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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="في حقول الفلاندرز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="في حقول الفلاندرز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="In Flanders Fields" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_flandersk%C3%BDch_pol%C3%ADch" title="Na flanderských polích – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Na flanderských polích" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="In Flanders Fields" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="In Flanders Fields" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="In Flanders Fields" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="In Flanders Fields" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="در دشت‌های فلاندرز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="در دشت‌های فلاندرز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="In Flanders Fields" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EC%96%91%EA%B7%80%EB%B9%84_%EB%93%A4%ED%8C%90%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C" title="개양귀비 들판에서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개양귀비 들판에서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_flandrijskim_poljima" title="U flandrijskim poljima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="U flandrijskim poljima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nei_campi_di_Fiandra" title="Nei campi di Fiandra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nei campi di Fiandra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="בשדות פלנדריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בשדות פלנדריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="In Flanders Fields" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="In Flanders Fields" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="In Flanders Fields" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="На полях Фландрии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="На полях Фландрии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="In Flanders Fields" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="In Flanders Fields" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பிளாண்டர் புலத்தில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிளாண்டர் புலத்தில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="У полях Фландрії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="У полях Фландрії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields_(gedicht)" title="In Flanders Fields (gedicht) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="In Flanders Fields (gedicht)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First World War poem by John McCrae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="In Flanders Fields (disambiguation)">In Flanders Fields (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnmccraememorialbookcloseup02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sculpture in the form of an open book. The text of the poem "In Flanders Fields" is written within and a small red poppy lies on top." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Johnmccraememorialbookcloseup02.JPG/260px-Johnmccraememorialbookcloseup02.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Johnmccraememorialbookcloseup02.JPG/390px-Johnmccraememorialbookcloseup02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Johnmccraememorialbookcloseup02.JPG/520px-Johnmccraememorialbookcloseup02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Inscription of the complete poem in a bronze book at the John McCrae memorial at his <a href="/wiki/McCrae_House" title="McCrae House">birthplace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guelph,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelph, Ontario">Guelph, Ontario</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-style: background: #ededed;"><span class="summary">In Flanders Fields</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Flanders+Fields&rft.author=%5B%5BJohn+McCrae%5D%5D&rft.date=December+8%2C+1915"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;"><span class="summary">by <a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae">John McCrae</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First published in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)"><i>Punch</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Form</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 8, 1915</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"<b>In Flanders Fields</b>" is a <a href="/wiki/War_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="War poet">war poem</a> in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">rondeau</a>, written during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> by Canadian physician <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel (Canada)">Lieutenant-Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae">John McCrae</a>. He was inspired to write it on May 3, 1915, after presiding over the funeral of friend and fellow soldier Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Helmer" title="Alexis Helmer">Alexis Helmer</a>, who died in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>. According to legend, fellow soldiers retrieved the poem after McCrae, initially dissatisfied with his work, discarded it. "In Flanders Fields" was first published on December 8 of that year in the <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> magazine <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)"><i>Punch</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Flanders_Fields" title="Flanders Fields">Flanders Fields</a> is a common English name of the World War I battlefields in Belgium and France. </p><p>It is one of the most quoted poems from the war. As a result of its immediate popularity, parts of the poem were used in efforts and appeals to recruit soldiers and raise money selling <a href="/wiki/War_bond" title="War bond">war bonds</a>. Its references to the <a href="/wiki/Papaver_rhoeas" title="Papaver rhoeas">red poppies</a> that grew over the graves of fallen soldiers resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_poppy" title="Remembrance poppy">remembrance poppy</a> becoming one of the world's most recognized memorial symbols for soldiers who have died in conflict. The poem and poppy are prominent <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> symbols throughout the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, particularly in Canada, where "In Flanders Fields" is one of the nation's best-known literary works. The poem is also widely known in the United States, where it is associated with <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day" title="Veterans Day">Veterans Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Day (United States)">Memorial Day</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Flanders_Fields&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieut.-Col._John_McCrae,_M.D..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Upper body of a man in a soldier's uniform. He has short dark hair parted in the middle and maintains a neutral expression." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lieut.