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<button aria-controls="toc-Victims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Victims subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minority_group_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minority_group_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Minority group victims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minority_group_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perpetrators_and_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpetrators_and_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Perpetrators and motivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perpetrators_and_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In media and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Date rape</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF" title="اغتصاب المواعد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اغتصاب المواعد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="অভিসাৰ ধৰ্ষণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অভিসাৰ ধৰ্ষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA" title="ডেট রেপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেট রেপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Rape" title="Date Rape – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Date Rape" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="تجاوز در قرار عاشقانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجاوز در قرار عاشقانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Date rape" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Date rape" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B0%95%EA%B0%84" title="데이트 강간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이트 강간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerkosaan_saat_kencan" title="Pemerkosaan saat kencan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerkosaan saat kencan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Date rape" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94" title="אונס בפגישה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אונס בפגישה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97" title="デートレイプ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デートレイプ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مينانه جنسي تېری – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مينانه جنسي تېری" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99" title="การข่มขืนกระทำชำเราแฟน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การข่มขืนกระทำชำเราแฟน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Зґвалтування на побаченні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зґвалтування на побаченні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ڈیٹ جنسی زیادتی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈیٹ جنسی زیادتی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E4%BC%9A%E5%BC%BA%E5%A5%B8" title="约会强奸 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of acquaintance rape and dating violence</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Date Rape" redirects here. 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.sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Types_of_rape" title="Types of rape">Types</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquaintance_rape" title="Acquaintance rape">Acquaintance rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault_of_LGBT_persons" title="Sexual assault of LGBT persons">LGBT victims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-facilitated_sexual_assault" title="Drug-facilitated sexual assault">Drug-facilitated rape</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Date rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">Gang rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Genocidal rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_rape" title="Gray rape">Gray rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_streaming_sexual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Live streaming sexual abuse">Live streaming rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_chant" title="Rape chant">Rape chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_rapist" title="Serial rapist">Serial rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unacknowledged_rape" title="Unacknowledged rape">Unacknowledged rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_deception" title="Rape by deception">Rape by deception</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Effects and motivations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Effects and aftermath of rape">Effects and aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_associated_with_being_a_victim_of_sexual_violence" title="Factors associated with being a victim of sexual violence">Factors involved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy from rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_crisis_movement" title="Rape crisis movement">Rape crisis movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_sexual_violence" title="Causes of sexual violence">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-assault_treatment_of_sexual_assault_victims" title="Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims">Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinstein_effect" title="Weinstein effect">Weinstein effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_victimisation" title="Secondary victimisation">Secondary victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiological_theories_of_rape" title="Sociobiological theories of rape">Sociobiological theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Afghanistan" title="Rape in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Belgium" title="Rape in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_China" title="Rape in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Finland" title="Sexual violence in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_France" title="Rape in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Germany" title="Rape in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Pakistan" title="Rape in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Philippines" title="Rape in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Sweden" title="Rape in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_offences_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sexual offences in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_United_States" title="Rape in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">During conflicts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rape during the Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li>World War II <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht#Rape" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Italian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Imperial Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Occupation of Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="Rape during the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Rape during the Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Rape during the Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Rape during the Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_First_and_Second_Congo_Wars" title="Rape during the First and Second Congo Wars">Congo Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Darfur_genocide" title="Rape during the Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency">ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Rape during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Tigray_war" title="Sexual violence in the Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li>Israeli–Palestinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_in_the_2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual and gender-based violence in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">By Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_against_Palestinians_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Israel–Hamas war">By Israel</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Laws</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape_laws_by_country" title="Marital rape laws by country">Marital rape laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marry-your-rapist_law" title="Marry-your-rapist law">Marry-your-rapist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_shield_law" title="Rape shield law">Rape shield law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation_of_rape" title="False accusation of rape">False accusation of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_investigation" title="Rape investigation">Rape investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_kit" title="Rape kit">Rape kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent_in_law" title="Sexual consent in law">Sexual consent in law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-rape_movement" title="Anti-rape movement">Anti-rape movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence statistics">Sexual violence statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rape" title="History of rape">History of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sexual_trauma" title="Military sexual trauma">Military sexual trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_to_prevent_sexual_violence" title="Initiatives to prevent sexual violence">Preventive measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_gender" title="Rape by gender">Rape by gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">Rape of males</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-rape_device" title="Anti-rape device">Anti-rape device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_crisis_centre" title="Rape crisis centre">Rape crisis centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_myth" title="Rape myth">Rape myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_pornography" title="Rape pornography">Rape pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge" title="Rape and revenge">Rape and revenge films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_schedule" title="Rape schedule">Rape schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_statistics" title="Rape statistics">Rape statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_threat" title="Rape threat">Rape threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">Sexual predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_trauma_therapy" title="Sexual trauma therapy">Sexual trauma therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <dl><dt>Portals</dt> <dd><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></dd></dl></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1202158006"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Violence_against_women" title="Category:Violence against women">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> murder</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide" title="Female infanticide">Infanticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matricide" title="Matricide">Matricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_pregnant_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of pregnant women">Pregnant women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororicide" title="Sororicide">Sororicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxoricide" title="Uxoricide">Uxoricide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual assault and rape</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_sexual_violence" title="Causes of sexual violence">Causes of sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_cleansing#Sexual_cleansing_after_menarche" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual cleansing">Child sexual initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence statistics">Sexual violence statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_servitude" title="Ritual servitude">Fetish slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_prostitutes" title="Violence against prostitutes">Violence against prostitutes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-assault_treatment_of_victims_of_sexual_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-assault treatment of victims of sexual assault">Post-assault treatment of victims of sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquaintance_rape" title="Acquaintance rape">Acquaintance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_deception" title="Rape by deception">By Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Effects and aftermath of rape">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_associated_with_being_a_victim_of_sexual_violence" title="Factors associated with being a victim of sexual violence">Factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Genocidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rape" title="History of rape">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_to_prevent_sexual_violence" title="Initiatives to prevent sexual violence">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_statistics" title="Rape statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_threat" title="Rape threat">Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unacknowledged_rape" title="Unacknowledged rape">Unacknowledged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">In Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault" title="Mass sexual assault">Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_victimisation" title="Secondary victimisation">Secondary victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_cleansing_myth" title="Virgin cleansing myth">Virgin cleansing myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_cleansing#Sexual_cleansing_of_widows" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual cleansing">Widow cleansing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Disfigurement</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">Acid attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">Breast ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gishiri_cutting" title="Gishiri cutting">Gishiri cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">Infibulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">Foot binding</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcissistic abuse">Narcissistic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Dating abuse">Dating abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_domestic_violence" title="Outline of domestic violence">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">and pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Droit_du_seigneur" title="Droit du seigneur">Droit du seigneur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_teasing" title="Eve teasing">Eve teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Force-feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_pregnancy" title="Forced