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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1932_MoMA_exhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1932_MoMA_exhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1932 MoMA exhibition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1932_MoMA_exhibition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1932 MoMA exhibition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1932_MoMA_exhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Curators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Curators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemplary_Uses_of_the_International_Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemplary_Uses_of_the_International_Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Exemplary Uses of the International Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemplary_Uses_of_the_International_Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_omissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_omissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Notable omissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_omissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_1932" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_1932"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Before 1932</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_1932-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1932–1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1932–1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1932–1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1932–1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1945–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Architects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Style</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasionale_Styl" title="Internasionale Styl – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Internasionale Styl" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="الطراز الدولي (عمارة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الطراز الدولي (عمارة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-ch%C3%A8_i%C5%AB%E2%81%BF-sek" title="Kok-chè iūⁿ-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-chè iūⁿ-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Інтэрнацыянальны стыль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інтэрнацыянальны стыль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_stil" title="Međunarodni stil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Međunarodni stil" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estil_Internacional" title="Estil Internacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estil Internacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_styl" title="Mezinárodní styl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní styl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaler_Stil" title="Internationaler Stil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationaler Stil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_stiil" title="Rahvusvaheline stiil – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvaheline stiil" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_internacional_(arquitectura)" title="Estilo internacional (arquitectura) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estilo internacional (arquitectura)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacia_stilo_(arkitekturo)" title="Internacia stilo (arkitekturo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internacia stilo (arkitekturo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugimendu_modernoa" title="Mugimendu modernoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mugimendu modernoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="سبک بین‌المللی (معماری) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبک بین‌المللی (معماری)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_international" title="Style international – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Style international" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynternasjonale_Styl" title="Ynternasjonale Styl – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynternasjonale Styl" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%ADl_idirn%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta" title="Stíl idirnáisiúnta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stíl idirnáisiúnta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_Internacional_(arquitectura)" title="Estilo Internacional (arquitectura) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estilo Internacional (arquitectura)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%96%91%EC%8B%9D" title="국제 양식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 양식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacionalni_stil" title="Internacionalni stil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Internacionalni stil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_Internasional_(arsitektur)" title="Gaya Internasional (arsitektur) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gaya Internasional (arsitektur)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="הסגנון הבין-לאומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסגנון הבין-לאומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90)" title="საერთაშორისო სტილი (არქიტექტურა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საერთაშორისო სტილი (არქიტექტურა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_st%C3%ADlus_(%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9szet)" title="Nemzetközi stílus (építészet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközi stílus (építészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_Antarabangsa" title="Gaya Antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gaya Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Stijl_(architectuur)" title="Internationale Stijl (architectuur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internationale Stijl (architectuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB" title="インターナショナル・スタイル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インターナショナル・スタイル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasjonal_stil" title="Internasjonal stil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Internasjonal stil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqaro_uslub" title="Xalqaro uslub – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqaro uslub" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styl_mi%C4%99dzynarodowy" title="Styl międzynarodowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Styl międzynarodowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_internacional" title="Estilo internacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estilo internacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Интернациональный стиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интернациональный стиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" title="International Style (architecture) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="International Style (architecture)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacion%C3%A1lny_%C5%A1t%C3%BDl" title="Internacionálny štýl – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Internacionálny štýl" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Интернационални стил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Интернационални стил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacionalni_stil" title="Internacionalni stil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Internacionalni stil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="International Style" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationell_stil" title="Internationell stil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internationell stil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF" title="அனைத்துலகக் கட்டிடக்கலைப் பாணி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனைத்துலகக் கட்டிடக்கலைப் பாணி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="สถาปัตยกรรมสากล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปัตยกรรมสากล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/International_style_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="International style (disambiguation)">International style</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">International Style architecture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovell_House,_Los_Angeles,_California.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lovell_House%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG/142px-Lovell_House%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lovell_House%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG/213px-Lovell_House%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lovell_House%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG/284px-Lovell_House%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Lovell_House" title="Lovell House">Lovell House</a> in Los Angeles (1927–29), by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Richard Neutra</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VillaSavoye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/VillaSavoye.jpg/142px-VillaSavoye.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/VillaSavoye.jpg/213px-VillaSavoye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/VillaSavoye.jpg/284px-VillaSavoye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> in Paris (1928–31), by <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EquitableAtlanta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EquitableAtlanta.jpg/100px-EquitableAtlanta.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EquitableAtlanta.jpg/150px-EquitableAtlanta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EquitableAtlanta.jpg/200px-EquitableAtlanta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Equitable_Building_(Atlanta)" title="Equitable Building (Atlanta)">Equitable Building</a> in Atlanta (1966–68), by <a href="/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Skidmore, Owings & Merrill">Skidmore, Owings & Merrill</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSFSBuilding1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PSFSBuilding1985.jpg/93px-PSFSBuilding1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PSFSBuilding1985.jpg/140px-PSFSBuilding1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PSFSBuilding1985.jpg/186px-PSFSBuilding1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="4591" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Loews_Philadelphia_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Loews Philadelphia Hotel">Loews Philadelphia Hotel</a> in Philadelphia (completed 1932), by <a href="/wiki/George_Howe_(architect)" title="George Howe (architect)">George Howe</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Lescaze" title="William Lescaze">William Lescaze</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG/87px-NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="87" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG/131px-NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG/174px-NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="4206" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building">Seagram Building</a> in New York City (1955–58), by <a href="/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mies van der Rohe">Mies van der Rohe</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paimio_Sanatorium2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Paimio_Sanatorium2.jpg/150px-Paimio_Sanatorium2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Paimio_Sanatorium2.jpg/225px-Paimio_Sanatorium2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Paimio_Sanatorium2.jpg/300px-Paimio_Sanatorium2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Paimio_Sanatorium" title="Paimio Sanatorium">Paimio Sanatorium</a> in Finland, (1929–1930) by <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/134px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/201px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/268px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a> in Jakarta (completed 1978), by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Silaban" title="Friedrich Silaban">Friedrich Silaban</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1920s–1970s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>International Style</b> is a major <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural style</a> and movement that began in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a> in the 1920s and dominated <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> until the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-khantaschen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khantaschen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is defined by strict adherence to <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Form_follows_function" title="Form follows function">utilitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">designs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction methods">construction methods</a>, typically expressed through <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Modular_building" title="Modular building">modular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rectilinear_polygon" title="Rectilinear polygon">rectilinear</a> forms, <a href="/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)" title="Plane (mathematics)">flat surfaces</a> devoid of ornamentation and decoration, open and airy interiors that blend with the exterior, and the use of glass, steel, and concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Style is sometimes called <b>rationalist architecture</b> and the <b>modern movement</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-khantaschen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khantaschen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the former is mostly used in English to refer specifically to either <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Italian rationalism</a> or the style that developed in 1920s Europe more broadly.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, this and related styles are variably called <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">Neue Sachlichkeit</a></i> ("New Objectivity"), <i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i> ("The Style"), and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a>, all of which are contemporaneous movements and styles that share similar principles, origins, and proponents.