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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmasph%C3%A4re" title="Plasmasphäre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plasmasphäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmasfera" title="Plasmasfera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plasmasfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmasph%C3%A8re" title="Plasmasphère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plasmasphère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of Earth's magnetosphere consisting of cool plasma</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magneto_plasma_sphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Magneto_plasma_sphere.jpg/220px-Magneto_plasma_sphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Magneto_plasma_sphere.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>plasmasphere</b>, or <b>inner <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a></b>, is a region of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's magnetosphere">Earth's magnetosphere</a> consisting of low-energy (cool) <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>. It is located above the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the <b>plasmapause</b>, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. In 1963 American scientist <a href="/wiki/Don_Carpenter_(electrical_engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Carpenter (electrical engineer)">Don Carpenter</a> and Soviet astronomer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Gringauz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Gringauz (page does not exist)">Konstantin Gringauz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Грингауз, Константин Иосифович">ru</a>]</span> proved the plasmasphere and plasmapause's existence from the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">very low frequency</a> (VLF) <a href="/wiki/Whistler_(radio)" title="Whistler (radio)">whistler</a> wave data. Traditionally, the plasmasphere has been regarded as a well behaved cold plasma with particle motion dominated entirely by the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">geomagnetic field</a> and, hence, co-rotating with the Earth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmasphere&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discovery of the plasmasphere grew out of the scientific study of <a href="/wiki/Whistler_(radio)" title="Whistler (radio)">whistlers</a>, natural phenomena caused by very low frequency (VLF) radio waves. Whistlers were first heard by radio operators in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-gallagher_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallagher-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British scientist <a href="/wiki/Llewelyn_Robert_Owen_Storey" title="Llewelyn Robert Owen Storey">Llewelyn Robert Owen Storey</a> had shown <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> generated whistlers in his 1953 PhD <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">dissertation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gallagher_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallagher-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, Storey had posited the existence of whistlers meant plasma was present in <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's atmosphere</a>, and that it moved radio waves in the same direction as <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> lines.<sup id="cite_ref-gallagher_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallagher-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethw_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this he deduced but was unable to conclusively prove the existence of the plasmasphere.<sup id="cite_ref-ethw_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963 American scientist <a href="/wiki/Don_Carpenter_(electrical_engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Carpenter (electrical engineer)">Don Carpenter</a> and Soviet <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Gringauz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Gringauz (page does not exist)">Konstantin Gringauz</a>—independently of each other, and the latter using data from the <i><a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a></i> spacecraft—experimentally proved the plasmasphere and plasmapause's existence, building on Storey's thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-gallagher_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallagher-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965 Storey and French scientist M. P. Aubry worked on <a href="/wiki/FR-1_(satellite)" title="FR-1 (satellite)">FR-1</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Scientific_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific satellite">scientific satellite</a> equipped with instruments for measuring VLF frequencies and the local <a href="/wiki/Electron_density" title="Electron density">electron density</a> of plasma. Aubry and Storey's studies of FR-1 VLF and electron density data further corroborated their theoretical models: VLF waves in the ionosphere occasionally passed through a thin layer of plasma into the magnetosphere, <a href="/wiki/Normal_(geometry)" title="Normal (geometry)">normal</a> to the direction of Earth's magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-aubry_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aubry-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1181">: 1181 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-storey_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1970s, Storey continued studying VLF waves using data gathered by FR-1.<sup id="cite_ref-ethw_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data received from the VLF receiver on <a href="/wiki/OV3-3" title="OV3-3">OV3-3</a>, launched 4 August 1966, determined the location of the plasmapause.<sup id="cite_ref-geo_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> observations from the <a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a> mission have shown that density irregularities such as plumes or biteouts may form.<sup id="cite_ref-THEMIS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEMIS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been shown that the plasmasphere does not always co-rotate with the Earth. The plasma of the magnetosphere has many different levels of temperature and concentration. The coldest magnetospheric plasma is most often found in the plasmasphere. However, plasma from the plasmasphere can be detected throughout the magnetosphere because it gets blown around by the Earth's electric and magnetic fields. Data gathered by the twin <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a> show that the plasmasphere also limits highly-energetic <a href="/wiki/Ultrarelativistic_limit" title="Ultrarelativistic limit">ultrarelativistic</a> electrons from <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar</a> origin from reaching low earth orbits and the surface of the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_plasmasphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view from the IMAGE satellite showing Earth's plasmasphere using its Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) imager instrument."><img alt="A view from the IMAGE satellite showing Earth's plasmasphere using its Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) imager instrument." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Earth_plasmasphere.jpg/120px-Earth_plasmasphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Earth_plasmasphere.jpg/180px-Earth_plasmasphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Earth_plasmasphere.jpg/240px-Earth_plasmasphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view from the <a href="/wiki/IMAGE_(spacecraft)" title="IMAGE (spacecraft)">IMAGE</a> satellite showing Earth's plasmasphere using its Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) imager instrument.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv/120px--Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="20" data-mwtitle="Radiation_Belts_&_Plasmapause.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv/Radiation_Belts_%26_Plasmapause.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Visualization of the radiation belts with confined charged particles (blue & yellow) and plasmapause boundary (blue-green surface).