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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pelvis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pelvis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pelvic_bone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelvic_bone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pelvic bone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelvic_bone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelvic_cavity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelvic_cavity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pelvic cavity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelvic_cavity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelvic_floor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelvic_floor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pelvic floor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelvic_floor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_mechanical_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_mechanical_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>As a mechanical structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_mechanical_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_an_anchor_for_muscles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_anchor_for_muscles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>As an anchor for muscles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_an_anchor_for_muscles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Junctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Junctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Junctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shoulder_and_intrinsic_back" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoulder_and_intrinsic_back"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Shoulder and intrinsic back</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shoulder_and_intrinsic_back-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Abdomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip_and_thigh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_and_thigh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Hip and thigh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_and_thigh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_pregnancy_and_childbirth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_pregnancy_and_childbirth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In pregnancy and childbirth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_pregnancy_and_childbirth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caldwell–Moloy_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caldwell–Moloy_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Caldwell–Moloy classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caldwell–Moloy_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Primates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pelvis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekken" title="Bekken – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bekken" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B6_(%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD)" title="حوض (تشريح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوض (تشريح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxana" title="Maxana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Maxana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%82%D3%80%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B0" title="РохокъотӀялъул ракьа – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="РохокъотӀялъул ракьа" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anaq_(anatomiya)" title="Çanaq (anatomiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çanaq (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="শ্রোণিচক্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রোণিচক্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Таз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Таз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlica" title="Karlica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karlica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis_(korfadurezh)" title="Pelvis (korfadurezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pelvis (korfadurezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pelvis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%CC%81" title="Сутана́ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сутана́" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1nev_(anatomie)" title="Pánev (anatomie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pánev (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelfis" title="Pelfis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pelfis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6kken_(anatomi)" title="Bækken (anatomi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bækken (anatomi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becken_(Anatomie)" title="Becken (Anatomie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Becken (Anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaagen" title="Vaagen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaagen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7_(%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Λεκάνη (ανατομία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεκάνη (ανατομία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pelvis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvo_(anatomio)" title="Pelvo (anatomio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pelvo (anatomio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelbis" title="Pelbis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pelbis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87" title="لگن خاصره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لگن خاصره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peilbheas" title="Peilbheas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peilbheas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelve" title="Pelve – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pelve" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EB%B0%98" title="골반 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="골반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Կոնք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF" title="श्रोणि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्रोणि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdjelica" title="Zdjelica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zdjelica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvo" title="Pelvo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pelvo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panggul" title="Panggul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Panggul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mja%C3%B0magrind" title="Mjaðmagrind – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mjaðmagrind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacino_(anatomia)" title="Bacino (anatomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacino (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%9F" title="אגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" title="Жамбас белдеуі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жамбас белдеуі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%9Ft%C3%AAna_hewz%C3%AA" title="Piştêna hewzê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Piştêna hewzê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="БухчӀинсса – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="БухчӀинсса" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pelvis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iegurnis" title="Iegurnis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iegurnis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becken" title="Becken – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Becken" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaulinis_dubuo" title="Kaulinis dubuo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaulinis dubuo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csontos_medence" title="Csontos medence – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csontos medence" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Карлица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карлица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94" title="კინჭიხე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კინჭიხე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelvis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekken_(anatomie)" title="Bekken (anatomie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bekken (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF" title="श्रोणि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="श्रोणि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E7%9B%A4" title="骨盤 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="骨盤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekken" title="Bekken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bekken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekken" title="Bekken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bekken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanoq" title="Chanoq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chanoq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obr%C4%99cz_ko%C5%84czyny_dolnej" title="Obręcz kończyny dolnej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obręcz kończyny dolnej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelve" title="Pelve – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pelve" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pelvis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B7_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Таз (анатомия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таз (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legeni_i_njeriut" title="Legeni i njeriut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Legeni i njeriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ශ්‍රෝණිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශ්‍රෝණිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pelvis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panva_(anat%C3%B3mia)" title="Panva (anatómia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Panva (anatómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medenica" title="Medenica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Medenica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DB%95" title="لەگەنە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لەگەنە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlica" title="Karlica – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Karlica" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdjelica" title="Zdjelica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zdjelica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangk%C3%A9ng" title="Cangkéng – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cangkéng" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantio" title="Lantio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lantio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4cken" title="Bäcken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bäcken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balakang" title="Balakang – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balakang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இடுப்பு வளையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடுப்பு வளையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%B2" title="శ్రోణి మేఖల – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శ్రోణి మేఖల" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="เชิงกราน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชิงกราน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pelvis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Таз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="يانپاش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يانپاش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khung_ch%E1%BA%ADu" title="Khung chậu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khung chậu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pelvis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E7%9B%86" title="骨盆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="骨盆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BA%89" title="躉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="躉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E7%9B%86" title="骨盆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="骨盆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q713102#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="View the content page [c]" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lower torso of the human body</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:whitesmoke">The Human Pelvis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray241.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gray241.png/250px-Gray241.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gray241.png/375px-Gray241.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gray241.png/500px-Gray241.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="808" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Male type pelvis</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray242.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gray242.png/250px-Gray242.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gray242.png/375px-Gray242.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Gray242.