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the International Style is closely related to "<a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architecture</a>" and likewise reflects several intersecting developments in culture, politics, and technology in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being brought to the United States by European architects in the 1930s, it quickly became an "unofficial" North American style, particularly after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Style reached its height in the 1950s and 1960s, when it was widely adopted worldwide for its practicality and as a symbol of industry, progress, and modernity. The style remained the prevailing design philosophy for urban development and reconstruction into the 1970s, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Style was one of the first architectural movements to receive critical renown and global popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarded as the high point of modernist architecture, it is sometimes described as the "architecture of the modern movement" and credited with "single-handedly transforming the skylines of every major city in the world with its simple cubic forms".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Style's emphasis on transcending historical and cultural influences, while favoring utility and mass-production methods, made it uniquely versatile in its application; the style was ubiquitous in a wide range of purposes, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">social housing</a> and governmental buildings to <a href="/wiki/Business_park" title="Business park">corporate parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a>. </p><p>Nevertheless, these same qualities provoked negative reactions against the style as monotonous, austere, and incongruent with existing landscapes; these critiques are conveyed through various movements such as <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">postmodernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_classical_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="New classical architecture">new classical architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">deconstructivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern architecture</a> was developed in the 1960s in reaction to the International Style, becoming dominant in the 1980s and 1990s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept_and_definition">Concept and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The term "International Style" was first used in 1932 by the historian <a href="/wiki/Henry-Russell_Hitchcock" title="Henry-Russell Hitchcock">Henry-Russell Hitchcock</a> and architect <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a> to describe a movement among European architects in the 1920s that was distinguished by three key design principles: (1) "Architecture as volume – thin planes or surfaces create the building’s form, as opposed to a solid mass"; (2) "Regularity in the facade, as opposed to building symmetry"; and (3) "No applied ornament".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overzicht_uiteinde_straat_eindigend_in_winkel_in_de_wijk_Kiefhoek_van_J.J.P._Oud_-_Rotterdam_-_20536890_-_RCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Overzicht_uiteinde_straat_eindigend_in_winkel_in_de_wijk_Kiefhoek_van_J.J.P._Oud_-_Rotterdam_-_20536890_-_RCE.jpg/220px-Overzicht_uiteinde_straat_eindigend_in_winkel_in_de_wijk_Kiefhoek_van_J.J.P._Oud_-_Rotterdam_-_20536890_-_RCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Overzicht_uiteinde_straat_eindigend_in_winkel_in_de_wijk_Kiefhoek_van_J.J.P._Oud_-_Rotterdam_-_20536890_-_RCE.jpg/330px-Overzicht_uiteinde_straat_eindigend_in_winkel_in_de_wijk_Kiefhoek_van_J.J.P._Oud_-_Rotterdam_-_20536890_-_RCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Overzicht_uiteinde_straat_eindigend_in_winkel_in_de_wijk_Kiefhoek_van_J.J.P._Oud_-_Rotterdam_-_20536890_-_RCE.jpg/440px-Overzicht_uiteinde_straat_eindigend_in_winkel_in_de_wijk_Kiefhoek_van_J.J.P._Oud_-_Rotterdam_-_20536890_-_RCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kiefhoek" title="Kiefhoek">Kiefhoek</a> Worker's Housing project, now a Museum,<a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Oud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobus Oud">Jacobus Oud</a> (1930)</figcaption></figure> <p>International style is an ambiguous term; the unity and integrity of this direction is deceptive. Its formal features were revealed differently in different countries. Despite the unconditional commonality, the international style has never been a single phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, International Style <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> demonstrates a unity of approach and general principles: lightweight structures, skeletal frames, new materials, a modular system, an open plan, and the use of simple geometric shapes. </p><p>The problem of the International Style is that it is not obvious what type of material the term should be applied to: at the same time, there are key monuments of the 20th century (Le Corbusier's <a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a>; Wright's <a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater House</a>) and mass-produced architectural products of their time.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate.net_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here it is appropriate to talk about the use of recognizable formal techniques and the creation of a standard architectural product, rather than iconic objects. </p><p>Hitchcock and Johnson's 1932 MoMA exhibition catalog identified three principles of the style: volume of internal space (as opposed to mass and solidity), flexibility and regularity (liberation from classical symmetry). and the expulsion of applied ornamentation ('artificial accents').<sup id="cite_ref-momacatalog_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-momacatalog-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_of_the_1932_book_The_International_Style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e6/Cover_of_the_1932_book_The_International_Style.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <i>The International Style</i> (1932, reprinted 1996) by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson</figcaption></figure><p>Common characteristics of the International Style include: a radical simplification of form, a rejection of superfluous ornamentation, bold repetition and embracement of sleek glass, steel and efficient concrete as preferred materials. Accents were found to be suitably derived from natural design irregularities, such as the position of doors and fire escapes, stair towers, ventilators and even electric signs.<sup id="cite_ref-momacatalog_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-momacatalog-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, the transparency of buildings, construction (called the honest expression of structure), and acceptance of industrialized mass-production techniques contributed to the international style's design philosophy. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Machine_aesthetic" title="Machine aesthetic">machine aesthetic</a>, and logical design decisions leading to support building function were used by the International architect to create buildings reaching beyond <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">historicism</a>. The ideals of the style are commonly summed up in three slogans: <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornament (architecture)">ornament</a> is a crime, <a href="/wiki/Truth_to_materials" title="Truth to materials">truth to materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Form_follows_function" title="Form follows function">form follows function</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>'s description: "A house is a machine to live in".<sup id="cite_ref-evenson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evenson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International style is sometimes understood as a general term associated with such architectural phenomena as <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">constructivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">rationalism</a>. </p><p>Phenomena similar in nature also existed in other artistic fields, for example in graphics, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Style_(design)" title="Swiss Style (design)">Swiss Style</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Getty_Research_Institute" title="Getty Research Institute">Getty Research Institute</a> defines it as "the style of architecture that emerged in The Netherlands, France, and Germany after World War I and spread throughout the world, becoming the dominant architectural style until the 1970s. The style is characterized by an emphasis on volume over mass, the use of lightweight, mass-produced, industrial materials, rejection of all ornament and colour, repetitive <a href="/wiki/Modularity" title="Modularity">modular</a> forms, and the use of flat surfaces, typically alternating with areas of glass."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers consider the International Style as one of the attempts to create an ideal and utilitarian form.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate.net_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the start of the 20th century, a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents with new social demands and technological possibilities. The work of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Victor Horta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde" title="Henry van de Velde">Henry van de Velde</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wagner" title="Otto Wagner">Otto Wagner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh" title="Charles Rennie Mackintosh">Charles Rennie Mackintosh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new. These architects were not considered part of the International Style because they practiced in an "individualistic manner" and seen as the last representatives of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>. </p><p>The International Style can be traced to buildings designed by a small group of modernists, the major figures of which include <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Oud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobus Oud">Jacobus Oud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Richard Neutra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> school, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a>, along with prominent Bauhaus instructor, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, became known for steel frame structures employing glass curtain walls.  One of the world's earliest modern buildings where this can be seen is a shoe factory designed by Gropius in 1911 in <a href="/wiki/Alfeld" title="Alfeld">Alfeld</a>, Germany, called the <a href="/wiki/Fagus_Factory" title="Fagus Factory">Fagus Works</a> building. The first building built entirely on Bauhaus design principles was the concrete and steel <a href="/wiki/Haus_am_Horn" title="Haus am Horn">Haus am Horn</a>, built in 1923 in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, Germany, designed by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Muche" title="Georg Muche">Georg Muche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gropius-designed Bauhaus school building in <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a>, built 1925–26 and the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_Center" title="Harvard Graduate Center">Harvard Graduate Center</a> (Cambridge, Massachusetts; 1949–50) also known as the Gropius Complex, exhibit clean lines<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a "concern for uncluttered interior spaces".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a>, a recognized leader in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ton_brut" title="Béton brut">Béton Brut</a> (Brutalist) architecture and notable alumnus of the Bauhaus,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who also pioneered the use of plywood and tubular steel in furniture design,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and who after leaving the Bauhaus would later teach alongside Gropius at Harvard, is as well an important contributor to Modernism and the International Style.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to use of the term 'International Style', some American architects—such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irving_Gill" title="Irving Gill">Irving Gill</a>—exemplified qualities of simplification, honesty and clarity.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frank Lloyd Wright's <a href="/wiki/Wasmuth_Portfolio" title="Wasmuth Portfolio">Wasmuth Portfolio</a> had been exhibited in Europe and influenced the work of European modernists, and his travels there probably influenced his own work, although he refused to be categorized with them. His buildings of the 1920s and 1930s clearly showed a change in the style of the architect, but in a different direction than the International Style.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe the modern movement in architecture had been called <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> or Neue Sachlichkeit (<a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a>), <i>L'Esprit Nouveau</i>, or simply <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modernism</a> and was very much concerned with the coming together of a new architectural form and social reform, creating a more open and transparent society.