised as a bride and the famous "Romaní dance", picturesquely simulated with the women of the town parading in their traditional attire.<a href="#cite_note-188">[174]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Countries with a significant Romani population according to unofficial estimates. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  + 1,000,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  + 100,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  + 10,000</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_origin">Indian origin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indian origin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History of the Romani people</a></div> Genetic findings show an Indian origin for Roma.<a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-180">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Comas-181">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[175]</a> Because Romani groups did not keep chronicles of their history or have oral accounts of it, most hypotheses about early Romani migration are based on linguistic theory.<a href="#cite_note-190">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shahnameh_legend">Shahnameh legend</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shahnameh legend">edit</a>]</div> According to a legend reported in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> epic poem, the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahrām V Gōr</a> learned towards the end of his reign (421–439) that the poor could not afford to enjoy music, and so he asked the king of India to send him ten thousand <a href="/wiki/Lori_people" title="Lori people">luris</a>, lute-playing experts. When the luris arrived, Bahrām gave each one an ox, a donkey, and a donkey-load of wheat so they could live on agriculture and play music for free for the poor. However, the luris ate the oxen and the wheat and came back a year later with their cheeks hollowed by hunger. The king, angered with their having wasted what he had given them, ordered them to pack up their bags and go wandering around the world on their donkeys.<a href="#cite_note-GYPSY_i-191">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_evidence">Linguistic evidence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Linguistic evidence">edit</a>]</div> Linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that the roots of the Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a large part of the basic lexicon.<a href="#cite_note-mluvnice-192">[178]</a> Romani and <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> share some similarities: <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a> of postpositions of the second layer (or <a href="/wiki/Case_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Case marking">case-marking</a> clitics) to the nominal stem, concord markers for the past tense, the neutralisation of gender marking in the plural, and the use of the oblique case as an accusative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras200248-193">[179]</a> This has prompted much discussion about the relationships between these two languages. Domari was once thought to be a "sister language" of Romani, the two languages having split after the departure from the Indian subcontinent—but later research suggests that the differences between them are significant enough to treat them as two separate languages within the <a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">central zone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>) group of languages. The Dom and the Rom, therefore, likely descend from two migration waves from India separated by several centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Domari-194">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-ROMANI_ORIGINS-195">[181]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, the Romani language shares several isoglosses with the Central branch of Indo-Aryan languages, especially in the realization of some sounds of the Old Indo-Aryan. However, it also preserves several dental clusters. In regards to verb morphology, Romani follows exactly the same pattern of northwestern languages such as <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> through the adoption of oblique enclitic pronouns as person markers, lending credence to the theory of their Central Indian origin and a subsequent migration to northwestern India. Though the retention of dental clusters suggests a break from central languages during the transition from Old to Middle Indo-Aryan, the overall morphology suggests that the language participated in some of the significant developments leading toward the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#New_Indo-Aryan" title="Indo-Aryan languages">New Indo-Aryan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-196">[182]</a> The following table presents the <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lomavren" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomavren">Lomavren</a> languages, with the corresponding terms in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> to demonstrate the similarities.<a href="#cite_note-197">[183]</a> Note that the Romani numerals 7 through 9 have been borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Greek</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">Languages</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">Numbers</div> </th> <th>Romani </th> <th>Domari </th> <th>Lomavren </th> <th>Sanskrit </th> <th>Hindi </th> <th>Odia </th> <th>Sinhala </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>ekh, jekh </td> <td>yika </td> <td>yak, yek </td> <td>éka </td> <td>ēk </td> <td>ēkå </td> <td>eka </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>duj </td> <td>dī </td> <td>lui </td> <td>dvá </td> <td>dō </td> <td>dui </td> <td>deka </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>trin </td> <td>tærən </td> <td>tərin </td> <td>trí </td> <td>tīn </td> <td>tini </td> <td>thuna/thri </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>štar </td> <td>štar </td> <td>išdör </td> <td>catvā́raḥ </td> <td>cār </td> <td>cāri </td> <td>hathara/sathara </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>pandž </td> <td>pandž </td> <td>pendž </td> <td>páñca </td> <td>pā̃c </td> <td>pāñcå </td> <td>paha </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>šov </td> <td>šaš </td> <td>šeš </td> <td>ṣáṭ </td> <td>chaḥ </td> <td>chåå </td> <td>haya/saya    </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>ifta </td> <td>xaut </td> <td>haft </td> <td>saptá </td> <td>sāt </td> <td>sātå </td> <td>hata/satha </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>oxto </td> <td>xaišt </td> <td>hašt </td> <td>aṣṭá </td> <td>āṭh </td> <td>āṭhå </td> <td>ata </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>inja </td> <td>na </td> <td>nu </td> <td>náva </td> <td>nau </td> <td>nåå </td> <td>nawaya </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>deš </td> <td>des </td> <td>las </td> <td>dáśa </td> <td>das </td> <td>dåśå </td> <td>dahaya </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>biš </td> <td>wīs </td> <td>vist </td> <td>viṃśatí </td> <td>bīs </td> <td>kōṛiē </td> <td>wissa </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td>šel </td> <td>saj </td> <td>saj </td> <td>śata </td> <td>sau </td> <td>såhē </td> <td>siiya/shathakaya </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_evidence">Genetic evidence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genetic evidence">edit</a>]</div> Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Roma originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.<a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-180">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Comas-181">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[184]</a> According to the study, the ancestors of present <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">scheduled caste and scheduled tribe</a> populations of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">northern India</a>, traditionally referred to collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Dom_(caste)" title="Dom (caste)">Ḍoma</a>, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.<a href="#cite_note-199">[185]</a> In December 2012, additional findings appeared to confirm that the "Roma came from a single group that left northwestern India about 1,500 years ago".<a href="#cite_note-Comas-181">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[188]</a> They reached the Balkans about 900 years ago<a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-180">[167]</a> and then spread throughout Europe. The team also found that the Roma displayed genetic isolation, as well as "differential gene flow in time and space with non-Romani Europeans".<a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-180">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Comas-181">[168]</a> Genetic research published in the <a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="European Journal of Human Genetics">European Journal of Human Genetics</a> "has revealed that over 70% of males belong to a single lineage that appears unique to the Roma".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-203">[189]</a> Genetic evidence supports the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> migration from India. The Roma have been described as "a conglomerate of genetically isolated founder populations",<a href="#cite_note-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001-179">[166]</a> while a number of common <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mendelian_traits_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mendelian traits in humans">Mendelian</a> disorders among Roma from all over Europe indicates "a common origin and <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Kalaydjieva_et_al_2001-179">[166]</a> A 2020 whole-genome study confirmed the northwest Indian origins, and also confirmed substantial Balkan and Middle Eastern ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-204">[190]</a> A study from 2001 by Gresham et al. suggests "a limited number of related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting from a distinct caste or tribal group".<a href="#cite_note-David_Gresham-205">[191]</a> The same study found that "a single lineage... found across Romani populations, accounts for almost one-third of Romani males".<a href="#cite_note-David_Gresham-205">[191]</a> A 2004 study by Morar et al. concluded that the Romani population "was founded approximately 32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16–25 generations ago".<a href="#cite_note-Morar2004-206">[192]</a> Haplogroup H-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a> group, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-Pericic2005-207">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup H</a> is uncommon in Europe but present in the Indian subcontinent and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. A study of 444 people representing three ethnic groups in North Macedonia found mtDNA haplogroups M5a1 and H7a1a were dominant in Romanies (13.7% and 10.3%, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-208">[194]</a> Y-DNA composition of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Muslim Roma</a> from <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uto_Orizari_Municipality" title="Šuto Orizari Municipality">Šuto Orizari Municipality</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, based on 57 samples:<a href="#cite_note-Pericic2005-207">[193]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup H</a> – 59.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup E</a> – 29.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup I</a> – 5.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup R</a> – 3.%, of which the half are <a href="/wiki/R1b" class="mw-redirect" title="R1b">R1b</a> and many are <a href="/wiki/R1a" class="mw-redirect" title="R1a">R1a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup G</a> – 1.8%</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg/220px-Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg/330px-Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg/440px-Bihari_S%C3%A1ndor_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_el%C5%91tt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Rom</a> makes a complaint to a local magistrate in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Bihari" title="Sándor Bihari">Sándor Bihari</a>, 1886</figcaption></figure> Y-DNA Haplogroup H1a occurs in Roma at frequencies 7–70%. Unlike ethnic Hungarians, among Hungarian and Slovakian Roma subpopulations <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-V68" title="Haplogroup E-V68">Haplogroup E-M78</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I1" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I1">I1</a> usually occur above 10% and sometimes over 20%, while among Slovakian and <a href="/wiki/Tiszavasvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiszavasvari">Tiszavasvari</a> Roma, the dominant haplogroup is H1a; among <a href="/wiki/Tokaj" title="Tokaj">Tokaj</a> Roma it is <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup J2">Haplogroup J2a</a> (23%); and among <a href="/wiki/Taktahark%C3%A1ny" title="Taktaharkány">Taktaharkány</a> Roma, it is <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438" title="Haplogroup I-M438">Haplogroup I2a</a> (21%).<a href="#cite_note-s009.radikal.ru-209">[195]</a> Five rather consistent founder lineages throughout the subpopulations were found among Roma – J-M67 and J-M92 (J2), H-M52 (H1a1), and I-P259 (I1). Haplogroup I-P259 as H is not found at frequencies of over 3% among host populations, while haplogroups E and I are absent in south Asia. The lineages E-V13, I-P37 (I2a) and R-M17 (R1a) may represent gene flow from the host populations. Bulgarian, Romanian and Greek Roma are dominated by Haplogroup H-M82 (H1a1), while among Spanish Roma J2 is prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-roman-210">[196]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> among <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> Roma Haplogroup H prevails, while among <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> Roma, H drops to 7 percent and E-V13 rises to a prevailing level.<a href="#cite_note-211">[197]</a> Among non-Roma Europeans, Haplogroup H is extremely rare, peaking at 7% among <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[198]</a> and 11% among <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks#Genetic_origins" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a>. It occurs at 5% among <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-s009.radikal.ru-209">[195]</a> although the carriers might be of Romani origin.<a href="#cite_note-roman-210">[196]</a> Among non-Roma-speaking Europeans, it occurs at 2% among <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Petrejcíková_et_al_2010-213">[199]</a> 2% among <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-214">[200]</a> 1% among Macedonians from Skopje, 3% among <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Albanians">Macedonian Albanians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[201]</a> 1% among <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pericic2005-207">[193]</a> 3% among Bulgarians from Sofia,<a href="#cite_note-216">[202]</a> 1% among Austrians and Swiss,<a href="#cite_note-217">[203]</a> 3% among Romanians from <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a>, and 1% among <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petrejcíková_et_al_2010-213">[199]</a> The Ottoman occupation of the Balkans also left a significant genetic mark on the Y-DNA of the Roma there, creating a higher frequency of Haplogroups J and E3b in Romani populations from the region.<a href="#cite_note-218">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Full_genome_analysis">Full genome analysis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Full genome analysis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haplogroup_H_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Haplogroup_H_map.png/220px-Haplogroup_H_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Haplogroup_H_map.png/330px-Haplogroup_H_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Haplogroup_H_map.png/440px-Haplogroup_H_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>The most common paternal haplogroup among Roma is the South Asian Y-chromosome H, most commonly found among <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pericic2005-207">[193]</a></figcaption></figure> A full genome autosomal DNA study on 186 Roma samples from Europe in 2019 found that modern Romani people are characterized by a common <a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">south Asian</a> origin and a complex admixture from <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a>, Middle East, and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>-derived ancestries. The autosomal genetic data links the proto-Roma to groups in northwest India (specifically <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a> samples), as well as, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian-speaking</a> groups in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">southeastern India</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Irula_people" title="Irula people">Irula</a>). The paternal lineages of Roma are most common in southern and central India among Dravidian-speaking populations. The authors argue that this may point to a <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a> among the early Roma during their ethnogenesis or shortly after they migrated out of the Indian subcontinent. In addition, they theorized of a possible low-<a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a>) origin for the Proto-Roma, since they were genetically closer to the Punjabi cluster that lacks a common marker characteristic of high castes, which is West Euroasian admixing.<a href="#cite_note-219">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_migration_route">Possible migration route</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Possible migration route">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Movimiento_gitano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Movimiento_gitano.jpg/300px-Movimiento_gitano.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Movimiento_gitano.jpg/450px-Movimiento_gitano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Movimiento_gitano.jpg/600px-Movimiento_gitano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>The migration of the Roma through the Middle East and Northern Africa to Europe</figcaption></figure> The Roma may have emerged from what is the modern Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, migrating to the northwest (the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>) around 250 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinov2019-220">[206]</a> Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed to have occurred beginning in about 500 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Comas-181">[168]</a> It has also been suggested that emigration from India may have taken place in the context of the raids by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>. As these soldiers were defeated, they were moved west with their families into the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Hertfordshire_Press-221">[207]</a> The author <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lilley_Turner" title="Ralph Lilley Turner">Ralph Lilley Turner</a> theorised a central Indian origin of Romani followed by a migration to northwest India as it shares a number of ancient <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a> with <a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">central Indo-Aryan languages</a> in relation to realization of some sounds of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#Old_Indo-Aryan" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Old Indo-Aryan</a>. This is lent further credence by its sharing exactly the same pattern of northwestern languages such as <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> through the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a> <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">enclitic</a> pronouns as person markers. The overall morphology suggests that Romani participated in some of the significant developments leading toward the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#New_Indo-Aryan" title="Indo-Aryan languages">New Indo-Aryan languages</a>, thus indicating that the proto-Roma did not leave the Indian subcontinent until late in the second half of the first millennium.<a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-196">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[208]</a> The first Romani people are believed to have arrived in Europe via the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> in the 13th or 14th century. Romani people began migrating to other parts of the continent during the 15th and 16th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-:0-223">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-224">[210]</a> In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, then <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Indian Minister of External Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a> stated that the people of the Romani community were children of India.<a href="#cite_note-225">[211]</a> The conference ended with a recommendation to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">government of India</a> to recognize the Romani community spread across 30 countries as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-diaspora-226">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_identities_conflated_with_the_Roma">Ethnic identities conflated with the Roma</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnic identities conflated with the Roma">edit</a>]</div> Even though genetic studies confirmed that the Romani people originated in India<a href="#cite_note-227">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[214]</a> and their language is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras2002240-109">[97]</a> they have a long history of taking on different identities of various ethnic groups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romaei/Eastern_Romans">Romaei/Eastern Romans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Romaei/Eastern Romans">edit</a>]</div> With the Roma fleeing the Muslim conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> in Northern India in the early 11th century,<a href="#cite_note-DAA-229">[215]</a> they arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> by the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-230">[216]</a> The name Roma/Romani is similar to Romaei (Ῥωμαῖοι), or Rhomaioi/Romioi (Ῥωμαῖοι/Ῥωμηοί/Ρωμιοί, "Romans") (the <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Eastern Romans/Byzantines</a>) from which the name could have originated. Roma is also similar to their original <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:डोम">डोम</a> (ḍoma) meaning "drummer", with the <a href="/wiki/Dom_(caste)" title="Dom (caste)">Doma</a> being dancers and musicians and a sub-group of the <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> caste.<a href="#cite_note-231">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Athinganoi">edit</a>]</div> In the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire the Roma also took on the identity of the ethnic religious group, the <a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a> (Greek: Αθίγγανοι). They were a <a href="/wiki/Manicheanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicheanism">Manichaean</a> sect<a href="#cite_note-233">[219]</a> regarded as Judaizing heretics who lived in Phrygia and <a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a> but were neither Hebrews nor <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a>. They kept the Sabbath, but were not circumcised. They were <a href="/wiki/Shomer_nagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shomer nagia">Shomer nagia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[220]</a> The word "Athiganoi" is where the Turkish name Ciganos as well as the Romanian name țigani come from, as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> had some linguistic and cultural influence on the neighbouring medieval Romanian principalities of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>. The Turkish Ottomans <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">conquered the Byzantine Empire</a> in the 15th century, hence they ruled over the Roma (Ciganos) as well. Today, Turkey has the highest Romani population.