pregnancy">Forced pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Forced sterilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Marriage by abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marry-your-rapist_law" title="Marry-your-rapist law">Marry-your-rapist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gender-based_violence" title="Online gender-based violence">Online gender-based violence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Witch trials</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/International_framework_of_sexual_violence" title="International framework of sexual violence">International legal framework</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women">DEDAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">CEDAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">VDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women">DEVAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_do_Par%C3%A1_Convention" title="Belém do Pará Convention">Belém do Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputo_Protocol" title="Maputo Protocol">Maputo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Istanbul</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_gender-targeted_crimes" title="Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes">Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_shelter" title="Women's shelter">Women's shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Elimination_of_Violence_against_Women" title="International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women">25 November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Zero_Tolerance_for_Female_Genital_Mutilation" title="International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation">6 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Violence_against_women_by_country" title="Category:Violence against women by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against LGBT people">Violence against LGBT people</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Violence_against_women" title="Template:Violence against women"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Violence_against_women" title="Template talk:Violence against women"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Violence_against_women" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Violence against women"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Date rape</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Acquaintance_rape" title="Acquaintance rape">acquaintance rape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">dating violence</a>. The two phrases are often used interchangeably, but date rape specifically refers to a <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> in which there has been some sort of romantic or potentially sexual relationship between the two parties. Acquaintance rape also includes rapes in which the victim and perpetrator have been in a non-romantic, non-sexual relationship, for example as co-workers or neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1980s, date rape has constituted the majority of rapes in some countries. It is particularly prevalent on college campuses, and frequently involves consumption of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol beverage">alcohol</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">date rape drugs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peak age for date rape victims is from the late teens to early twenties.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A feature of date rape is that in most cases the victim is female, knows the perpetrator,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the rape takes place in the context of an actual or potential romantic or sexual relationship between the parties, or when that relationship has come to an end. The perpetrator may use physical or psychological intimidation to force a victim to have sex against their will, or when the perpetrator has sex with a victim who is incapable of giving consent, for example, because they have been incapacitated by alcohol or other drug.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the United States <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a> (BJS), date rapes are among the most common forms of rape cases.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Date rape most commonly takes place among college students when alcohol is involved or <a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">date rape drugs</a> are taken. One of the most targeted groups are women between the ages of 16 and 24.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phenomenon of date rape is relatively new. Historically, date rape has been considered less serious than rape by a stranger.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s, it has constituted the majority of rapes in some countries. It has been increasingly seen as a problem involving <a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_towards_women" title="Societal attitudes towards women">society's attitude towards women</a> and as a form of <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>. It is controversial, however, with some people believing the problem is overstated and that many date rape victims are actually willing, consenting participants, and others believing that date rape is seriously underreported and almost all women who claim date rape were actually raped.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American researcher Mary Koss describes date rape as a specific form of <a href="/wiki/Acquaintance_rape" title="Acquaintance rape">acquaintance rape</a>, in which there has been some level of romantic interest between the perpetrator and the victim, and in which sexual activity would have been generally seen as appropriate, if consensual.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acquaintance rape is a broader category than date rape, that can include many types of relationships including employer-employee, landlord-tenant, service provider-consumer, driver-hitchhiker, and rape among people who have a family relationship or who are neighbours. </p><p>In his 1992 book <i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Reason" title="Sex and Reason">Sex and Reason</a></i> American jurist, legal theorist and economist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a> characterized the increased attention being given to date rape as a sign of the changing status of women in American society, pointing out that dating itself is a feature of modern societies and that date rape can be expected to be frequent in a society in which sexual morals vary between the permissive and the repressive.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sara Alcid's 2013 article "Navigating Consent: Debunking the 'Gray Area' Myth", she argues that dating is incorrectly believed to mean "a permanent state of consenting to sex".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the final decades of the 20th century, in much of the world, rape has come to be broadly regarded as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> (including anal or oral penetration) without a person's immediate <a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent" title="Sexual consent">consent</a>, making rape illegal, including among people who know each other or who have previously had consensual sex. Some jurisdictions have specified that people <a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">debilitated by alcohol</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a> are incapable of consenting to sex.