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="321" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Female type pelvis</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_splanchnic_nerves" title="Pelvic splanchnic nerves">Pelvic splanchnic nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superior_hypogastric_plexus" title="Superior hypogastric plexus">superior hypogastric plexus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>pelvis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010388">D010388</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.017%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A01.1.00.017</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=129">129</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713102" class="extiw" title="d:Q713102">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelvis_RG_MR_CT3d_front_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pelvis_RG_MR_CT3d_front_01.jpg/250px-Pelvis_RG_MR_CT3d_front_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="566" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pelvis_RG_MR_CT3d_front_01.jpg/375px-Pelvis_RG_MR_CT3d_front_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Pelvis_RG_MR_CT3d_front_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>The same human pelvis, front imaged by <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> (top), <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (middle), and 3-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a> (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>pelvis</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>pelves</b> or <b>pelvises</b>) is the lower part of an <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical</a> <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk (anatomy)">trunk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the <a href="/wiki/Human_abdomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Human abdomen">abdomen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thighs</a> (sometimes also called <b>pelvic region</b>), together with its embedded skeleton<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sometimes also called <b>bony pelvis</b> or <b>pelvic skeleton</b>). </p><p>The pelvic region of the trunk includes the bony pelvis, the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_cavity" title="Pelvic cavity">pelvic cavity</a> (the space enclosed by the bony pelvis), the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">pelvic floor</a>, below the pelvic cavity, and the <a href="/wiki/Perineum" title="Perineum">perineum</a>, below the pelvic floor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pelvic skeleton is formed in the area of the back, by the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">coccyx</a> and anteriorly and to the left and right sides, by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">hip bones</a>. </p><p>The two hip bones connect the spine with the lower limbs. They are attached to the sacrum posteriorly, connected to each other anteriorly, and joined with the two femurs at the <a href="/wiki/Hip_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip joint">hip joints</a>. The gap enclosed by the bony pelvis, called the pelvic cavity, is the section of the body underneath the abdomen and mainly consists of the <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive organs">reproductive organs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>, while the pelvic floor at the base of the cavity assists in supporting the organs of the abdomen. </p><p>In mammals, the bony pelvis has a gap in the middle, significantly larger in females than in males. Their <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a> pass through this gap when they are <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">born</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pelvic region of the trunk is the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk (anatomy)">trunk</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Human_abdomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Human abdomen">abdomen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thighs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes several structures: the bony pelvis, the pelvic cavity, the pelvic floor, and the perineum. The bony pelvis (pelvic skeleton) is the part of the skeleton embedded in the pelvic region of the trunk. It is subdivided into the pelvic girdle and the pelvic spine. The pelvic girdle is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton" title="Appendicular skeleton">appendicular</a> <a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">hip bones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischium" title="Ischium">ischium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">pubis</a>) oriented in a ring, and connects the pelvic region of the spine to the lower limbs. The pelvic spine consists of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">coccyx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the <b><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_cavity" title="Pelvic cavity">pelvic cavity</a></b>, typically defined as a small part of the space enclosed by the bony pelvis, delimited by the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_brim" title="Pelvic brim">pelvic brim</a> above and the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">pelvic floor</a> below; alternatively, the pelvic cavity is sometimes also defined as the whole space enclosed by the pelvic skeleton, subdivided into: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Greater_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater pelvis">greater (or false) pelvis</a>, above the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_brim" title="Pelvic brim">pelvic brim</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser pelvis">lesser (or true) pelvis</a>, below the pelvic brim</li></ul></li> <li>the <b><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">pelvic floor</a></b> (or pelvic diaphragm), below the pelvic cavity</li> <li>the <b><a href="/wiki/Perineum" title="Perineum">perineum</a></b>, below the pelvic floor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelvic_bone">Pelvic bone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pelvic bone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">Hip bone</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skeletal_pelvis-pubis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Skeletal_pelvis-pubis.svg/350px-Skeletal_pelvis-pubis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Skeletal_pelvis-pubis.svg/525px-Skeletal_pelvis-pubis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Skeletal_pelvis-pubis.svg/700px-Skeletal_pelvis-pubis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>The skeleton of the human pelvis: <small> <br /><b>2–4.</b> <a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">Hip bone</a> (<i>os coxae</i>) <br /><b>1.</b> <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">Sacrum</a> (<i>os sacrum</i>), <b>2.</b> <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">Ilium</a> (<i>os ilium</i>), <b>3.</b> <a href="/wiki/Ischium" title="Ischium">Ischium</a> (<i>os ischii</i>) <br /><b>4.</b> <a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">Pubic bone</a> (<i>os pubis</i>) (<b>4a.</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)#Body" title="Pubis (bone)">corpus</a></i>, <b>4b.</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)#Superior_pubic_ramus" title="Pubis (bone)">ramus superior</a></i>, <b>4c.</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)#Inferior_pubic_ramus" title="Pubis (bone)">ramus inferior</a></i>, <b>4d.</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Pubic_tubercle" title="Pubic tubercle">tuberculum pubicum</a></i>) <br /><b>5.</b> <a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis" title="Pubic symphysis">Pubic symphysis</a>, <b>6.</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">Acetabulum</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Hip#Articulation" title="Hip">hip joint</a>), <b>7.</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Obturator_foramen" title="Obturator foramen">Obturator foramen</a></i>, <b>8.</b> <a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">Coccyx</a>/tailbone (<i>os coccygis</i>) <br /><b>Dotted.</b> <a href="/wiki/Linea_terminalis" title="Linea terminalis">Linea terminalis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_brim" title="Pelvic brim">pelvic brim</a>. </small></figcaption></figure> <p>The pelvic skeleton is formed posteriorly (in the area of the back), by the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">coccyx</a> and laterally and anteriorly (forward and to the sides), by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">hip bones</a>. Each hip bone consists of three sections: <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischium" title="Ischium">ischium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">pubis</a>. During childhood, these sections are separate bones, joined by the <a href="/wiki/Triradiate_cartilage" title="Triradiate cartilage">triradiate cartilage</a>. During puberty, they fuse together to form a single bone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelvic_cavity">Pelvic cavity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pelvic cavity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:15px"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray238.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray238.png/180px-Gray238.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray238.png/270px-Gray238.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray238.png/360px-Gray238.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray240.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gray240.png/180px-Gray240.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gray240.png/270px-Gray240.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Gray240.png 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray239.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gray239.png/180px-Gray239.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gray239.png/270px-Gray239.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gray239.png/360px-Gray239.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_cavity" title="Pelvic cavity">Pelvic cavity</a></div> <p>The pelvic cavity is a <a href="/wiki/Body_cavity" title="Body cavity">body cavity</a> that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis and which primarily contains <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive organs">reproductive organs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>. </p><p>A distinction is made between the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser pelvis">lesser</a> or <a href="/wiki/True_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="True pelvis">true pelvis</a> inferior to the <a href="/wiki/Linea_terminalis" title="Linea terminalis">terminal line</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater pelvis">greater</a> or <a href="/wiki/False_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="False pelvis">false pelvis</a> above it. The <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inlet" title="Pelvic inlet">pelvic inlet</a> or superior pelvic aperture, which leads into the lesser pelvis, is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Sacral_promontory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral promontory">promontory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arcuate_line_of_ilium" title="Arcuate line of ilium">arcuate line of ilium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iliopubic_eminence" title="Iliopubic eminence">iliopubic eminence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pectineal_line_(pubis)" title="Pectineal line (pubis)">pecten of the pubis</a>, and the upper part of the <a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis" title="Pubic symphysis">pubic symphysis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_outlet" title="Pelvic outlet">pelvic outlet</a> or inferior pelvic aperture is the region between the <a href="/wiki/Subpubic_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpubic angle">subpubic angle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pubic_arch" title="Pubic arch">pubic arch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tuberosity_of_the_ischium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberosity of the ischium">ischial tuberosities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">coccyx</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-188_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-188-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ligaments: <a href="/wiki/Obturator_membrane" title="Obturator membrane">obturator membrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_ligament" title="Inguinal ligament">inguinal ligament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lacunar_ligament" title="Lacunar ligament">lacunar ligament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliopectineal_arch" title="Iliopectineal arch">iliopectineal arch</a>)</li></ul> <p>Alternatively, the pelvis is divided into three planes: the inlet, midplane, and outlet.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelvic_floor">Pelvic floor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pelvic floor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">Pelvic floor</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1116_Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1116_Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png/350px-1116_Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1116_Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png/525px-1116_Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1116_Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png/700px-1116_Muscle_of_the_Female_Perineum.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption>Female perineum<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1116_Muscle_of_the_Male_Perineum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1116_Muscle_of_the_Male_Perineum.png/350px-1116_Muscle_of_the_Male_Perineum.