-Col._John_McCrae%2C_M.D..jpg/220px-Lieut.-Col._John_McCrae%2C_M.D..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lieut.-Col._John_McCrae%2C_M.D..jpg/330px-Lieut.-Col._John_McCrae%2C_M.D..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lieut.-Col._John_McCrae%2C_M.D..jpg/440px-Lieut.-Col._John_McCrae%2C_M.D..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae was a soldier, physician and poet.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae">John McCrae</a> was a poet and physician from <a href="/wiki/Guelph,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelph, Ontario">Guelph, Ontario</a>. He developed an interest in poetry at a young age and wrote throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His earliest works were published in the mid-1890s in Canadian magazines and newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCrae's poetry often focused on death and the peace that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of 41, McCrae enrolled with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a> following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. He had the option of joining the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps">medical corps</a> because of his training and age but he volunteered instead to join a fighting unit as a gunner and medical officer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was his second tour of duty in the Canadian military; he had previously fought with a volunteer force in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considered himself a soldier first; his father was a military leader in Guelph and McCrae grew up believing in the duty of fighting for his country and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCrae fought in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> region of Belgium, where the German army launched one of the first <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">chemical attacks</a> in the history of war. They attacked French positions north of the Canadians with <a href="/wiki/Chlorine#Use_as_a_weapon" title="Chlorine">chlorine gas</a> on April 22, 1915, but were unable to break through the Canadian line, which held for over two weeks. In a letter written to his mother, McCrae described the battle as a "nightmare", </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For seventeen days and seventeen nights none of us have had our clothes off, nor our boots even, except occasionally. In all that time while I was awake, gunfire and rifle fire never ceased for sixty seconds ... And behind it all was the constant background of the sights of the dead, the wounded, the maimed, and a terrible anxiety lest the line should give way.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>McCrae<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Alexis Helmer, a close friend, was killed during the battle on May 2. McCrae performed the burial service himself, where he noticed how <a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">poppies</a> quickly grew around the graves of those who died at Ypres. The next day, he composed the poem while sitting in the back of an ambulance at an Advanced Dressing Station outside Ypres.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This place has since become known as the <a href="/wiki/Site_John_McCrae" title="Site John McCrae">John McCrae Memorial Site</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poem">Poem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Flanders_Fields&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Poem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_Flanders_fields_and_other_poems,_handwritten.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The poem handwritten by McCrae. In this copy, the first line ends with "grow", differing from the original printed version." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/In_Flanders_fields_and_other_poems%2C_handwritten.png/220px-In_Flanders_fields_and_other_poems%2C_handwritten.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/In_Flanders_fields_and_other_poems%2C_handwritten.png/330px-In_Flanders_fields_and_other_poems%2C_handwritten.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/In_Flanders_fields_and_other_poems%2C_handwritten.png/440px-In_Flanders_fields_and_other_poems%2C_handwritten.png 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2434" /></a><figcaption>An autographed copy of the poem from <i>In Flanders Fields and Other Poems</i>. Unlike the printed copy in the same book, McCrae's handwritten version ends the first line with "grow".</figcaption></figure> <p><i>In Flanders Fields and Other Poems</i>, a 1919 collection of McCrae's works, contains two versions of the poem: a <a href="/wiki/File:In_Flanders_Fields_and_other_poems_page_3.png" title="File:In Flanders Fields and other poems page 3.png">printed text</a> as below and a <a href="/wiki/File:In_Flanders_fields_and_other_poems,_handwritten.png" title="File:In Flanders fields and other poems, handwritten.png">handwritten copy</a> where the first line ends with "grow" instead of "blow", as discussed under <i><a href="#Publication">Publication</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>                 <b>In Flanders Fields</b><br />     In Flanders fields, the poppies <span title="printed thus; handwritten as 'grow'" style="text-decoration: underline dotted">blow</span><br />          Between the crosses, row on row, <br />        That mark our place; and in the sky<br />        The larks, still bravely singing, fly<br />     Scarce heard amid the guns below.<br /> <br />     We are the Dead. Short days ago <br />     We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,<br />        Loved and were loved, and now we lie,<br />                               In Flanders fields.<br /> <br />     Take up our quarrel with the foe:<br />     To you from failing hands we throw<br />        The torch; be yours to hold it high.<br />        If ye break faith with us who die<br />     We shall not sleep, though poppies grow<br />                                 In Flanders fields. </p> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="54" data-mwtitle="In_flanders_fields.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:In_flanders_fields.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/In_flanders_fields.ogg/In_flanders_fields.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/In_flanders_fields.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>A reading of "In Flanders Fields"</figcaption></figure> <p>As with his earlier poems, "In Flanders Fields" continues McCrae's preoccupation with death and how it stands as the transition between the struggle of life and the peace that follows.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is written from the point of view of the dead. It speaks of their sacrifice and serves as their command to the living to press on.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1921_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1921-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with many of the most popular works of the First World War, it was written early in the conflict, before the romanticism of war turned to bitterness and disillusion for soldiers and civilians alike.