<sup id="cite_ref-Tournikiotis_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournikiotis-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weissenhof-Luftbild-2004.01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Weissenhof-Luftbild-2004.01.jpg/220px-Weissenhof-Luftbild-2004.01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Weissenhof-Luftbild-2004.01.jpg/330px-Weissenhof-Luftbild-2004.01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Weissenhof-Luftbild-2004.01.jpg/440px-Weissenhof-Luftbild-2004.01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Weissenhof_Estate" title="Weissenhof Estate">Weissenhof Estate</a>, Stuttgart, Germany (1927)</figcaption></figure> <p>The "International Style", as defined by Hitchcock and Johnson, had developed in 1920s Western Europe, shaped by the activities of the Dutch <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a>. Le Corbusier had embraced <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Taylorist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fordism" title="Fordism">Fordist</a> strategies adopted from American industrial models in order to reorganize society. He contributed to a new journal called <i>L'Esprit Nouveau</i> that advocated the use of modern industrial techniques and strategies to create a higher standard of living on all socio-economic levels. In 1927, one of the first and most defining manifestations of the International Style was the <a href="/wiki/Weissenhof_Estate" title="Weissenhof Estate">Weissenhof Estate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, overseen by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. It was enormously popular, with thousands of daily visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1932_MoMA_exhibition">1932 MoMA exhibition<span class="anchor" id="1932_MOMA_exhibition"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1932 MoMA exhibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Johnson2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Philip_Johnson2.jpg/220px-Philip_Johnson2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Philip_Johnson2.jpg/330px-Philip_Johnson2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Philip_Johnson2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Philip Johnson co-defined the International Style with <a href="/wiki/Henry-Russell_Hitchcock" title="Henry-Russell Hitchcock">Henry-Russell Hitchcock</a> as a young college graduate, and later became one of its practitioners.</figcaption></figure> <p>The exhibition <i>Modern Architecture: International Exhibition</i> ran from February 9 to March 23, 1932, at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Building_(Manhattan)" title="Crown Building (Manhattan)">Heckscher Building</a> at Fifth Avenue and 56th Street in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond a foyer and office, the exhibition was divided into six rooms: the "Modern Architects" section began in the entrance room, featuring a model of William Lescaze's Chrystie-Forsyth Street Housing Development in New York. From there visitors moved to the centrally placed Room A, featuring a model of a mid-rise housing development for <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston</a>, Illinois, by Chicago architect brothers <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monroe_Bengt_Bowman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monroe Bengt Bowman (page does not exist)">Monroe Bengt Bowman</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Bowman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Bowman (page does not exist)">Irving Bowman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a model and photos of Walter Gropius's Bauhaus building in Dessau. In the largest exhibition space, Room C, were works by Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, <a href="/wiki/J._J._P._Oud" title="J. J. P. Oud">J. J. P. Oud</a> and Frank Lloyd Wright (including a project for a house on the Mesa in Denver, 1932). Room B was a section titled "Housing", presenting "the need for a new domestic environment" as it had been identified by historian and critic <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a>. In Room D were works by Raymond Hood (including "Apartment Tower in the Country" and the <a href="/wiki/330_West_42nd_Street" title="330 West 42nd Street">McGraw-Hill Building</a>) and Richard Neutra. In Room E was a section titled "The extent of modern architecture", added at the last minute,<sup id="cite_ref-Riley_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included the works of thirty-seven modern architects from fifteen countries who were said to be influenced by the works of Europeans of the 1920s. Among these works was shown Alvar Aalto's Turun Sanomat newspaper offices building in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland. </p><p>After a six-week run in New York City, the exhibition then toured the US – the first such "traveling-exhibition" of architecture in the US – for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curators">Curators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Curators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">MoMA</a> director <a href="/wiki/Alfred_H._Barr,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred H. Barr, Jr.">Alfred H. Barr</a> hired architectural historian and critic <a href="/wiki/Henry-Russell_Hitchcock" title="Henry-Russell Hitchcock">Henry-Russell Hitchcock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a><sup id="cite_ref-Riley_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to curate the museum's first architectural exhibition. The three of them toured Europe together in 1929 and had also discussed Hitchcock's book about modern art. By December 1930, the first written proposal for an exhibition of the "new architecture" was set down, yet the first draft of the book was not complete until some months later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1932 exhibition led to two publications by Hitchcock and Johnson: </p> <ul><li>The exhibition catalog, "Modern Architecture: International Exhibition"<sup id="cite_ref-momacatalog_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-momacatalog-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The book, <i>The International Style: Architecture Since 1922</i>, published by W. W. Norton & Co. in 1932. <ul><li>reprinted in 1997 by W. W. Norton & Company<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchcock_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchcock-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Previous to the 1932 exhibition and book, Hitchcock had concerned himself with the themes of modern architecture in his 1929 book <i>Modern Architecture: Romanticism and Reintegration</i>. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Terence_Riley_(curator)" title="Terence Riley (curator)">Terence Riley</a>: "Ironically the (exhibition) catalogue, and to some extent, the book <i>The International Style</i>, published at the same time of the exhibition, have supplanted the actual historical event."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exemplary_Uses_of_the_International_Style">Exemplary Uses of the International Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exemplary Uses of the International Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following architects and buildings were selected by Hitchcock and Johnson for display at the exhibition <i>Modern Architecture: International Exhibition</i>: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:96%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200px">Architect </th> <th width="280px">Building </th> <th width="200px">Location </th> <th width="80px">Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Oud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobus Oud">Jacobus Oud</a></td> <td>Workers Houses (house blocks <a href="/wiki/Kiefhoek" title="Kiefhoek">Kiefhoek</a>)</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, The Netherlands</td> <td>1924–1927 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_Eisler" title="Otto Eisler">Otto Eisler</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bam.brno.cz/en/object/c049-semi-detached-villa?filter=code">Semi-detached Villa</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, Czech Republic</td> <td>1926–1927 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_Factory" title="Fagus Factory">Fagus Factory</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alfeld" title="Alfeld">Alfeld</a>, Germany</td> <td>1911 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus#Dessau" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus School</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a>, Germany</td> <td>1926 </td></tr> <tr> <td>City Employment Office</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Dessau, Germany</td> <td>1928 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a></td> <td>Apartment House, <a href="/wiki/Weissenhof_Estate" title="Weissenhof Estate">Weissenhof Estate</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany</td> <td>1927 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Pavilion" title="Barcelona Pavilion">German pavilion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1929_Barcelona_International_Exposition" title="1929 Barcelona International Exposition">Barcelona Expo</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain</td> <td>1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Villa_Tugendhat" title="Villa Tugendhat">Villa Tugendhat</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Brno, Czech Republic</td> <td>1930 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Villa_Stein" title="Villa Stein">Villa Stein</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Garches" title="Garches">Garches</a>, France</td> <td>1927 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poissy" title="Poissy">Poissy</a>, France</td> <td>1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Beistegui" title="Carlos de Beistegui">Carlos de Beistegui</a> Champs-Élysées Penthouse</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</td> <td>1931 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Erich Mendelsohn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schocken_Department_Stores" title="Schocken Department Stores">Schocken Department Store</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>, Germany</td> <td>1928–1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_John_Kiesler" title="Frederick John Kiesler">Frederick John Kiesler</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Film_Guild_Cinema" title="Film Guild Cinema">Film Guild Cinema</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, US</td> <td>1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hood" title="Raymond Hood">Raymond Hood</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/330_West_42nd_Street" title="330 West 42nd Street">McGraw-Hill Building</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> New York City, US</td> <td>1931 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Howe_(architect)" title="George Howe (architect)">George Howe</a> & <a href="/wiki/William_Lescaze" title="William Lescaze">William Lescaze</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/PSFS_Building" title="PSFS Building">Loews Philadelphia Hotel</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, US</td> <td>1932 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monroe Bengt Bowman & Irving Bowman</td> <td>Lux apartment block</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston</a>, US</td> <td>1931 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Richard Neutra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lovell_House" title="Lovell House">Lovell House</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, US</td> <td>1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_Haesler" title="Otto Haesler">Otto Haesler</a></td> <td>Rothenberg Siedlung</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, Germany</td> <td>1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karl Schneider</td> <td>Kunstverein</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany</td> <td>1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a></td> <td>Turun Sanomat building</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland</td> <td>1930 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VillaSavoye.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Villa Savoye, Paris, Le Corbusier"><img alt="Villa Savoye, Paris, Le Corbusier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/VillaSavoye.jpg/160px-VillaSavoye.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/VillaSavoye.jpg/240px-VillaSavoye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/VillaSavoye.jpg/320px-VillaSavoye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a>, Paris, Le Corbusier</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauhaus.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bauhaus School, Dessau, Walter Gropius"><img alt="Bauhaus School, Dessau, Walter Gropius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bauhaus.JPG/160px-Bauhaus.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bauhaus.JPG/240px-Bauhaus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bauhaus.JPG/320px-Bauhaus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus#Dessau" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus School</a>, Dessau, Walter Gropius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fagus-Werke-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fagus Factory, Alfeld, Walter Gropius"><img alt="Fagus Factory, Alfeld, Walter Gropius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fagus-Werke-01.jpg/160px-Fagus-Werke-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fagus-Werke-01.jpg/240px-Fagus-Werke-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fagus-Werke-01.jpg/320px-Fagus-Werke-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fagus_Factory" title="Fagus Factory">Fagus Factory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfeld" title="Alfeld">Alfeld</a>, Walter Gropius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Barcelona_Pavilion,_Barcelona,_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German Pavilion, Barcelona, Mies van der Rohe"><img alt="German Pavilion, Barcelona, Mies van der Rohe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Barcelona_Pavilion%2C_Barcelona%2C_2010.jpg/160px-The_Barcelona_Pavilion%2C_Barcelona%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Barcelona_Pavilion%2C_Barcelona%2C_2010.jpg/240px-The_Barcelona_Pavilion%2C_Barcelona%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Barcelona_Pavilion%2C_Barcelona%2C_2010.jpg/320px-The_Barcelona_Pavilion%2C_Barcelona%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5466" data-file-height="3658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Pavilion" title="Barcelona Pavilion">German Pavilion</a>, Barcelona, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies van der Rohe</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Tugendhat,_Brno,_CZ_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Villa Tugendhat, Brno, Mies van der Rohe"><img alt="Villa Tugendhat, Brno, Mies van der Rohe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Villa_Tugendhat%2C_Brno%2C_CZ_%282%29.jpg/160px-Villa_Tugendhat%2C_Brno%2C_CZ_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Villa_Tugendhat%2C_Brno%2C_CZ_%282%29.jpg/240px-Villa_Tugendhat%2C_Brno%2C_CZ_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Villa_Tugendhat%2C_Brno%2C_CZ_%282%29.jpg/320px-Villa_Tugendhat%2C_Brno%2C_CZ_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Tugendhat" title="Villa Tugendhat">Villa Tugendhat</a>, Brno, Mies van der Rohe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenberg-Siedlung_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rothenberg Siedlung, Kassel, Otto Haesler"><img alt="Rothenberg Siedlung, Kassel, Otto Haesler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rothenberg-Siedlung_%284%29.jpg/97px-Rothenberg-Siedlung_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rothenberg-Siedlung_%284%29.jpg/146px-Rothenberg-Siedlung_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rothenberg-Siedlung_%284%29.jpg/195px-Rothenberg-Siedlung_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="2426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rothenberg Siedlung, Kassel, Otto Haesler</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovell_House,_Los_Angeles,_California.