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1116_Muscle_of_the_Male_Perineum.png/525px-1116_Muscle_of_the_Male_Perineum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1116_Muscle_of_the_Male_Perineum.png/700px-1116_Muscle_of_the_Male_Perineum.png 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Male perineum</figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">pelvic floor</a> has two inherently conflicting functions: One is to close the pelvic and abdominal cavities and bear the load of the visceral organs; the other is to control the openings of the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urogenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Urogenital">urogenital</a> organs that pierce the pelvic floor and make it weaker. To achieve both these tasks, the pelvic floor is composed of several overlapping sheets of muscles and connective tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-137_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-137-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pelvic diaphragm is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Levator_ani" title="Levator ani">levator ani</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coccygeus_muscle" title="Coccygeus muscle">coccygeus muscle</a>. These arise between the <a href="/wiki/Symphysis" title="Symphysis">symphysis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ischial_spine" title="Ischial spine">ischial spine</a> and converge on the coccyx and the <a href="/wiki/Anococcygeal_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Anococcygeal ligament">anococcygeal ligament</a> which spans between the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">coccyx</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anal_hiatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anal hiatus (page does not exist)">anal hiatus</a>. This leaves a slit for the anal and urogenital openings. Because of the width of the genital aperture, which is wider in females, a second closing mechanism is required. The <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_diaphragm" title="Urogenital diaphragm">urogenital diaphragm</a> consists mainly of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_transverse_perineal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep transverse perineal muscle">deep transverse perineal</a> which arises from the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_ramus_of_the_ischium" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior ramus of the ischium">inferior ischial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_pubic_ramus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior pubic ramus">pubic rami</a> and extends to the urogenital hiatus. The urogenital diaphragm is reinforced posteriorly by the <a href="/wiki/Superficial_transverse_perineal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial transverse perineal muscle">superficial transverse perineal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-106_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-106-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sphincter_ani_externus_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphincter ani externus muscle">external anal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urethral_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Urethral sphincter">urethral sphincters</a> close the anus and the urethra. The former is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Bulbospongiosus_muscle" title="Bulbospongiosus muscle">bulbospongiosus</a> which narrows the <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_introitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal introitus">vaginal introitus</a> in females and surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_spongiosum_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus spongiosum penis">corpus spongiosum</a> in males. <a href="/wiki/Ischiocavernosus_muscle" title="Ischiocavernosus muscle">Ischiocavernosus</a> squeezes blood into the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_penis" title="Corpus cavernosum penis">corpora cavernosa penis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_clitoridis" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus cavernosum clitoridis">clitoridis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-136_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-136-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation">Variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_humans" title="Sex differences in humans">Sex differences in humans</a></div> <p>Modern humans are to a large extent characterized by <a href="/wiki/Bipedal_locomotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipedal locomotion">bipedal locomotion</a> and large <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brains</a>. Because the pelvis is vital to both locomotion and childbirth, <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> has been confronted by two conflicting demands: a wide birth canal and locomotion efficiency, a conflict referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_dilemma" title="Obstetrical dilemma">obstetrical dilemma</a>". The female pelvis, or <b>gynecoid pelvis</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has evolved to its maximum width for childbirth—a wider pelvis would make women unable to walk. In contrast, human male pelvises are not constrained by the need to give birth and therefore are more optimized for bipedal locomotion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200548_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200548-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal differences between male and female true and false pelvis include: </p> <ul><li>The female pelvis is larger and broader than the male pelvis which is taller, narrower, and more compact.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-113_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female pelvis is lighter and thinner than the male pelvis.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The female inlet is larger and oval in shape, while the male <a href="/wiki/Sacral_promontory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral promontory">sacral promontory</a> projects further (i.e. the male inlet is more heart-shaped).<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-113_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The sides of the male pelvis converge from the inlet to the outlet, whereas the sides of the female pelvis are wider apart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200550–1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200550–1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The angle between the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_pubic_ramus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior pubic ramus">inferior pubic rami</a> is acute (70 degrees) in men, but obtuse (90–100 degrees) in women. Accordingly, the angle is called <a href="/wiki/Subpubic_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpubic angle">subpubic angle</a> in men and <a href="/wiki/Pubic_arch" title="Pubic arch">pubic arch</a> in women.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-113_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-113-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the bones forming the angle/arch are more concave in females but straight in males.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200550_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200550-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The distance between the ischia bones is small in males, making the outlet narrow, but large in females, who have a relatively large outlet. The ischial spines and tuberosities are heavier and project farther into the pelvic cavity in males. The greater sciatic notch is wider in females.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200550_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200550-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The iliac crests are higher and more pronounced in males, making the male false pelvis deeper and more narrow than in females.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200550_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200550-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The male sacrum is long, narrow, more straight, and has a pronounced sacral promontory. The female sacrum is shorter, wider, more curved posteriorly, and has a less pronounced promontory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200550_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200550-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">acetabula</a> are wider apart in females than in males.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200550_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200550-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In males, the acetabulum faces more laterally, while it faces more anteriorly in females. Consequently, when males walk the leg can move forwards and backwards in a single plane. In females, the leg must swing forward and inward, from where the pivoting head of the femur moves the leg back in another plane. This change in the angle of the femoral head gives the female gait its characteristic (i.e. swinging of hips).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200572_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200572-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each side of the pelvis is formed as cartilage, which ossifies as three main bones which stay separate through childhood: <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischium" title="Ischium">ischium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">pubis</a>. At birth the whole of the hip joint (the acetabulum area and the top of the femur) is still made of cartilage (but there may be a small piece of bone in the <a href="/wiki/Great_trochanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Great trochanter">great trochanter</a> of the femur); this makes it difficult to detect <a href="/wiki/Congenital_hip_dislocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital hip dislocation">congenital hip dislocation</a> by <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-raying</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"In terms of comparative anatomy the human scapula represents two bones that have become fused together; the (dorsal) scapula proper and the (ventral) coracoid. The epiphyseal line across the glenoid cavity is the line of fusion. They are the counterparts of the ilium and ischium of the pelvic girdle."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/R._J._Last" class="mw-redirect" title="R. J. Last">R. J. Last</a> – <i>Last's Anatomy</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>There is preliminary evidence that the pelvis continues to widen over the course of a lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The skeleton of the pelvis is a basin-shaped ring of bones connecting the vertebral column to the femora. It is then connected to two hip bones. </p><p>Its primary functions are to bear the weight of the upper body when sitting and standing, transferring that weight from the axial skeleton to the lower appendicular skeleton when standing and walking, and providing attachments for and withstanding the forces of the powerful muscles of locomotion and posture. Compared to the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle is thus strong and rigid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its secondary functions are to contain and protect the pelvic and abdominopelvic viscera (inferior parts of the urinary tracts, internal reproductive organs), providing attachment for external reproductive organs and associated muscles and membranes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_mechanical_structure">As a mechanical structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: As a mechanical structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_pelvis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Female_pelvis.png/150px-Female_pelvis.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Female_pelvis.png/225px-Female_pelvis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Female_pelvis.png/300px-Female_pelvis.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Anatomical drawing of the female pelvis</figcaption></figure> <p>The pelvic girdle consists of the two hip bones. The hip bones are connected to each other anteriorly at the <a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis" title="Pubic symphysis">pubic symphysis</a>, and posteriorly to the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Sacroiliac_joint" title="Sacroiliac joint">sacroiliac joints</a> to form the pelvic ring. The ring is very stable and allows very little mobility, a prerequisite for transmitting loads from the trunk to the lower limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-112_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-112-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a mechanical structure the pelvis may be thought of as four roughly triangular and twisted rings. Each superior ring is formed by the iliac bone; the anterior side stretches from the acetabulum up to the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior superior iliac spine">anterior superior iliac spine</a>; the posterior side reaches from the top of the acetabulum to the <a href="/wiki/Sacroiliac_joint" title="Sacroiliac joint">sacroiliac joint</a>; and the third side is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Palpation" title="Palpation">palpable</a> <a href="/wiki/Iliac_crest" title="Iliac crest">iliac crest</a>. The lower ring, formed by the rami of the <a href="/wiki/Pubis_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubis bone">pubic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ischium" title="Ischium">ischial bones</a>, supports the acetabulum and is twisted 80–90 degrees in relation to the superior ring.