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott105_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> An article by Veteran's Administration Canada provides this account of the writing of <i>In Flanders Fields</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The day before he wrote his famous poem, one of McCrae's closest friends was killed in the fighting and buried in a makeshift grave with a simple wooden cross. Wild poppies were already beginning to bloom between the crosses marking the many graves. Unable to help his friend or any of the others who had died, John McCrae gave them a voice through his poem. It was the second last poem he was to write.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Flanders_Fields&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_Flanders_Fields_(1921)_page_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A page from a book. The first stanza of the poem is printed above an illustration of a white cross amidst a field of red poppies while two cannons fire in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/In_Flanders_Fields_%281921%29_page_1.png/220px-In_Flanders_Fields_%281921%29_page_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/In_Flanders_Fields_%281921%29_page_1.png/330px-In_Flanders_Fields_%281921%29_page_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/In_Flanders_Fields_%281921%29_page_1.png/440px-In_Flanders_Fields_%281921%29_page_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="1929" /></a><figcaption>Illustrated page by Ernest Clegg. Note that the first line ends with "grow".</figcaption></figure> <p>Cyril Allinson was a <a href="/wiki/Sergeant_major" title="Sergeant major">sergeant major</a> in McCrae's unit. While delivering the brigade's mail, he watched McCrae as he worked on the poem, noting that McCrae's eyes periodically returned to Helmer's grave as he wrote. When handed the notepad, Allinson read the poem and was so moved he immediately committed it to memory. He described it as being "almost an exact description of the scene in front of us both".<sup id="cite_ref-Leader-Post1968_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leader-Post1968-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legend, McCrae was not satisfied with his work. It is said he crumpled the paper and threw it away.<sup id="cite_ref-JournalOpinion2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JournalOpinion2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was retrieved by a fellow member of his unit, either <a href="/wiki/Edward_Whipple_Bancroft_Morrison" title="Edward Whipple Bancroft Morrison">Edward Morrison</a> or J. M. Elder,<sup id="cite_ref-AustralianArmy_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AustralianArmy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Allinson.<sup id="cite_ref-JournalOpinion2006_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JournalOpinion2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCrae was convinced to submit the poem for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott96_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early copy of the poem is found in the diary of Clare Gass, who was serving with McCrae as a battlefield nurse, in an entry dated October 30, 1915—nearly six weeks before the poem's first publication in the magazine <i>Punch</i> on December 8, 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another story of the poem's origin claimed that Helmer's funeral was held on the morning of May 2, after which McCrae wrote the poem in 20 minutes. A third claim, by Morrison, was that McCrae worked on the poem as time allowed between arrivals of wounded soldiers in need of medical attention.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of its true origin, McCrae worked on the poem for months before considering it ready for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He submitted it to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i> in London but it was rejected. It was then sent to <i>Punch</i>, where it was published on December 8, 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott96_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was published anonymously, but <i>Punch</i> attributed the poem to McCrae in its year-end index.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word that ends the first line of the poem has been disputed. According to Allinson, the poem began with "In Flanders Fields the poppies grow" when first written.<sup id="cite_ref-Leader-Post1968_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leader-Post1968-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCrae ended the second-to-last line with "grow", <i>Punch</i> received permission to change the wording of the opening line to end with "blow". McCrae used either word when making handwritten copies for friends and family.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questions over how the first line should end have endured since publication. Most recently, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a> was inundated with queries and complaints from those who believed the first line should end with "grow", when a design for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ten-dollar_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian ten-dollar bill">ten-dollar bill</a> was released in 2001, with the first stanza of "In Flanders Fields", ending the first line with "blow".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Flanders_Fields&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:If_Ye_Break_Faith_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a soldier staring down at a white cross surrounded by red poppies. The text "If ye break faith ~ we shall not sleep" and "Buy Victory Bonds" are written at the top and bottom respectively." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/If_Ye_Break_Faith_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg/220px-If_Ye_Break_Faith_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/If_Ye_Break_Faith_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg/330px-If_Ye_Break_Faith_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/If_Ye_Break_Faith_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg/440px-If_Ye_Break_Faith_-_Victory_bonds_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Aspects of the poem were used in propaganda, such as this Canadian war bonds poster</figcaption></figure> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fussell" title="Paul Fussell">Paul Fussell</a>, "In Flanders Fields" was the most popular poem of its era.<sup id="cite_ref-Fussell315_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fussell315-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCrae received numerous letters and telegrams praising his work when he was revealed as the author.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes1938_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1938-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem was republished throughout the world, rapidly becoming synonymous with the sacrifice of the soldiers who died in the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1921_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1921-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was translated into numerous languages, so many that McCrae himself quipped that "it needs only Chinese now, surely".