<a href="#cite_note-immigration-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptians">Egyptians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Egyptians">edit</a>]</div> Some terms for the Romani people trace their origin to conflation with <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>. The English term Gypsy (or Gipsy) originates from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> gypcian, short for Egipcien. The Spanish term Gitano and French Gitan have similar etymologies. They are ultimately derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> Αιγύπτιοι (Aigyptioi), meaning "Egyptian", via <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. This designation owes its existence to the belief, common in the Middle Ages, that the Roma, or some related group (such as the Indian <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom people</a>), were itinerant Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-Soulis-129">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohemians">Bohemians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bohemians">edit</a>]</div> The Roma from <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (today Czech Republic) were called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bohemian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Bohemian">Bohemian</a> (bohémiens in French) because they were believed to have originated ethnically in Bohemia and later came to Western European countries such as France in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-235">[221]</a> The term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bohemian" class="extiw" title="wikt:bohemian">bohemian</a> came to mean carefree, artistic people. The Roma were musicians and dancers as well as circus performers that moved place to place, having an adventurous nomadic lifestyle, away from society's conventional norms and expectations. This lifestyle inspired the 19th-century European artistic movement, <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-236">[222]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie movement</a> of the late 50's and 60's in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-237">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_Travellers">Irish Travellers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Irish Travellers">edit</a>]</div> Because <a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a>, a sub-group of the Irish (having the same ancestral genetics from within the general population of Ireland<a href="#cite_note-238">[224]</a>) lived as nomads,<a href="#cite_note-239">[225]</a> the Roma and the Irish travellers came to be conflated with each other and in time some of the Roma mixed with some of the native Irish travellers (beginning in the 1650s) because of proximity and similar nomadic traditions.<a href="#cite_note-240">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gmelch-1991-1986-241">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yenish_people">Yenish people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Yenish people">edit</a>]</div> Similar to the Irish Travellers, the <a href="/wiki/Yenish_people" title="Yenish people">Yenish people</a> were confused with the Roma because they were nomadic and itinerant people. The Yenish people have origins in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, mostly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg and Belgium. The Yenish descended from members of the marginalized and vagrant poor classes of society in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">Germanic-speaking regions</a> in Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. Most of the Yenish became sedentary in the course of the mid-19th to 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-242">[228]</a> The culture of the Irish Travellers and the Yenish people in Western Europe and the culture of the Roma are different while having the nomadic and itinerant similarity.<a href="#cite_note-243">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland198614-244">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_people_and_Romanians">Balkan people and Romanians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Balkan people and Romanians">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Forced sterilisation</a> carried out in several European countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, in the mid to late 20th century led to a decrease in Romani populations in those countries.<a href="#cite_note-246">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[234]</a> Countries in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South Eastern Europe</a> that had not carried out forced sterilisation, such as <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, experienced steady increases of Roma birth rates during the 20th century that continue to this day, mainly because of the Roma tradition to <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marry young</a> (in their early teens).<a href="#cite_note-249">[235]</a> Once <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">communism fell in Eastern Europe</a> and travel restrictions were lifted as well as Eastern European countries <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">joining the European Union in the 2000's</a>, it was easier for the Eastern European Roma to <a href="/wiki/Mass_migration" title="Mass migration">mass migrate</a> to Western Europe. Often, Romania is wrongly identified as the place of origin of the Roma because of the similar name Roma/Romani and Romanians. Romanians derive their name from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/romanus" class="extiw" title="wikt:romanus">romanus</a>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman</a>",<a href="#cite_note-250">[236]</a> referencing the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman conquest of Dacia</a>. (The <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> were a sub-group of the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>.) Romanian genetics show ancient Balkan ancestry (Thracian ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-251">[237]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_the_Balkans" title="Slavic migrations to the Balkans">Slavic</a> ancestry<a href="#cite_note-slav-252">[238]</a> and not Indian ancestry like the Roma. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History of the Romani people</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Romani_history" title="Timeline of Romani history">Timeline of Romani history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_in_Europe">Arrival in Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arrival in Europe">edit</a>]</div> According to a 2012 genomic study, the Roma reached the Balkans as early as the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-180">[167]</a> A document of 1068, describing an event in Constantinople, mentions "Atsingani", probably referring to Roma.<a href="#cite_note-THiM-253">[239]</a> Later historical records of the Roma reaching southeastern Europe are from the 14th century: in 1322, after leaving Ireland on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Irish <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> friar <a href="/wiki/Symon_Semeonis" title="Symon Semeonis">Symon Semeonis</a> encountered a migrant group of Roma outside the town of Candia (modern <a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, calling them "the <a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">descendants</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>"; his account is the earliest surviving description by a western chronicler of the Roma in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-254">[240]</a> In 1350, <a href="/wiki/Ludolph_of_Saxony" title="Ludolph of Saxony">Ludolph of Saxony</a> mentioned a similar people with a unique language whom he called Mandapolos, a word possibly derived from the Greek word mantes (meaning prophet or fortune teller).<a href="#cite_note-255">[241]</a> In the 14th century, Roma are recorded in Venetian territories, including <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia" title="Methoni, Messenia">Methoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, and Corfu.<a href="#cite_note-THiM-253">[239]</a> Around 1360, a <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Feudum_Acinganorum" title="Feudum Acinganorum">Feudum Acinganorum</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, which mainly used Romani serfs and to which the Roma on the island were subservient.<a href="#cite_note-256">[242]</a> By the 1440s, they were recorded in Germany;<a href="#cite_note-257">[243]</a> and by the 16th century, Scotland and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-258">[244]</a> Some Roma migrated from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> through north Africa, reaching the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in the 15th century. The two currents met in France.<a href="#cite_note-259">[245]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg/170px-Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg/255px-Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg/340px-Spiezer_Schilling_749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>First arrival of the Romanies outside <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> in the 15th century, described by the chronicler as getoufte heiden ("baptized heathens") and wearing <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a>-style clothing and weapons.<a href="#cite_note-260">[246]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Early modern history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg/170px-Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg/255px-Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg/340px-Carl_d%C2%B4Unker-Gipsy_Family_in_Prison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Gypsy Family in Prison, 1864 painting by <a href="/wiki/Carl_d%C2%B4Unker" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl d´Unker">Carl d´Unker</a>. An actual imprisoned family in Germany served as the models. The reason for their imprisonment remains unknown.</figcaption></figure> Their early history shows a mixed reception. Although 1385 marks the first recorded transaction for a Romani slave in <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, they were issued safe conduct by <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund</a> in 1417. Roma were ordered expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Meissen">Meissen region</a> of Germany in 1416, <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a> in 1471, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in 1493, France in 1504, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> in 1512, Sweden in 1525, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> in 1530 (see <a href="/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1530" title="Egyptians Act 1530">Egyptians Act 1530</a>), and Denmark in 1536. From 1510 onwards, any Rom found in Switzerland was to be executed, while in England (beginning in 1554) and Denmark (beginning of 1589) any Rom who did not leave within a month was to be executed. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> began deportations of Roma to its <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonies</a> in 1538.<a href="#cite_note-kenrick-261">[247]</a> A 1596 English statute gave Roma special privileges that other wanderers lacked. France passed a similar law in 1683. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine the Great of Russia</a> declared the Roma "crown slaves" (a status superior to <a href="/wiki/Serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs">serfs</a>), but also kept them out of certain parts of <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg, Russia">the capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norman_Davies_1996_387–388-262">[248]</a> In 1595, <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_R%C4%83zvan" title="Ștefan Răzvan">Ștefan Răzvan</a> overcame his birth into slavery, and became the <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Voivode</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Moldavian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Moldavian rulers">Prince</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kenrick-261">[247]</a> Since a royal edict by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a> in 1695, Spanish Roma had been restricted to certain towns.<a href="#cite_note-263">[249]</a> An official edict in 1717 restricted them to only 75 towns and districts, so that they would not be concentrated in any one region. In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a>, Roma were arrested and imprisoned by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Monarchy">Spanish Monarchy</a> in 1749. During the latter part of the 17th century, around the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>, both France and the Dutch Republic needed thousands of men to fight. Some recruitment took the form of rounding up vagrants and the poor to work the galleys and provide the armies' labour force. With this background, Roma were targets of both the French and the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-264">[250]</a> After the wars, and into the first decade of the 18th century, Roma were slaughtered with impunity throughout the Dutch Republic. Roma, called 'heiden' (‘heathens’) by the Dutch, wandered throughout the rural areas of Europe and became the societal pariahs of the age. Heidenjachten, translated as "heathen hunt" happened throughout the Dutch Republic in an attempt to eradicate them.<a href="#cite_note-265">[251]</a> Although some Roma could be kept as slaves in Wallachia and Moldavia until <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition</a> in 1856, the majority traveled as free nomads with their wagons, as alluded to in the spoked wheel symbol in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Romani_people" title="Flag of the Romani people">Romani flag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock200125-266">[252]</a> Elsewhere in Europe, they were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, abduction of their children, and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labour</a>. In Britain, Roma were sometimes expelled from small communities or hanged; in France, they were branded, and their heads were shaved; in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, the women were marked by their ears being severed. As a result, large groups of the Roma moved to the East, toward <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a>, which was more tolerant, and <a href="/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Russia</a>, where the Roma were treated more fairly as long as they paid the annual taxes.<a href="#cite_note-267">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romani_palm_reading,_Santiago,_Chile,_1944.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Romani_palm_reading%2C_Santiago%2C_Chile%2C_1944.png/170px-Romani_palm_reading%2C_Santiago%2C_Chile%2C_1944.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Romani_palm_reading%2C_Santiago%2C_Chile%2C_1944.png/255px-Romani_palm_reading%2C_Santiago%2C_Chile%2C_1944.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Romani_palm_reading%2C_Santiago%2C_Chile%2C_1944.png/340px-Romani_palm_reading%2C_Santiago%2C_Chile%2C_1944.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Romani woman conducting a <a href="/wiki/Palm_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm reading">palm reading</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, 1944</figcaption></figure> Roma began emigrating to North America in colonial times, with small groups recorded in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>. Larger-scale <a href="/wiki/Roma_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma in the United States">Roma emigration to the United States</a> began in the 1860s, with Romanichal groups from Great Britain. The most significant number immigrated in the early 20th century, mainly from the Vlax group of <a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a>. Many Roma also settled in South America.<a href="#cite_note-268">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52,_Asperg,_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-52%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> and other Roma about to be deported from Germany, 22 May 1940</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a> committed a systematic <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> against the Roma. In the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>, this genocide is known as the Porajmos.<a href="#cite_note-Milton_estimates-269">[255]</a> Romanies were marked for extermination and sentenced to forced labor and imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>. They were often killed on sight, especially by the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (paramilitary death squads) on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[256]</a> The total number of victims has been variously estimated at between 220,000 and 1,500,000.<a href="#cite_note-hancock2005-271">[257]</a> The Roma were also persecuted in Nazi <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet states</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustaša">Ustaša</a> killed almost the entire Romani population of 25,000. The concentration camp system of <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac</a>, run by the Ustaša militia and the Croat political police, was responsible for the deaths of between 15,000 and 20,000 Roma.<a href="#cite_note-272">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-1945">Post-1945</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Post-1945">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, they were labeled a "socially degraded stratum", and Romani women <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_of_Romani_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterilization of Romani women">were sterilized</a> as part of a state policy to reduce their population. This policy was implemented with large financial incentives, with threats of denying future welfare payments, with misinformation, or after administering drugs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1995-273">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelsinki_Watch1991-274">[260]</a> An official inquiry from the Czech Republic, resulting in a report (December 2005), concluded that the Communist authorities had practised an assimilation policy towards Roma, which "included efforts by social services to control the birth rate in the Romani community. The problem of sexual sterilisation carried out in the Czech Republic, either with improper motivation or illegally, exists," said the Czech Public Defender of Rights, recommending state compensation for women affected between 1973 and 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Denysenko_2007-275">[261]</a> New cases were revealed up until 2004, in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland "all have histories of coercive sterilization of minorities and other groups".<a href="#cite_note-276">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_traditional_culture">Society and traditional culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Society and traditional culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Romani society and culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_(no_caption).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_%28no_caption%29.png/220px-A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_%28no_caption%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_%28no_caption%29.png/330px-A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_%28no_caption%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_%28no_caption%29.png/440px-A_Gipsy_Family_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Munster_in_folio_Basle_1552_%28no_caption%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Münster, Sebastian</a> (1552), "A Gipsy Family", The <a href="/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)" title="Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)">Cosmographia</a> (facsimile of a woodcut), Basle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auguste_Raffet,_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie,_1837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Auguste_Raffet%2C_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie%2C_1837.jpg/220px-Auguste_Raffet%2C_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie%2C_1837.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Auguste_Raffet%2C_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie%2C_1837.jpg/330px-Auguste_Raffet%2C_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie%2C_1837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Auguste_Raffet%2C_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie%2C_1837.jpg/440px-Auguste_Raffet%2C_Famille_tsigane_en_voyage_en_Moldavie%2C_1837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Nomadic Romani family travelling in <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, 1837</figcaption></figure> The traditional Romanies place a high value on the <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a>. Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a> is essential in unmarried women. However, Eastern European Roma are more likely to find it acceptable for girls to have sex before marriage compared to other Eastern Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-277">[263]</a> Both men and women usually marry young; there has been controversy in several countries over the Romani practice of <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[264]</a> Romani law establishes that the man's family must pay a <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> to the bride's parents, but only traditional families still follow it. Once married, the woman joins the husband's family, where her main job is to tend to her husband's and her children's needs and take care of her in-laws. The power structure in the traditional Romani household has at its top the oldest man or grandfather, and men, in general, have more authority than women. Women gain respect and power as they get older. Young wives begin gaining authority once they have children.<a href="#cite_note-279">[265]</a> Traditionally, as can be seen on paintings and photos, some Romani men wear shoulder-length hair and a mustache, as well as an earring. Romani women generally have long hair, and Xoraxane Romani women often dye it blonde with henna.<a href="#cite_note-280">[266]</a> Romani <a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">social behavior</a> has traditionally been regulated by Indian social customs<a href="#cite_note-281">[267]</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Marime" title="Marime">marime</a>" or "marhime") which are still respected by most Roma (and by most older generations of <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a>). This regulation affects many aspects of life and is applied to actions, people and things: parts of <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">the human body</a> are considered impure, the <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">genital organs</a> (because they produce emissions) and the rest of the lower body. Clothes for the lower body, as well as the clothes of <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruating</a> women, are washed separately. Items used for eating are also washed in a different place. Childbirth is considered impure and must occur outside the dwelling place. The mother is deemed to be impure for forty days after giving birth.<a href="#cite_note-282">[268]</a> Death is considered impure, and affects the whole family of the dead, who remain impure for a period of time. In contrast to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremating</a> the dead, Romani dead must be buried.<a href="#cite_note-283">[269]</a> Cremation and burial are both known from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, and both are widely practiced in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> today (the general tendency is for Hindus to practice cremation, though some communities in modern-day south India tend to bury their dead).<a href="#cite_note-284">[270]</a> Animals that are considered to be having unclean habits are not eaten by the community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock200181-285">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belonging_and_exclusion">Belonging and exclusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Belonging and exclusion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romanipen" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanipen">Romanipen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadjo (non-Romani)">Gadjo (non-Romani)</a></div> In Romani philosophy, Romanipen (also romanypen, romanipe, romanype, romanimos, romaimos, romaniya) is the totality of the Romani spirit, <a href="/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Romani culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kris_(Romani_court)" title="Kris (Romani court)">Romani Law</a>, being a Romani, a set of Romani strains.<a href="#cite_note-286">[272]</a> An ethnic Rom is considered a <a href="/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadjo (non-Romani)">gadjo</a> in Romani society if they have no Romanipen. Sometimes a non-Rom may be considered a Rom if they do have Romanipen. Usually this is an adopted child. It has been hypothesized that this owes more to a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">framework of culture</a> than a simple adherence to historically received rules.