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courts have also disagreed on whether consent, once given, can later be withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Cultural and legal definitions of rape are always shaped by the relationships and status of those involved, a premise that holds both historically and cross-culturally."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many societies rank the seriousness of a rape based on the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim. "An assault by a stranger is more likely to be seen as a 'real rape' than one by some-one known to the victim."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this cultural conception, many date rapes are considered to be less serious than stranger rapes because the nature of the perpetrator-victim relationship, especially for those who have had a prior or current sexual relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_term">Use of term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use of term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first appearance of the term <i>date rape</i> in a book was in 1975, in <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Our_Will:_Men,_Women_and_Rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape">Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape</a></i> by American <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">feminist</a> journalist, author and activist <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a>. The phrase appears in a few newspapers and journal articles earlier, but these had a more limited readership. The prominent feminist American-British lawyer <a href="/wiki/Ann_Olivarius" title="Ann Olivarius">Ann Olivarius</a> helped popularize "date rape" in a series of public lectures at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when she was an undergraduate to describe the strangulation and rape of a woman by a now-prominent gerontologist in California, Dr. Calvin Hirsch, to Yale's police department.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980 it was used in <i><a href="/wiki/Mademoiselle_(magazine)" title="Mademoiselle (magazine)">Mademoiselle</a></i> magazine, in 1982 <i><a href="/wiki/Ms._(magazine)" title="Ms. (magazine)">Ms.</a></i> magazine published an article titled "Date Rape: A Campus Epidemic?", and in 1984 English novelist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Martin Amis</a> used the term in his novel <a href="/wiki/Money_(novel)" title="Money (novel)"><i>Money: A Suicide Note</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest and most prominent date rape researchers is <a href="/wiki/Mary_P._Koss" title="Mary P. Koss">Mary Koss</a>, who in 1987 conducted the first large-scale nationwide study on rape in the United States, surveying 7,000 students at 25 schools, and who is sometimes credited with originating the phrase date rape.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rape_statistics" title="Rape statistics">Rape statistics</a></div> <p>The concept of date rape originated in the United States, where most of the research on date rape has been carried out. One out of every five teens are victims of date rape.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rape prevalence among women in the U.S. (the percentage of women who experienced rape at least once in their lifetime so far) is in the range of 15–20%, with different studies disagreeing with each other. An early 1987 study found that one in four American women will be the victim of a rape or attempted rape in her lifetime, and 84% of those will know their attacker. However, only 27% of American women whose sexual assault met the legal definition of rape think of themselves as rape victims, and only about 5% report their rape.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study of rape on American college campuses found that 13% of acquaintance rapes, and 35% of attempted acquaintance rapes, took place during a date, and another found that 22% of female rape victims had been raped by a current or former date, boyfriend or girlfriend, and another 20% by a spouse or former spouse.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2007 American study found black non-Hispanic students were likeliest to be victims of dating violence, followed by Hispanic students and then white non-Hispanic students.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rates of date rape are relatively low in Europe compared with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rate of reported rapes is much lower in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> than the United States,.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1993 paper German <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminologist">criminologist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Kersten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Kersten (page does not exist)">Joachim Kersten</a> suggested date rape may be less prevalent in Japan compared with the United States because Japanese culture puts a lesser emphasis on romantic love and dating, and because young Japanese people have less physical privacy than their American counterparts,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in her 2007 book <i>Kickboxing Geishas: How Modern Japanese Women Are Changing Their Nation</i>, American feminist <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Chambers" title="Veronica Chambers">Veronica Chambers</a> questions whether date rape is under-reported in Japan because it is not yet understood there to be rape.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2011 book <i>Transforming Japan: How Feminism and Diversity Are Making a Difference </i>Japanese feminist Masaki Matsuda argued that date rape was becoming an increasing problem for Japanese college and high school students.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2007 study of attitudes towards rape among university students in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> found that date rape was "rarely recognized" as a form of rape, and that forced sex by a date was not viewed as traumatizing or criminal.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Date rape is generally underreported in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, 98% of reported rapes in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> were committed by someone known to the victim.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victims">Victims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Victims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researcher Mary Koss says the peak age for women being date raped is from their late teens to early twenties.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though date rape is considered a hurtful, destructive and life-changing experience, research done by Mufson and Kranz<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that lack of support is a factor that determines the fragmented recovery of victims. They refused to disclose any information about the sexual assault to others, especially if they have experienced date or acquaintance rape due to self-humiliation and self-blame feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there are several situational contexts where victims are able to seek for help or reveal the sexual assaults they have experienced. One act for disclosure can be provoked from the willing of preventing other people from being raped, in other words, speaking out. Also, a concern transmitted by the people surrounding the victim can lead into a confession of the assault, or within a situation in which alcohol is involved and that leads to recount the experience.