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its appeal was nearly universal. Soldiers took encouragement from it as a statement of their duty to those who died while people on the home front viewed it as defining the cause for which their brothers and sons were fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was often used for propaganda, particularly in Canada by the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist Party</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1917_Canadian_federal_election" title="1917 Canadian federal election">1917 federal election</a> amidst the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis</a>. <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadians</a> in Quebec were strongly opposed to the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> but <a href="/wiki/English_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Canadian">English Canadians</a> voted overwhelmingly to support Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> and the Unionist government. "In Flanders Fields" was said to have done more to "make this Dominion persevere in the duty of fighting for the world's ultimate peace than all the political speeches of the recent campaign".<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott125_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott125-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCrae, a staunch supporter of the empire and the war effort, was pleased with the effect his poem had on the election. He stated in a letter: "I hope I stabbed a [French] Canadian with my vote".<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott125_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott125-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poem was a popular motivational tool in Great Britain, where it was used to encourage soldiers fighting against Germany, and in the United States where it was reprinted across the country. It was one of the most quoted works during the war,<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott105_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used in many places as part of campaigns to sell <a href="/wiki/War_bond" title="War bond">war bonds</a>, during recruiting efforts and to criticize <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifists</a> and those who sought to profit from the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott133_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott133-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 55 composers in the United States set the poem "In Flanders Fields" to music by 1920, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Arthur Foote</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The setting by Ives, which premiered in early 1917, is perhaps the earliest American setting.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fussell criticized the poem in his work <i>The Great War and Modern Memory</i> (1975).<sup id="cite_ref-Fussell315_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fussell315-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted the distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> tone of the first nine lines and the "recruiting-poster rhetoric" of the third stanza. Describing it as "vicious" and "stupid", Fussell called the final lines a "propaganda argument against a negotiated peace".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Flanders_Fields&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vimy_Memorial_war_recruitment_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vimy_Memorial_war_recruitment_poster.jpg/220px-Vimy_Memorial_war_recruitment_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vimy_Memorial_war_recruitment_poster.jpg/330px-Vimy_Memorial_war_recruitment_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vimy_Memorial_war_recruitment_poster.jpg/440px-Vimy_Memorial_war_recruitment_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vimy_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimy Memorial">Vimy Memorial</a> and part of "In Flanders Fields" on a Second World War recruitment poster</figcaption></figure> <p>McCrae was moved to the medical corps and stationed in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne</a>, France, in June 1915 where he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel and placed in charge of medicine at the Number 3 Canadian General Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to the acting rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> on January 13, 1918, and named Consulting Physician to the British Armies in France. The years of war had worn McCrae down; he contracted <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> that day and later came down with <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">cerebral meningitis</a>. On January 28, 1918, he died at the military hospital in <a href="/wiki/Wimereux" title="Wimereux">Wimereux</a> and was buried there with full military honours.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A book of his works, featuring "In Flanders Fields", was published the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-BreakingFaith_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BreakingFaith-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shubenacadie_Cenotaph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shubenacadie_Cenotaph.jpg/220px-Shubenacadie_Cenotaph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shubenacadie_Cenotaph.jpg/330px-Shubenacadie_Cenotaph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shubenacadie_Cenotaph.jpg/440px-Shubenacadie_Cenotaph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>To you from failing hands we throw / The torch; be yours to hold it high.</i> – cenotaph sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Shubenacadie,_Nova_Scotia" title="Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia">Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>"In Flanders Fields" is very popular in Canada, where it is a staple of <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> ceremonies and may be the best-known literary piece among English Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-BreakingFaith_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BreakingFaith-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has an official French adaptation, entitled <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_champ_d%27honneur" class="extiw" title="fr:Au champ d'honneur">"Au champ d'honneur"</a>, written by Jean Pariseau and used by the Canadian government in French and bilingual ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an excerpted appearance on the ten-dollar bill from 2001 to 2013, the Royal Canadian Mint has released poppy-themed <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(Canadian_coin)" title="Quarter (Canadian coin)">quarters</a> on several occasions. A version minted in 2004 featured a red poppy in the centre and is considered the first multi-coloured circulation coin in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To mark the poem's centennial in 2015, a coloured and uncoloured poppy quarter and a "toonie" ($2 coin) were issued as circulation coins, as well as other collector coins.