<a href="#cite_note-287">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg/220px-Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg/330px-Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg/440px-Tziganes_aux_Saintes-Maries_de_la_Mer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2441" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption>Christian Romanies during the pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer" title="Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer">Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer</a> in France, 1980s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka,_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka%2C_Romania.jpg/220px-Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka%2C_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka%2C_Romania.jpg/330px-Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka%2C_Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka%2C_Romania.jpg/440px-Two_Gypsies_in_Cluj-Napoka%2C_Romania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Two Orthodox Christian Romanies in <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gipsy_and_bear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gipsy_and_bear.jpg/220px-Gipsy_and_bear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gipsy_and_bear.jpg/330px-Gipsy_and_bear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gipsy_and_bear.jpg/440px-Gipsy_and_bear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>Rom and bear (<a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banovo_Brdo" title="Banovo Brdo">Banovo Brdo</a>, 1980s)</figcaption></figure> Most Roma are <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-288">[274]</a> but many are <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Muslims</a>; some retained their ancient faith of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> from their original homeland of India, while others have their own religion and political organization.<a href="#cite_note-289">[275]</a> In parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>, particularly in Bulgaria, some Roma who are Muslim identify as ethnic Turks, and over generations have adopted the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a> have become popular in recent times among Hungarian Roma.<a href="#cite_note-vish-81">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-bhal-82">[72]</a> Some Roma practice <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">palmistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Beliefs">edit</a>]</div> The modern-day Roma often adopted Christianity or Islam depending on which was the dominant religion in the regions through which they had migrated.<a href="#cite_note-292">[278]</a> It is likely that the adherence to differing religions prevented families from engaging in intermarriage.<a href="#cite_note-Boretzky2-293">[279]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, most Roma are <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[280]</a> In Bulgaria, Greece, Moldova, Romania and Serbia, the majority of Romani inhabitants are Orthodox Christians. In Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Kosovo, the majority are Muslims. In Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia, the majority are Catholics. In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the majority of Romani inhabitants are Catholic or <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> countries such as Turkey, Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and Iran, the majority of Romani inhabitants are Muslim. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the majority of Romani inhabitants adhere to some branch of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-295">[281]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg/220px-Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg/330px-Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg/440px-Gitanos_-_Trono.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofrad%C3%ADa_de_los_Gitanos_(M%C3%A1laga)" class="extiw" title="es:Cofradía de los Gitanos (Málaga)">Cofradía de los Gitanos</a> parading the "throne" of Mary of the O during the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Malaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Week in Malaga">Holy Week in Malaga</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deities_and_saints">Deities and saints</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Deities and saints">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ceferino_Gim%C3%A9nez_Malla" title="Ceferino Giménez Malla">Blessed Ceferino Giménez Malla</a> is recently considered a patron saint of the Roma in Roman Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-296">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sarah" title="Saint Sarah">Saint Sarah</a>, or Sara e Kali, has also been venerated as a patron saint in her shrine at <a href="/wiki/Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer" title="Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer">Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer</a>, France.<a href="#cite_note-297">[283]</a> Since the turn of the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Sara_e_Kali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sara e Kali">Sara e Kali</a> is understood to have been <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, an Indian deity brought from India by the refugee ancestors of the Roma; as the Roma became Christianized, she was absorbed in a syncretic way and venerated as a saint.<a href="#cite_note-lee-298">[284]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg/250px-Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg/375px-Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg/500px-Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Kartomantka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Gypsy <a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">fortune-teller</a> in Poland, by <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Kozakiewicz" title="Antoni Kozakiewicz">Antoni Kozakiewicz</a>, 1884</figcaption></figure> Saint Sarah is now increasingly being considered as "a Romani Goddess, the Protectress of the Roma" and an "indisputable link with Mother India".<a href="#cite_note-lee-298">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-radoc.net-299">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Balkans/Southeast_Europe">The Balkans/Southeast Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: The Balkans/Southeast Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Studio_Shot_of_European_in_Gypsy_Costume_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>Costume of a Romani woman</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_(1853-1926)_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka,_watercolour_akwarela_3,_twice_corrected.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka%2C_watercolour_akwarela_3%2C_twice_corrected.jpg/220px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka%2C_watercolour_akwarela_3%2C_twice_corrected.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka%2C_watercolour_akwarela_3%2C_twice_corrected.jpg/330px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka%2C_watercolour_akwarela_3%2C_twice_corrected.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka%2C_watercolour_akwarela_3%2C_twice_corrected.jpg/440px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29_Gypsy_Woman_Cyganka%2C_watercolour_akwarela_3%2C_twice_corrected.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2854" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption>Gipsy Woman, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski" title="Stanisław Masłowski">Stanisław Masłowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolour</a>, <a href="/wiki/1877" title="1877">1877</a></figcaption></figure> For the Romani communities that have resided in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> for numerous centuries, the following apply with regard to religious beliefs: <ul><li>Albania - The majority of the Romani population in Albania is Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-300">[286]</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina – The majority of the Romani population in Bosnia and Herzegovina is Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-Roma-301">[287]</a></li> <li>Bulgaria – The majority of the Romani population in Bulgaria is Christian (mostly Orthodox). In northwestern Bulgaria, in addition to Sofia and Kyustendil, Christianity is the dominant faith among the Roma, and a major conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity among the Roma has occurred. In southeastern Bulgaria, Islam is the dominant religion among the Roma, with a smaller section of the Roma declaring themselves as "Turks", continuing to mix ethnicity with Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Roma-301">[287]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg/220px-Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg/330px-Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg/440px-Dancing-Cansinos-1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Margarita Cansino (later known as <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a>) with her father and dance partner <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Cansino" title="Eduardo Cansino">Eduardo Cansino</a>, 1933</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Croatia – The majority of the Romani population in Croatia is Christian (mostly Catholic). After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, a large number of Muslim Roma relocated to Croatia, the majority moving from Kosovo. Their language differs from those living in Međimurje and those who survived <a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roma-301">[287]</a></li> <li>Greece – The majority of the Romani population in Greece is Christian.<a href="#cite_note-302">[o]</a> The descendants of groups, such as Sepečides or Sevljara, Kalpazaja, Filipidži and others, living in Athens, Thessaloniki, central Greece and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek Macedonia</a> are mostly Orthodox Christians, with Islamic beliefs held by a minority of the population. Following the Peace Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, many Muslim Roma moved to Turkey in the subsequent population exchange between Turkey and Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Roma-301">[287]</a></li> <li>Hungary – The majority of the Romani population in Hungary is Christian.<a href="#cite_note-303">[288]</a> The country experienced an influx of Muslim Roma during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period in Hungary, who later converted to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-304">[289]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia,_illustration,_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia%2C_illustration%2C_1901.jpg/170px-Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia%2C_illustration%2C_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia%2C_illustration%2C_1901.jpg/255px-Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia%2C_illustration%2C_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia%2C_illustration%2C_1901.jpg/340px-Muslim_Gypsies_from_Bosnia%2C_illustration%2C_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Muslim Romanies in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (around 1900)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Kosovo – The majority of the Romani population in Kosovo are Muslim and Speak Albanian. Some Roma in Kosovo speak Serbian and are Orthodox Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Roma-301">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[290]</a></li> <li>Montenegro – The majority of the Romani population in Montenegro is Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-Roma-301">[287]</a></li> <li>North Macedonia –The majority of the Romani population in North Macedonia is Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-Roma-301">[287]</a></li> <li>Romania – The majority of the Romani population in Romania is Christian (mostly Orthodox).<a href="#cite_note-306">[291]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>, there is a small community that are Muslim and also speak Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-Roma3-307">[292]</a></li> <li>Serbia – The majority of the Romani population in Serbia is Christian (mostly Orthodox). There are some Muslim Roma in southern Serbia, who are mainly refugees from Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Roma-301">[287]</a></li> <li>Slovenia – The majority of the Romani population in Slovenia is Christian (mostly Catholic), although a sizeable proportion are Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-308">[293]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Other regions">edit</a>]</div> In Ukraine and Russia, the Romani populations are also Muslim as the families of Balkan migrants continue to live in these locations. Their ancestors settled on the Crimean peninsula during the 17th and 18th centuries, but some migrated to Ukraine, southern Russia and the Povolzhie (along the Volga River). Formally, Islam is the religion that these communities align with and the people are recognized for their staunch preservation of the Romani language and identity.<a href="#cite_note-Roma-301">[287]</a> In the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia, Romani populations are Roman Catholic, many times adopting and following local, cultural Catholicism as a <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretic</a> system of belief that incorporates distinct Roma beliefs and cultural aspects. For example, many Polish Roma delay their Church wedding due to the belief that sacramental marriage is accompanied by divine ratification, creating a virtually indissoluble union until the couple consummate, after which the sacramental marriage is dissoluble only by the death of a spouse. Therefore, for Polish Roma, once married, one can't ever divorce. Another aspect of Polish Roma's Catholicism is a tradition of pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_Monastery" title="Jasna Góra Monastery">Jasna Góra Monastery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[294]</a> In southern Spain, many Romanies are <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a>, but this is a small minority that has emerged in contemporary times. In Egypt, the Roma are split into Christian and Muslim populations.<a href="#cite_note-310">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Romani music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg/220px-20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg/330px-20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg/440px-20090627_Fanfare_Ciocarlia_group_live_in_Athens_at_Restistance_Festival_by_KOE_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>27 June 2009: <a href="/wiki/Fanfare_Cioc%C4%83rlia" title="Fanfare Ciocărlia">Fanfare Ciocărlia</a> live in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg/220px-Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg/330px-Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg/440px-Khamoro_Roma_Festival_2007_Prague.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Street performance during the <a href="/wiki/Khamoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamoro">Khamoro</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Roma_Festival" title="World Roma Festival">World Roma Festival</a> in Prague, 2007</figcaption></figure> Romani music plays an important role in central and eastern European countries such as Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia and Romania, and the style and performance practices of Romani musicians have influenced European <a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of classical music composers">classical composers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>. The <a href="/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">lăutari</a> who perform at traditional Romanian weddings are virtually all Romani.<a href="#cite_note-311">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[297]</a> Probably the most internationally prominent contemporary performers in the lăutari tradition are <a href="/wiki/Taraful_Haiducilor" class="mw-redirect" title="Taraful Haiducilor">Taraful Haiducilor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[298]</a> Bulgaria's popular "wedding music", too, is almost exclusively performed by Romani musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Papasov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivo Papasov">Ivo Papasov</a>, a virtuoso clarinetist closely associated with this genre and Bulgarian pop-folk singer <a href="/wiki/Azis" title="Azis">Azis</a>. Many famous classical musicians, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a> pianist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cziffra" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Cziffra">Georges Cziffra</a>, are Romani, as are many prominent performers of <a href="/wiki/Manele" title="Manele">manele</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zdob_%C8%99i_Zdub" title="Zdob și Zdub">Zdob și Zdub</a>, one of the most prominent rock bands in <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, although not Romanies themselves, draw heavily on Romani music, as do <a href="/wiki/Spitalul_de_Urgen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Spitalul de Urgență">Spitalul de Urgență</a> in Romania, <a href="/wiki/Shantel" title="Shantel">Shantel</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Goran_Bregovi%C4%87" title="Goran Bregović">Goran Bregović</a> in Serbia, <a href="/wiki/Darko_Rundek" title="Darko Rundek">Darko Rundek</a> in Croatia, <a href="/wiki/Beirut_(band)" title="Beirut (band)">Beirut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gogol_Bordello" title="Gogol Bordello">Gogol Bordello</a> in the United States. Another tradition of Romani music is the genre of the Romani <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass band</a>, with such notable practitioners as <a href="/wiki/Boban_Markovi%C4%87" title="Boban Marković">Boban Marković</a> of Serbia, and the brass lăutari groups <a href="/wiki/Fanfare_Cioc%C4%83rlia" title="Fanfare Ciocărlia">Fanfare Ciocărlia</a> and Fanfare din Cozmesti of Romania.<a href="#cite_note-314">[299]</a> The distinctive sound of Romani music has also strongly influenced <a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Cante_jondo" title="Cante jondo">cante jondo</a>) in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-315">[300]</a> Dances such as the flamenco and bolero of Spain were influenced by the Roma.<a href="#cite_note-Gypsy_dance_origin-316">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cansino" title="Antonio Cansino">Antonio Cansino</a> blended Romani and Spanish flamenco and is credited with creating modern-day Spanish dance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002129-317">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Dancing_Cansinos" title="The Dancing Cansinos">The Dancing Cansinos</a> popularized flamenco and bolero dancing in the United States. Famous dancer and actress, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Hayworth" title="Rita Hayworth">Rita Hayworth</a>, is the granddaughter of Antonio Cansino. European-style <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">gypsy jazz</a> ("jazz Manouche" or "Sinti jazz") is still widely practiced among the original creators (the Romanie People); one who acknowledged this artistic debt was guitarist <a href="/wiki/Django_Reinhardt" title="Django Reinhardt">Django Reinhardt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[303]</a> Contemporary artists in this tradition known internationally include <a href="/wiki/Stochelo_Rosenberg" title="Stochelo Rosenberg">Stochelo Rosenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%A9li_Lagr%C3%A8ne" title="Biréli Lagrène">Biréli Lagrène</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Rosenberg" title="Jimmy Rosenberg">Jimmy Rosenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Paulus Schäfer">Paulus Schäfer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tchavolo_Schmitt" title="Tchavolo Schmitt">Tchavolo Schmitt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Roma in Turkey</a> have achieved musical acclaim from national and local audiences. Local performers usually perform for special holidays. Their music is usually performed on instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Goblet_drum" title="Goblet drum">darbuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">gırnata</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BCmb%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Cümbüş">cümbüş</a>.<a href="#cite_note-family-319">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folklore">Folklore</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Folklore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani mythology">Romani mythology</a></div> Paramichia is a term used to refer to Romani legends and folktales. A popular legend among the Vlach Roma is of the hero Mundro Salamon, also known by other Roma subgroups as Wise Solomon or O Godjiaver Yanko.<a href="#cite_note-320">[305]</a> Some Roma believe in the mulo or mullo, meaning "one who is dead"; the Romani version of the <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[306]</a> The Roma from Slavic countries believe in <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[307]</a> Roma figure prominently in the 1941 film <a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_Man_(1941_film)" title="The Wolf Man (1941 film)">The Wolf Man</a> and the 2010 <a href="/wiki/The_Wolfman_(film)" title="The Wolfman (film)">remake</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani cuisine</a></div> The Roma believe that some foods are auspicious, or lucky (baxtalo), such as foods with pungent tastes like garlic, lemon, tomato, and peppers, and fermented foods such as sauerkraut, pickles and sour cream.<a href="#cite_note-323">[308]</a> Hedgehogs are a delicacy among some Roma.<a href="#cite_note-324">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_art_and_culture">Contemporary art and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Contemporary art and culture">edit</a>]</div> Romani contemporary art emerged at the climax of the process that began in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> in the late 1980s, when the interpretation of the cultural practice of minorities was enabled by a paradigm shift, commonly referred to in specialist literature as the "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">cultural turn</a>". The idea of the cultural turn was introduced; and this was also the time when the notion of cultural democracy became crystallized in the debates carried on at various public forums. <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a> gained strength, and civil politics appeared, which is a prerequisite for cultural democracy. This shift of attitude in scholarly circles derived from concerns specific not only to ethnicity but also to society, gender and class.<a href="#cite_note-325">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a></div> Most Roma speak one of several dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-326">[311]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> language, with roots in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. They also often speak the languages of the countries they live in. Typically, they also incorporate <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> into Romani from the languages of those countries and especially words for terms that the Romani language does not have. Most of the Ciganos of Portugal, the <a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Gitanos</a> of Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> of Great Britain, and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Scandinavian Travellers</a> have lost their <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> of pure Romani, and speak the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a> <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Spanish_Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caló (Spanish Romani)">Caló</a>,<a href="#cite_note-327">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angloromany" class="mw-redirect" title="Angloromany">Angloromany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scandoromani" title="Scandoromani">Scandoromani</a>, respectively. Most of the Romani language-speaking communities in these regions consist of later immigrants from eastern or central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Manchester_Rom-328">[313]</a> There are no concrete statistics for the number of Romani speakers, both in Europe and globally. However, a conservative estimate is 3.5 million speakers in Europe and a further 500,000 elsewhere,<a href="#cite_note-Manchester_Rom-328">[313]</a> though the actual number may be considerably higher. This makes Romani the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in Europe, behind <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Manchester_Rom-328">[313]</a> In regards to the diversity of dialects, Romani works in the same way as most other European languages.<a href="#cite_note-The_status_of_Romani_in_Europe-329">[314]</a> Cross-dialect communication is dominated by the following features: <ul><li>All Romani speakers are <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>, accustomed to borrowing words or phrases from a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>; this makes it difficult to communicate with Roma from different countries</li> <li>Romani was traditionally a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> shared between extended family and a close-knit community. This has resulted in the inability to comprehend <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a> from other countries, and is why Romani is sometimes considered to be several different languages.</li> <li>There is no tradition or literary standard for Romani speakers to use as a guideline for their language use.