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lovell House, Los Angeles, Rudolph Schindler (garden by Richard Neutra)"><img alt="Lovell House, Los Angeles, Rudolph Schindler (garden by Richard Neutra)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lovell_House%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG/160px-Lovell_House%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lovell_House%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG/240px-Lovell_House%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lovell_House%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG/320px-Lovell_House%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lovell_House" title="Lovell House">Lovell House</a>, Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Schindler_(architect)" title="Rudolph Schindler (architect)">Rudolph Schindler</a> (garden by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Richard Neutra</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mcgraw-hill-42nd-st_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="McGraw-Hill Building, New York City, Raymond Hood"><img alt="McGraw-Hill Building, New York City, Raymond Hood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mcgraw-hill-42nd-st_1.jpg/86px-Mcgraw-hill-42nd-st_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mcgraw-hill-42nd-st_1.jpg/130px-Mcgraw-hill-42nd-st_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mcgraw-hill-42nd-st_1.jpg/173px-Mcgraw-hill-42nd-st_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/330_West_42nd_Street" title="330 West 42nd Street">McGraw-Hill Building</a>, New York City, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hood" title="Raymond Hood">Raymond Hood</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSFSBuilding1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, George Howe and William Lescaze"><img alt="Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, George Howe and William Lescaze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PSFSBuilding1985.jpg/91px-PSFSBuilding1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PSFSBuilding1985.jpg/136px-PSFSBuilding1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PSFSBuilding1985.jpg/181px-PSFSBuilding1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="4591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/PSFS_Building" title="PSFS Building">Loews Philadelphia Hotel</a>, Philadelphia, <a href="/wiki/George_Howe_(architect)" title="George Howe (architect)">George Howe</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Lescaze" title="William Lescaze">William Lescaze</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turunsanomat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turun Sanomat, Turku, Alvar Aalto"><img alt="Turun Sanomat, Turku, Alvar Aalto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Turunsanomat.jpg/109px-Turunsanomat.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Turunsanomat.jpg/163px-Turunsanomat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Turunsanomat.jpg/217px-Turunsanomat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turun Sanomat, <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_omissions">Notable omissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable omissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exhibition excluded other contemporary styles that were exploring the boundaries of architecture at the time, including: <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>; German Expressionism, for instance the works of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Finsterlin" title="Hermann Finsterlin">Hermann Finsterlin</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">organicist</a> movement, popularized in the work of <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a>. As a result of the 1932 exhibition, the principles of the International Style were endorsed, while other styles were classed less significant. </p><p>In 1922, the competition for the <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Tower" title="Tribune Tower">Tribune Tower</a> and its famous <a href="/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen%27s_Tribune_Tower_design" title="Eliel Saarinen's Tribune Tower design">second-place entry by Eliel Saarinen</a> gave some indication of what was to come, though these works would not have been accepted by Hitchcock and Johnson as representing the "International Style". Similarly, Johnson, writing about Joseph Urban's recently completed New School for Social Research in New York, stated: "In the New School we have an anomaly of a building supposed to be in a style of architecture based on the development of the plan from function and facade from plan but which is a formally and pretentiously conceived as a Renaissance palace. Urban's admiration for the New Style is more complete than his understanding."<sup id="cite_ref-Riley_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riley-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>California architect <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Schindler_(architect)" title="Rudolph Schindler (architect)">Rudolph Schindler</a>'s work was not a part of the exhibit, though Schindler had pleaded with Hitchcock and Johnson to be included.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, "[f]or more than 20 years, Schindler had intermittently launched a series of spirited, cantankerous exchanges with the museum."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_1932">Before 1932</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Before 1932"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:96%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="240px">Architect </th> <th width="240px">Building </th> <th width="200px">Location </th> <th width="80px">Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Duiker" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Duiker">Johannes Duiker</a> and Bernard Bijvoet</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zonnestraal_(estate)" title="Zonnestraal (estate)">Zonnestraal Sanatorium</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hilversum" title="Hilversum">Hilversum</a>, Netherlands</td> <td>1926–1928 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mallet-Stevens" title="Robert Mallet-Stevens">Robert Mallet-Stevens</a></td> <td><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Immeubles_formant_la_rue_Mallet-Stevens/">houses on Rue Mallet-Stevens</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</td> <td>1927 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villa-cavrois.fr/">Villa Cavrois</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croix,_Nord" title="Croix, Nord">Croix</a>, France</td> <td>1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Gray" title="Eileen Gray">Eileen Gray</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E-1027" title="E-1027">E-1027</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cap_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap Martin">Cap Martin</a>, France</td> <td>1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Bustillo" title="Alejandro Bustillo">Alejandro Bustillo</a></td> <td>House of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Ocampo" title="Victoria Ocampo">Victoria Ocampo</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina</td> <td>1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paimio_Sanatorium" title="Paimio Sanatorium">Paimio Sanatorium</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland</td> <td>1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leendert_van_der_Vlugt" title="Leendert van der Vlugt">Leendert van der Vlugt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Van_Nelle_Factory" title="Van Nelle Factory">Van Nelle Factory</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam, Netherlands</a></td> <td>1926–1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Emberton" title="Joseph Emberton">Joseph Emberton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corinthian_Yacht_Club" title="Royal Corinthian Yacht Club">Royal Corinthian Yacht Club</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, England</td> <td>1931 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1932–1944"><span id="1932.E2.80.931944"></span>1932–1944</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1932–1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glaspaleis_front-east.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Glaspaleis_front-east.jpg/220px-Glaspaleis_front-east.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Glaspaleis_front-east.jpg/330px-Glaspaleis_front-east.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Glaspaleis_front-east.jpg/440px-Glaspaleis_front-east.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="1911" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Glaspaleis" title="Glaspaleis">Glass Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heerlen" title="Heerlen">Heerlen</a>, Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Frits_Peutz" title="Frits Peutz">Frits Peutz</a> (1935).</figcaption></figure> <p>The gradual rise of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> regime in Weimar Germany in the 1930s, and the Nazis' rejection of modern architecture, meant that an entire generation of avant-gardist architects, many of them Jews, were forced out of continental Europe. Some, such as Mendelsohn, found shelter in England, while a considerable number of the Jewish architects made their way to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>, and others to the US. However, American anti-Communist politics after the war and Philip Johnson's influential rejection of <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionalism</a> have tended to mask the fact that many of the important architects, including contributors to the original Weissenhof project, fled to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. This group also tended to be far more concerned with functionalism and its social agenda. <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Taut" title="Bruno Taut">Bruno Taut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mart_Stam" title="Mart Stam">Mart Stam</a>, the second Bauhaus director <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Meyer" title="Hannes Meyer">Hannes Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_May" title="Ernst May">Ernst May</a> and other important figures of the International Style went to the Soviet Union in 1930 to undertake huge, ambitious, idealistic urban planning projects, building entire cities from scratch. In 1936, when Stalin ordered them out of the country, many of these architects became stateless and sought refuge elsewhere; for example, Ernst May moved to Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dizengoff_Square_Tel_Aviv3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dizengoff_Square_Tel_Aviv3.jpg/220px-Dizengoff_Square_Tel_Aviv3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dizengoff_Square_Tel_Aviv3.jpg/330px-Dizengoff_Square_Tel_Aviv3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dizengoff_Square_Tel_Aviv3.jpg/440px-Dizengoff_Square_Tel_Aviv3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4456" data-file-height="3083" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dizengoff Circle">Dizengoff Circle</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_City_(Tel_Aviv)" class="mw-redirect" title="White City (Tel Aviv)">White City</a>, Tel Aviv, by <a href="/wiki/Genia_Averbuch" title="Genia Averbuch">Genia Averbuch</a>, 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/White_City_(Tel_Aviv)" class="mw-redirect" title="White City (Tel Aviv)">White City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> is a collection of over 4,000 buildings built in the International Style in the 1930s. Many Jewish architects who had studied at the German <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> school designed significant buildings here.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large proportion of the buildings built in the International Style can be found in the area planned by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a>, north of Tel Aviv's main historical commercial center.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> proclaimed the White City a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, describing the city as "a synthesis of outstanding significance of the various trends of the Modern Movement in architecture and town planning in the early part of the 20th century".<sup id="cite_ref-Unesco_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unesco-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, Tel Aviv's White City was <a href="/wiki/1996_World_Monuments_Watch_List_of_Most_Endangered_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 World Monuments Watch List of Most Endangered Sites">listed</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a> endangered site.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_Kavanagh_(gevaert).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Edificio_Kavanagh_%28gevaert%29.jpg/170px-Edificio_Kavanagh_%28gevaert%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Edificio_Kavanagh_%28gevaert%29.jpg/255px-Edificio_Kavanagh_%28gevaert%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Edificio_Kavanagh_%28gevaert%29.jpg/340px-Edificio_Kavanagh_%28gevaert%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kavanagh_Building" title="Kavanagh Building">Kavanagh Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, by Sánchez, Lagos & de la Torre (1936).