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among its uses in popular culture, the lines "to you from failing hands we throw / the torch, be yours to hold it high" has served as a motto for the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens" title="Montreal Canadiens">Montreal Canadiens</a> hockey club since 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-mccrae-1968-canada-stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/John-mccrae-1968-canada-stamp.jpg/220px-John-mccrae-1968-canada-stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/John-mccrae-1968-canada-stamp.jpg/330px-John-mccrae-1968-canada-stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/John-mccrae-1968-canada-stamp.jpg/440px-John-mccrae-1968-canada-stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>1968 Canada stamp honouring John McCrae</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> honoured the 50th anniversary of John McCrae's death with a stamp in 1968 and marked the centennial of his famous poem in 2015. Other Canadian stamps have featured the poppy, including ones in 1975, 2001, 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-MyUser_Https:_November_12_2015c_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Https:_November_12_2015c-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2013 and 2014. Other postal authorities have employed the poppy as a symbol of remembrance, including those of Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-MyUser_Https:_November_12_2015d_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Https:_November_12_2015d-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg/220px-Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg/330px-Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg/440px-Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The birthplace of John McCrae in Guelph, Ontario</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/McCrae_House" title="McCrae House">McCrae's birthplace</a> in Guelph, Ontario has been converted into a museum dedicated to his life and the war.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCrae was named a <a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">National Historic Person</a> in 1946, and his house was listed as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_McCrae,_Essex_Farm_Military_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/John_McCrae%2C_Essex_Farm_Military_Cemetery.jpg/220px-John_McCrae%2C_Essex_Farm_Military_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/John_McCrae%2C_Essex_Farm_Military_Cemetery.jpg/330px-John_McCrae%2C_Essex_Farm_Military_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/John_McCrae%2C_Essex_Farm_Military_Cemetery.jpg/440px-John_McCrae%2C_Essex_Farm_Military_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2586" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>The monument commemorating "In Flanders Fields" at <a href="/wiki/Essex_Farm_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex Farm Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery">Essex Farm Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery</a> near Ypres.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Belgium, the <a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields_Museum" title="In Flanders Fields Museum">In Flanders Fields Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>, named after the poem and devoted to the First World War, is situated in one of Flanders' largest tourist areas.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A monument commemorating the writing of the poem is located at <a href="/wiki/Essex_Farm_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex Farm Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery">Essex Farm Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery</a>, which is thought to have been the location of Helmer's burial and lies within the John McCrae Memorial Site.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its fame, "In Flanders Fields" is often ignored by academics teaching and discussing <a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BreakingFaith_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BreakingFaith-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem is sometimes viewed as an <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a>; it spoke of glory and honour in a war that has since become synonymous with the futility of trench warfare and the slaughter produced by 20th-century weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott133_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott133-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Holmes" title="Nancy Holmes">Nancy Holmes</a>, professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>, speculated that its patriotic nature and use as a tool for propaganda may have led literary critics to view it as a <a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">national symbol</a> or anthem rather than a poem.<sup id="cite_ref-BreakingFaith_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BreakingFaith-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remembrance_poppies">Remembrance poppies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Flanders_Fields&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Remembrance poppies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_poppy" title="Remembrance poppy">Remembrance poppy</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Papaver_rhoeas" title="Papaver rhoeas">red poppies</a> that McCrae referred to had been associated with conflict since the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> when a writer of that time first noted how the poppies grew over the graves of soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The damage done to the landscape in Flanders during the battle greatly increased the lime content in the surface soil, leaving the poppy as one of the few plants able to grow in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCPoppy2006_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCPoppy2006-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inspired by "In Flanders Fields", American professor <a href="/wiki/Moina_Michael" title="Moina Michael">Moina Michael</a> resolved at the war's conclusion in 1918 to wear a <a href="/wiki/Papaver_rhoeas" title="Papaver rhoeas">red poppy</a> year-round to honour the soldiers who had died in the war. She also wrote a poem in response called "<a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Keep_the_Faith" title="We Shall Keep the Faith">We Shall Keep the Faith</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She distributed silk poppies to her peers and campaigned to have them adopted as an official symbol of remembrance by the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>. Madame E. Guérin attended the 1920 convention where the Legion supported Michael's proposal and was inspired to sell poppies in her native France to raise money for the war's orphans.