<a href="#cite_note-The_status_of_Romani_in_Europe-329">[314]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecutions">Persecutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Persecutions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roma_enslavement">Roma enslavement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Roma enslavement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Slavery in Romania</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C8%98tefan_cel_Mare._Danie_s%C4%83la%C8%99e_de_%C8%9Bigani_pentru_Episcopia_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%C8%98tefan_cel_Mare._Danie_s%C4%83la%C8%99e_de_%C8%9Bigani_pentru_Episcopia_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi.jpg/300px-%C8%98tefan_cel_Mare._Danie_s%C4%83la%C8%99e_de_%C8%9Bigani_pentru_Episcopia_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%C8%98tefan_cel_Mare._Danie_s%C4%83la%C8%99e_de_%C8%9Bigani_pentru_Episcopia_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi.jpg/450px-%C8%98tefan_cel_Mare._Danie_s%C4%83la%C8%99e_de_%C8%9Bigani_pentru_Episcopia_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%C8%98tefan_cel_Mare._Danie_s%C4%83la%C8%99e_de_%C8%9Bigani_pentru_Episcopia_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi.jpg/600px-%C8%98tefan_cel_Mare._Danie_s%C4%83la%C8%99e_de_%C8%9Bigani_pentru_Episcopia_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>A deed of donation through which <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen III of Moldavia</a> donates a number of sălașe of Romani slaves to the Rădăuţi bishopric</figcaption></figure> One of the most enduring persecutions against the Roma was their enslavement. <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery was widely practiced in medieval Europe</a>, including the territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> from before the founding of the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> in the 13th–14th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchim200427-330">[315]</a> Legislation decreed that all the Roma living in these states, as well as any others who immigrated there, were classified as slaves.<a href="#cite_note-331">[316]</a> Slavery was gradually <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolished</a> during the 1840s and 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchim200427-330">[315]</a> The exact origins of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">slavery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a> are not known. There is some debate over whether the Roma came to Wallachia and Moldavia as free men or were brought there as slaves. Historian <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a> associated the Roma's arrival with the 1241 <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a> and he also considered their enslavement a vestige of that era, in which the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> took the Roma from the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> and preserved their status as slaves so they could use their labor. Other historians believe that the Roma were enslaved while they were being captured during the battles with the Tatars. The practice of enslaving <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> may have also been adopted from the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchim200427-330">[315]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilet_de_dezrobire_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bilet_de_dezrobire_1848.jpg/300px-Bilet_de_dezrobire_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bilet_de_dezrobire_1848.jpg/450px-Bilet_de_dezrobire_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Bilet_de_dezrobire_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Slave liberation certificate issued during the <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">Wallachian Revolution of 1848</a></figcaption></figure> Some Roma may have been slaves of the Mongols or the Tatars, or they may have served as auxiliary troops in the Mongol or Tatar armies. However, most of them migrated from south of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> at the end of the 14th century, some time after the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Wallachia" title="Founding of Wallachia">founding of Wallachia</a>. By then, the institution of slavery was already established in Moldavia and it was possibly established in both principalities. After the Roma migrated into the area, slavery became a widespread practice among the majority of the population. The <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> slaves, smaller in numbers, were eventually merged into the Romani population.<a href="#cite_note-332">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_persecution">Historical persecution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Historical persecution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Anti-Romani sentiment</a></div> Some branches of the Roma reached western Europe in the 15th century, fleeing from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> conquest of the Balkans as refugees.<a href="#cite_note-333">[318]</a> Although the Roma were refugees from the conflicts in southeastern Europe, they were often suspected of being associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman invasion</a> by certain populations in the West because their physical appearance was exotic. (The <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#The_Reichstag_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> at Landau and Freiburg in 1496–1498 declared that the Roma were spies for the Turks). In western Europe, such suspicions and discrimination against people who constituted a visible minority resulted in persecution, often violent, with attempts to commit <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> until the modern era. In times of social tension, the Romani suffered as scapegoats; for instance, they were accused of bringing the plague during times of <a href="/wiki/Epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemics">epidemics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-334">[319]</a> On 30 July 1749, Spain conducted <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Roundup_of_Gypsies_(1749)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Roundup of Gypsies (1749)">The Great Roundup</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Roma</a> (Gitanos) in its territory. The Spanish Crown ordered a nationwide raid that led to the break-up of families because all able-bodied men were interned in forced labor camps in an attempt to commit ethnic cleansing. The measure was eventually reversed and the Roma were freed as protests began to erupt in different communities, sedentary Roma were highly esteemed and protected in rural Spain.<a href="#cite_note-335">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[321]</a> Later in the 19th century, Romani immigration was forbidden on a racial basis in areas outside Europe, mostly in the English-speaking world. In 1880, Argentina prohibited immigration by Roma, as did the United States in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-334">[319]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romani_women_in_jail,_Los_Angeles,_California,_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Romani_women_in_jail%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1940.jpg/220px-Romani_women_in_jail%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Romani_women_in_jail%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1940.jpg/330px-Romani_women_in_jail%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Romani_women_in_jail%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1940.jpg/440px-Romani_women_in_jail%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5785" data-file-height="4745" /></a><figcaption>Romani women in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Heights_Jail" title="Lincoln Heights Jail">Lincoln Heights Jail</a>, Los Angeles, California, 1940</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_assimilation">Forced assimilation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Forced assimilation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48,_Asperg,_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_R_165_Bild-244-48%2C_Asperg%2C_Deportation_von_Sinti_und_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Deportation of Roma from <a href="/wiki/Asperg" title="Asperg">Asperg</a>, Germany, 1940 (photograph by the Rassenhygienische Forschungsstelle)</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> under <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa</a> (1740–1780), a series of decrees tried to integrate the Romanies to get them to <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">permanently settle</a>, removed their rights to horse and wagon ownership (1754) to reduce citizen-mobility, renamed them "New Citizens" and obliged Romani boys into military service just as any other citizens were if they had no trade (1761, and Revision 1770), required them to register with the local authorities (1767), and another decree prohibited marriages between Romanies (1773) to integrate them into the local population. Her successor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Josef II</a> prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing along with the use of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>, both of which were punishable by flogging.<a href="#cite_note-samer-337">[322]</a> During this time, the schools were obliged to register and integrate Romani children; this policy was the first of the modern policies of integration. In Spain, attempts to assimilate the Gitanos were under way as early as 1619, when the Gitanos were forcibly settled, the use of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> was prohibited, Gitano men and women were sent to separate workhouses and their children were sent to orphanages. <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">King Charles III</a> took a more progressive approach to Gitano assimilation, proclaiming that they had the same rights as Spanish citizens and ending the official denigration of them which was based on their <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>. While he prohibited their nomadic lifestyle, their use of the <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Spanish_Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caló (Spanish Romani)">Calo language</a>, the manufacture and wearing of Romani clothing, their trade in horses and other itinerant trades, he also forbade any form of discrimination against them and he also forbade the guilds from barring them. The use of the word gitano was also forbidden to further their assimilation, it was replaced with "New Castilian", a designation which was also applied to former <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[324]</a> Most historians believe that Charles III's <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_sanction" title="Pragmatic sanction">pragmática</a> failed for three main reasons, reasons which were ultimately derived from its implementation outside major cities as well as in marginal areas: The difficulty which the Gitano community faced in changing its nomadic lifestyle, the marginal lifestyle to which the community had been driven by society and the serious difficulties of applying the pragmática in the fields of education and work. One author ascribes its failure to the overall rejection of the integration of the Gitanos by the wider population.<a href="#cite_note-samer-337">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[325]</a> Other policies of forced assimilation were implemented in other countries, one of these countries was Norway, where a law which permitted the state to remove children from their parents and place them in state institutions was passed in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-341">[326]</a> This resulted in some 1,500 Romani children being taken from their parents in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-342">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Porajmos_(Romani_Holocaust)">Porajmos (Romani Holocaust)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Porajmos (Romani Holocaust)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></div> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, the persecution of the Roma reached a peak during the <a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (the Porajmos), the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> which was perpetrated against them by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. In 1935, the Roma who lived in Germany lost their citizenship when it was stripped from them by the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg laws">Nuremberg laws</a>, and after that, they were subjected to violence and imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. During the war, the policy was extended to areas under German occupation, and it was also implemented by other axis countries, most notably, by the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a>. From 1942, Roma were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> in <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[328]</a> Because no accurate pre-war census figures exist for the Roma, the actual number of Romani victims who were killed in the Romani Holocaust cannot be assessed. Most estimates of the number of Romani victims who were killed in the Romani Holocaust range from 200,000 to 500,000, but other estimates vary broadly from 90,000 to as high as 4,000,000. Lower estimates do not include those Roma who were killed in all <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>-controlled countries. A detailed study by Sybil Milton, a former senior historian at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum">U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> contained an estimate of at least 220,000, possibly as many as 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-344">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hancock" title="Ian Hancock">Ian Hancock</a>, Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, argues in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000.<a href="#cite_note-345">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_issues">Contemporary issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Contemporary issues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment#Contemporary_antiziganism" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Anti-Romani sentiment § Contemporary antiziganism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romani_population_average_estimate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Romani_population_average_estimate.png/300px-Romani_population_average_estimate.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Romani_population_average_estimate.png/450px-Romani_population_average_estimate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Romani_population_average_estimate.png/600px-Romani_population_average_estimate.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the Roma in Europe (2007 <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> "average estimates", totalling 9.8 million)<a href="#cite_note-346">[331]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sap34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sap34.jpg/220px-Sap34.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sap34.jpg/330px-Sap34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sap34.jpg/440px-Sap34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3015" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>Antiziganist protests in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> In Europe, Roma are associated with poverty, high crime rates, and behavior that is considered antisocial or inappropriate by the rest of the European population.<a href="#cite_note-347">[332]</a> Partly for this reason, discrimination against the Roma has continued to be practiced to the present day,<a href="#cite_note-348">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[334]</a> although efforts are being made to address it.<a href="#cite_note-350">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reports continued to document instances of <a href="/wiki/Antiziganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiziganism">Antizigan</a> discrimination during the late 20th century, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-351">[336]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-352">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-354">[339]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[340]</a> The European Union has recognized that discrimination against Roma must be addressed, and with the national Roma integration strategy they encourage member states to work towards greater Romani inclusion and upholding the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_Roma_in_the_European_Union" title="Rights of the Roma in the European Union">rights of the Roma in the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[341]</a> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> *projections for Serbia also include up to 97.000 <a href="/wiki/IDPs" class="mw-redirect" title="IDPs">Roma IDPs</a> in Serbia<a href="#cite_note-358">[343]</a><table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Roma estimate percentage of population in European countries<a href="#cite_note-Roma-in-Europe-357">[342]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Country</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:10.33%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10.33%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:9.59%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.59%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:9.17%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.17%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:8.32%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.32%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>*</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:8.18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.18%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:7.05%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.05%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Turkey</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:5.97%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.97%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Spain</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:3.21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:3.18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.18%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:2.95%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.95%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:2.49%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.49%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Greece</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:2.47%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.47%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:1.96%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.96%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:1.47%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.47%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> In eastern Europe, Romani children often attend <a href="/wiki/Roma_Special_School" title="Roma Special School">Roma Special Schools</a>, separate from non-Romani children; these schools tend to offer a lower quality of education than the traditional education options accessible by non-Romani children, putting the Romani children at an educational disadvantage.<a href="#cite_note-Expanding-359">[344]</a>: 83  The <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Roma of Kosovo</a> have been severely persecuted by <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">ethnic Albanians</a> since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, and for the most part, the region's Romani community has been annihilated.<a href="#cite_note-360">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> carried out a policy of sterilization of Romani women, starting in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-Denysenko_2007-275">[261]</a> The dissidents of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a> denounced it in 1977–78 as a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, but the practice continued through the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> of 1989.<a href="#cite_note-361">[346]</a> A 2005 report by the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>'s independent ombudsman, Otakar Motejl, identified dozens of cases of coercive sterilization between 1979 and 2001, and called for criminal investigations and possible prosecution against several health care workers and administrators.<a href="#cite_note-362">[347]</a> In 2008, following the rape and subsequent murder of an Italian woman in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> at the hands of a young man from a local Romani encampment,<a href="#cite_note-363">[348]</a> the Italian government declared that Italy's Romani population represented a national security risk and it also declared that it was required to take swift action to address the emergenza nomadi (nomad emergency).<a href="#cite_note-364">[349]</a> Specifically, officials in the Italian government accused the Romanies of being responsible for rising crime rates in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-365">[350]</a> The 2008 <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Cristina_and_Violetta_Djeordsevic" title="Death of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic">deaths of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic</a>, two Romani children who drowned while Italian beach-goers remained unperturbed, brought international attention to the relationship between Italians and Roma. Reviewing the situation in 2012, one Belgian magazine observed:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">On International Roma Day, which falls on 8 April, the significant proportion of Europe's 12 million Roma who live in deplorable conditions will not have much to celebrate. And poverty is not the only worry for the community. Ethnic tensions are on the rise. In 2008, Roma camps came under attack in Italy, intimidation by racist parliamentarians is the norm in Hungary. Speaking in 1993, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> prophetically remarked that "the treatment of the Roma is a <a href="/wiki/Litmus_test_(politics)" title="Litmus test (politics)">litmus test</a> for democracy": and democracy has been found wanting. The consequences of the transition to <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> have been disastrous for the Roma. Under <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> they had jobs, free housing and schooling. Now many are unemployed, many are losing their homes and racism is increasingly rewarded with <a href="/wiki/Impunity" title="Impunity">impunity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MO_2012-366">[351]</a></blockquote> The 2016 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research poll</a> found that Italians, in particular, hold strong anti-Roma views, with 82% of Italians expressing negative opinions about Roma. In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, 67%, in Hungary 64%, in France 61%, in Spain 49%, in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> 47%, in the UK 45%, in Sweden 42%, in Germany 40%, and in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[352]</a> 37% had an unfavourable view of Roma.<a href="#cite_note-368">[353]</a> The 2019 Pew Research poll found that 83% of Italians, 76% of Slovaks, 72% of Greeks, 68% of Bulgarians, 66% of Czechs, 61% of Lithuanians, 61% of Hungarians, 54% of Ukrainians, 52% of Russians, 51% of Poles, 44% of French, 40% of Spaniards, and 37% of Germans held unfavorable views of Roma.<a href="#cite_note-369">[354]</a> IRES published in 2020 a survey which revealed that 72% of Romanians have a negative opinion about them.<a href="#cite_note-370">[355]</a> As of 2019, reports of anti-Roma incidents are increasing across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-371">[356]</a> Discrimination against Roma remains widespread in Kosovo,<a href="#cite_note-372">[357]</a> Romania,<a href="#cite_note-373">[358]</a> Slovakia,<a href="#cite_note-374">[359]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-375">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[361]</a> and the Czech Republic,<a href="#cite_note-377">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[363]</a> against which the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> has ruled in Romani advocates' favor on the subject of discriminatory and segregationist education and housing practices.<a href="#cite_note-379">[364]</a> Romani communities across Ukraine have been the target of violent attacks.<a href="#cite_note-380">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[366]</a> Roma refugees fleeing the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> have faced discrimination in Europe, including in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-382">[367]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-383">[368]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[369]</a> Concerning employment, a 2019 report by the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">FRA</a> revealed that, across the European states that were surveyed, on average 34% of Romani men and 16% of Romani women were in paid work.<a href="#cite_note-385">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_repatriation">Forced repatriation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Forced repatriation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Romani_people_from_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Romani people from France">Expulsion of Romani people from France</a></div> In the summer of 2010, French authorities demolished at least 51 Roma camps and began the <a href="/wiki/French_Romani_repatriation" class="mw-redirect" title="French Romani repatriation">process of repatriating</a> their residents to their countries of origin.