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minority_group_victims">Minority group victims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Minority group victims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the research on sexual assault victims has been carried out with White-middle class population. However, the scale of date and acquaintance rape among the Black and Hispanic youth population is higher,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has its particular risk factors.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study conducted in 2013 indicated that sexual assault situations were greater among Hispanic (12.2%) and Black (11.5%) female high-school students than whites (9.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Date rape affects victims similarly to stranger rape, although the failure of others to acknowledge and take the rape seriously can make it harder for victims to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rape crimes are more frequently perpetrated by people that the victims have confidence with and have known for quite some time. Nevertheless, some people's beliefs do not fit within the date rape scenario paradigm<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because they firmly prejudiced and stereotyped rape, victims and perpetrators. They tend to justify date rape and blame victims, particularly women victims, for the sexual assault by emphasizing the wearing of provocative clothing or the existence of a romantic relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the main problems of date rape attributions is the type of relationship that the victim and the offender shared. The more intimate the relationship between both partners, the more probable that witnesses will consider the sexual assault as consensual rather than a serious incident.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpetrators_and_motivations">Perpetrators and motivations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Perpetrators and motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2002 landmark study of undetected date rapists in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> found that compared with non-rapists, rapists are measurably more angry at women and more motivated by a desire to dominate and control them, are more impulsive, disinhibited, antisocial, <a href="/wiki/Hypermasculinity" title="Hypermasculinity">hypermasculine</a>, and less empathic. The study found the rapists were extremely adept at identifying potential victims and testing their boundaries, and that they planned their attacks and used sophisticated strategies to isolate and groom victims, used violence instrumentally in order to terrify and coerce, and used psychological weapons against their victims including power, manipulation, control and threats.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Date rapists target vulnerable victims, such as female freshmen who have less experience with drinking and are more likely to take risks, or people who are already intoxicated; they use alcohol as a weapon,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it makes the victim more vulnerable and impairs their credibility with the justice system should they choose to report the rape.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American clinical psychologist <a href="/wiki/David_Lisak" title="David Lisak">David Lisak</a>, the study's author and an expert in date rape, says that serial rapists account for 90% of all campus rapes, with an average of six rapes each. Lisak argues that this and similar findings conflict sharply with the widely held view that college rapes are typically perpetrated by "a basically 'decent' young man who, were it not for too much alcohol and too little communication, would never do such a thing", with the evidence actually suggesting that the vast majority of rapes, including date rapes, are committed by serial, violent predators.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punishment">Punishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Date rape has a particular dynamic: the sexual assault happens on a date type of setting.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, date rapes trials are considered inconclusive by nature and are charged with social concerns (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>, sexuality, body-shape). The criminal justice system urges the victim to describe the sexual assault in detail in order to be able to make a decision in court, ignoring the possibility that <a href="/wiki/Cross-examination" title="Cross-examination">cross-examination</a> can be a hostile and disturbing moment for the victim.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurors’ personal beliefs and <a href="/wiki/Rape_myth" title="Rape myth">rape myth</a> acceptance can be influential in their decision when it comes to evaluating the scenery, evidence, and making a sentence. </p><p>Research has found that jurors are more likely to convict in stranger rape cases than in date rape cases. Often, even in cases in which sufficient <a href="/wiki/Physical_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical evidence">physical evidence</a> is present to support conviction, juries have reported being influenced by irrelevant factors related to the female victim such as whether she used <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, engaged in non-marital sex, was perceived by jurors as sexually dressed, or had engaged in alcohol or other drug use. Researchers have noted that because date rape by definition occurs in the context of a dating relationship, jurors' propensity to discount the likelihood of rape having occurred based on date-like behaviors is problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1982 American study of assignment of responsibility for rape found respondents were more likely to assign greater responsibility to a rape victim if she was intoxicated at the time of the rape; however, when her assailant was intoxicated, respondents assigned him less responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critics of the term date rape believe the distinction between stranger rape and date rape seems to position date rape as a lesser offence, which is insulting to date rape victims and could partly explain the lower conviction rates and lesser punishments of date rape cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David Lisak argues that prevention efforts aimed at persuading men not to rape are unlikely to work, and universities should instead focus on helping non-rapists to identify rapists and intervene in high-risk situations to stop them.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lisak also argues that whenever a nonstranger sexual assault is reported, it represents a window of opportunity for law enforcement to comprehensively investigate the alleged offender, rather than "putting blinders on looking solely on the alleged 45-minute interaction between these two people".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lisak believes rape victims should be treated with respect, and that every report of an alleged rape should trigger two simultaneous investigations: one into the incident itself, and a second into the alleged perpetrator to determine whether they are a serial offender.