<sup id="cite_ref-Holm-425-426_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holm-425-426-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative approach is to consider the pelvis part of an integrated mechanical system based on the <a href="/wiki/Tensegrity" title="Tensegrity">tensegrity</a> <a href="/wiki/Icosahedron" title="Icosahedron">icosahedron</a> as an infinite element. Such a system is able to withstand omnidirectional forces—ranging from weight-bearing to childbearing—and, as a low energy requiring system, is favoured by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levin-2003_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin-2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pelvic inclination angle is the single most important element of the human body posture and is adjusted at the hips. It is also one of the rare things that can be measured at the assessment of the posture. A simple method of measurement was described by the British orthopedist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Willes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Willes (page does not exist)">Philip Willes</a> and is performed by using an <a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">inclinometer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_an_anchor_for_muscles">As an anchor for muscles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As an anchor for muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lumbosacral_joint" title="Lumbosacral joint">lumbosacral joint</a>, between the sacrum and the last <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar vertebra">lumbar vertebra</a>, has, like all vertebral joints, an <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">intervertebral disc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anterior_longitudinal_ligament" title="Anterior longitudinal ligament">anterior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_longitudinal_ligament" title="Posterior longitudinal ligament">posterior ligaments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligamenta_flava" title="Ligamenta flava">ligamenta flava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interspinous_ligament" title="Interspinous ligament">interspinous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supraspinous_ligament" title="Supraspinous ligament">supraspinous ligaments</a>, and synovial joints between the articular processes of the two bones. In addition to these ligaments the joint is strengthened by the <a href="/wiki/Iliolumbar_ligament" title="Iliolumbar ligament">iliolumbar</a> and lateral lumbosacral ligaments. The iliolumbar ligament passes between the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the posterior part of the iliac crest. The lateral lumbosacral ligament, partly continuous with the iliolumbar ligament, passes down from the lower border of the transverse process of the fifth vertebra to the ala of the sacrum. The movements possible in the lumbosacral joint are flexion and extension, a small amount of lateral flexion (from 7 degrees in childhood to 1 degree in adults), but no axial rotation. Between ages 2–13 the joint is responsible for as much as 75% (about 18 degrees) of flexion and extension in the lumbar spine. From age 35 the ligaments considerably limit the range of motions. <sup id="cite_ref-Palastanga-331_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palastanga-331-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three extracapsular ligaments of the <a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip joint</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Iliofemoral_ligament" title="Iliofemoral ligament">iliofemoral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischiofemoral_ligament" title="Ischiofemoral ligament">ischiofemoral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pubofemoral_ligament" title="Pubofemoral ligament">pubofemoral ligaments</a>—form a twisting mechanism encircling the neck of the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>. When sitting, with the hip joint flexed, these ligaments become lax permitting a high degree of mobility in the joint. When standing, with the hip joint extended, the ligaments get twisted around the femoral neck, pushing the head of the femur firmly into the <a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">acetabulum</a>, thus stabilizing the joint.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-381_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-381-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zona_orbicularis" title="Zona orbicularis">zona orbicularis</a> assists in maintaining the contact in the joint by acting like a buttonhole on the femoral head.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-198_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-198-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intracapsular ligament, the <a href="/wiki/Ligament_of_head_of_femur" title="Ligament of head of femur">ligamentum teres</a>, transmits blood vessels that nourish the femoral head.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-383_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-383-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Junctions">Junctions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Junctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray321.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gray321.png/220px-Gray321.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gray321.png/330px-Gray321.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gray321.png/440px-Gray321.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Coronal section through pubic symphysis</figcaption></figure> <p>The two hip bones are joined anteriorly at the <a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis" title="Pubic symphysis">pubic symphysis</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Fibrocartilage" title="Fibrocartilage">fibrous cartilage</a> covered by a <a href="/wiki/Hyaline_cartilage" title="Hyaline cartilage">hyaline cartilage</a>, the interpubic disk, within which a non-synovial cavity might be present. Two ligaments, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_pubic_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior pubic ligament">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_pubic_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior pubic ligament">inferior pubic ligaments</a>, reinforce the symphysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-188_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-188-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both <b><a href="/wiki/Sacroiliac_joint" title="Sacroiliac joint">sacroiliac joints</a></b>, formed between the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and the two hip bones. are <a href="/wiki/Amphiarthrosis" title="Amphiarthrosis">amphiarthroses</a>, almost immobile joints enclosed by very taut joint capsules. This capsule is strengthened by the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_sacroiliac_ligament" title="Anterior sacroiliac ligament">ventral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interosseous_sacroiliac_ligament" title="Interosseous sacroiliac ligament">interosseous</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_sacroiliac_ligament" title="Posterior sacroiliac ligament">dorsal sacroiliac ligaments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-188_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-188-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important accessory ligaments of the sacroiliac joint are the <a href="/wiki/Sacrospinous_ligament" title="Sacrospinous ligament">sacrospinous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacrotuberous_ligament" title="Sacrotuberous ligament">sacrotuberous ligaments</a> which stabilize the hip bone on the sacrum and prevent the promonotory from tilting forward. Additionally, these two ligaments transform the <a href="/wiki/Greater_sciatic_notch" title="Greater sciatic notch">greater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_sciatic_notch" title="Lesser sciatic notch">lesser sciatic notches</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Greater_sciatic_foramen" title="Greater sciatic foramen">greater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_sciatic_foramen" title="Lesser sciatic foramen">lesser foramina</a>, a pair of important pelvic openings.<sup id="cite_ref-Palastanga-326_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palastanga-326-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iliolumbar_ligament" title="Iliolumbar ligament">iliolumbar ligament</a> is a strong ligament which connects the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra to the posterior part of the inner lip of the iliac crest. It can be thought of as the lower border of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracolumbar_fascia" title="Thoracolumbar fascia">thoracolumbar fascia</a> and is occasionally accompanied by a smaller ligamentous band passing between the fourth lumbar vertebra and the iliac crest. The <a href="/wiki/Lateral_lumbosacral_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral lumbosacral ligament">lateral lumbosacral ligament</a> is partly continuous with the iliolumbar ligament. It passes between the transverse process of the fifth vertebra to the <a href="/wiki/Ala_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala of sacrum">ala of the sacrum</a> where it intermingle with the anterior sacroiliac ligament.<sup id="cite_ref-Palastanga-332_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palastanga-332-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The joint between the sacrum and the coccyx, the <a href="/wiki/Sacrococcygeal_symphysis" title="Sacrococcygeal symphysis">sacrococcygeal symphysis</a>, is strengthened by a series of ligaments. The <a href="/wiki/Anterior_sacrococcygeal_ligament" title="Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament">anterior sacrococcygeal ligament</a> is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_longitudinal_ligament" title="Anterior longitudinal ligament">anterior longitudinal ligament</a> (ALL) that run down the anterior side of the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of vertebra">vertebral bodies</a>. Its irregular fibers blend with the <a href="/wiki/Periosteum" title="Periosteum">periosteum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Posterior_sacrococcygeal_ligament" title="Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament">posterior sacrococcygeal ligament</a> has a deep and a superficial part, the former is a flat band corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_longitudinal_ligament" title="Posterior longitudinal ligament">posterior longitudinal ligament</a> (PLL) and the latter corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Ligamenta_flava" title="Ligamenta flava">ligamenta flava</a>. Several other ligaments complete the <a href="/wiki/Foramen" title="Foramen">foramen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_5" title="Sacral spinal nerve 5">last sacral nerve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-59_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-59-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shoulder_and_intrinsic_back">Shoulder and intrinsic back</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shoulder and intrinsic back"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray389.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gray389.png/100px-Gray389.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gray389.png/150px-Gray389.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gray389.png/200px-Gray389.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>Intrinsic back muscles</figcaption></figure> <p>The inferior parts of <a href="/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi_muscle" title="Latissimus dorsi muscle">latissimus dorsi</a>, one of the muscles of the upper limb, arises from the posterior third of the iliac crest.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-140_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-140-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its action on the shoulder joint are internal rotation, adduction, and retroversion. It also contributes to respiration (i.e. coughing).