<a href="#cite_note-386">[371]</a> This followed tensions between the French state and Romani communities, which had been heightened after a traveller drove through a French police checkpoint, hit an officer, attempted to hit two more officers, and was then shot and killed by the police. In retaliation a group of Roma, armed with hatchets and iron bars, attacked the police station of Saint-Aignan, toppled traffic lights and road signs and burned three cars.<a href="#cite_note-387">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[373]</a> The French government has been accused of perpetrating these actions to pursue its political agenda.<a href="#cite_note-389">[374]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Justice_and_Consumers" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Justice and Consumers">EU Justice Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Viviane_Reding" title="Viviane Reding">Viviane Reding</a> stated that the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> should take legal action against France over the issue, calling the deportations "a disgrace". A leaked file dated 5 August, sent from the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Interior Ministry</a> to regional police chiefs, included the instruction: "Three hundred camps or illegal settlements must be cleared within three months, Roma camps are a priority."<a href="#cite_note-390">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations_and_projects">Organizations and projects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Organizations and projects">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Romani_Congress" title="World Romani Congress">World Romani Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Roma_Rights_Centre" title="European Roma Rights Centre">European Roma Rights Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Lore_Society" title="Gypsy Lore Society">Gypsy Lore Society</a><a href="#cite_note-GLS-391">[376]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Romani_Union" title="International Romani Union">International Romani Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade_of_Roma_Inclusion" title="Decade of Roma Inclusion">Decade of Roma Inclusion</a>, multinational project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Romani_Day" title="International Romani Day">International Romani Day</a> (8 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Point_for_Roma_and_Sinti_Issues" title="Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues">Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Board_on_Romani_Affairs" title="National Advisory Board on Romani Affairs">National Advisory Board on Romani Affairs</a> (Finland)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_representations">Artistic representations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Artistic representations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_fiction" title="Romani people in fiction">Romani people in fiction</a></div> Many depictions of the Roma in literature and art present romanticized narratives of the mystical powers of <a href="/wiki/Fortune_telling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortune telling">fortune telling</a> or as people who have an irascible or passionate temper paired with an indomitable love of freedom and a habit of criminality. The Roma were a popular subject in <a href="/wiki/Venetian_school_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian school (art)">Venetian painting</a> from the time of <a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a> at the start of the 16th century. The inclusion of such a figure adds an exotic oriental flavor to scenes. A <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> painting by <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bordone" title="Paris Bordone">Paris Bordone</a> (c. 1530, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> in Egypt makes <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a> a Romani <a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">fortune-teller</a>; the scene is otherwise located in a distinctly European landscape.<a href="#cite_note-392">[377]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 123.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 121.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muchacha_Gitana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boccaccio Boccaccino: Gypsy Girl (c.1504-1505)"><img alt="Boccaccio Boccaccino: Gypsy Girl (c.1504-1505)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Muchacha_Gitana.jpg/182px-Muchacha_Gitana.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Muchacha_Gitana.jpg/273px-Muchacha_Gitana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Muchacha_Gitana.jpg/363px-Muchacha_Gitana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boccaccio_Boccaccino" title="Boccaccio Boccaccino">Boccaccio Boccaccino</a>: Gypsy Girl (c.1504-1505)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An excerpt from The Visit of the Gypsies (c.1510, tapestry from wool and silk), Currier Museum of Art"><img alt="An excerpt from The Visit of the Gypsies (c.1510, tapestry from wool and silk), Currier Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg/180px-The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg/270px-The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg/360px-The_Visit_of_the_Gypsies_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2016" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An excerpt from The Visit of the Gypsies (c.1510, tapestry from wool and silk), <a href="/wiki/Currier_Museum_of_Art" title="Currier Museum of Art">Currier Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vouet,_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simon Vouet: The Fortune Teller (1617)"><img alt="Simon Vouet: The Fortune Teller (1617)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vouet%2C_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg/337px-Vouet%2C_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vouet%2C_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg/505px-Vouet%2C_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vouet%2C_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg/673px-Vouet%2C_Simon_-_The_Fortune_Teller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="770" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Vouet" title="Simon Vouet">Simon Vouet</a>: The Fortune Teller (1617)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 228.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Teniers_(II)_-_Four_gypsies_with_a_child,_one_telling_a_peasant_his_fortune.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="David Teniers - Four gypsies with a child, one telling a peasant his fortune (c.1630-1690)"><img alt="David Teniers - Four gypsies with a child, one telling a peasant his fortune (c.1630-1690)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Four_gypsies_with_a_child%2C_one_telling_a_peasant_his_fortune.jpg/343px-David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Four_gypsies_with_a_child%2C_one_telling_a_peasant_his_fortune.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Four_gypsies_with_a_child%2C_one_telling_a_peasant_his_fortune.jpg/515px-David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Four_gypsies_with_a_child%2C_one_telling_a_peasant_his_fortune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/David_Teniers_%28II%29_-_Four_gypsies_with_a_child%2C_one_telling_a_peasant_his_fortune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Younger" title="David Teniers the Younger">David Teniers</a> - Four gypsies with a child, one telling a peasant his fortune (c.1630-1690)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan van de Venne - Gypsy family (c.1631-1651)"><img alt="Jan van de Venne - Gypsy family (c.1631-1651)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg/321px-Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg/481px-Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg/641px-Jan_van_der_Venne_-_Gypsy_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="581" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_de_Venne" title="Jan van de Venne">Jan van de Venne</a> - Gypsy family (c.1631-1651)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Meg Merrilies from Walter Scott's Guy Mannering, illustrated 1821"><img alt="Meg Merrilies from Walter Scott's Guy Mannering, illustrated 1821" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png/143px-Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png/215px-Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png/287px-Sarah_Egerton_as_Meg_Merrilies.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="972" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Mannering#Characters" title="Guy Mannering">Meg Merrilies</a> from <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mannering" title="Guy Mannering">Guy Mannering</a>, illustrated 1821</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferencz Pongrácz: Three Gypsies (1836)"><img alt="Ferencz Pongrácz: Three Gypsies (1836)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg/197px-Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg/296px-Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg/394px-Pongr%C3%A1cz_F_H%C3%A1rom_cig%C3%A1ny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ferencz Pongrácz: Three Gypsies (1836)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alfred Dehodencq: A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of Alcázar (1851)"><img alt="Alfred Dehodencq: A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of Alcázar (1851)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg/349px-Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg/524px-Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg/699px-Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2199" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dehodencq" title="Alfred Dehodencq">Alfred Dehodencq</a>: A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of Alcázar (1851)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses,_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narcisse Virgilio Díaz: The Gypsy Princesses (c.1865-1870), San Antonio Museum of Art"><img alt="Narcisse Virgilio Díaz: The Gypsy Princesses (c.1865-1870), San Antonio Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses%2C_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg/180px-Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses%2C_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses%2C_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg/270px-Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses%2C_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses%2C_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg/360px-Narcisse_Diaz_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_-_The_Gypsy_Princesses%2C_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Narcisse_Virgilio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Narcisse Virgilio Díaz">Narcisse Virgilio Díaz</a>: The Gypsy Princesses (c.1865-1870), <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art" title="San Antonio Museum of Art">San Antonio Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazimierz Alchimowicz: Gypsy (c.1870-1879)"><img alt="Kazimierz Alchimowicz: Gypsy (c.1870-1879)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg/187px-GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg/281px-GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg/375px-GYPSY_Kazimierz_Alchimowicz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Alchimowicz" title="Kazimierz Alchimowicz">Kazimierz Alchimowicz</a>: Gypsy (c.1870-1879)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franz von Defregger: Half portrait of a gypsy boy (1873, gouache)"><img alt="Franz von Defregger: Half portrait of a gypsy boy (1873, gouache)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg/202px-Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg/303px-Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg/404px-Franz_von_Defregger_Halbbildnis_eines_Zigeunerjungen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="594" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Defregger" title="Franz Defregger">Franz von Defregger</a>: Half portrait of a gypsy boy (1873, gouache)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin,_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot: Gypsy Girl with Mandolin (1874)"><img alt="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot: Gypsy Girl with Mandolin (1874)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg/173px-Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg/260px-Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg/347px-Gypsy_Girl_with_Mandolin%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="2619" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot</a>: Gypsy Girl with Mandolin (1874)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Famille_de_gitanos,_a_Totana%22_(19911858846).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gustave Doré: Family of Gypsies, to Totana (1874)"><img alt="Gustave Doré: Family of Gypsies, to Totana (1874)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%22Famille_de_gitanos%2C_a_Totana%22_%2819911858846%29.jpg/161px-%22Famille_de_gitanos%2C_a_Totana%22_%2819911858846%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%22Famille_de_gitanos%2C_a_Totana%22_%2819911858846%29.jpg/241px-%22Famille_de_gitanos%2C_a_Totana%22_%2819911858846%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%22Famille_de_gitanos%2C_a_Totana%22_%2819911858846%29.jpg/322px-%22Famille_de_gitanos%2C_a_Totana%22_%2819911858846%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="4026" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>: Family of Gypsies, to Totana (1874)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza,_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jozef Van Lerius: Moza, the Gypsy woman (1880)"><img alt="Jozef Van Lerius: Moza, the Gypsy woman (1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza%2C_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg/180px-Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza%2C_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza%2C_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg/271px-Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza%2C_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza%2C_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg/361px-Jozef_Van_Lerius_-_Moza%2C_the_Gypsy_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2409" data-file-height="3202" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Van_Lerius" title="Jozef Van Lerius">Jozef Van Lerius</a>: Moza, the Gypsy woman (1880)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esméralda, illustrated 1882"><img alt="Esméralda, illustrated 1882" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg/181px-La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg/272px-La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg/363px-La_Esmeralda_from_Victor_Hugo_and_His_Time.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="581" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Esm%C3%A9ralda_(The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame)" class="mw-redirect" title="Esméralda (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame)">Esméralda</a>, illustrated 1882</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsy_family_(1884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mihály Munkácsy: Gypsy Family (1884, oil on canvas)"><img alt="Mihály Munkácsy: Gypsy Family (1884, oil on canvas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gypsy_family_%281884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg/300px-Gypsy_family_%281884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gypsy_family_%281884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg/450px-Gypsy_family_%281884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gypsy_family_%281884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg/600px-Gypsy_family_%281884_by_Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Munk%C3%A1csy" title="Mihály Munkácsy">Mihály Munkácsy</a>: Gypsy Family (1884, oil on canvas)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="August von Pettenkofen: Gypsy Children (1885), Hermitage Museum"><img alt="August von Pettenkofen: Gypsy Children (1885), Hermitage Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg/299px-August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg/448px-August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg/597px-August_von_Pettenkofen_-_Gipsy_Children_-_WGA17393.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1543" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/August_von_Pettenkofen" title="August von Pettenkofen">August von Pettenkofen</a>: Gypsy Children (1885), <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_(Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra)_(4568143185).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Célestine Galli-Marié as Carmen (1886)"><img alt="Célestine Galli-Marié as Carmen (1886)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carmen_%28Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra%29_%284568143185%29.jpg/137px-Carmen_%28Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra%29_%284568143185%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carmen_%28Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra%29_%284568143185%29.jpg/205px-Carmen_%28Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra%29_%284568143185%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carmen_%28Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra%29_%284568143185%29.jpg/273px-Carmen_%28Biblioth%C3%A8que-Mus%C3%A9e_de_lOp%C3%A9ra%29_%284568143185%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9lestine_Galli-Mari%C3%A9" title="Célestine Galli-Marié">Célestine Galli-Marié</a> as <a href="/wiki/Carmen_(novella)" title="Carmen (novella)">Carmen</a> (1886)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antoni Kozakiewicz: Gypsy Family (c.1886)"><img alt="Antoni Kozakiewicz: Gypsy Family (c.1886)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_%2801%29.jpg/338px-Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_%2801%29.jpg/507px-Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_%2801%29.jpg/676px-Antoni_Kozakiewicz_-_Cyga%C5%84ska_Rodzina_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="994" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Kozakiewicz" title="Antoni Kozakiewicz">Antoni Kozakiewicz</a>: Gypsy Family (c.1886)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes,_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vincent van Gogh: The Caravans – Gypsy Camp near Arles (1888, oil on canvas)"><img alt="Vincent van Gogh: The Caravans – Gypsy Camp near Arles (1888, oil on canvas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes%2C_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg/274px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes%2C_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes%2C_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg/411px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes%2C_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes%2C_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg/547px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Les_roulottes%2C_campement_de_boh%C3%A9miens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="898" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>: The Caravans – Gypsy Camp near Arles (1888, oil on canvas)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicolae Grigorescu: Gypsy from Boldu (1897), Art Museum of Iași"><img alt="Nicolae Grigorescu: Gypsy from Boldu (1897), Art Museum of Iași" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg/137px-Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg/205px-Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg/273px-Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Urs%C4%83reasa_din_Bolduri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="2591" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Grigorescu" title="Nicolae Grigorescu">Nicolae Grigorescu</a>: Gypsy from Boldu (1897), <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_(Ia%C8%99i)" title="Palace of Culture (Iași)">Art Museum of Iași</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_-_gypsy-girl-in-white-1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Henri: Gypsy Girl in White (1916)"><img alt="Robert Henri: Gypsy Girl in White (1916)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Henri_-_gypsy-girl-in-white-1916.jpg/199px-Henri_-_gypsy-girl-in-white-1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Henri_-_gypsy-girl-in-white-1916.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="338" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henri" title="Robert Henri">Robert Henri</a>: Gypsy Girl in White (1916)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_(1919).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amedeo Modigliani: Gypsy Woman with Baby (1919)"><img alt="Amedeo Modigliani: Gypsy Woman with Baby (1919)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_%281919%29.jpg/150px-Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_%281919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_%281919%29.jpg/226px-Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_%281919%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_%281919%29.jpg/301px-Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Gypsy_Woman_with_Baby_%281919%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7104" data-file-height="11323" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a>: Gypsy Woman with Baby (1919)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsy,_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Felix Nussbaum: Gypsy (1928)"><img alt="Felix Nussbaum: Gypsy (1928)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gypsy%2C_1928.jpg/177px-Gypsy%2C_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gypsy%2C_1928.jpg/266px-Gypsy%2C_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gypsy%2C_1928.jpg/355px-Gypsy%2C_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="700" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Nussbaum" title="Felix Nussbaum">Felix Nussbaum</a>: Gypsy (1928)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Béla Iványi-Grünwald: Gypsies at Balatonlelle (1935)"><img alt="Béla Iványi-Grünwald: Gypsies at Balatonlelle (1935)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg/341px-Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg/512px-Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg/683px-Iv%C3%A1nyi_Gypsies_at_Balatonlelle_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1618" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Iv%C3%A1nyi-Gr%C3%BCnwald" title="Béla Iványi-Grünwald">Béla Iványi-Grünwald</a>: Gypsies at Balatonlelle (1935)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History of the Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Gitanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Scourge" title="Gypsy Scourge">Gypsy Scourge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Gypsies" title="King of the Gypsies">King of the Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_studies" title="Romani studies">Romani studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Romani society and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_literature" title="Romani literature">Romani literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dress" title="Romani dress">Romani dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Racism in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental racism in Europe">Environmental racism in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blond_Angel_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blond Angel Case">The Blond Angel Case</a></li></ul> General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traveler_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Traveler (disambiguation)">Traveler (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant groups in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_tribes_in_India" title="Nomadic tribes in India">Nomadic tribes in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul> Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_people" title="List of Romani people">List of Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">List of Romani settlements</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people">South Asian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">South Asian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_people" title="Lori people">Lori people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_relations" title="Indo-Roman relations">Indo-Roman relations</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> 5,400 per <a href="/wiki/2000_US_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 US census">2000 census</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> This is a census figure. Some 736,981 (10% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities. In a Bulgarian government report on the census, the ethnic results are identified as a "gross manipulation".<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> This is a census figure. There was an option to declare multiple ethnicities, so this figure includes Roma of multiple backgrounds. According to the 2016 microcensus 99.1% of Hungarian Roma declared Hungarian ethnic identity also. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Approximate estimate. </li> <li id="cite_note-census-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_38-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_38-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_38-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_38-8">i</a> This is a census figure. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> This is a census figure. Some 368,136 (5.1% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> This is a census figure. Some 408,777 (7.5% of the population) did not declare any ethnicity. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> This is a census figure. Less than 1% of the population did not declare any ethnicity. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> This is a census figure including Romani, <a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> This is a census figure. Some 25% of the population did not declare any ethnicity. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Also spelled Romany or Rromani. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> "Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million." </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh language alphabet</a> lacks the letter k. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> "Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million." </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> Muslim Romas were excluded from the <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Deportation of Muslims</a> from Greece's new conquered territory following the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> and presently form the majority of Greece's native Muslim population. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, M. 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Retrieved 15 September 2010. <q><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hancock" title="Ian Hancock">Ian Hancock</a>'s 1987 estimate for 'all Gypsies in the world' was 6 to 11 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.edition=16th&rft.pub=SIL&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Frmy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12977975">"EU demands action to tackle Roma poverty"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roma&rft.pub=Nationalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalia.info%2Fnew%2F8761%2Fpeoples-and-nations-today-the-roma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/Rom">"Rom"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2010. <q>... estimates of the total world Roma population range from two million to five million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Rom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Smith, J. (2008). The marginalization of shadow minorities (Roma) and its impact on opportunities (Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University). </li> <li id="cite_note-time-7"><a href="#cite_ref-time_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayla_Webley2010" class="citation news cs1">Kayla Webley (13 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2025316,00.html">"Hounded in Europe, Roma in the U.S. Keep a Low Profile"</a>. Time. 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R7. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/falta-de-politicas-publicas-para-ciganos-e-desafio-para-o-governo-20110524.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012. <q>The Special Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality estimates the number of "ciganos" (Romanis) in Brazil at 800,000 (2011). The 2010 <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">IBGE</a> Brazilian National Census encountered Romani camps in 291 of Brazil's 5,565 municipalities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Falta+de+pol%C3%ADticas+p%C3%BAblicas+para+ciganos+%C3%A9+desafio+para+o+governo&rft.pub=R7&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.r7.com%2Fbrasil%2Fnoticias%2Ffalta-de-politicas-publicas-para-ciganos-e-desafio-para-o-governo-20110524.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu-country/roma-integration-spain_en">"Roma integration in Spain"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 September 2010. <q>The Spanish government estimates the number of Gitanos to be a maximum of 650,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Situation+of+Roma+in+Spain&rft.pub=Open+Society+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eumap.org%2Freports%2F2002%2Feu%2Finternational%2Fsections%2Fspain%2F2002_m_spain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_–_CIS-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_–_CIS_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_–_CIS_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808120335/http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf">"Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España: Un análisis contrastado de la Encuesta del CIS a Hogares de Población Gitana 2007"</a> (PDF). mscbs.gob.es. 2007. 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Retrieved 16 February 2024. <q>This population [...] migrated from northern India to Europe over 1,500 years ago [...] The Romani community are genetically diverse, and Romani groups established in different locations are highly varied.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barcelona+Biomedical+Research+Park+%28PRBB%29+-+El%C2%B7lipse&rft.atitle=The+definition+of+being+Romani&rft.date=2023-08-07&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Arrieta&rft.aufirst=Stefany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fellipse.prbb.org%2Fthe-definition-of-being-romani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeňo2022" class="citation web cs1">Beňo, Matúš (5 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.sme.sk/c/23061966/romani-disappearing-from-roma-communities.html">"Romani disappearing from Roma communities"</a>. The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 16 February 2024. <q>What is the current state of the language? It is used less and less today in Romani communities. The young generation in some localities, such as Humenné, Michalovce, or Trebišov in eastern Slovakia, no longer speak the language at all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Slovak+Spectator&rft.atitle=Romani+disappearing+from+Roma+communities&rft.date=2022-11-05&rft.aulast=Be%C5%88o&rft.aufirst=Mat%C3%BA%C5%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectator.sme.sk%2Fc%2F23061966%2Fromani-disappearing-from-roma-communities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarinov2019" class="citation book cs1">Marinov, Aleksandar G. (3 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl2jDwAAQBAJ">Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-362-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-362-2"><bdi>978-1-78920-362-2</bdi></a>. <q>It is unclear what made this people leave the Indian sub-continent but they are generally believed to have originated from central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to the northwest around 250 BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inward+Looking%3A+The+Impact+of+Migration+on+Romanipe+from+the+Romani+Perspective&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-362-2&rft.aulast=Marinov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKl2jDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFHancock2002">Hancock (2002)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PR20">xx</a>: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_BroughtonMark_EllinghamRichard_Trillo1999" class="citation book cs1">Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo">World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</a>. Rough Guides. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-635-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-635-8"><bdi>978-1-85828-635-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Music%3A+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-635-8&rft.au=Simon+Broughton&rft.au=Mark+Ellingham&rft.au=Richard+Trillo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetoworl00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2012" class="citation book cs1">Silverman, Carol (24 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lw-Byail0EkC&pg=PA49">Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora</a>. OUP USA. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530094-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530094-9"><bdi>978-0-19-530094-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani+Routes%3A+Cultural+Politics+and+Balkan+Music+in+Diaspora&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530094-9&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlw-Byail0EkC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2016" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (8 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260">The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5749-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5749-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-5749-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Folk+Dance&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMGpDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock20029-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock20029_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHancock2002">Hancock 2002</a>, p. 9: '...the separation from India took place no earlier than the year 1000' </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatras2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yaron_Matras" title="Yaron Matras">Matras, Yaron</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122105858/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf">"Romani"</a> (PDF). In Brown, Keith (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054784-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054784-8"><bdi>978-0-08-054784-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romani&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-08-054784-8&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fromani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk%2Fdownloads%2F2%2FMatras_Rmni_ELL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendizabalValenteGusmãoAlves2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mendizabal, Isabel; Valente, Cristina; Gusmão, Alfredo; Alves, Cíntia; Gomes, Verónica; Goios, Ana; Parson, Walther; Calafell, Francesc; Alvarez, Luis; Amorim, António; Gusmão, Leonor; Comas, David; Prata, Maria João (10 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018485">"Reconstructing the Indian Origin and Dispersal of the European Roma: A Maternal Genetic Perspective"</a>. PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e15988. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015988">10.1371/journal.pone.0015988</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018485">3018485</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21264345">21264345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Indian+Origin+and+Dispersal+of+the+European+Roma%3A+A+Maternal+Genetic+Perspective&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e15988&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3018485%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21264345&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015988&rft.aulast=Mendizabal&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft.au=Valente%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Gusm%C3%A3o%2C+Alfredo&rft.au=Alves%2C+C%C3%ADntia&rft.au=Gomes%2C+Ver%C3%B3nica&rft.au=Goios%2C+Ana&rft.au=Parson%2C+Walther&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Alvarez%2C+Luis&rft.au=Amorim%2C+Ant%C3%B3nio&rft.au=Gusm%C3%A3o%2C+Leonor&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft.au=Prata%2C+Maria+Jo%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3018485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappas2012" class="citation web cs1">Pappas, Stephanie (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/wbna50107632">"Origin of the Romani people pinned down - it's India"</a>. NBC News. Retrieved 16 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Romani+people+pinned+down+-+it%27s+India&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Famp%2Fwbna50107632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cole, Jeffrey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC">"Roma"</a>. Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. United Kingdom: ABC-CLIO. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-303-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-303-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-303-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roma&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-303-3&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9fDifnkMJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenrick2007" class="citation book cs1">Kenrick, Donald (5 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR37">Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies)</a> (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. xxxvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6440-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6440-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-6440-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Gypsies+%28Romanies%29&rft.pages=xxxvii&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5&rft.aulast=Kenrick&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQKyAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelanderWalter2020" class="citation web cs1">Selander, Morgan; Walter, Emily (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballardbrief.byu.edu/issue-briefs/lack-of-educational-opportunities-for-the-roma-people-in-eastern-europe">"Lack of Educational Opportunities for the Roma People in Eastern Europe"</a>. Ballard Brief. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballard+Brief&rft.atitle=Lack+of+Educational+Opportunities+for+the+Roma+People+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Selander&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft.au=Walter%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballardbrief.byu.edu%2Fissue-briefs%2Flack-of-educational-opportunities-for-the-roma-people-in-eastern-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationwatchuk.org/briefing-paper/312">"EU and the Roma"</a>. Migration Watch UK. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Migration+Watch+UK&rft.atitle=EU+and+the+Roma&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationwatchuk.org%2Fbriefing-paper%2F312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/16804fa12a">"The demographic characteristics of Roma/Gypsies in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. Council of Europe. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+of+Europe&rft.atitle=The+demographic+characteristics+of+Roma%2FGypsies+in+selected+countries+of+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2F16804fa12a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaster1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gaster, Moses (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gipsies">"Gipsies" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gipsies&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=37-43&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gaster&rft.aufirst=Moses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randall-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Randall_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall" class="citation web cs1">Randall, Kay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205135317/http://www.utexas.edu/features/archive/2003/romani.html">"What's in a Name? Professor take on roles of Romani activist and spokesperson to improve plight of their ethnic group"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/features/archive/2003/romani.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F+Professor+take+on+roles+of+Romani+activist+and+spokesperson+to+improve+plight+of+their+ethnic+group&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Kay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utexas.edu%2Ffeatures%2Farchive%2F2003%2Fromani.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBambauer2018" class="citation web cs1">Bambauer, Nikki (2 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520162229/https://holocaustcenter.jfcs.org/plight-romani-people/">"The Plight of the Romani People-Europe's Most Persecuted Minority"</a>. JFCS Holocaust Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holocaustcenter.jfcs.org/plight-romani-people/">the original</a> on 20 May 2024. <q>The Romani people are frequently referred to as "gypsies," but many of them consider this exonym a derogatory term.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Plight+of+the+Romani+People-Europe%27s+Most+Persecuted+Minority&rft.pub=JFCS+Holocaust+Center&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.aulast=Bambauer&rft.aufirst=Nikki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholocaustcenter.jfcs.org%2Fplight-romani-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pickering-101"><a href="#cite_ref-pickering_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering2010" class="citation web cs1">Pickering (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524174552/https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEnglish/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/AwardEntries/Romani_Pickering_2010.pdf">"The Romani"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Northern_Michigan_University" title="Northern Michigan University">Northern Michigan University</a>. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEnglish/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/AwardEntries/Romani_Pickering_2010.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Romani&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Northern+Michigan+University&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Pickering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmu.edu%2Fsites%2FDrupalEnglish%2Ffiles%2FUserFiles%2FFiles%2FPre-Drupal%2FSiteSections%2FStudents%2FAwardEntries%2FRomani_Pickering_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons_Women_&_Equalities_Committee2019" class="citation web cs1">House of Commons Women & Equalities Committee (5 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmwomeq/360/full-report.html#heading-6">"Tackling inequalities faced by Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities"</a>. UK Parliament. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tackling+inequalities+faced+by+Gypsy%2C+Roma+and+Traveller+communities&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft.au=House+of+Commons+Women+%26+Equalities+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201719%2Fcmselect%2Fcmwomeq%2F360%2Ffull-report.html%23heading-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaeferZellner2015" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Richard T.; Zellner, William W. (22 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iniuCgAAQBAJ&dq=Gypsies+live+in+cities+chicago+los+angeles&pg=PA9">Extraordinary Groups: An Examination of Unconventional Lifestyles, Ninth Edition</a>. Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781478631835" title="Special:BookSources/9781478631835"><bdi>9781478631835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extraordinary+Groups%3A+An+Examination+of+Unconventional+Lifestyles%2C+Ninth+Edition&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft.isbn=9781478631835&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft.au=Zellner%2C+William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiniuCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DGypsies%2Blive%2Bin%2Bcities%2Bchicago%2Blos%2Bangeles%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Peter Boyd-Bowman (ed.), Indice geobiográfico de cuarenta mil pobladores españoles de América en el siglo XVI, vol. 1: 1493–1519 (Bogota: Instituto Caro y Cuervo, 1964), 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1; Volume 7 By Junius P. Rodriguez </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">We are the Romani People. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+are+the+Romani+People&rft.pages=27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrêa_Teixeira" class="citation web cs1">Corrêa Teixeira, Rodrigo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044951/http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf/teixeira_hist_ciganos_brasil.pdf">"A história dos ciganos no Brasil"</a> (PDF). Dhnet.org.br. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/sos/ciganos/a_pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhnet.org.br&rft.atitle=A+hist%C3%B3ria+dos+ciganos+no+Brasil&rft.aulast=Corr%C3%AAa+Teixeira&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhnet.org.br%2Fdireitos%2Fsos%2Fciganos%2Fa_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras2002240-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras2002240_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras2002240_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatras2002">Matras 2002</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatras2002239-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatras2002239_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatras2002">Matras 2002</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011141138/http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf">"Romani"</a> (PDF). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Rmni_ELL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2009. <q>In some regions of Europe, especially the western margins (Britain, the Iberian peninsula), Romani-speaking communities have given up their language in favor of the majority language, but have retained Romani-derived vocabulary as an in-group code. Such codes, for instance Angloromani (Britain), Caló (Spain), or Rommani (Scandinavia) are usually referred to as Para-Romani varieties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Romani&rft.pages=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk%2Fdownloads%2F2%2FMatras_Rmni_ELL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecultural.me/romromni-romanoromani-453391">"Rom/Romni, Romano/Romani | The Cultural Me"</a>. thecultural.me.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecultural.me&rft.atitle=Rom%2FRomni%2C+Romano%2FRomani+%26%23124%3B+The+Cultural+Me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecultural.me%2Fromromni-romanoromani-453391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rom">"Roma | People, Meaning, History, Language, Lifestyle, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Roma+%26%23124%3B+People%2C+Meaning%2C+History%2C+Language%2C+Lifestyle%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-words-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-words_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-words_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-words_114-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005191238/http://www.inotherwords-project.eu/content/project/media-analysis/terminology/terminology-concerning-roma">"Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, Travellers...The Correct Terminology about Roma"</a>, In Other Words project, Web Observatory & Review for Discrimination alerts & Stereotypes deconstruction, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inotherwords-project.eu/content/project/media-analysis/terminology/terminology-concerning-roma">the original</a> on 5 October 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roma%2C+Sinti%2C+Gypsies%2C+Travellers...The+Correct+Terminology+about+Roma&rft.btitle=In+Other+Words+project&rft.pub=Web+Observatory+%26+Review+for+Discrimination+alerts+%26+Stereotypes+deconstruction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inotherwords-project.eu%2Fcontent%2Fproject%2Fmedia-analysis%2Fterminology%2Fterminology-concerning-roma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherata" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cherata, Lucian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scritub.com/sociologie/ETIMOLOGIA-CUVINTELOR-TIGAN-SI2053142415.php#_ftn38">"ETIMOLOGIA CUVINTELOR "ȚIGAN" sI "(R)ROM""</a>. Scritube (in Romanian). Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scritube&rft.atitle=ETIMOLOGIA+CUVINTELOR+%22%C8%9AIGAN%22+sI+%22%28R%29ROM%22&rft.aulast=Cherata&rft.aufirst=Lucian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scritub.com%2Fsociologie%2FETIMOLOGIA-CUVINTELOR-TIGAN-SI2053142415.php%23_ftn38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xix-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xix_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHancock2002">Hancock 2002</a>, p. xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xxi-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xxi_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2002xxi_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHancock2002">Hancock 2002</a>, p. xxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sprakradet.no/Spraka-vare/Minoritetssprak/romani-og-romanes/">"Romani og romanes"</a>. Språkrådet (in Norwegian Bokmål).