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">residential area</a> of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_%C3%84ngby" title="Södra Ängby">Södra Ängby</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, blended an international or <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionalist</a> style with <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city</a> ideals. Encompassing more than 500 buildings, most of them designed by Edvin Engström, it remains the largest coherent functionalist or "International Style" <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villa</a> area in Sweden and possibly the world, still well-preserved more than a half-century after its construction in 1933–40 and protected as a <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Sweden" title="Listed buildings in Sweden">national cultural heritage</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn" title="Zlín">Zlín</a> is a city in the Czech Republic which was in the 1930s completely reconstructed on principles of functionalism. In that time the city was a headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Bata_Shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bata Shoes">Bata Shoes</a> company and Tomáš Baťa initiated a complex reconstruction of the city which was inspired by functionalism and the <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Bata_Memorial" title="Tomas Bata Memorial">Tomas Bata Memorial</a> is the most valuable monument of the <a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Region" title="Zlín Region">Zlín</a> <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionalism</a>. It is a modern paraphrase of the constructions of high gothic style period: the supporting system and colourful stained glass and the reinforced concrete skeleton and glass. </p><p>With the rise of Nazism, a number of key European modern architects fled to the US. When <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a> fled Germany they both arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design" title="Harvard Graduate School of Design">Harvard Graduate School of Design</a>, in an excellent position to extend their influence and promote the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> as the primary source of architectural modernism. When Mies fled in 1938, he first fled to England, but on emigrating to the US he went to Chicago, founded the Second School of Chicago at <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">IIT</a> and solidified his reputation as a prototypical modern architect. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:96%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="240px">Architect </th> <th width="240px">Building </th> <th width="200px">Location </th> <th width="80px">Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ove_Arup" title="Ove Arup">Ove Arup</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labworth_Caf%C3%A9" title="Labworth Café">Labworth Café</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, England</td> <td>1932–1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jorge Kálnay</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Luna_Park" title="Estadio Luna Park">Luna Park</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>1932 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leendert_van_der_Vlugt" title="Leendert van der Vlugt">Leendert van der Vlugt</a></td> <td>Sonneveld House</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam, Netherlands</a></td> <td>1932–1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carlos Ramos</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Oncology_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Oncology Institute">Radio Pavilion of the Oncology Institute</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Scharoun" title="Hans Scharoun">Hans Scharoun</a></td> <td>Schminke House</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6bau" title="Löbau">Löbau</a>, Germany</td> <td>1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frits_Peutz" title="Frits Peutz">Frits Peutz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glaspaleis" title="Glaspaleis">Glaspaleis</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heerlen" title="Heerlen">Heerlen</a>, Netherlands</td> <td>1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Lydie_Gahura" title="František Lydie Gahura">František Lydie Gahura</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Bata_Memorial" title="Tomas Bata Memorial">Tomas Bata Memorial</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn" title="Zlín">Zlín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td>1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Stonorov" title="Oscar Stonorov">Oscar Stonorov</a> and Alfred Kastner</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Mackley_Houses" title="Carl Mackley Houses">Carl Mackley Houses</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, US</td> <td>1933–1934 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edvin Engström</td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_%C3%84ngby" title="Södra Ängby">Södra Ängby</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</td> <td>1933–1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genia_Averbuch" title="Genia Averbuch">Genia Averbuch</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Square" title="Dizengoff Square">Dizengoff Square</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel</td> <td>1934–1938 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dov_Karmi" title="Dov Karmi">Dov Karmi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max-Liebling_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Max-Liebling House">Max-Liebling House</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Tel Aviv, Israel</td> <td>1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yehuda Lulka</td> <td>Thermometer House</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Tel Aviv, Israel</td> <td>1935 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Erich Mendelsohn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weizmann_House" title="Weizmann House">Weizmann House</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a>, Israel</td> <td>1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wells_Coates" title="Wells Coates">Wells Coates</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isokon_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Isokon building">Isokon building</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td> <td>1934 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berthold_Lubetkin" title="Berthold Lubetkin">Berthold Lubetkin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Highpoint_I" title="Highpoint I">Highpoint I</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> London, England</td> <td>1935 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Fry" title="Maxwell Fry">Maxwell Fry</a></td> <td>Sun House</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> London, England</td> <td>1935 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neil & Hurd</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ravelston_Garden" title="Ravelston Garden">Ravelston Garden</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></td> <td>1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sánchez, Lagos & de la Torre</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kavanagh_Building" title="Kavanagh Building">Kavanagh Building</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Thiry_(architect)" title="Paul Thiry (architect)">Paul Thiry</a></td> <td>Thiry House<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>, US</td> <td>1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gropius_House" title="Gropius House">Gropius House</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Massachusetts" title="Lincoln, Massachusetts">Lincoln, Massachusetts</a>, US</td> <td>1937–1938 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hamilton Beatty and Allen Strang</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Willard_and_Fern_Tompkins_House" title="Willard and Fern Tompkins House">Willard and Fern Tompkins House</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Monona, Wisconsin, US</td> <td>1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td>William Ganster and <a href="/wiki/William_Pereira" title="William Pereira">William Pereira</a></td> <td>Lake County Tuberculosis Sanatorium</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Waukegan,_Illinois" title="Waukegan, Illinois">Waukegan, Illinois</a>, US</td> <td>1938–1939 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1945–present"><span id="1945.E2.80.93present"></span>1945–present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1945–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG/220px-NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG/330px-NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG/440px-NewYorkSeagram_04.30.2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="4206" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building">Seagram Building</a>, New York, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> (1958)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_de_Ville_C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Place_de_Ville_C.JPG/220px-Place_de_Ville_C.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Place_de_Ville_C.JPG/330px-Place_de_Ville_C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Place_de_Ville_C.JPG/440px-Place_de_Ville_C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Tower C of <a href="/wiki/Place_de_Ville" title="Place de Ville">Place de Ville</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II, the International Style matured; <a href="/wiki/Hellmuth,_Obata_%26_Kassabaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum">Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum</a> (later renamed <a href="/wiki/HOK_(firm)" title="HOK (firm)">HOK</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Skidmore, Owings & Merrill">Skidmore, Owings & Merrill</a> (SOM) perfected the corporate practice, and it became the dominant approach for decades in the US and Canada. Beginning with the initial technical and formal inventions of <a href="/wiki/860-880_Lake_Shore_Drive_Apartments" class="mw-redirect" title="860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments">860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments</a> in Chicago, its most famous examples include the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations headquarters">United Nations headquarters</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lever_House" title="Lever House">Lever House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seagram_Building" title="Seagram Building">Seagram Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and the campus of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy#Campus_and_facilities" title="United States Air Force Academy">United States Air Force Academy</a> in Colorado Springs, Colorado, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Centre" title="Toronto-Dominion Centre">Toronto-Dominion Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. Further examples can be found in mid-century institutional buildings throughout North America and the "corporate architecture" spread from there, especially to Europe. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada#Modern_period" title="Architecture of Canada">Canada</a>, this period coincided with a major building boom and few restrictions on massive building projects. International Style skyscrapers came to dominate many of Canada's major cities, especially <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Toronto" title="Architecture of Toronto">Toronto</a>. While these glass boxes were at first unique and interesting, the idea was soon repeated to the point of ubiquity. A typical example is the development of so-called <a href="/wiki/Place_de_Ville" title="Place de Ville">Place de Ville</a>, a conglomeration of three glass skyscrapers in downtown Ottawa, where the plans of the property developer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Campeau" title="Robert Campeau">Robert Campeau</a> in the mid-1960s and early 1970s—in the words of historian Robert W. Collier, were "forceful and abrasive[;] he was not well-loved at City Hall"—had no regard for existing city plans, and "built with contempt for the existing city and for city responsibilities in the key areas of transportation and land use".<sup id="cite_ref-Collier_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collier-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Architects attempted to put new twists into such towers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_City_Hall" title="Toronto City Hall">Toronto City Hall</a> by Finnish architect <a href="/wiki/Viljo_Revell" title="Viljo Revell">Viljo Revell</a>. By the late 1970s a backlash was under way against modernism—prominent anti-modernists such as <a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Baird_(architect)" title="George Baird (architect)">George Baird</a> were partly based in Toronto. </p><p>The typical International Style or "corporate architecture" high-rise usually consists of the following: </p> <ol><li>Square or rectangular footprint</li> <li>Simple cubic "extruded rectangle" form</li> <li>Windows running in broken horizontal rows forming a grid</li> <li>All facade angles are 90 degrees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <p>In 2000 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> proclaimed <a href="/wiki/University_City_of_Caracas" title="University City of Caracas">University City of Caracas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, describing it as "a masterpiece of modern city planning, architecture and art, created by the Venezuelan architect <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ra%C3%BAl_Villanueva" title="Carlos Raúl Villanueva">Carlos Raúl Villanueva</a> and a group of distinguished avant-garde artists".