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(PDF) Bioterrorism: How prepared are we?
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window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":17119390,"created_at":"2015-10-21T11:12:55.333-07:00","from_world_paper_id":143124842,"updated_at":"2025-01-12T18:57:04.305-08:00","_data":{"ai_abstract":"The paper discusses the growing threat of bioterrorism, emphasizing the ease of constructing and disseminating biological weapons compared to conventional arms. It categorizes biological agents into three groups based on their risk levels and highlights the need for strong public health infrastructure to respond to potential attacks. It advocates for immediate action in establishing bio-safety facilities and enhancing preparedness by utilizing technological advancements and improving disease surveillance systems.","publication_date":"2012,,","publication_name":"Indian Journal of Medical Specialities"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Bioterrorism: How prepared are we?","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [36693995]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":42316763,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Bioterrorism: How prepared are we?”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/42316763/mini_magick20220707-28492-5omo8d.png?1657229860" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Bioterrorism: How prepared are we?</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36693995" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HarePradhan"><img alt="Profile image of Hare Pradhan" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Hare Pradhan</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2012, Indian Journal of Medical Specialities</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">6 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 17119390; 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It categorizes biological agents into three groups based on their risk levels and highlights the need for strong public health infrastructure to respond to potential attacks. It advocates for immediate action in establishing bio-safety facilities and enhancing preparedness by utilizing technological advancements and improving disease surveillance systems.</p></div></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="70147785" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70147785/2_2_Science_and_Education_Publishing_An_Overview_on_Biological_Weapons_and_Bioterrorism">2/2 ©Science and Education Publishing An Overview on Biological Weapons and Bioterrorism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47580441" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MeronTsegaye">Meron Tsegaye</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Bioterrorism is the deliberate or threatened use of biological agents; viruses, bacteria, toxins or other agents to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. Since most priority bioterrorism agents are zoonotic in origin, there is a heightened awareness and concern about the possibility of bioterrorism involving animals. Veterinarians and livestock owners may be the first to diagnose the early cases of a bioterrorist act, as livestock can be sentinels of such an exposure. List of the most likely biological agents to be used in an act of bioterrorism had been prioritized and these agents are classified into A, B and C categories. Category A agents and disease are easily transmitted from animals to human, (except for smallpox, which has no animal reservoir) person to person, having high mortality rates and potential for a major public health impact. Category B agents and disease are moderately easy to disseminate and result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates. Category C agents and diseases include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination. Although society has limited ability to prevent bioterrorist attacks, there still is a need to take preventative steps to reduce potential risks for such attacks. Increased laboratory scrutiny for disease agents, greater controls for investigations involving these pathogens and other security measures implemented, are necessary to restrict access to dangerous biological agents. Detection of disease in animals may be essential in predicting a bioterrorism event since most threat agents of bioterrorism are microbes causing zoonotic diseases. Veterinarians and veterinary diagnostic laboratories should become a part of nationwide active surveillance for category A, B, and C agents and diseases, as well as for new and emerging bioterrorism agents.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"2/2 ©Science and Education Publishing An Overview on Biological Weapons and Bioterrorism","attachmentId":80003351,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70147785/2_2_Science_and_Education_Publishing_An_Overview_on_Biological_Weapons_and_Bioterrorism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70147785/2_2_Science_and_Education_Publishing_An_Overview_on_Biological_Weapons_and_Bioterrorism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="32537174" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32537174/An_Overview_on_Biological_Weapons_and_Bioterrorism">An Overview on Biological Weapons and Bioterrorism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15645143" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MahendraPal2">Mahendra Pal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Bioterrorism is the deliberate or threatened use of biological agents; viruses, bacteria, toxins or other agents to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. Since most priority bioterrorism agents are zoonotic in origin, there is a heightened awareness and concern about the possibility of bioterrorism involving animals. Veterinarians and livestock owners may be the first to diagnose the early cases of a bioterrorist act, as livestock can be sentinels of such an exposure. List of the most likely biological agents to be used in an act of bioterrorism had been prioritized and these agents are classified into A, B and C categories. Category A agents and disease are easily transmitted from animals to human, (except for smallpox, which has no animal reservoir) person to person, having high mortality rates and potential for a major public health impact. Category B agents and disease are moderately easy to disseminate and result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates. Category C agents and diseases include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination. Although society has limited ability to prevent bioterrorist attacks, there still is a need to take preventative steps to reduce potential risks for such attacks. Increased laboratory scrutiny for disease agents, greater controls for investigations involving these pathogens and other security measures implemented, are necessary to restrict access to dangerous biological agents. Detection of disease in animals may be essential in predicting a bioterrorism event since most threat agents of bioterrorism are microbes causing zoonotic diseases. Veterinarians and veterinary diagnostic laboratories should become a part of nationwide active surveillance for category A, B, and C agents and diseases, as well as for new and emerging bioterrorism agents.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Overview on Biological Weapons and Bioterrorism","attachmentId":52719121,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32537174/An_Overview_on_Biological_Weapons_and_Bioterrorism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32537174/An_Overview_on_Biological_Weapons_and_Bioterrorism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="90068215" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90068215/Category_C_Potential_Bioterrorism_Agents_and_Emerging_Pathogens">Category C Potential Bioterrorism Agents and Emerging Pathogens</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="113569233" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ADNANMUSHTAQ2">ADNAN MUSHTAQ</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Infectious agents have been, and in the foreseeable future will remain, potential tools of mass casualties. The intentional use of living organisms or infected materials derived from them has occurred over centuries during war and peacetime by armies, states, groups, and individuals [1-5]. A wide range of microorganisms could be used as biological weapons. Few microorganisms can be used for production of weapons of mass destruction, however. Eligible agents should meet criteria such as availability, ease of dissemination, stability, and potential for high morbidity and mortality to qualify as a weapon of mass destruction [6]. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has classified critical biologic agents into three major categories [7]. The agents classified as category C by the CDC currently are Nipah virus, Hantavirus, tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus complex, yellow fever, and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). These agents could be produced, disseminated, and engineered easily for mass exposure in the future. Preparedness for category C agents requires ongoing research to improve disease detection, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Nipah virus Nipah virus, a zoonotic virus, was discovered in 1999 [8]. The virus is named after the location where it was first detected in Malaysia. 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P Cariappa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Medical Journal Armed Forces …, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism: An emerging public health problem","attachmentId":80861726,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71578275/Bioterrorism_An_emerging_public_health_problem","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71578275/Bioterrorism_An_emerging_public_health_problem"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="47367654" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47367654/Biologic_and_Chemical_terrorism_Surveillance_and_Response_In">Biologic and Chemical terrorism: Surveillance and Response. In</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52311794" href="https://menninconsulting.academia.edu/KurtNolte">Kurt Nolte</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2035</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biologic and Chemical terrorism: Surveillance and Response. In","attachmentId":66496121,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47367654/Biologic_and_Chemical_terrorism_Surveillance_and_Response_In","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47367654/Biologic_and_Chemical_terrorism_Surveillance_and_Response_In"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="101291571" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101291571/Biological_warfare_agents">Biological warfare agents</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="268452365" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DevKamboj">Dev Kamboj</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biological warfare agents","attachmentId":101873361,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101291571/Biological_warfare_agents","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101291571/Biological_warfare_agents"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="21244306" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21244306/Pandemic_Disease_Biological_Weapons_and_War">Pandemic Disease, Biological Weapons, and War</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6528028" href="https://amherst.academia.edu/LawrenceDouglas">Lawrence Douglas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Law and War, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pandemic Disease, Biological Weapons, and War","attachmentId":41779492,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21244306/Pandemic_Disease_Biological_Weapons_and_War","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21244306/Pandemic_Disease_Biological_Weapons_and_War"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="105717534" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105717534/Bioterrorism_An_Imminent_Public_Health_Threat">Bioterrorism: An Imminent Public Health Threat</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="268761074" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JayKaran3">Jay Karan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Bioterrorism is a planned and deliberate use of pathogenic strains of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses or their toxins to spread life-threatening diseases on a mass scale in order to devastate the population of an area. Bioterrorism agents can be separated into three categories, depending on how easily they can be spread and the severity of illness or death they cause. Biological agents can be spread through the air, through water, or in food. Robotic delivery is also possible. Another technique, a nightmare for bioterror experts, is the use of "suicide coughers". To strengthen the area of biodefence, the US senate passed the 'Bioterrorism Act of 2002'. A highly effective public health system should make an important contribution to deter the threat by demonstrably diminishing the result of a potential attack. The strategies against bioterrorism involve prevention of an attack, detecting bioweapons, and quick relief in the event of biowar. The next step is the introduction of Bioterrorism related topics in the medical curriculum, so that the medical students should be encouraged to stay abreast of new developments as they continue their training and begin their practices.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism: An Imminent Public Health Threat","attachmentId":105107017,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105717534/Bioterrorism_An_Imminent_Public_Health_Threat","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105717534/Bioterrorism_An_Imminent_Public_Health_Threat"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="85072326" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85072326/Risk_of_disease_spread_through_bioterrorism">Risk of disease spread through bioterrorism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="225112056" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EliseRichard5">Elise Richard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Veterinaria italiana</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Bioterrorism is seen as a clear and present danger, although historically, acts of bioterrorism have been relatively unpredictable, rare and, thus far, small-scale events. The risk of an event is elevated by increasing contact among species and a global connectivity that provides rapid dissemination of infectious diseases regardless of origin. Virtually any pathogenic microbe could be used by bioterrorists. An attack may be difficult to distinguish from a naturally occurring infectious disease outbreak; however, consequences are likely to be similar. The agricultural sector is extremely vulnerable to bioterrorist attacks because animals and plants have little or no innate resistance to foreign pathogens and are not vaccinated or otherwise protected against these diseases. It is also important to note that weapons or delivery systems are not an issue because the animals and plants themselves are the primary vector for transferring agents. Many bioterrorism agents are zoonotic in orig...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Risk of disease spread through bioterrorism","attachmentId":89886712,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85072326/Risk_of_disease_spread_through_bioterrorism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85072326/Risk_of_disease_spread_through_bioterrorism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="70126243" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70126243/Bioterrorism_Looming_Threat_Potential_Consequences_and_Defence">Bioterrorism: Looming Threat, Potential Consequences and Defence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43335600" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NamanNaik1">Naman Naik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Under current United States law, bioagents which have been declared by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or the U.S. Department of Agriculture to have the "potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety" are officially defined as "select agents". The CDC categorizes these agents (A, B or C) and administers the Select Agent Program, which regulates the laboratories which may possess, use, or transfer select agents within the United States. As with US attempts to categorize harmful recreational drugs, designer viruses are not yet categorized and avian H5N1 has been shown to achieve high mortality and humancommunication in a laboratory setting.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism: Looming Threat, Potential Consequences and Defence","attachmentId":79987334,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70126243/Bioterrorism_Looming_Threat_Potential_Consequences_and_Defence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70126243/Bioterrorism_Looming_Threat_Potential_Consequences_and_Defence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":42316763,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":42316763,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_42316763" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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