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft.atitle=Romani+og+romanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2FSpraka-vare%2FMinoritetssprak%2Fromani-og-romanes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> "Romany" first use 1812 in a slang dictionary; "Rom" and "Roma" as plural, first uses by <a href="/wiki/George_Burrow" class="mw-redirect" title="George Burrow">George Burrow</a> in the Introduction to his <a href="/wiki/The_Zincali" title="The Zincali">The Zincali</a> (1846 edition), also using "Rommany" </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarushiakovaPopov2001" class="citation cs2">Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin (2001), "Historical and ethnographic background; gypsies, Roma, Sinti", in Guy, Will (ed.), Between Past and Future: The Roma of Central and Eastern Europe [with a Foreword by Dr. Ian Hancock], UK: University of Hertfordshire Press, p. 52</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+and+ethnographic+background%3B+gypsies%2C+Roma%2C+Sinti&rft.btitle=Between+Past+and+Future%3A+The+Roma+of+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+%5Bwith+a+Foreword+by+Dr.+Ian+Hancock%5D&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Marushiakova&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Popov%2C+Vesselin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimova-Alexander2005" class="citation cs2">Klimova-Alexander, Illona (2005), The Romani Voice in World Politics: The United Nations and Non-State Actors, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, p. 13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romani+Voice+in+World+Politics%3A+The+United+Nations+and+Non-State+Actors&rft.place=Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Klimova-Alexander&rft.aufirst=Illona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothéa" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rothéa, Xavier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theyliewedie.org/ressources/biblio/fr/Rothea_Xavier_-_Les_roms.html">"Les Roms, une nation sans territoire?"</a>. Theyliewedie.org (in French). Retrieved 31 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theyliewedie.org&rft.atitle=Les+Roms%2C+une+nation+sans+territoire%3F&rft.aulast=Roth%C3%A9a&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyliewedie.org%2Fressources%2Fbiblio%2Ffr%2FRothea_Xavier_-_Les_roms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garner-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garner_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2011" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Bryan A (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YwLiALrHLCEC&pg=PA400">Dictionary of Legal Usage</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 400–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538420-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538420-8"><bdi>978-0-19-538420-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Legal+Usage&rft.pages=400-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538420-8&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYwLiALrHLCEC%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Nions2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Nions, Helen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lN1Nj_IjUiUC&pg=PA6">Minority rights protection in international law: the Roma of Europe</a>. 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[The multitude of Roma groups is apparently a relic of Roma differentiation to Indian castes and subcastes.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kapitoly+z+d%C4%9Bjin+Rom%C5%AF&rft.place=Praha&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Lidov%C3%A9+noviny&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Horv%C3%A1tov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Jana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.varianty.cz%2Fcdrom%2Fpodkapitoly%2Fd01kapitoly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477">N. 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Vaščka, Michal; Jurásková, Martina; Nicholson, Tom (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203125146/http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf">"From Leaving The Homeland to the First Assimilation Measures"</a> (PDF). Čačipen Pal O Roma – A Global Report on Roma in Slovakia. Slovakia: 17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurac.it/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/romaglob_final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 December 2013. 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International Journal of Legal Medicine 126 (2012): 497.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-slav-252"><a href="#cite_ref-slav_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushniarevichUtevskaChuhryaevaAgdzhoyan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kushniarevich, A; Utevska, O; Chuhryaeva, M; Agdzhoyan, A; Dibirova, K; Uktveryte, I; Möls, M; Mulahasanovic, L; Pshenichnov, A; Frolova, S; Shanko, A; Metspalu, E; Reidla, M; Tambets, K; Tamm, E; Koshel, S; Zaporozhchenko, V; Atramentova, L; Kučinskas, V; Davydenko, O; Goncharova, O; Evseeva, I; Churnosov, M; Pocheshchova, E; Yunusbayev, B; Khusnutdinova, E; Marjanović, D; Rudan, P; Rootsi, S; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4558026">"Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data"</a>. PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135820. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1035820K">2015PLoSO..1035820K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0135820">10.1371/journal.pone.0135820</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4558026">4558026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26332464">26332464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Genetic+Heritage+of+the+Balto-Slavic+Speaking+Populations%3A+A+Synthesis+of+Autosomal%2C+Mitochondrial+and+Y-Chromosomal+Data&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e0135820&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4558026%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26332464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0135820&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1035820K&rft.aulast=Kushniarevich&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Utevska%2C+O&rft.au=Chuhryaeva%2C+M&rft.au=Agdzhoyan%2C+A&rft.au=Dibirova%2C+K&rft.au=Uktveryte%2C+I&rft.au=M%C3%B6ls%2C+M&rft.au=Mulahasanovic%2C+L&rft.au=Pshenichnov%2C+A&rft.au=Frolova%2C+S&rft.au=Shanko%2C+A&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+E&rft.au=Reidla%2C+M&rft.au=Tambets%2C+K&rft.au=Tamm%2C+E&rft.au=Koshel%2C+S&rft.au=Zaporozhchenko%2C+V&rft.au=Atramentova%2C+L&rft.au=Ku%C4%8Dinskas%2C+V&rft.au=Davydenko%2C+O&rft.au=Goncharova%2C+O&rft.au=Evseeva%2C+I&rft.au=Churnosov%2C+M&rft.au=Pocheshchova%2C+E&rft.au=Yunusbayev%2C+B&rft.au=Khusnutdinova%2C+E&rft.au=Marjanovi%C4%87%2C+D&rft.au=Rudan%2C+P&rft.au=Rootsi%2C+S&rft.au=Yankovsky%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4558026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-THiM-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THiM_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-THiM_253-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBereznay2021" class="citation book cs1">Bereznay, András (2021). Historical Atlas of the Gypsies: Romani History in Maps. Méry Ratio. p. 18/1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6284-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6284-10-5"><bdi>978-615-6284-10-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Gypsies%3A+Romani+History+in+Maps&rft.pages=18%2F1&rft.pub=M%C3%A9ry+Ratio&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-615-6284-10-5&rft.aulast=Bereznay&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/arrival-in-europe-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b1908">"Arrival in Europe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arrival+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2Farrival-in-europe-factsheets-on-romani-history%2F16808b1908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnfuso1994" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Anfuso, Linda (24 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824232640/http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies-msg.html">"gypsies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:rec.org.sca">rec.org.sca</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:PaN9Hc2w165w@tinhat.stonemarche.org">PaN9Hc2w165w@tinhat.stonemarche.org</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.florilegium.org/files/CULTURES/Gypsies-msg.html">the original</a> on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=gypsies&rft.pub=rec.org.sca&rft.date=1994-02-24&rft_id=news%3APaN9Hc2w165w%40tinhat.stonemarche.org%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.aulast=Anfuso&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.florilegium.org%2Ffiles%2FCULTURES%2FGypsies-msg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeilBlauKeilFeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Keil, Charles; Blau, Dick; Keil, Angeliki; Feld, Steven (9 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPxA6JA49B4C&pg=PA50">Bright Balkan Morning: Romani Lives and the Power of Music in Greek Macedonia</a>. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6488-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6488-7"><bdi>978-0-8195-6488-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+Balkan+Morning%3A+Romani+Lives+and+the+Power+of+Music+in+Greek+Macedonia&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2002-12-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6488-7&rft.aulast=Keil&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Blau%2C+Dick&rft.au=Keil%2C+Angeliki&rft.au=Feld%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrPxA6JA49B4C%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Ian_LawDr_Sarah_Swann2013" class="citation book cs1">Dr Ian Law; Dr Sarah Swann (28 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee5eOkd62BEC&pg=PA11">Ethnicity and Education in England and Europe: Gangstas, Geeks and Gorjas</a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9484-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9484-3"><bdi>978-1-4094-9484-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Education+in+England+and+Europe%3A+Gangstas%2C+Geeks+and+Gorjas&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-9484-3&rft.au=Dr+Ian+Law&rft.au=Dr+Sarah+Swann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEe5eOkd62BEC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst_Hĺkon_Jahr1992" class="citation book cs1">Ernst Hĺkon Jahr (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfQ4iFhXx4YC&pg=PA42">Language Contact: Theoretical and Empirical Studies</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012802-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012802-4"><bdi>978-3-11-012802-4</bdi></a>. 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Rough Guides. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/148">148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-635-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-635-8"><bdi>978-1-85828-635-8</bdi></a>. 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Scarecrow Press. pp. xx–xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6440-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6440-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-6440-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Gypsies+%28Romanis%29&rft.pages=xx-xxii&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6440-5&rft.aulast=Kenrick&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatozofgypsiesrom0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman_Davies_1996_387–388-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Norman_Davies_1996_387–388_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Europe:_A_History" title="Europe: A History">Europe: A History</a>. 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Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Troops+patrol+French+village+of+Saint-Aignan+after+riot&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-10681796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11027288">"Q&A: France Roma expulsions"</a>. BBC News. 15 September 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+France+Roma+expulsions&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11027288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/sarkozy-finds-a-scapegoat-france-begins-controversial-roma-deportations-a-712701.html">"France Begins Controversial Roma Deportations"</a>. Der Spiegel. 19 August 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=France+Begins+Controversial+Roma+Deportations&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Feurope%2Fsarkozy-finds-a-scapegoat-france-begins-controversial-roma-deportations-a-712701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11301307">"EU may take legal action against France over Roma"</a>. BBC News. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+may+take+legal+action+against+France+over+Roma&rft.date=2010-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11301307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GLS-391"><a href="#cite_ref-GLS_391-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gypsyloresociety.org/">"The Gypsy Lore Society"</a> (Journal).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gypsy+Lore+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gypsyloresociety.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacquot2006" class="citation book cs1">Jacquot, Dominique (2006). Le musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg — Cinq siècles de peinture. Strasbourg: Éditions des Musées de Strasbourg. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-901833-78-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-901833-78-9"><bdi>978-2-901833-78-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+mus%C3%A9e+des+Beaux-Arts+de+Strasbourg+%E2%80%94+Cinq+si%C3%A8cles+de+peinture&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+des+Mus%C3%A9es+de+Strasbourg&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-901833-78-9&rft.aulast=Jacquot&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchim2004" class="citation book cs1">Achim, Viorel (2004). The Roma in Romanian History. Budapest: <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-84-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-84-8"><bdi>978-963-9241-84-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roma+in+Romanian+History&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-84-8&rft.aulast=Achim&rft.aufirst=Viorel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1992" class="citation cs2">Fraser, Angus (1992), The Gypsies, Oxford, UK: Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-15967-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-15967-4"><bdi>978-0-631-15967-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gypsies&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-631-15967-4&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2001" class="citation cs2">Hancock, Ian (2001), Ame sam e rromane džene, New York: The Open Society Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ame+sam+e+rromane+d%C5%BEene&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Open+Society+Institute&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2002" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ian (2002) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC">Ame Sam E Rromane Dz̆ene</a>. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"><bdi>978-1-902806-19-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ame+Sam+E+Rromane+Dz%CC%86ene&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-902806-19-8&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG0ahVw-kdwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelsinki_Watch1991" class="citation cs2">Helsinki Watch (1991), Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Czechoslovakia's Endangered Gypsies, New York: Helsinki Watch</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggling+for+Ethnic+Identity%3A+Czechoslovakia%27s+Endangered+Gypsies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Helsinki+Watch&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Helsinki+Watch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHübshmanová2003" class="citation web cs1">Hübshmanová, Milena (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211164439/http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data%2Fethn%2Ftopics%2Fnames.en.xml">"Roma – Sub Ethnic Groups"</a>. Rombase. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data%2Fethn%2Ftopics%2Fnames.en.xml">the original</a> on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rombase&rft.atitle=Roma+%E2%80%93+Sub+Ethnic+Groups&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCbshmanov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frombase.uni-graz.at%2F%2Fcgi-bin%2Fartframe.pl%3Fsrc%3Ddata%252Fethn%252Ftopics%252Fnames.en.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemon2000" class="citation book cs1">Lemon, Alaina (2000). Between Two Fires: Gypsy Performance and Romani Memory from Pushkin to Post-Socialism. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2456-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2456-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-2456-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Fires%3A+Gypsy+Performance+and+Romani+Memory+from+Pushkin+to+Post-Socialism&rft.pub=Durham%3A+Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2456-0&rft.aulast=Lemon&rft.aufirst=Alaina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatrasPopov2001" class="citation book cs1">Matras, Yaron; Popov, Vesselin (2001). Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Hatfield%3A+University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft.au=Popov%2C+Vesselin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatras2005" class="citation book cs1">Matras, Yaron (2005). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02330-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02330-6"><bdi>978-0-521-02330-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02330-6&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatras2002" class="citation book cs1">Matras, Yaron (2002). Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63165-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63165-5"><bdi>978-0-521-63165-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63165-5&rft.aulast=Matras&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Gypsies, The World's Outsiders", National Geographic, pp. 72–101, April 2001</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Gypsies%2C+The+World%27s+Outsiders&rft.pages=72-101&rft.date=2001-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemeth2002" class="citation book cs1">Nemeth, David J. (2002). The Gypsy-American. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gypsy-American&rft.pub=Lewiston%2C+NY%3A+Edwin+Mellen&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Nemeth&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1986" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Ann (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYQfAAAAQBAJ">Gypsies: The Hidden Americans</a>. Waveland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-235-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-235-3"><bdi>978-0-88133-235-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies%3A+The+Hidden+Americans&rft.pub=Waveland&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88133-235-3&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYQfAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Silverman, Carol (1995). "Persecution and Politicization: Roma (Gypsies) of Eastern Europe". Cultural Survival Quarterly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Survival+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Persecution+and+Politicization%3A+Roma+%28Gypsies%29+of+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bereznay, András. Historical Atlas of the Gypsies: Romani History in Maps (Budapest: Méry Ratio, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=60365">see online review of this book</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2014" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Becky (2014). Another Darkness, Another Dawn: A History of Gypsies, Roma and Travellers. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-257-7"><bdi>978-1-78023-257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Darkness%2C+Another+Dawn%3A+A+History+of+Gypsies%2C+Roma+and+Travellers&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-257-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Becky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalwant_BhopalMartin_Myers2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kalwant_Bhopal" title="Kalwant Bhopal">Kalwant Bhopal</a>; Martin Myers (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YlqFBR50PPMC">Insiders, Outsiders and Others: Gypsies and Identity</a>. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-71-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-71-6"><bdi>978-1-902806-71-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insiders%2C+Outsiders+and+Others%3A+Gypsies+and+Identity&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-902806-71-6&rft.au=Kalwant+Bhopal&rft.au=Martin+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYlqFBR50PPMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Cohn1973" class="citation book cs1">Werner Cohn (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wernercohn.com/Resources/The_Gypsies.pdf">The Gypsies</a> (PDF). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-11362-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-11362-4"><bdi>978-0-201-11362-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gypsies&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-201-11362-4&rft.au=Werner+Cohn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wernercohn.com%2FResources%2FThe_Gypsies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_SotoBeddiesGedeshi2005" class="citation report cs1">De Soto, Hermine; Beddies, Sabine; Gedeshi, Ilir (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/1a560799-6e27-59e8-9e92-aae74c6d3a11">Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion</a> (Report). Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Roma+and+Egyptians+in+Albania%3A+From+Social+Exclusion+to+Social+Inclusion&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=De+Soto&rft.aufirst=Hermine&rft.au=Beddies%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Gedeshi%2C+Ilir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fentities%2Fpublication%2F1a560799-6e27-59e8-9e92-aae74c6d3a11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonseca1995" class="citation book cs1">Fonseca, Isabel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burymestandinggy00fons">Bury me standing: the Gypsies and their journey</a>. New York: AA Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40678-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40678-5"><bdi>978-0-679-40678-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bury+me+standing%3A+the+Gypsies+and+their+journey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=AA+Knopf&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-40678-5&rft.aulast=Fonseca&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburymestandinggy00fons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._GlajarD._Radulescu2008" class="citation book cs1">V. Glajar; D. Radulescu (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZDFAAAAQBAJ">Gypsies in European Literature and Culture</a>. Palgrave Macmillan US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61163-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61163-4"><bdi>978-0-230-61163-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies+in+European+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61163-4&rft.au=V.+Glajar&rft.au=D.+Radulescu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZDFAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, RD; Atkinson, QD (2003). <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">"Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 426 (6965): 435–439. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.426..435G">2003Natur.426..435G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02029">10.1038/nature02029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14647380">14647380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42340">42340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Language-tree+divergence+times+support+the+Anatolian+theory+of+Indo-European+origin&rft.volume=426&rft.issue=6965&rft.pages=435-439&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14647380&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.426..435G&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=RD&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+QD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreshamMorarUnderhillPassarino2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gresham, David; Morar, Bharti; Underhill, Peter A.; Passarino, Giuseppe; Lin, Alice A.; Wise, Cheryl; Angelicheva, Dora; Calafell, Francesc; Oefner, Peter J.; Shen, Peidong; Tournev, Ivailo; de Pablo, Rosario; Kuĉinskas, Vaidutis; Perez-Lezaun, Anna; Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin; Kalaydjieva, Luba (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543">"Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)"</a>. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (6): 1314–1331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F324681">10.1086/324681</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543">1235543</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11704928">11704928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Divergence+of+the+Roma+%28Gypsies%29&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1314-1331&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11704928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F324681&rft.aulast=Gresham&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Morar%2C+Bharti&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Passarino%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Lin%2C+Alice+A.