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 2007 UNESCO proclaimed <a href="/wiki/University_City_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="University City of Mexico">Ciudad Universitaria</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</a> (UNAM), in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, a World Heritage Site due to its relevance and contribution in terms of international style movement. It was designed in the late 1940s and built in the mid-1950s based upon a masterplan created by architect <a href="/wiki/Enrique_del_Moral" title="Enrique del Moral">Enrique del Moral</a>. His original idea was enriched by other students, teachers, and diverse professionals of several disciplines. The university houses <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_O%27Gorman" title="Juan O'Gorman">Juan O'Gorman</a> and others. The university also features Olympic Stadium (1968). In his first years of practice, <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Prize">Pritzker Prize</a> winner and Mexican architect <a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Luis Barragán">Luis Barragán</a> designed buildings in the International Style. But later he evolved to a more traditional local architecture. Other notable Mexican architects of the International Style or modern period are <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Obreg%C3%B3n_Santacilia" title="Carlos Obregón Santacilia">Carlos Obregón Santacilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusto_H._Alvarez" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusto H. Alvarez">Augusto H. Alvarez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Pani" title="Mario Pani">Mario Pani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Ernesto_Mariscal_Pi%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico Ernesto Mariscal Piña (page does not exist)">Federico Mariscal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Ernesto_Mariscal_Pi%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Federico Ernesto Mariscal Piña">es</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kasp%C3%A9" title="Vladimir Kaspé">Vladimir Kaspé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_del_Moral" title="Enrique del Moral">Enrique del Moral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Sordo_Madaleno" title="Juan Sordo Madaleno">Juan Sordo Madaleno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Cetto" title="Max Cetto">Max Cetto</a>, among many others. </p><p>In Brazil <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> proposed a more organic and sensual<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International Style. He designed the political landmarks (headquarters of the three state powers) of the new, planned capital <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a>. The masterplan for the city was proposed by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Costa" title="Lúcio Costa">Lúcio Costa</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:96%;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200px">Architect </th> <th width="280px">Building </th> <th width="200px">Location </th> <th width="80px">Date </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a> campus (including <a href="/wiki/S._R._Crown_Hall" title="S. R. Crown Hall">S. R. Crown Hall</a>)</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, US</td> <td>1945–1960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/860%E2%80%93880_Lake_Shore_Drive_Apartments" title="860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments">860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Chicago, US</td> <td>1949 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Belluschi" title="Pietro Belluschi">Pietro Belluschi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Building_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Commonwealth Building (Portland, Oregon)">Commonwealth Building</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, US</td> <td>1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oscar Niemeyer, Le Corbusier, Harrison & Abramovitz</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters of the United Nations</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, US</td> <td>1950s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(architect)" title="Michael Scott (architect)">Michael Scott</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Busaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Busaras">Busaras</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</td> <td>1945–1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KBJ_Architects" title="KBJ Architects">Kemp, Bunch & Jackson</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eight_Forty_One" title="Eight Forty One">Eight Forty One</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a>, US</td> <td>1955 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ron Phillips and Alan Fitch</td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall, Hong Kong">City Hall, Hong Kong</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Victoria, Hong Kong">Victoria City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td>1956 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alberto Belgrano Blanco, José A. Hortal and Marcelo Martínez de Hoz</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alas_Building" title="Alas Building">Alas Building</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>1957 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Bland_(architect)" title="John Bland (architect)">John Bland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Ottawa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City Hall (Ottawa)">Old City Hall</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Canada</td> <td>1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emery_Roth_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Emery Roth & Sons">Emery Roth & Sons</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/10_Lafayette_Square" title="10 Lafayette Square">10 Lafayette Square</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, US</td> <td>1958–1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kelly & Gruzen</td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_School_of_Graphic_Communication_Arts" title="High School of Graphic Communication Arts">High School of Graphic Communication Arts</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York City, US</td> <td>1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arne_Jacobsen" title="Arne Jacobsen">Arne Jacobsen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radisson_SAS_Royal_Hotel,_Copenhagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Radisson SAS Royal Hotel, Copenhagen">SAS Royal Hotel</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>1958–60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stanley Roscoe</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_City_Hall" title="Hamilton City Hall">Hamilton City Hall</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, Canada</td> <td>1960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Lautner" title="John Lautner">John Lautner</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemosphere" title="Chemosphere">Chemosphere</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Los Angeles, US</td> <td>1960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arguelles" title="Carlos Arguelles">Carlos Arguelles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philamlife_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Philamlife Theater">Philamlife Building</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Manila, Philippines</td> <td>1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_Ville-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Place Ville-Marie">Place Ville-Marie</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada</td> <td>1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Luckman" title="Charles Luckman">Charles Luckman</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prudential_Tower" title="Prudential Tower">Prudential Tower</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, US</td> <td>1964 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Dahl" title="George Dahl">George Dahl</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Drever" class="mw-redirect" title="The Drever">First National Bank Tower</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, US</td> <td>1965 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abugov & Sunderland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CN_Tower_(Edmonton)" title="CN Tower (Edmonton)">CN Tower</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, Canada </td> <td>1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Various architects </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">Montreal Metro</a>, initial network </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada </td> <td>1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Centre" title="Toronto-Dominion Centre">Toronto-Dominion Centre</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada</td> <td>1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Westmount_Square" title="Westmount Square">Westmount Square</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada</td> <td>1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Skidmore, Owings & Merrill">Skidmore, Owings & Merrill</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Equitable_Building_(Atlanta)" title="Equitable Building (Atlanta)">Equitable Building</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, US</td> <td>1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Henselmann" title="Hermann Henselmann">Hermann Henselmann</a> et al.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fernsehturm_Berlin" title="Fernsehturm Berlin">Berlin TV Tower</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</td> <td>1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manser" title="Michael Manser">Michael Manser</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Capel_Manor_House" title="Capel Manor House">Capel Manor House</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Horsmonden" title="Horsmonden">Horsmonden</a>, UK</td> <td>1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Campeau_Corporation" title="Campeau Corporation">Campeau Corporation</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_de_Ville" title="Place de Ville">Place de Ville</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Canada</td> <td>1967–1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_C.F._Lau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur C.F. Lau (page does not exist)">Arthur C.F. Lau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stelco_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Stelco Tower">Stelco Tower</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, Canada</td> <td>1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crang & Boake</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudson's Bay Centre">Hudson's Bay Centre</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada</td> <td>1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jerzy Skrzypczak </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cha%C5%82ubi%C5%84skiego_8" title="Chałubińskiego 8">Chałubińskiego 8</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>1975–1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Silaban" title="Friedrich Silaban">Friedrich Silaban</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Borobudur Hotel">Borobudur Hotel</a></td> <td> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </p> </td> <td>1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Jakarta, Indonesia</td> <td>1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pedro Moctezuma Díaz Infante</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Torre_Ejecutiva_Pemex" title="Torre Ejecutiva Pemex">Torre Ejecutiva Pemex</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>1982 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> wrote: "Human houses should not be like boxes, blazing in the sun, nor should we outrage the Machine by trying to make dwelling-places too complementary to Machinery."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gordon_(editor)" title="Elizabeth Gordon (editor)">Elizabeth Gordon</a>'s well-known 1953 essay, "The Threat to the Next America", she criticized the style as non-practical, citing many instances where "glass houses" are too hot in summer and too cold in winter, empty, take away private space, lack beauty and generally are not livable. Moreover, she accused this style's proponents of taking away a sense of beauty from people and thus covertly pushing for a totalitarian society.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, architect <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> published <i>Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> essentially a book-length critique of the International Style. Architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Scully" title="Vincent Scully">Vincent Scully</a> regarded Venturi's book as 'probably the most important writing on the making of architecture since Le Corbusier's <i><a href="/wiki/Toward_an_Architecture" title="Toward an Architecture">Vers une Architecture</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It helped to define <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">postmodernism</a>. </p><p>Best-selling American author <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a> wrote a book-length critique, <i><a href="/wiki/From_Bauhaus_to_Our_House" title="From Bauhaus to Our House">From Bauhaus to Our House</a></i>, portraying the style as elitist. </p><p>One of the supposed strengths of the International Style has been said to be that the design solutions were indifferent to location, site, and climate; the solutions were supposed to be universally applicable; the style made no reference to local history or national vernacular. This was soon identified as one of the style's primary weaknesses.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Pearman_(architecture_critic)" title="Hugh Pearman (architecture critic)">Hugh Pearman</a>, the British architectural critic of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, observed that those using the style today are simply "another species of <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">revivalist</a>", noting the irony.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negative reaction to internationalist modernism has been linked to public antipathy to overall development.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the preface to the fourth edition of his book <i>Modern Architecture: A Critical History</i> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Frampton" title="Kenneth Frampton">Kenneth Frampton</a> argued that there had been a "disturbing Eurocentric bias" in histories of modern architecture. This "Eurocentrism" included the US.