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education programs are one way to prevent, protect, and raise awareness about rape and acquaintance rape. But these prevention programs do not have a huge impact.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of sexual harassment prevention tips, survival information and the psychosocial data gathered from women's assessment of date risks, make these programs focus on broad topics and do not emphasize specific and particular areas of date rape prevention.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Future prevention programs should focus on engaging men, creating an open space for conversation and the possible recognition of holding gender bias beliefs and sexual behavior myths, which can lead them to promote sexual harassment behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media_and_popular_culture">In media and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In media and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Date rape was widely discussed on college campuses in North America during the 1980s but first attracted significant media attention in 1991, when an unnamed 29-year-old woman accused <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_Smith" title="William Kennedy Smith">William Kennedy Smith</a>, a nephew of former President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, and Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>, of raping her on a nearby beach after meeting in a <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> bar. Millions of people watched the trial on television. Also in 1991, <a href="/wiki/Katie_Koestner" title="Katie Koestner">Katie Koestner</a> came forward publicly about her own experience with date rape.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koestner was featured on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine, appeared on shows such as <i>Larry King Live</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show" title="The Oprah Winfrey Show">The Oprah Winfrey Show</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:142_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her efforts helped bring a human face to victims of date rape and helped bring the term into common use.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:142_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koestner was featured in a 1993 <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> special, <i>No Visible Bruises: The Katie Koestner Story</i> as part of the series, <i><a href="/wiki/Lifestories:_Families_in_Crisis" title="Lifestories: Families in Crisis">Lifestories: Families in Crisis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Date rape received more media attention in 1992, when former boxer <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Mike Tyson</a> was convicted of rape after inviting 18-year-old Desiree Washington to a party and then raping her in his hotel room.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In her 1994 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Morning_After_(book)" title="The Morning After (book)">The Morning After: Sex, Fear, and Feminism</a></i>, American author <a href="/wiki/Katie_Roiphe" title="Katie Roiphe">Katie Roiphe</a> wrote about attending Harvard and Princeton in the late 1980s and early 1990s, amid what she described as a "culture captivated by victimization", and argued "If a woman's 'judgment is impaired' and she has sex, it isn't always the man's fault; it isn't necessarily always rape."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, American journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Sessions_Stepp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Sessions Stepp (page does not exist)">Laura Sessions Stepp</a> wrote an article for <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)" title="Cosmopolitan (magazine)">Cosmopolitan</a></i> magazine titled "A New Kind of Date Rape", in which she popularized the term "<a href="/wiki/Gray_rape" title="Gray rape">gray rape</a>" to refer to "sex that falls somewhere between consent and denial". The term was afterwards picked up and discussed by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>, and was criticized by many feminists, including <i><a href="/wiki/Bitch_(magazine)" title="Bitch (magazine)">Bitch</a></i> founding editor <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Jervis" title="Lisa Jervis">Lisa Jervis</a>, who argued that gray rape and date rape "are the same thing", and that the popularization of gray rape constituted a backlash against women's sexual empowerment and risked rolling back the gains women had made in having rape taken seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Clearinghouse_on_Marital_and_Date_Rape" title="National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape">National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_rape" title="Types of rape">Types of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_dating_service#Trust_and_safety_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Online dating service">Online dating service: safety issues</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDziuba-Leatherman1994" class="citation book cs1">Dziuba-Leatherman, Jennifer (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K7Jh_LotPtkC"><i>Acquaintance and Date Rape: An Annotated Bibliography</i></a>. Greenwood. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313291494" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313291494"><bdi>978-0313291494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acquaintance+and+Date+Rape%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0313291494&rft.aulast=Dziuba-Leatherman&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK7Jh_LotPtkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorvath2009" class="citation book cs1">Horvath, Miranda (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNI3TKwWv20C"><i>Rape: Challenging Contemporary Thinking</i></a>. Willan. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843925194" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843925194"><bdi>978-1843925194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rape%3A+Challenging+Contemporary+Thinking&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Willan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1843925194&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNI3TKwWv20C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelgrave2013" class="citation book cs1">Belgrave, Faye Z. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbuhAQAAQBAJ"><i>African American Psychology: From Africa to America</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412999540" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412999540"><bdi>978-1412999540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+Psychology%3A+From+Africa+to+America&rft.pages=501&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1412999540&rft.aulast=Belgrave&rft.aufirst=Faye+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbuhAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrot1998" class="citation book cs1">Parrot, Andrea (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copingwithdatera00parr"><i>Coping With Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape</i></a></span>. Rosen Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copingwithdatera00parr/page/30">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823928613" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823928613"><bdi>978-0823928613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coping+With+Date+Rape+and+Acquaintance+Rape&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0823928613&rft.aulast=Parrot&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopingwithdatera00parr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiehe1995" class="citation book cs1">Wiehe, Vernon R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LhngpTXwtpMC"><i>Intimate Betrayal: Understanding and Responding to the Trauma of Acquaintance Rape</i></a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803973619" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803973619"><bdi>978-0803973619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimate+Betrayal%3A+Understanding+and+Responding+to+the+Trauma+of+Acquaintance+Rape&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0803973619&rft.aulast=Wiehe&rft.aufirst=Vernon+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLhngpTXwtpMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminker2002" class="citation book cs1">Kaminker, Laura (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XMnPD6ji9msC"><i>Everything You Need to Know About Dealing With Sexual Assault</i></a>. Rosen Pub Group. pp. 16–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823933037" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823933037"><bdi>978-0823933037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+Dealing+With+Sexual+Assault&rft.pages=16-18&rft.pub=Rosen+Pub+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0823933037&rft.aulast=Kaminker&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXMnPD6ji9msC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Merril D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVeh3C8XGP4C"><i>The Encyclopedia of Rape</i></a>. Greenwood. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313326875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313326875"><bdi>978-0313326875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Rape&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0313326875&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Merril+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVeh3C8XGP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuersten2003" class="citation book cs1">Kuersten, Ashlyn K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnKGWlZG_ncC"><i>Women and the Law: Leaders, Cases, and Documents</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874368789" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874368789"><bdi>978-0874368789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Law%3A+Leaders%2C+Cases%2C+and+Documents&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0874368789&rft.aulast=Kuersten&rft.aufirst=Ashlyn+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnKGWlZG_ncC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.girlshealth.gov/safety/saferelationships/daterape.html">"What is rape and date rape? | girlshealth.gov"</a>. <i>www.girlshealth.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803985940" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803985940"><bdi>978-0803985940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attitudes+toward+Rape%3A+Feminist+and+Social+Psychological+Perspectives+%28Gender+and+Psychology+series%29&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0803985940&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxMbCelLAnqIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorti2001" class="citation book cs1">Moorti, Sujata (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Apl5KxlNw8wC"><i>Color of Rape: Gender and Race in Television's Public Spheres</i></a>. 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"Sexual Harassment and Assault in the Academy: Observations from a Title IX Lawyer", <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wmich.edu/medievalpublications/journals/mff">Medieval Feminist Forum: Journal of the Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship</a></i>, vol. 53, no. 1, pp 11-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1997" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, J.A., and Michael Proffitt, E. S. C. Weiner (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UpZMQAACAAJ"><i>Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series, Volume 3: An A–Z Presentation of new work-in-progress supplementing the English Dictionary</i></a>. United States: Oxford University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198600275" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198600275"><bdi>978-0198600275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Additions+Series%2C+Volume+3%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Presentation+of+new+work-in-progress+supplementing+the+English+Dictionary&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0198600275&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=J.A.%2C+and+Michael+Proffitt%2C+E.+S.+C.+Weiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UpZMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold1999" class="citation book cs1">Gold, Jodi, and Susan Villari (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xt6J-77jrPgC"><i>Just Sex: Students Rewrite the Rules on Sex, Violence, Equality and Activism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847693320" title="Special:BookSources/978-0847693320"><bdi>978-0847693320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Sex%3A+Students+Rewrite+the+Rules+on+Sex%2C+Violence%2C+Equality+and+Activism&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0847693320&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Jodi%2C+and+Susan+Villari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxt6J-77jrPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teenviolencestatistics.com/content/date-rape.html">"Welcome to Teen Violence Statistics"</a>. <i>Teen Violence Statistics- Violent Children, Youth, & Adolescents</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Facts on File. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816076420" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816076420"><bdi>978-0816076420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+Rape&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0816076420&rft.aulast=Boskey&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM-vWD4AXBCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassman2004" class="citation book cs1">Glassman, Ronald M. 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University Press of America. pp. 113–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761829331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761829331"><bdi>978-0761829331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Problems+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=113-114&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0761829331&rft.aulast=Glassman&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DECWSVPEepOgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2008" class="citation book cs1">Jones, David W. 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Willan. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843923046" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843923046"><bdi>978-1843923046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Criminal+Behaviour%3A+Psychosocial+Approaches+to+Criminality&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Willan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1843923046&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_y_UBikY7GwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKersten1993" class="citation journal cs1">Kersten, Joachim (December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=161978">"Crime and Masculinities in Australia, Germany and Japan"</a>. <i>International Sociology</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 461–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026858093008004004">10.1177/026858093008004004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145251495">145251495</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743298636" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743298636"><bdi>978-0743298636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kickboxing+Geishas%3A+How+Modern+Japanese+Women+Are+Changing+Their+Nation&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0743298636&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkickboxinggeisha00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujimura-Fanselow2011" class="citation book cs1">Fujimura-Fanselow, Kumiko (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IflBmQEACAAJ"><i>Transforming Japan: How Feminism and Diversity Are Making a Difference</i></a>. The Feminist Press at CUNY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558616998" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558616998"><bdi>978-1558616998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+Japan%3A+How+Feminism+and+Diversity+Are+Making+a+Difference&rft.pub=The+Feminist+Press+at+CUNY&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1558616998&rft.aulast=Fujimura-Fanselow&rft.aufirst=Kumiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIflBmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigal2013" class="citation book cs1">Sigal, Janet (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jCNclQEACAAJ"><i>Violence against Girls and Women [2 volumes]: International Perspectives (Women's Psychology)</i></a>. Praeger. pp. 129–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440803352" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440803352"><bdi>978-1440803352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+against+Girls+and+Women+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+International+Perspectives+%28Women%27s+Psychology%29&rft.pages=129-136&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1440803352&rft.aulast=Sigal&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjCNclQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaye1996" class="citation book cs1">Daye, Douglas D. 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CRC Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0849381164" title="Special:BookSources/978-0849381164"><bdi>978-0849381164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Law+Enforcement+Sourcebook+of+Asian+Crime+and+Cultures%3A+Tactics+and+Mindsets&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0849381164&rft.aulast=Daye&rft.aufirst=Douglas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0k0kTGivP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirnate2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vasundhara_Sirnate" title="Vasundhara Sirnate">Sirnate, Vasundhara</a> (1 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/good-laws-bad-implementation/article5639799.ece">"Good laws, bad implementation"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Good+laws%2C+bad+implementation&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft.aulast=Sirnate&rft.aufirst=Vasundhara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Flead%2Fgood-laws-bad-implementation%2Farticle5639799.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMufsonKranz1997" class="citation book cs1">Mufson, Susan C. S. W.; Kranz, Rachel (1997-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/straighttalkabou00mufs"><i>Straight Talk About Date Rape</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2018</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Students+Question+Date-Rape+Program&rft.date=1993-01-13&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F25106960%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25107044/">"Program"</a>. <i>Daily Press</i>. January 13, 1993. p. B2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2018</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Program&rft.pages=B2&rft.date=1993-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F25107044%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth_Walsh1996" class="citation book cs1">Roth Walsh, Mary (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCDbL3WyjFMC"><i>Women, Men, and Gender: Ongoing Debates</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300069389" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300069389"><bdi>978-0300069389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Men%2C+and+Gender%3A+Ongoing+Debates&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0300069389&rft.aulast=Roth+Walsh&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdCDbL3WyjFMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoiphe1994" class="citation book cs1">Roiphe, Katie (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cm03YgEACAAJ"><i>The Morning After: Sex, Fear, and Feminism</i></a>. Back Bay Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316754323" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316754323"><bdi>978-0316754323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morning+After%3A+Sex%2C+Fear%2C+and+Feminism&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0316754323&rft.aulast=Roiphe&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcm03YgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2008" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Jaclyn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZizTDQAAQBAJ"><i>Yes Means Yes: Visions of Female Sexual Power and A World Without Rape</i></a>. Seal Press. pp. 163–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580052573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1580052573"><bdi>978-1580052573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yes+Means+Yes%3A+Visions+of+Female+Sexual+Power+and+A+World+Without+Rape&rft.pages=163-169&rft.pub=Seal+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1580052573&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Jaclyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZizTDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADate+rape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Date_rape&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Bride kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Child exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a 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rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_violent_predator_laws" title="Sexually violent predator laws">Sexually violent predator laws</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_accommodation_syndrome" title="Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome">Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse" title="False allegation of child sexual abuse">False allegation of child sexual abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress 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