&rft.au=Wise%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Angelicheva%2C+Dora&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Oefner%2C+Peter+J.&rft.au=Shen%2C+Peidong&rft.au=Tournev%2C+Ivailo&rft.au=de+Pablo%2C+Rosario&rft.au=Ku%C4%89inskas%2C+Vaidutis&rft.au=Perez-Lezaun%2C+Anna&rft.au=Marushiakova%2C+Elena&rft.au=Popov%2C+Vesselin&rft.au=Kalaydjieva%2C+Luba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaydjievaCalafellJoblingAngelicheva2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kalaydjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; de Knijff, Peter; Rosser, ZoëH; Hurles, Matthew E; Underhill, Peter; Tournev, Ivailo; Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200597">"Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages"</a>. European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200597">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11313742">11313742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21432405">21432405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+inter-+and+intra-group+genetic+diversity+in+the+Vlax+Roma+as+revealed+by+Y+chromosome+and+mitochondrial+DNA+lineages&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-104&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21432405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11313742&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200597&rft.aulast=Kalaydjieva&rft.aufirst=Luba&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Jobling%2C+Mark+A&rft.au=Angelicheva%2C+Dora&rft.au=de+Knijff%2C+Peter&rft.au=Rosser%2C+Zo%C3%ABH&rft.au=Hurles%2C+Matthew+E&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter&rft.au=Tournev%2C+Ivailo&rft.au=Marushiakova%2C+Elena&rft.au=Popov%2C+Vesselin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejhg.5200597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingold2000" class="citation cs2">Ringold, Dena (2000), Roma & the Transition in Central & Eastern Europe: Trends & Challenges, Washington, DC: World Bank</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+%26+the+Transition+in+Central+%26+Eastern+Europe%3A+Trends+%26+Challenges&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ringold&rft.aufirst=Dena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1926" class="citation cs2">Turner, Ralph L (1926), "The Position of Romani in Indo-Aryan", Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd, 5 (4): 145–188</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Gypsy+Lore+Society&rft.atitle=The+Position+of+Romani+in+Indo-Aryan&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=145-188&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell1970" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Bart (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0heTAAAAIAAJ">Gypsies, wanderers of the world</a>. National Geographic Society. Special Publications Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87044-088-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87044-088-5"><bdi>978-0-87044-088-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies%2C+wanderers+of+the+world&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society.+Special+Publications+Division&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-87044-088-5&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0heTAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sancar Seckiner's comprehensible book South (Güney), 2013, consists of 12 article and essays. One of them, Ikiçeşmelik, highlights Turkish Romani life. Ref. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4579-45-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4579-45-7">978-605-4579-45-7</a>.</li> <li>Sancar Seckiner' s new book Thilda's House (Thilda'nın Evi), 2017, underlines the struggle of the Romani in Istanbul who have been swept away from nearby Kadikoy. Ref. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4160-88-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4160-88-4">978-605-4160-88-4</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadenez_Julien2014" class="citation book cs1">Radenez Julien (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youscribe.com/catalogue/tous/savoirs/recherches-sur-l-histoire-des-tsiganes-2754759">Recherches sur l'histoire des Tsiganes</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherches+sur+l%27histoire+des+Tsiganes&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Radenez+Julien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youscribe.com%2Fcatalogue%2Ftous%2Fsavoirs%2Frecherches-sur-l-histoire-des-tsiganes-2754759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuzias2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Auzias, Claire (2002), Les funambules de l'histoire (in French) (Éditions la Digitale ed.), Baye: La Digitale</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+funambules+de+l%27histoire&rft.place=Baye&rft.edition=%C3%89ditions+la+Digitale&rft.pub=La+Digitale&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Auzias&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romani_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_topics" title="Template:Romani topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_topics" title="Template talk:Romani topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romani_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romani</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Names of the Romani people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Romani_history" title="Timeline of Romani history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Romani_people" title="Archaeology of the Romani people">Archaeology of the Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudum_Acinganorum" title="Feudum Acinganorum">Feudum Acinganorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Moldavian–Wallachian slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1530" title="Egyptians Act 1530">Egyptians Act 1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptians_Act_1554" title="Egyptians Act 1554">Egyptians Act 1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Scourge" title="Gypsy Scourge">Gypsy Scourge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazdie" title="Dazdie">Dazdie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porajmos">Porajmos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin-Marzahn_concentration_camp" title="Berlin-Marzahn concentration camp">Berlin-Marzahn concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Roma_during_the_Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue of Roma during the Porajmos">Rescue of Roma during the Porajmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczurowa_massacre" title="Szczurowa massacre">Szczurowa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_family_camp_(Auschwitz)" title="Gypsy family camp (Auschwitz)">Gypsy family camp in Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Romani_people_to_Transnistria" title="Deportations of Romani people to Transnistria">Deportations of Romani people to Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C5%82awa_riot" title="Mława riot">Mława riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_H%C4%83d%C4%83reni_riots" title="1993 Hădăreni riots">1993 Hădăreni riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Ferentari_riot" title="2006 Ferentari riot">2006 Ferentari riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_neo-Nazi_murders_of_Roma_in_Hungary" title="2008–2009 neo-Nazi murders of Roma in Hungary">2008–2009 neo-Nazi murders of Roma in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Roma_migrants_from_France" title="Deportation of Roma migrants from France">Deportation of Roma migrants from France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_Holocaust_Memorial_Day" title="Roma Holocaust Memorial Day">Roma Holocaust Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_Sinti_and_Roma_Victims_of_National_Socialism" title="Memorial to the Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism">Memorial to the Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanistan" title="Romanistan">Romanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Anti-Romani sentiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roma_Special_School" title="Roma Special School">Roma Special School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental racism in Europe">Environmental racism in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani feminism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">Alphabets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Romani_people" title="Flag of the Romani people">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_anthem" title="Romani anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_hip_hop" title="Romani hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_jazz" title="Gypsy jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_punk" title="Gypsy punk">Punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dress" title="Romani dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_literature" title="Romani literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Romani" title="Bible translations into Romani">Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_poets" title="List of Romani poets">Poets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_media" title="Romani media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_fiction" title="Romani people in fiction">In fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Romani_Day" title="International Romani Day">International Romani Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_of_Romani_Language" title="World Day of Romani Language">World Day of Romani Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Gypsies" title="King of the Gypsies">King of the Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marime" title="Marime">Marime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadjo" title="Gadjo">Gadjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris_(Romani_court)" title="Kris (Romani court)">Kris (Romani court)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom_baro" title="Rom baro">Rom baro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Roma_Festival" title="World Roma Festival">World Roma Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_German_Sinti_and_Roma" title="Central Council of German Sinti and Roma">Central Council of German Sinti and Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Roma_Rights_Centre" title="European Roma Rights Centre">European Roma Rights Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Rights_Prize_of_the_Sinti_and_Roma" title="European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma">European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketani_Association" title="Ketani Association">Ketani Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGO_Roma_Together" title="NGO Roma Together">NGO Roma Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nomadi" title="Opera Nomadi">Opera Nomadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Roma" title="Voice of Roma">Voice of Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Romani_Union" title="International Romani Union">International Romani Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Point_for_Roma_and_Sinti_Issues" title="Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues">Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade_of_Roma_Inclusion" title="Decade of Roma Inclusion">Decade of Roma Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_Education_Fund" title="Roma Education Fund">Roma Education Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Roma_Information_Office" title="European Roma Information Office">European Roma Information Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kal%C3%A9_Dor_Kayiko" title="Kalé Dor Kayiko">Kalé Dor Kayiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agency_for_the_Roma" title="National Agency for the Roma">National Agency for the Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_CRISS" title="Romani CRISS">Romani CRISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Romani_Congress" title="World Romani Congress">World Romani Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Roma_Information_Office" title="European Roma Information Office">European Roma Information Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romani_studies" title="Romani studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Studies_(journal)" title="Romani Studies (journal)">Romani Studies (journal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Lore_Society" title="Gypsy Lore Society">Gypsy Lore Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Center_for_Antiziganism_Research" title="European Center for Antiziganism Research">European Center for Antiziganism Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_Route" title="Roma Route">Roma Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentation_and_Cultural_Centre_of_German_Sinti_and_Roma" title="Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma">Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_University_Library%27s_Gypsy,_Traveller_and_Roma_Collections" title="Leeds University Library's Gypsy, Traveller and Roma Collections">Leeds University Library's Gypsy, Traveller and Roma Collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Romani_Culture" title="Museum of Romani Culture">Museum of Romani Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketry_Museum_of_the_Roma" title="Basketry Museum of the Roma">Basketry Museum of the Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Boswell_Romany_Museum" title="Gordon Boswell Romany Museum">Gordon Boswell Romany Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Roma_Culture_of_Belgrade" title="Museum of Roma Culture of Belgrade">Museum of Roma Culture of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romani" title="Category:Romani">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8060#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8060#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8060#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cingeneler">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&oldid=1258566785">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people&oldid=1258566785</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romani_people" title="Category:Romani people">Romani people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romani" title="Category:Romani">Romani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" 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Template:Short_description"," 7.39% 263.981 37 Template:Sfn"," 6.47% 231.035 54 Template:Main_other"," 5.45% 194.676 2 Template:SDcat"," 5.42% 193.803 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.152","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19666206,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAchim2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlan_Ashton-Smith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAleksandar_G._Marinov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmaral2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnfuso1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntonio_Gómez_Alfaro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuzias2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBambauer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBates\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBereznay2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBessonovDemeter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeňo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhalesain2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiancoLavalFont-PorteriasGarcía-Fernández2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBilefsky2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoretzky1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoschCalafellGonzalez-NeiraFlaiz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyleHalfacreeRobinson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBricker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrogyanyiLipp1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBánfaiMeleghSümegiHadzsiev2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCahn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCherata\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiriac2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColin_Woodard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrêa_Teixeira\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCortés2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowe1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_SotoBeddiesGedeshi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenysenko2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Caro2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDigard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDosoftei2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr_Ian_LawDr_Sarah_Swann2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliopoulos2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmilio_Godoy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnaAizpurua-IraolaFont-PorteriasCalafell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst_Hĺkon_Jahr1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFonseca1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFont-PorteriasAraunaPovedaBianco2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFraser1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._L._Lewis1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGall1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaster1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGattermann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGmelch1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorce2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreshamMorarUnderhillPassarino2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGrigorePetcuțSandu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancockDowdDjurić2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazel_Marsh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelsinki_Watch1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández-Arrieta2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooper2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorvátová2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse_of_Commons_Women_\u0026amp;_Equalities_Committee2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHübschmannová2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHübshmanová2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_Hancock2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacquot2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJankova-AjanovskaZimmermannHuberRöck2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJurová2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJánosPatrikZoltán2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalaydjievaCalafellJoblingAngelicheva2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalaydjievaCalafellJoblingAngelicheva2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalaydjievaGreshamCalafell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalwant_BhopalMartin_Myers2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarachanakGrugniFornarinoNesheva2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayla_Webley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeilBlauKeilFeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenrick\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenrick2007\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFKing2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirályBernáthGábor2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlimova-Alexander2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnipe1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoinova\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKooijman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushniarevichUtevskaChuhryaevaAgdzhoyan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_Bas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemon2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiégeois1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiégois2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarinov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínez-CruzMendizabalHarmantDe_Pablo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínez-CruzMendizabalHarmantde_Pablo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarushiakovaPopov2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarushiakovaPopov2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarushiakovaPopov2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatras\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatras2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatras2005\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMatras2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatrasPopov2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowell1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeleghBanfaiHadzsievMiseta2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendizabalLaoMarigortaWollstein2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendizabalValenteGusmãoAlves2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorarGreshamAngelichevaTournev2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN_RaiG_ChaubeyR_TamangA_K_Pathak2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemeth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiedźwiecka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Nions2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmerBurgess2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanPfeil2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappas2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeričićLaucKlarićRootsi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrejcíkováSotákBernasovskáBernasovský2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickering2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolansky2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadenez_Julien2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRefugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegueiroStanojevicChennakrishnaiahRivera2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRelief2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResearch_Directorate2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRingold2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRingoldOrensteinWilkens2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothéa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaulTebbut2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaeferZellner2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchilling1480s\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchleifer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelanderWalter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_BroughtonMark_EllinghamRichard_Trillo1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSindya_N._Bhanoo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnodgrass2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoulis1961\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStarr1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics_Canada2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStropnik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurduSurdu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2014\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._GlajarD._Radulescu2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVishvapani2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisoka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVukovich2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWedeckBaskin1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner_Cohn1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeyrauch2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWisely2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYvonne_Slee\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Zulueta2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠebkováŽlnayová1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽelinskýGorardSiddiqui2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFȘtefănescu1991\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 14,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite newsgroup\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 164,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Croatian Census 2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 23,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote group\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 17,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 7,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Rom-Dom numerals\"] = 1,\n [\"Romani people\"] = 1,\n [\"Romani topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 37,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Singular\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"·\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","380","17.0"],["?","300","13.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","11.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","6.2"],["recursiveClone 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