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architects">Architects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Architects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Abramovitz" title="Max Abramovitz">Max Abramovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Luis Barragán">Luis Barragán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welton_Becket" title="Welton Becket">Welton Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Belluschi" title="Pietro Belluschi">Pietro Belluschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bazeley" title="Geoffrey Bazeley">Geoffrey Bazeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bill" title="Max Bill">Max Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Burle_Marx" title="Roberto Burle Marx">Roberto Burle Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Gordon Bunshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_de_Blois" title="Natalie de Blois">Natalie de Blois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_N._Cobb" title="Henry N. Cobb">Henry N. Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dahl" title="George Dahl">George Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Gibberd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Frederick Gibberd">Sir Frederick Gibberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_and_Ray_Eames" title="Charles and Ray Eames">Charles and Ray Eames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Eisler" title="Otto Eisler">Otto Eisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Emberton" title="Joseph Emberton">Joseph Emberton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Fuchs" title="Bohuslav Fuchs">Bohuslav Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Furiet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Furiet (page does not exist)">Paul Furiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Ghiai" title="Heydar Ghiai">Heydar Ghiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landis_Gores" title="Landis Gores">Landis Gores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Graham" title="Bruce Graham">Bruce Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Gray" title="Eileen Gray">Eileen Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Haesler" title="Otto Haesler">Otto Haesler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arieh_El-Hanani" title="Arieh El-Hanani">Arieh El-Hanani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Harrison" title="Wallace Harrison">Wallace Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Henselmann" title="Hermann Henselmann">Hermann Henselmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hood" title="Raymond Hood">Raymond Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Howe_(architect)" title="George Howe (architect)">George Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzharul_Islam" title="Muzharul Islam">Muzharul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Jacobsen" title="Arne Jacobsen">Arne Jacobsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Janco" title="Marcel Janco">Marcel Janco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Johansen" title="John M. Johansen">John M. Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kirk_Johnson" title="Roger Kirk Johnson">Roger Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dov_Karmi" title="Dov Karmi">Dov Karmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kaufmann" title="Oskar Kaufmann">Oskar Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kauffmann" title="Richard Kauffmann">Richard Kauffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazlur Khan">Fazlur Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_John_Kiesler" title="Frederick John Kiesler">Frederick John Kiesler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Silaban" title="Friedrich Silaban">Friedrich Silaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lescaze" title="William Lescaze">William Lescaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Luckman" title="Charles Luckman">Charles Luckman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Magidovitch" title="Yehuda Magidovitch">Yehuda Magidovitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manser" title="Michael Manser">Michael Manser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mansfeld" title="Alfred Mansfeld">Alfred Mansfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Erich Mendelsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O._Merrill" title="John O. Merrill">John O. Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Meyer" title="Hannes Meyer">Hannes Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Richard Neutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Noyes" title="Eliot Noyes">Eliot Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyo_Obata" title="Gyo Obata">Gyo Obata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Oud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobus Oud">Jacobus Oud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_A._Owings" title="Nathaniel A. Owings">Nathaniel A. Owings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Pani" title="Mario Pani">Mario Pani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Peutz" title="Frits Peutz">Frits Peutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Plischke" title="Ernst Plischke">Ernst Plischke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Rapson" title="Ralph Rapson">Ralph Rapson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeev_Rechter" title="Zeev Rechter">Zeev Rechter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viljo_Revell" title="Viljo Revell">Viljo Revell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Gerrit Rietveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rubin_(architect)" title="Carl Rubin (architect)">Carl Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Schindler_(architect)" title="Rudolph Schindler (architect)">Rudolph Schindler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(architect)" title="Michael Scott (architect)">Michael Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arieh_Sharon" title="Arieh Sharon">Arieh Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Skidmore" title="Louis Skidmore">Louis Skidmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Ami_Shulman" title="Ben-Ami Shulman">Ben-Ami Shulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_So%C5%82tan" title="Jerzy Sołtan">Jerzy Sołtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Soriano" title="Raphael Soriano">Raphael Soriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Durell_Stone" title="Edward Durell Stone">Edward Durell Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Thiry_(architect)" title="Paul Thiry (architect)">Paul Thiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ra%C3%BAl_Villanueva" title="Carlos Raúl Villanueva">Carlos Raúl Villanueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leendert_van_der_Vlugt" title="Leendert van der Vlugt">Leendert van der Vlugt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munio_Weinraub" title="Munio Weinraub">Munio Weinraub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Wright" title="Lloyd Wright">Lloyd Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoru_Yamasaki" title="Minoru Yamasaki">Minoru Yamasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Architects_Collaborative" title="The Architects Collaborative">The Architects Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyo_Ito" title="Toyo Ito">Toyo Ito</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Regional_style" title="Northwest Regional style">Northwest Regional style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Style_(design)" title="Swiss Style (design)">Swiss Style (design)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-khantaschen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khantaschen_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khantaschen_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhan2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khan, Hasan-Uddin (2009). <i>El Estilo Internacional</i> (in Spanish). 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Petaluma, CA: Pomegranate Communications. pp. 60–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7649-3243-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7649-3243-8"><bdi>0-7649-3243-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Lloyd+Wright%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=Petaluma%2C+CA&rft.pages=60-63&rft.pub=Pomegranate+Communications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7649-3243-8&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Frank+Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tournikiotis-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tournikiotis_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panayotis Tournikiotis, <i>The Historiography of Modern Architecture</i>, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-70085-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-70085-9">0-262-70085-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/">"The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. 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Collier, <i>Contemporary Cathedrals – Large scale developments in Canadian cities</i>, Harvest House, Montreal, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotey1996" class="citation book cs1">Botey, Josep (1996). <i>Oscar Niemeyer</i>. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8425215765" title="Special:BookSources/8425215765"><bdi>8425215765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oscar+Niemeyer&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Gustavo+Gili&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=8425215765&rft.aulast=Botey&rft.aufirst=Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2008" class="citation cs2">Wright, Frank Lloyd (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U2m-aIT_xUsC&pg=PA65"><i>Modern Architecture: Being the Kahn Lectures for 1930</i></a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691129372" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691129372"><bdi>978-0691129372</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Architecture%3A+Being+the+Kahn+Lectures+for+1930&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0691129372&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Frank+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU2m-aIT_xUsC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon" class="citation cs2">Gordon, Elizabeth, "The Threat to the Next America", <i>House Beautiful</i> (April 1953): 126–130</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=House+Beautiful&rft.atitle=The+Threat+to+the+Next+America&rft.issue=April+1953&rft.pages=126-130&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenturi1966" class="citation book cs1">Venturi, Robert (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810140319/https://monoskop.org/images/2/2f/Venturi_Robert_Complexity_and_Contradiction_in_Architecture_2nd_ed.pdf"><i>Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/images/2/2f/Venturi_Robert_Complexity_and_Contradiction_in_Architecture_2nd_ed.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-18</span></span> – via Monoskop.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complexity+and+Contradiction+in+Architecture&rft.pub=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Venturi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonoskop.org%2Fimages%2F2%2F2f%2FVenturi_Robert_Complexity_and_Contradiction_in_Architecture_2nd_ed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStierli2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Stierli, Martino (December 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architectural-review.com/rethink/reviews/complexity-and-contradiction-changed-how-we-look-at-think-and-talk-about-architecture/10015872.article">"Complexity and Contradiction changed how we look at, think and talk about architecture"</a>. <i>Architectural Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522081750/https://www.architectural-review.com/rethink/reviews/complexity-and-contradiction-changed-how-we-look-at-think-and-talk-about-architecture/10015872.article">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Review&rft.atitle=Complexity+and+Contradiction+changed+how+we+look+at%2C+think+and+talk+about+architecture&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft.aulast=Stierli&rft.aufirst=Martino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architectural-review.com%2Frethink%2Freviews%2Fcomplexity-and-contradiction-changed-how-we-look-at-think-and-talk-about-architecture%2F10015872.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/international-style.htm">"International Style of Modern Architecture: Origins, Characteristics"</a>. <i>Visual Arts Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210164009/http://visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/international-style.htm">Archived</a> from the original on Dec 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visual+Arts+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=International+Style+of+Modern+Architecture%3A+Origins%2C+Characteristics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Farchitecture%2Finternational-style.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106060515/http://hughpearman.com/modernism-or-should-that-be-modernwasm/">"Modernism – or should that be Modernwasm?"</a>. <i>Hugh Pearman</i>. 1 Apr 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hughpearman.com/modernism-or-should-that-be-modernwasm/">the original</a> on 2020-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hugh+Pearman&rft.atitle=Modernism+%E2%80%93+or+should+that+be+Modernwasm%3F&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhughpearman.com%2Fmodernism-or-should-that-be-modernwasm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0DE1E3DF937A25752C1A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all#">Herbert Muschamp, "Fear, Hope and the Changing of the Guard", <i>New York Times</i>, November 14, 1993, accessed February 17, 2008.</a> ("the preservation movement ... was a tool directed against real estate development, but inevitably it was turned against architecture. Its particular target was modern architecture").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ffwdweekly.com/Issues/2005/0331/in.html">R. Jobst, <i>Charm is not an antiquated notion</i>, FFWD Weekly: March 31, 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603061301/http://ffwdweekly.com/Issues/2005/0331/in.html">Archived</a> June 3, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("At the root of the public's apprehension about new development is that we've been getting screwed for 60 years by brutal, soulless and downright crappy architecture that arrogantly dismisses the human requirement for beauty")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Frampton" title="Kenneth Frampton">Kenneth Frampton</a>, <i>Modern Architecture: A Critical History</i>, London, Thames and Hudson, 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boness, Stefan. <i>Tel Aviv: The White City</i>, Jovis, Berlin 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939633-75-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-939633-75-4">978-3-939633-75-4</a></li> <li>Elderfield, John (ed.). <i>Philip Johnson and the Museum of Modern Art</i>, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1998</li> <li>Gössel, Gabriel. <i>Functional Architecture. Funktionale Architektur. Le Style International. 