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCPoppy2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCPoppy2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, Guérin sent poppy sellers to London ahead of <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Day" title="Armistice Day">Armistice Day</a>, attracting the attention of <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig</a>. A co-founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_British_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal British Legion">The Royal British Legion</a>, Haig supported and encouraged the sale.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCPoppy2006_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCPoppy2006-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice quickly spread throughout the British Empire. The wearing of poppies in the days leading up to <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> remains popular in many areas of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, particularly United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa and in the days leading up to <a href="/wiki/ANZAC_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAC Day">ANZAC Day</a> in Australia and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCPoppy2011_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCPoppy2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Flanders_Fields&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Canada during World War I</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Red_Poppies_on_Monte_Cassino" title="The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino">The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Flanders_Fields&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrescott1985">Prescott 1985</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307040419/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/history/firstwar/mccrae/earlyyears"><i>The early years</i></a>, Veterans Affairs Canada, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/history/firstwar/mccrae/earlyyears">the original</a> on March 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+years&rft.pub=Veterans+Affairs+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterans.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fhistory%2Ffirstwar%2Fmccrae%2Fearlyyears&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Flanders+Fields" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrescott1985">Prescott 1985</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillmor2001">Gillmor 2001</a>, pp. 91–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrescott1985">Prescott 1985</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1984">Bassett 1984</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007202546/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/history/firstwar/mccrae/flanders"><i>In Flanders Fields</i></a>, Veterans Affairs Canada, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/history/firstwar/mccrae/flanders">the original</a> on October 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Flanders+Fields&rft.pub=Veterans+Affairs+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterans.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fhistory%2Ffirstwar%2Fmccrae%2Fflanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Flanders+Fields" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillmor2001">Gillmor 2001</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+and+Modern+Memory+%28Illustrated+Edition%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Stirling+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513331-8&rft.aulast=Fussell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Flanders+Fields" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillmor2001" class="citation cs2">Gillmor, Don (2001), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadapeopleshis0000gill"><i>Canada: A People's History</i></a></span>, vol. two, Toronto, Ontario: McClelland & Stewart, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-3340-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-3340-0"><bdi>0-7710-3340-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+A+People%27s+History&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7710-3340-0&rft.aulast=Gillmor&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadapeopleshis0000gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Flanders+Fields" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrae1919" class="citation cs2">McCrae, John (1919), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TecjwVOo5GsC&pg=PAPP1"><i>In Flanders Fields and Other Poems</i></a>, Arcturus Publishing (reprint 2008), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84193-994-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84193-994-3"><bdi>1-84193-994-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Flanders+Fields+and+Other+Poems&rft.pub=Arcturus+Publishing+%28reprint+2008%29&rft.date=1919&rft.isbn=1-84193-994-3&rft.aulast=McCrae&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTecjwVOo5GsC%26pg%3DPAPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Flanders+Fields" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrescott1985" class="citation cs2">Prescott, John F. (1985), <i>In Flanders Fields: The Story of John McCrae</i>, Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919783-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-919783-07-4"><bdi>0-919783-07-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Flanders+Fields%3A+The+Story+of+John+McCrae&rft.place=Erin%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Boston+Mills+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-919783-07-4&rft.aulast=Prescott&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Flanders+Fields" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Flanders_Fields&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/In_Flanders_Fields" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:In_Flanders_Fields" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20151207"><i>In Flanders Fields And Other Poems</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511063341/http://legion.ca/Poppy/campaign_e.cfm">Royal Canadian Legion</a> web page about John McCrae, "In Flanders Fields", and the custom of wearing poppies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gladdemusic.com/inflandersfields(2).htm">In Flanders Fields</a>, choral piece by composer Bradley Nelson, commissioned by Fresno State Chamber Singers and Chico State Chamber Singers of California State University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-1918FLANDERSVS&R=DC-1918FLANDERSVS">In Flander's fields by Lt. Col. John McCrae, M.D. and America's answer by R. W. Lillard, 1914–1918</a>. Hamilton, Ont. : Commercial Engravers, 1918. 8 p. Accessed 4 January 2014, in PDF format.</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=In+Flanders+Fields&author=MCCRAE&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>In Flanders Fields</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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