<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-266_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-266-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the arm is adducted, latissimus dorsi can pull it backward and medially until the back of the hand covers the buttocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-140_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-140-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a longitudinal osteofibrous canal on either side of the spine there is a group of muscles called the <a href="/wiki/Erector_spinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Erector spinae">erector spinae</a> which is subdivided into a lateral superficial and a medial deep tract. In the lateral tract, the <a href="/wiki/Iliocostalis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliocostalis muscle">iliocostalis</a> lumborum and <a href="/wiki/Longissimus_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Longissimus muscle">longissimus</a> thoracis originates on the back of the sacrum and the posterior part of the iliac crest. Contracting these muscles bilaterally extends the spine and unilaterally contraction bends the spine to the same side. The medial tract has a "straight" (<a href="/wiki/Interspinales_muscles" title="Interspinales muscles">interspinales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intertransversarii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertransversarii muscle">intertransversarii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spinalis" title="Spinalis">spinalis</a>) and an "oblique" (<a href="/wiki/Multifidus_muscle" title="Multifidus muscle">multifidus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semispinalis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Semispinalis muscle">semispinalis</a>) component, both of which stretch between vertebral processes; the former acts similar to the muscles of the lateral tract, while the latter function unilaterally as spine extensors and bilaterally as spine rotators. In the medial tract, the multifidi originates on the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-72_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-72-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abdomen">Abdomen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Abdomen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The muscles of the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_wall" title="Abdominal wall">abdominal wall</a> are subdivided into a superficial and a deep group. </p><p>The superficial group is subdivided into a lateral and a medial group. In the medial superficial group, on both sides of the centre of the abdominal wall (the <a href="/wiki/Linea_alba_(abdomen)" title="Linea alba (abdomen)"><i>linea alba</i></a>), the <a href="/wiki/Rectus_abdominis_muscle" title="Rectus abdominis muscle">rectus abdominis</a> stretches from the cartilages of ribs V-VII and the <a href="/wiki/Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">sternum</a> down to the <a href="/wiki/Pubic_crest" title="Pubic crest">pubic crest</a>. At the lower end of the rectus abdominis, the <a href="/wiki/Pyramidalis_muscle" title="Pyramidalis muscle">pyramidalis</a> tenses the <i>linea alba</i>. The lateral superficial muscles, the <a href="/wiki/Transversus_abdominis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Transversus abdominis muscle">transversus</a> and <a href="/wiki/External_abdominal_oblique_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="External abdominal oblique muscle">external</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_abdominal_oblique_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal abdominal oblique muscle">internal oblique</a> muscles, originate on the rib cage and on the pelvis (iliac crest and <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_ligament" title="Inguinal ligament">inguinal ligament</a>) and are attached to the anterior and posterior layers of the <a href="/wiki/Rectus_sheath" title="Rectus sheath">sheath</a> of the rectus.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-84-91_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-84-91-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flexing the trunk (bending forward) is essentially a movement of the rectus muscles, while lateral flexion (bending sideways) is achieved by contracting the obliques together with the quadratus lumborum and intrinsic back muscles. Lateral rotation (rotating either the trunk or the pelvis sideways) is achieved by contracting the internal oblique on one side and the external oblique on the other. The transversus' main function is to produce abdominal pressure in order to constrict the abdominal cavity and pull the diaphragm upward.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-84-91_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-84-91-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two muscles in the deep or posterior group. <a href="/wiki/Quadratus_lumborum_muscle" title="Quadratus lumborum muscle">Quadratus lumborum</a> arises from the posterior part of the iliac crest and extends to the rib XII and lumbar vertebrae I–IV. It unilaterally bends the trunk to the side and bilaterally pulls the 12th rib down and assists in expiration. The <a href="/wiki/Iliopsoas_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliopsoas muscle">iliopsoas</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Psoas_major_muscle" title="Psoas major muscle">psoas major</a> (and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Psoas_minor_muscle" title="Psoas minor muscle">psoas minor</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Iliacus_muscle" title="Iliacus muscle">iliacus</a>, muscles with separate origins but a common insertion on the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_trochanter" title="Lesser trochanter">lesser trochanter</a> of the femur. Of these, only iliacus is attached to the pelvis (the <a href="/wiki/Iliac_fossa" title="Iliac fossa">iliac fossa</a>). However, psoas passes through the pelvis and because it acts on two joints, it is topographically classified as a posterior abdominal muscle but functionally as a hip muscle. Iliopsoas flexes and externally rotates the hip joints, while unilateral contraction bends the trunk laterally and bilateral contraction raises the trunk from the <a href="/wiki/Supine_position" title="Supine position">supine position</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-128_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-128-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hip_and_thigh">Hip and thigh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hip and thigh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_the_hip" title="Muscles of the hip">Muscles of the hip</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin-left:15px"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Posterior hip muscles"><img alt="Posterior hip muscles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG/150px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG/225px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG/300px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="437" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anterior hip muscles"><img alt="Anterior hip muscles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/270px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG" decoding="async" width="270" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/405px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="612" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Posterior hip muscles"><img alt="Posterior hip muscles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG/150px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG/225px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="424" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Muscles of the hip</b>.<br />Anterior view for the top-left and right diagrams.<br />Posterior view for the bottom-left diagram </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The muscles of the <a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip</a> are divided into a dorsal and a ventral group. </p><p>The dorsal hip muscles are either inserted into the region of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_trochanter" title="Lesser trochanter">lesser trochanter</a> (anterior or inner group) or the <a href="/wiki/Greater_trochanter" title="Greater trochanter">greater trochanter</a> (posterior or outer group). Anteriorly, the <a href="/wiki/Psoas_major_muscle" title="Psoas major muscle">psoas major</a> (and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Psoas_minor_muscle" title="Psoas minor muscle">psoas minor</a>) originates along the spine between the rib cage and pelvis. The <a href="/wiki/Iliacus_muscle" title="Iliacus muscle">iliacus</a> originates on the <a href="/wiki/Iliac_fossa" title="Iliac fossa">iliac fossa</a> to join psoas at the <a href="/wiki/Iliopubic_eminence" title="Iliopubic eminence">iliopubic eminence</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Iliopsoas" title="Iliopsoas">iliopsoas</a> which is inserted into the lesser trochanter.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-234_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-234-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iliopsoas is the most powerful hip flexor.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-422_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-422-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The posterior group includes the <a href="/wiki/Gluteus_maximus" title="Gluteus maximus">gluteus maximus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gluteus_medius" title="Gluteus medius">gluteus medius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gluteus_minimus" title="Gluteus minimus">gluteus minimus</a>. Maximus has a wide origin stretching from the posterior part of the iliac crest and along the sacrum and coccyx, and has two separate insertions: a proximal which radiates into the <a href="/wiki/Iliotibial_tract" title="Iliotibial tract">iliotibial tract</a> and a distal which inserts into the <a href="/wiki/Gluteal_tuberosity" title="Gluteal tuberosity">gluteal tuberosity</a> on the posterior side of the femoral shaft. It is primarily an extensor and lateral rotator of the hip joint, but, because of its bipartite insertion, it can both adduct and abduct the hip. Medius and minimus arise on the external surface of the ilium and are both inserted into the greater trochanter. Their anterior fibers are medial rotators and flexors while the posterior fibers are lateral rotators and extensors. The <a href="/wiki/Piriformis_muscle" title="Piriformis muscle">piriformis</a> has its origin on the ventral side of the sacrum and is inserted on the greater trochanter. It abducts and laterally rotates the hip in the upright posture and assists in extension of the thigh.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-234_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-234-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tensor_fasciae_latae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor fasciae latae">tensor fasciae latae</a> arises on the anterior superior iliac spine and inserts into the iliotibial tract.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-424_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-424-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It presses the <a href="/wiki/Femur_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Femur head">head of the femur</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">acetabulum</a> and flexes, medially rotates, and abducts the hip.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-234_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-234-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ventral hip muscles are important in the control of the body's balance. The <a href="/wiki/Obturator_internus_muscle" title="Obturator internus muscle">internal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obturator_externus_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Obturator externus muscle">external obturator muscles</a> together with the <a href="/wiki/Quadratus_femoris_muscle" title="Quadratus femoris muscle">quadratus femoris</a> are lateral rotators of the hip. Together they are stronger than the medial rotators and therefore the feet point outward in the normal position to achieve a better support. The obturators have their origins on either sides of the <a href="/wiki/Obturator_foramen" title="Obturator foramen">obturator foramen</a> and are inserted into the <a href="/wiki/Trochanteric_fossa" title="Trochanteric fossa">trochanteric fossa</a> on the femur. Quadratus arises on the <a href="/wiki/Ischial_tuberosity" title="Ischial tuberosity">ischial tuberosity</a> and is inserted into the <a href="/wiki/Intertrochanteric_crest" title="Intertrochanteric crest">intertrochanteric crest</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Superior_gemellus_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior gemellus muscle">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_gemellus_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior gemellus muscle">inferior gemelli</a>, arising from the ischial spine and ischial tuberosity respectively, can be thought of as marginal heads of the obturator internus, and their main function is to assist this muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-234_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-234-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thigh_muscles_front.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thigh_muscles_front.png/80px-Thigh_muscles_front.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thigh_muscles_front.png/120px-Thigh_muscles_front.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thigh_muscles_front.png/160px-Thigh_muscles_front.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thigh_muscles_back.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Thigh_muscles_back.png/100px-Thigh_muscles_back.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Thigh_muscles_back.png/150px-Thigh_muscles_back.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Thigh_muscles_back.png/200px-Thigh_muscles_back.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Anterior and posterior thigh muscles</div></div></div></div> <p>The muscles of the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a> can be subdivided into adductors (medial group), extensors (anterior group), and flexors (posterior group). The extensors and flexors act on the knee joint, while the adductors mainly act on the hip joint. </p><p>The thigh adductors have their origins on the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_pubic_ramus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior pubic ramus">inferior ramus of the pubic bone</a> and are, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Gracilis_muscle" title="Gracilis muscle">gracilis</a>, inserted along the femoral shaft. Together with <a href="/wiki/Sartorius_muscle" title="Sartorius muscle">sartorius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semitendinosus_muscle" title="Semitendinosus muscle">semitendinosus</a>, gracilis reaches beyond the knee to their common insertion on the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-240-243_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-240-243-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anterior thigh muscles form the <a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_femoris_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps femoris muscle">quadriceps</a> which is inserted on the <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a> with a common tendon. Three of the four muscles have their origins on the femur, while <a href="/wiki/Rectus_femoris_muscle" title="Rectus femoris muscle">rectus femoris</a> arises from the anterior inferior iliac spine and is thus the only of the four acting on two joints.