1925–1940</i>, Taschen, Berlin, 1990</li> <li>Riley, Terence. <i>The International Style: Exhibition 15 and The Museum of Modern Art</i>, Rizzoli, New York, 1992</li> <li>Tabibi, Baharak <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606077/index.pdf"><i>Exhibitions as the Medium of Architectural Reproduction – "Modern Architecture: International Exhibition"</i></a>, Department of Architecture, Middle East Technical University, 2005]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_Vasileva_(art_historian)" title="Ekaterina Vasileva (art historian)">Vasileva E</a>. (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374443683_Vasileva_E_2016_Ideal_and_utilitarian_in_the_international_style_system_subject_and_object_in_the_design_concept_of_the_20th_century_International_Journal_of_Cultural_Research_4_25_72-80">Ideal and utilitarian in the international style system: subject and object in the design concept of the 20th century</a> // International Journal of Cultural Research, 4 (25), 72–80.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Style&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Template:Modern_architecture" title="Template:Modern architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_architecture" title="Template talk:Modern architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genres_of_modern_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Genres of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alphabetically</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowellism" title="Bowellism">Bowellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism_(architecture)" title="Metabolism (architecture)">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Century_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Century modern">Mid-Century modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Futurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Futurism">Neo-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Khmer_Architecture" title="New Khmer Architecture">New Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondocubism" title="Rondocubism">Rondocubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Modernism" title="Tropical Modernism">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By start year /<br />decade</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888–1911)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1890–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1890s–1920s)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917–1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919–1933)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920–1932)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondocubism" title="Rondocubism">Rondocubism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921–1929)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922–1933)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925–1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920s–1930s)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920s–1970s)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–1939)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930s)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930s–1950s)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930s–1970)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-century_modern" title="Mid-century modern">Mid-century modern</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933–1969)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940s–late 1970s)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Modernism" title="Tropical Modernism">Tropical</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1958–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Khmer_Architecture" title="New Khmer Architecture">New Khmer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953–1970)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism_(architecture)" title="Metabolism (architecture)">Metabolism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodernism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990s–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000s–)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_architecture" title="Template talk:History of architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">History of architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styles" title="Timeline of architectural styles">Architectural timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">History of construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li>Aegean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization#Architecture" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Architecture" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Pre-Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Pre-Islamic Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li> <li>East Slavic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Muscovite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Islamic Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li> <li>Queen Anne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture" title="Mesoamerican architecture">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newa_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa architecture">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Architecture in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Architecture in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the United States">Architecture of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native and indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">Mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Builders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_architecture" title="Pueblo architecture">Pueblo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_colonial_architecture" title="American colonial architecture">Colonial and post-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creole_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Creole architecture in the United States">Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Period" title="First Period">First Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture#Colonial_Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Colonial Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Dutch Colonial Revival architecture">Dutch Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="French Colonial">French Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_colonial_architecture#German_Colonial" title="American colonial architecture">German Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Style" title="Territorial Style">Territorial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_architecture" title="Antebellum architecture">Antebellum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance" title="American Renaissance">American Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Victorian" title="Folk Victorian">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_style" title="Stick style">Stick style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_style_architecture" title="Shingle style architecture">Shingle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late-19th to<br />mid-20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Craftsman" title="American Craftsman">American Craftsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Foursquare" title="American Foursquare">American Foursquare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_bungalow" title="California bungalow">California bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(architecture)" title="Chicago school (architecture)">Chicago School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Dutch Colonial Revival architecture">Dutch Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Revival architecture">Georgian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo Revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Deco_architecture" title="Pueblo Deco architecture">Deco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-war_architecture" title="Pre-war architecture">Pre-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasota_School_of_Architecture" title="Sarasota School of Architecture">Sarasota School of Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_rustic" title="National Park Service rustic">Rustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post–World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat_(building)" title="Dingbat (building)">Dingbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthship" title="Earthship">Earthship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-century_modern" title="Mid-century modern">Mid-century modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-eclectic_architecture" title="Neo-eclectic architecture">Neo-eclectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch-style_house" title="Ranch-style house">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_style" title="Shed style">Shed style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny-house_movement" title="Tiny-house movement">Tiny-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usonia" title="Usonia">Usonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Building types and vernacular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Architecture" title="Adirondack Architecture">Adirondack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">Adobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabara" title="Barabara">Barabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod_(house)" title="Cape Cod (house)">Cape Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-passage_house" title="Central-passage house">Central-passage house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickee" title="Chickee">Chickee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_crib" title="Corn crib">Corn crib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_church" title="Cowboy church">Cowboy church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogtrot_house" title="Dogtrot house">Dogtrot house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_lodge" title="Earth lodge">Earth lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogan" title="Hogan">Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_and_parlor_house" title="Hall and parlor house">Hall and parlor house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-house" title="I-house">I-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igloo" title="Igloo">Igloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouses_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Longhouses of the Indigenous peoples of North America">Longhouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moki_steps" title="Moki steps">Moki steps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_house" title="Plank house">Plank house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">Platform mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qargi" title="Qargi">Qargi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramada_(shelter)" title="Ramada (shelter)">Ramada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltbox_house" title="Saltbox house">Saltbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_house" title="Shotgun house">Shotgun house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipapu" title="Sipapu">Sipapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sod_house" title="Sod house">Sod house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">Sweat lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temples_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">Tipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">Town square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupiq" title="Tupiq">Tupiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">Wigwam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Atlanta" title="Architecture of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Boston" title="Architecture of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Architecture of Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Chicago" title="Architecture of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Columbus,_Ohio" title="Architecture of Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_metropolitan_Detroit" title="Architecture of metropolitan Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Houston" title="Architecture of Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Jacksonville" title="Architecture of Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kansas_City" title="Architecture of Kansas City">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Las_Vegas" title="Architecture of Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Modern_architecture" title="Miami Modern architecture">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_New_Orleans" title="Buildings and architecture of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_New_York_City" title="Architecture of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Architecture in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Philadelphia" title="Architecture of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Portland,_Oregon" title="Architecture of Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_San_Antonio" title="Architecture of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_San_Francisco" title="Architecture of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Seattle" title="Architecture of Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Spokane,_Washington" title="Architecture of Spokane, Washington">Spokane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_St._Louis" title="Architecture of St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Architecture of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_California_missions" title="Architecture of the California missions">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_architecture" title="Hawaiian architecture">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Texas" title="Architecture of Texas">Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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