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmasphere&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Space">Space portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_chronology" title="Magnetosphere chronology">Magnetosphere chronology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmasphere&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gallagher-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gallagher_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallagher_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallagher_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallagher_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Fox (March 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/themis-discovers-new-process-that-protects-earth-from-space-weather">"NASA's THEMIS Discovers New Process that Protects Earth from Space Weather"</a>. <i>www.nasa.gov</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+THEMIS+Discovers+New+Process+that+Protects+Earth+from+Space+Weather&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.au=Karen+C.+Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcontent%2Fgoddard%2Fthemis-discovers-new-process-that-protects-earth-from-space-weather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlasmasphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB._M._WalshJ._C._FosterP._J._Erickson2014" class="citation journal cs1">B. M. Walsh; J. C. Foster; P. J. Erickson (7 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20150007962.pdf">"Simultaneous Ground- and Space-Based Observations of the Plasmaspheric Plume and Reconnection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>343</b> (6175): <span class="nowrap">1122–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...343.1122W">2014Sci...343.1122W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1247212">10.1126/science.1247212</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20150007962">2060/20150007962</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24604196">24604196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206553014">206553014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Simultaneous+Ground-+and+Space-Based+Observations+of+the+Plasmaspheric+Plume+and+Reconnection&rft.volume=343&rft.issue=6175&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1122-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F20150007962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206553014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...343.1122W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24604196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1247212&rft.au=B.+M.+Walsh&rft.au=J.+C.+Foster&rft.au=P.+J.+Erickson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20150007962.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlasmasphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-star-trek-invisible-shield-electron-van-allen-radiation-belts-20141126-story.html">"Star Trek-like invisible shield protects Earth from 'killer electrons' - Los Angeles Times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 27 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Star+Trek-like+invisible+shield+protects+Earth+from+%27killer+electrons%27+-+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fsciencenow%2Fla-sci-sn-star-trek-invisible-shield-electron-van-allen-radiation-belts-20141126-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlasmasphere" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2014/plasma-shield-against-harmful-radiation-1126">"Plasma shield"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plasma+shield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsoffice.mit.edu%2F2014%2Fplasma-shield-against-harmful-radiation-1126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlasmasphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmasphere&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carpenter, D. L., Whistler evidence of a 'knee' in the magnetospheric ionization density profile, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 1675–1682, 1963.</li> <li>Nishida, A., Formation of plasmapause, or magnetospheric plasma knee, by combined action of magnetospheric convections and plasma escape from the tail, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 5669, 1966.</li> <li>Sandel, B. R., et al., Extreme ultraviolet imager observations of the structure and dynamics of the plasmasphere, Space Sci. Rev., 109, 25, 2003.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmasphere&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828213813/http://plasmasphere.nasa.gov/">NASA web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121215023346/http://www.windows.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/tour_def/glossary/plasmasphere.html">University of Michigan description</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109034431/http://www.cs.uah.edu/visgig/research/research.html">University of Alabama in Huntsville research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.space.swri.edu/IMAGE/glossary/plasmasphere.html">Southwest Research Institute description</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euv.lpl.arizona.edu/euv/index.html">IMAGE Extreme Ultraviolet Imager</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.space.swri.edu/image/plasmasphere_images.html">EUV Images of the plasmasphere</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth's magnetosphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birkeland_current" title="Birkeland current">Birkeland current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">Bow shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">Ionosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetopause" title="Magnetopause">Magnetopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosheath" title="Magnetosheath">Magnetosheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_chronology" title="Magnetosphere chronology">Magnetosphere chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_particle_motion" title="Magnetosphere particle motion">Magnetosphere particle motion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plasmasphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_current" title="Ring current">Ring current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">Solar wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic cloud">Magnetic cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">Heliosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_magnetic_field" title="Interplanetary magnetic field">Interplanetary magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliospheric_current_sheet" title="Heliospheric current sheet">Heliospheric current sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopause_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopause (astronomy)">Heliopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_particle_event" title="Solar particle event">Solar particle event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_climate" title="Space climate">Space climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Full list</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arase_(satellite)" title="Arase (satellite)">Arase</a> <small>(2016)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMAGE_(spacecraft)" title="IMAGE (spacecraft)">IMAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a> <small>(2015)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polar_(satellite)" title="Polar (satellite)">Polar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EISCAT" title="EISCAT">EISCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program" title="High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program">HAARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere_Auroral_Radar_Experiment" title="Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment">SHARE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unwin_Radar" title="Unwin Radar">Unwin Radar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Dual_Auroral_Radar_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Dual Auroral Radar Network">SuperDARN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_Ionospheric_Heating_Facility" title="Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility">Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other magnetospheres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury%27s_magnetic_field" title="Mercury's magnetic field">Hermian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus#Induced_magnetosphere" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon" title="Magnetic field of the Moon">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_Mars" title="Magnetic field of Mars">Martian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)#Magnetosphere" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymedian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Saturn" title="Magnetosphere of Saturn">Saturnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus#Magnetosphere" title="Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune#Magnetosphere" title="Neptune">Neptunian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flux_tube" title="Flux tube">Flux tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_torus" title="Gas torus">Gas torus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_swirls" title="Lunar swirls">Lunar swirls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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