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-248_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-248-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The posterior thigh muscles have their origins on the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_ramus_of_the_ischium" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior ramus of the ischium">inferior ischial ramus</a>, with the exception of the short head of the <a href="/wiki/Biceps_femoris_muscle" title="Biceps femoris muscle">biceps femoris</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Semitendinosus_muscle" title="Semitendinosus muscle">semitendinosus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semimembranosus_muscle" title="Semimembranosus muscle">semimembranosus</a> are inserted on the tibia on the medial side of the knee, while biceps femoris is inserted on the <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a>, on the knee's lateral side.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer-250_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-250-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_pregnancy_and_childbirth">In pregnancy and childbirth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In pregnancy and childbirth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In later stages of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>'s head aligns inside the pelvis.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also joints of bones soften due to the effect of pregnancy hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors may cause <i>pelvic joint pain</i> (<a href="/wiki/Symphysis_Pubis_Dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction">symphysis pubis dysfunction</a> or SPD).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the end of pregnancy approaches, the ligaments of the sacroiliac joint loosen, letting the pelvis outlet widen somewhat; this is easily noticeable in the <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cow</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a> (unless by <a href="/wiki/Cesarean_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesarean section">Cesarean section</a>) the fetus passes through the maternal <i>pelvic opening</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fractures</a> often affect the elderly and occur more often in females; this is frequently due to <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>. There are also different types of <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_fracture" title="Pelvic fracture">pelvic fracture</a>, often resulting from <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">traffic accidents</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_pain" title="Pelvic pain">Pelvic pain</a> can affect anybody and has a variety of causes, including <a href="/wiki/Bowel_adhesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel adhesion">bowel adhesions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_cystitis" title="Interstitial cystitis">interstitial cystitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a> in women. </p><p>There are many <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_variation" title="Anatomical variation">anatomical variations</a> of the pelvis. In the female the pelvis can be of a much larger size than normal, known as a <a href="/wiki/Giant_pelvis" title="Giant pelvis">giant pelvis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pelvis_justo_major" title="Pelvis justo major">pelvis justo major</a>, or it can be much smaller, known as a reduced pelvis or pelvis justo minor.<sup id="cite_ref-Med_dictionary_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med_dictionary-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other variations include an android pelvis, a pelvis of the normal male shape in a female, which can prove problematic in <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caldwell–Moloy_classification"><span id="Caldwell.E2.80.93Moloy_classification"></span>Caldwell–Moloy classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Caldwell–Moloy classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Pelvimetry" title="Pelvimetry">pelvimetric</a> measurements were made on pregnant women to determine whether a natural birth would be possible, a practice today limited to cases where a specific problem is suspected or following a caesarean delivery. <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Edgar_Caldwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Edgar Caldwell (page does not exist)">William Edgar Caldwell</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Carmen_Moloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Carmen Moloy (page does not exist)">Howard Carmen Moloy</a> studied collections of skeletal pelves and thousands of stereoscopic radiograms and finally recognized three types of female pelves plus the masculine type. In 1933 and 1934 they published their typology, including the Greek names since then frequently quoted in various handbooks: Gynaecoid (<i>gyne</i>, woman), anthropoid (<i>anthropos</i>, human being), platypelloid (<i>platys</i>, flat), and android (<i>aner</i>, man).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200552–4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200552–4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <b>gynaecoid pelvis</b> is the so-called normal female pelvis. Its inlet is either slightly oval, with a greater transverse diameter, or round. The interior walls are straight, the subpubic arch wide, the sacrum shows an average to backward inclination, and the greater sciatic notch is well rounded. Because this type is spacious and well proportioned there is little or no difficulty in the birth process. Caldwell and his co-workers found gynaecoid pelves in about 50 per cent of specimens.</li> <li>The <b>platypelloid pelvis</b> has a transversally wide, flattened shape, is wide anteriorly, greater sciatic notches of male type, and has a short sacrum that curves inwards reducing the diameters of the lower pelvis. This is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rachitic</a> pelvis where the softened bones widen laterally because of the weight from the upper body resulting in a reduced anteroposterior diameter. Giving birth with this type of pelvis is associated with problems, such as transverse arrest. Less than 3 per cent of women have this pelvis type.</li> <li>The <b>android pelvis</b> is a female pelvis with masculine features, including a wedge or heart shaped inlet caused by a prominent sacrum and a triangular anterior segment. The reduced pelvis outlet often causes problems during child birth. In 1939 Caldwell found this type in one-third of white women and in one-sixth of non-white women. The android pelvis is found in the vast majority of subsaharan african women . The android pelvis gives the human skeleton a triangle shape looking at it from the front and a android shape looking at it from the back these features result in giving steotopygia the basis of its unique specific shape with added relation to the femur.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>anthropoid pelvis</b> is characterized by an oval shape with a greater anteroposterior diameter. It has straight walls, a small subpubic arch, and large sacrosciatic notches. The sciatic spines are placed widely apart and the sacrum is usually straight resulting in deep non-obstructed pelvis. Caldwell found this type in one-quarter of white women and almost half of non-white women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200555–6_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200555–6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, Caldwell and Moloy then complicated this simple fourfold scheme by dividing the pelvic inlet into posterior and anterior segments. They named a pelvis according to the anterior segment and affixed another type according to the character of the posterior segment (i.e. anthropoid-android) and ended up with no less than 14 morphologies. Notwithstanding the popularity of this simple classification, the pelvis is much more complicated than this as the pelvis can have different dimensions at various levels of the birth canal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200552_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200552-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caldwell and Moloy also classified the <a href="/wiki/Female_body_shape" title="Female body shape">physique of women</a> according to their types of pelves: the gynaecoid type has small shoulders, a small waist and wide hips; the android type looks square-shaped from behind; and the anthropoid type has wide shoulders and narrow hips.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200556_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200556-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, in their article they described all non-gynaecoid or "mixed" types of pelves as "abnormal", a word which has stuck in the medical world even though at least 50 per cent of women have these "abnormal" pelves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200557_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200557-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classification of Caldwell and Moloy was influenced by earlier classifications attempting to define the ideal female pelvis, treating any deviations from this ideal as dysfunctions and the cause of obstructed labour. In the 19th century anthropologists and others saw an evolutionary scheme in these pelvic typologies, a scheme since then refuted by archaeology. Since the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> is thought to be one of the chief factors affecting pelvic shape in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> even though there are at least some genetic component to variation in pelvic morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200558–9_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200558–9-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowadays obstetric suitability of the female pelvis is assessed by <a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">ultrasound</a>. The dimensions of the head of the fetus and of the birth canal are accurately measured and compared, and the feasibility of labor can be predicted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falcarius_pelvis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Falcarius_pelvis.jpg/250px-Falcarius_pelvis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Falcarius_pelvis.jpg/375px-Falcarius_pelvis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Falcarius_pelvis.jpg/500px-Falcarius_pelvis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>The pelvic girdle of the dinosaur <i><a href="/wiki/Falcarius_utahensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcarius utahensis">Falcarius utahensis</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The pelvic girdle was present in early <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, and can be tracked back to the paired fins of fish that were some of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shape of the pelvis, most notably the orientation of the iliac crests and shape and depth of the <a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">acetabula</a>, reflects the style of locomotion and body mass of an animal. In bipedal mammals, the iliac crests are parallel to the vertically oriented sacroiliac joints, where in quadrupedal mammals they are parallel to the horizontally oriented sacroiliac joints. In heavy mammals, especially in quadrupeds, the pelvis tend to be more vertically oriented because this allows the pelvis to support greater weight without dislocating the sacroiliac joints or adding torsion to the vertebral column. </p><p>In ambulatory mammals, the acetabula are shallow and open to allow a wider range of hip movements, including significant abduction, than in cursorial mammals. The lengths of the ilium and ischium and their angles relative to the acetabulum are functionally important as they determine the moment arms for the hip extensor muscles that provide momentum during locomotion.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall-254_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-254-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to this, the relatively wide shape (front to back) of the pelvis provides greater leverage for the gluteus medius and minimus. These muscles are responsible for hip abduction which plays an integral role in upright balance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primates">Primates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, the pelvis consists of four parts - the left and the right <a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">hip bones</a> which meet in the mid-line ventrally and are fixed to the sacrum dorsally and the coccyx. Each hip bone consists of three components, the ilium, the <a href="/wiki/Ischium" title="Ischium">ischium</a>, and the pubis, and at the time of sexual maturity these bones become fused together, though there is never any movement between them. In <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, the ventral joint of the pubic bones is closed. </p><p>Larger <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pongo_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pongo (genus)">Pongo</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Gorilla_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorilla (genus)">Gorilla</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>), have longer three-pelvic planes with a maximum diameter in the sagittal plane.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present-day morphology of the pelvis is inherited from the pelvis of our quadrupedal ancestors. The most striking feature of evolution of the pelvis in primates is the widening and the shortening of the blade called the ilium. Because of the stresses involved in bipedal locomotion, the muscles of the thigh move the thigh forward and backward, providing the power for bi-pedal and quadrupedal locomotion.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell1998_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell1998-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The drying of the environment of East Africa in the period since the creation of the Red Sea and the African Rift Valley saw open woodlands replace the previous closed canopy forest. The apes in this environment were compelled to travel from one clump of trees to another across open country. This led to a number of complementary changes to the human pelvis. It is suggested that bipedalism was the result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide1ADAA.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Diameters of pelvic inlet"><img alt="Diameters of pelvic inlet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Slide1ADAA.JPG/120px-Slide1ADAA.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Slide1ADAA.JPG/180px-Slide1ADAA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Slide1ADAA.JPG/240px-Slide1ADAA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diameters of <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inlet" title="Pelvic inlet">pelvic inlet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray235.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Right hip bone. External surface."><img alt="Right hip bone. External surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gray235.png/104px-Gray235.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gray235.png/157px-Gray235.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gray235.png/209px-Gray235.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="911" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Right hip bone. External surface.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/120px--Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="111" data-mwtitle="Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Pelvic_Girdle_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pelvic girdle anatomy</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccygeal_plexus" title="Coccygeal plexus">Coccygeal plexus</a> – Nerve plexus near the coccyx bone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">Coccyx (tailbone)</a> – Bone of the pelvis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvimetry" title="Pelvimetry">Pelvimetry</a> – Measurement of the female pelvis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis_justo_major" title="Pelvis justo major"><i>Pelvis justo major</i></a> – Congenitally large female pelvis of normal shape</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis" title="Pubic symphysis">Pubic symphysis</a> – Cartilaginous joint between the front of the left and right hip bones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacroiliac_joint" title="Sacroiliac joint">Sacroiliac joint</a> – Joint of the pelvis and spine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2014357–8_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore2014">Moore 2014</a>, pp. 357–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024134815/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/58">"Gray's anatomy"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedicineNet&rft.atitle=Gynecoid+pelvis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinenet.com%2Fscript%2Fmain%2Fart.asp%3Farticlekey%3D9031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200548-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200548_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2005">Merry 2005</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-113-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-113_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-113_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-113_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Thieme Atlas of Anatomy</i>, (2006), p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/8-3-the-pelvic-girdle-and-pelvis">text</a> available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> license.</i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettsDesaixJohnsonJohnson2013" class="citation book cs1">Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/8-3-the-pelvic-girdle-and-pelvis"><i>Anatomy & Physiology</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.place=Houston&rft.pages=8.3+The+pelvic+girdle+and+pelvis&rft.pub=OpenStax+CNX&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-947172-04-3&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=J+Gordon&rft.au=Desaix%2C+Peter&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Eddie&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Jody+E&rft.au=Korol%2C+Oksana&rft.au=Kruse%2C+Dean&rft.au=Poe%2C+Brandon&rft.au=Wise%2C+James&rft.au=Womble%2C+Mark+D&rft.au=Young%2C+Kelly+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenstax.org%2Fbooks%2Fanatomy-and-physiology%2Fpages%2F8-3-the-pelvic-girdle-and-pelvis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200550–1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200550–1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2005">Merry 2005</a>, pp. 50–1.</span> </li> <li 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class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerMayRennerViradia2011" class="citation journal cs1">Berger AA, May R, Renner JB, Viradia N, Dahners LE (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjor.21469">"Surprising evidence of pelvic growth (widening) after skeletal maturity"</a>. <i>Journal of Orthopaedic Research</i>. <b>29</b> (11): 1719–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjor.21469">10.1002/jor.21469</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21608025">21608025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID 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class="reference-text"><i>Thieme Atlas of Anatomy</i> (2006), p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holm-425-426-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holm-425-426_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holm (1980), pp. 425–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levin-2003-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levin-2003_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin (2003), <i>A Different Approach to the Mechanics of the Human Pelvis: Tensegrity</i> (See conclusions.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palastanga-331-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palastanga-331_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palastanga (2006), pp. 331–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-381-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas-381_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Thieme Atlas of Anatomy</i> (2006), p. 381</span> </li> <li 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Pain relief medication. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726021132/http://www.pain-relief-medication.info/Pelvic-pain.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Female+Pelvic+Pain&rft.pub=Pain+relief+medication&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pain-relief-medication.info%2FPelvic-pain.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plus-size-pregnancy.org/pubicpain.htm">"Pelvic Pain (Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction)"</a>. Plus-Size Pregnancy Website. April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525221448/http://www.plus-size-pregnancy.org/pubicpain.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pelvic+Pain+%28Symphysis+Pubis+Dysfunction%29&rft.pub=Plus-Size+Pregnancy+Website&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plus-size-pregnancy.org%2Fpubicpain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askdramy.com/Part2.html">"Part 2 – Labor and Delivery"</a>. Ask Dr Amy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052900/http://www.askdramy.com/Part2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+2+%E2%80%93+Labor+and+Delivery&rft.pub=Ask+Dr+Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askdramy.com%2FPart2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Med_dictionary-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Med_dictionary_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Justo+major+pelvis">"Justo major pelvis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822131016/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Justo+major+pelvis">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justo+major+pelvis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2FJusto%2Bmajor%2Bpelvis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200552–4-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200552–4_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2005">Merry 2005</a>, pp. 52–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellMoloy1938" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell, W. E.; Moloy, H. C. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1997320">"Anatomical Variations in the Female Pelvis: Their Classification and Obstetrical Significance: (Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003591573803200101">10.1177/003591573803200101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1997320">1997320</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19991699">19991699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Anatomical+Variations+in+the+Female+Pelvis%3A+Their+Classification+and+Obstetrical+Significance%3A+%28Section+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynaecology%29&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1997320%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19991699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003591573803200101&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rft.au=Moloy%2C+H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1997320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakabuyeKamizaSoremekunMachipisa2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nakabuye, Mariam; Kamiza, Abram Bunya; Soremekun, Opeyemi; Machipisa, Tafadzwa; Cohen, Emmanuel; Pirie, Fraser; Nashiru, Oyekanmi; Young, Elizabeth; Sandhu, Manjinder S.; Motala, Ayesha A.; Chikowore, Tinashe; Fatumo, Segun (2022-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939475322001272">"Genetic loci implicated in meta-analysis of body shape in Africans"</a>. <i>Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases</i>. <b>32</b> (6): 1511–1518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.numecd.2022.03.010">10.1016/j.numecd.2022.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0939-4753">0939-4753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition%2C+Metabolism+and+Cardiovascular+Diseases&rft.atitle=Genetic+loci+implicated+in+meta-analysis+of+body+shape+in+Africans&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1511-1518&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.numecd.2022.03.010&rft.issn=0939-4753&rft.aulast=Nakabuye&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft.au=Kamiza%2C+Abram+Bunya&rft.au=Soremekun%2C+Opeyemi&rft.au=Machipisa%2C+Tafadzwa&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Pirie%2C+Fraser&rft.au=Nashiru%2C+Oyekanmi&rft.au=Young%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Sandhu%2C+Manjinder+S.&rft.au=Motala%2C+Ayesha+A.&rft.au=Chikowore%2C+Tinashe&rft.au=Fatumo%2C+Segun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0939475322001272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200555–6-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200555–6_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2005">Merry 2005</a>, pp. 55–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200552-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200552_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2005">Merry 2005</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200556-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200556_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2005">Merry 2005</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200557-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200557_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2005">Merry 2005</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry200558–9-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry200558–9_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2005">Merry 2005</a>, pp. 58–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1935" class="citation journal cs1">Gregory, William K. (1935). "The pelvis from fish to man: a study in paleomorphology". <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>69</b> (722): 193–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F280593">10.1086/280593</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2456838">2456838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85158234">85158234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=The+pelvis+from+fish+to+man%3A+a+study+in+paleomorphology&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=722&rft.pages=193-210&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85158234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2456838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F280593&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-254-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall-254_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall (2007), pp. 254–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreekanth2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sreekanth, R (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4909080">"Human evolution: the real cause for birth palsy"</a>. <i>West Indian Medical Journal</i>. <b>64</b> (4): 424–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7727%2Fwimj.2014.083">10.7727/wimj.2014.083</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4909080">4909080</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26624599">26624599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+Indian+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Human+evolution%3A+the+real+cause+for+birth+palsy&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=424-8&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4909080%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26624599&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7727%2Fwimj.2014.083&rft.aulast=Sreekanth&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4909080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell1998-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell1998_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Grant_Campbell1998" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Grant Campbell (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-L-1BXTNLEC&pg=PA170"><i>Human Evolution: An Introduction to Mans Adaptations</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-02042-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-02042-6"><bdi>978-0-202-02042-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511051102/https://books.google.com/books?id=p-L-1BXTNLEC&pg=PA170">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Evolution%3A+An+Introduction+to+Mans+Adaptations&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-202-02042-6&rft.au=Bernard+Grant+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-L-1BXTNLEC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamRobinson,_Arthur1818" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Daniel John; Robinson, Arthur (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdflAHpC8XkC&pg=PA338"><i>Cunningham's text-book of anatomy</i></a>. William Wood and company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cunningham%27s+text-book+of+anatomy&rft.pub=William+Wood+and+company&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Daniel+John&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdflAHpC8XkC%26pg%3DPA338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbrallSportelli,_LouisDonato,_Phillip_R.2004" class="citation book cs1">Ebrall, Phillip S.; Sportelli, Louis; Donato, Phillip R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfYdCZtcb1AC&pg=PA224"><i>Assessment of the Spine</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-07228-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-07228-4"><bdi>978-0-443-07228-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessment+of+the+Spine&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-443-07228-4&rft.aulast=Ebrall&rft.aufirst=Phillip+S.&rft.au=Sportelli%2C+Louis&rft.au=Donato%2C+Phillip+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfYdCZtcb1AC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2007" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Brian Keith (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0YWn5F9sWkC&pg=PA254"><i>Fins into limbs: evolution, development, and transformation</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31337-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31337-5"><bdi>978-0-226-31337-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fins+into+limbs%3A+evolution%2C+development%2C+and+transformation&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31337-5&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Brian+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0YWn5F9sWkC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm1980" class="citation journal cs1">Holm, Niels J. (1980). "The Internal Stress Pattern of the os Coxae". <i>Acta Orthopaedica</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 421–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F17453678008990818">10.3109/17453678008990818</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7446021">7446021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orthopaedica&rft.atitle=The+Internal+Stress+Pattern+of+the+os+Coxae&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=421-8&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F17453678008990818&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7446021&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Niels+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2007" class="citation web cs1">Levin, Stephen M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610181510/http://www.biotensegrity.com/hang_in_there.php">"Hang In There!: The Statics and Dynamics of Pelvic Mechanics"</a>. Biotensegrity. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biotensegrity.com/hang_in_there.php">the original</a> on 2010-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hang+In+There%21%3A+The+Statics+and+Dynamics+of+Pelvic+Mechanics&rft.pub=Biotensegrity&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biotensegrity.com%2Fhang_in_there.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerry2005" class="citation book cs1">Merry, Clare V. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKHRUUQbt34C&pg=PA48">"Pelvic Shape"</a>. <i>Mind – Primary Cause of Human Evolution</i>. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4120-5457-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4120-5457-5"><bdi>1-4120-5457-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pelvic+Shape&rft.btitle=Mind+%E2%80%93+Primary+Cause+of+Human+Evolution&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4120-5457-5&rft.aulast=Merry&rft.aufirst=Clare+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKHRUUQbt34C%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2014" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Keith L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XN9qAAAAMAAJ"><i>Clinically oriented anatomy</i></a>. Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1945-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1945-9"><bdi>978-1-4511-1945-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinically+oriented+anatomy&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4511-1945-9&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXN9qAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2005" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Craig E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EwKCu-Fti0YC&pg=PA59"><i>Low Back Syndromes: Integrated Clinical Management</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-137472-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-137472-9"><bdi>978-0-07-137472-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Low+Back+Syndromes%3A+Integrated+Clinical+Management&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-07-137472-9&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Craig+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEwKCu-Fti0YC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalastangaField,_DerekSoames,_Roger2006" class="citation book cs1">Palastanga, Nigel; Field, Derek; Soames, Roger (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRtPExr9Hz8C&pg=PA334"><i>Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8814-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8814-7"><bdi>978-0-7506-8814-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+and+Human+Movement%3A+Structure+and+Function&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-8814-7&rft.aulast=Palastanga&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Field%2C+Derek&rft.au=Soames%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRtPExr9Hz8C%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatzer2004" class="citation book cs1">Platzer, Werner (2004). <i>Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System</i> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Thieme_Medical_Publishers" title="Thieme Medical Publishers">Thieme</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-13-533305-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-13-533305-1"><bdi>3-13-533305-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Atlas+of+Human+Anatomy%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Locomotor+System&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-13-533305-1&rft.aulast=Platzer&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System</i>. Thieme. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58890-419-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58890-419-5"><bdi>978-1-58890-419-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thieme+Atlas+of+Anatomy%3A+General+Anatomy+and+Musculoskeletal+System&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58890-419-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APelvis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bones_of_the_pelvis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pelvis" title="Template:Pelvis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pelvis" title="Template talk:Pelvis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pelvis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pelvis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bones_of_the_pelvis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pelvis">pelvis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">coccyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">hip bone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">Ilium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_ilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of ilium">body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_line_of_ilium" title="Arcuate line of ilium">arcuate line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wing_of_ilium" title="Wing of ilium">wing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>gluteal lines</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_gluteal_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior gluteal line">posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_gluteal_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior gluteal line">anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_gluteal_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior gluteal line">inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>iliac spines</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior superior iliac spine">anterior superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_inferior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior inferior iliac spine">anterior inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_superior_iliac_spine" title="Posterior superior iliac spine">posterior superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_inferior_iliac_spine" title="Posterior inferior iliac spine">posterior inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>other:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iliac_crest" title="Iliac crest">crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliac_tuberosity" title="Iliac tuberosity">tuberosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliac_tubercle" title="Iliac tubercle">tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliac_fossa" title="Iliac fossa">fossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ischium" title="Ischium">Ischium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">body</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischial_spine" title="Ischial spine">ischial spine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_sciatic_notch" title="Lesser sciatic notch">lesser sciatic notch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">superior ramus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuberosity_of_the_ischium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberosity of the ischium">tuberosity of the ischium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">inferior ramus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>no substructures</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">Pubis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>body <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pubic_crest" title="Pubic crest">pubic crest</a></li></ul></li> <li>superior ramus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pubic_tubercle" title="Pubic tubercle">pubic tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_crest" title="Obturator crest">obturator crest</a></li></ul></li> <li>inferior ramus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pectineal_line_(pubis)" title="Pectineal line (pubis)">pectineal line</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">acetabulum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetabular_notch" title="Acetabular notch">acetabular notch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliopubic_eminence" title="Iliopubic eminence">iliopubic eminence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Iliopectineal_line" title="Iliopectineal line">iliopectineal line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linea_terminalis" title="Linea terminalis">linea terminalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischiopubic_ramus" title="Ischiopubic ramus">ischiopubic ramus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pubic_arch" title="Pubic arch">pubic arch</a></li> <li>Foramina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_foramen" title="Obturator foramen">obturator foramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_sciatic_foramen" title="Greater sciatic foramen">greater sciatic foramen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Greater_sciatic_notch" title="Greater sciatic notch">greater sciatic notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_sciatic_foramen" title="Lesser sciatic foramen">lesser sciatic foramen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Landmarks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inlet" title="Pelvic inlet">pelvic inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_brim" title="Pelvic brim">pelvic brim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_outlet" title="Pelvic outlet">pelvic outlet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713102#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713102#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713102#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph301313&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A01.1.00.017">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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