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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_in_the_1940s_and_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_the_1940s_and_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Use in the 1940s and 1950s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_the_1940s_and_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_ban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_ban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 United States ban </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_ban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_usage_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_usage_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 International usage restrictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_usage_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Environmental impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eggshell_thinning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggshell_thinning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Eggshell thinning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggshell_thinning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Human health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acute_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Acute toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronic_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Chronic toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carcinogenicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carcinogenicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Carcinogenicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carcinogenicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breast_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breast_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Breast cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breast_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaria_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaria_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Malaria control </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Malaria_control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Malaria control subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Malaria_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Initial effectiveness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosquito_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosquito_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mosquito resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosquito_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residents'_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residents'_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Residents' concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residents'_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Human exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_restrictions_on_DDT_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_restrictions_on_DDT_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Criticism of restrictions on DDT use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_restrictions_on_DDT_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Alternatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insecticides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insecticides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Insecticides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insecticides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-chemical_vector_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-chemical_vector_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.2 Non-chemical vector control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-chemical_vector_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">DDT</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ثنائي كلورو ثنائي فينيل ثلاثي كلورو الإيثان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثنائي كلورو ثنائي فينيل ثلاثي كلورو الإيثان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%AA" title="ددت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ددت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="ডিডিটি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিডিটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%94%D0%A2" title="ДДТ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ДДТ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlordiphenyltrichlorethan" title="Dichlordiphenyltrichlorethan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dichlordiphenyltrichlorethan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicloro_difenil_tricloroetano" title="Dicloro difenil tricloroetano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dicloro difenil tricloroetano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%AA" title="ددت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ددت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodiph%C3%A9nyltrichloro%C3%A9thane" title="Dichlorodiphényltrichloroéthane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dichlorodiphényltrichloroéthane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Դուստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դուստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="डीडीटी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डीडीटी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT_(insetticida)" title="DDT (insetticida) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DDT (insetticida)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99-%D7%93%D7%99-%D7%98%D7%99" title="די-די-טי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="די-די-טי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%94%D0%A2" title="ДДТ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ДДТ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%94%D0%A2" title="ДДТ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ДДТ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF." title="ഡി.ഡി.റ്റി. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡി.ഡി.റ്റി." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloordifenyltrichloorethaan" title="Dichloordifenyltrichloorethaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dichloordifenyltrichloorethaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diklordifenyltrikloretan" title="Diklordifenyltrikloretan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Diklordifenyltrikloretan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80." title="ਡੀ.ਡੀ.ਟੀ. – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੀ.ਡੀ.ਟੀ." data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifenylotrichloroetan" title="Dichlorodifenylotrichloroetan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dichlorodifenylotrichloroetan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%94%D0%A2_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4)" title="ДДТ (инсектицид) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ДДТ (инсектицид)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%93.%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%93.%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93" title="ඩී.ඩී.ටී – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩී.ඩී.ටී" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichl%C3%B3rdifenyltrichl%C3%B3ret%C3%A1n" title="Dichlórdifenyltrichlóretán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dichlórdifenyltrichlóretán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diklooridifenyylitrikloorietaani" title="Diklooridifenyylitrikloorietaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Diklooridifenyylitrikloorietaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diklordifenyltrikloretan" title="Diklordifenyltrikloretan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Diklordifenyltrikloretan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF.%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF.%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80" title="டி.டி.டீ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டி.டி.டீ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5" title="ดีดีที – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดีดีที" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%94%D0%A2" title="ДДТ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ДДТ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ڈی ڈی ٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈی ڈی ٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="DDT" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%B4%E6%BB%B4%E6%B6%95" title="滴滴涕 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organochloride known for its insecticidal properties</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/DDT_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="DDT (disambiguation)">DDT (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P,p%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of DDT"><img alt="Chemical structure of DDT" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg/220px-P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg/330px-P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg/440px-P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of DDT</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DDT-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/DDT-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/110px-DDT-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/DDT-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/165px-DDT-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/DDT-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/220px-DDT-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DDT-from-xtal-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/DDT-from-xtal-3D-vdW.png/120px-DDT-from-xtal-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/DDT-from-xtal-3D-vdW.png/250px-DDT-from-xtal-3D-vdW.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DDT_chemical_on_watch_glass.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DDT_chemical_on_watch_glass.png/220px-DDT_chemical_on_watch_glass.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DDT_chemical_on_watch_glass.png/330px-DDT_chemical_on_watch_glass.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DDT_chemical_on_watch_glass.png/440px-DDT_chemical_on_watch_glass.png 2x" data-file-width="3112" data-file-height="2031" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">1,1,1-Trichloro-bis-2,2(4-chlorophenyl)ethane</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">1,1′-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene)</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Clofenotane</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-29-3">50-29-3</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=ClC1%3DCC%3DC%28C%28C%28Cl%29%28Cl%29Cl%29C2%3DCC%3DC%28C%3DC2%29Cl%29C%3DC1">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=16130">CHEBI:16130</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL416898">ChEMBL416898</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2928.html">2928</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.023">100.000.023</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163648#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D07367">D07367</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3036">3036</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/CIW5S16655">CIW5S16655</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4020375">DTXSID4020375</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163648#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C14H9Cl5/c15-11-5-1-9(2-6-11)13(14(17,18)19)10-3-7-12(16)8-4-10/h1-8,13H <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: YVGGHNCTFXOJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/C14H9Cl5/c15-11-5-1-9(2-6-11)13(14(17,18)19)10-3-7-12(16)8-4-10/h1-8,13H</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: YVGGHNCTFXOJCH-UHFFFAOYAJ</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">ClC1=CC=C(C(C(Cl)(Cl)Cl)C2=CC=C(C=C2)Cl)C=C1</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>C14H9Cl5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>354.48 g·mol−1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>0.99 g/cm3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>108.5 °C (227.3 °F; 381.6 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>260 °C (500 °F; 533 K) (decomposes) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>25 μg/L (25 °C)<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Pharmacology </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System#ATCvet" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATCvet code</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P53" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code P53">QP53AB01</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP53AB01">WHO</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> (OHS/OSH): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main hazards</div> </td> <td>Toxic, dangerous to the environment, suspected carcinogen </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS06: Toxic"><img alt="GHS06: Toxic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H301: Toxic if swallowed">H301</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H350: May cause cancer">H350</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure">H372</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H410</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P201: Obtain special instructions before use.">P201</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P202: Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.">P202</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P264: Wash ... thoroughly after handling.">P264</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P270: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.">P270</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P281: Use personal protective equipment as required.">P281</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P301+P310: IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P301+P310</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P308+P313: IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.">P308+P313</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P314: Get Medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.">P314</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P321: Specific treatment (see ... on this label).">P321</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P330: Rinse mouth.">P330</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P391: Collect spillage.">P391</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P405: Store locked up.">P405</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_f39ae6e266e5d33a" /><map name="ImageMap_f39ae6e266e5d33a"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuel" title="Flammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuel" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuel" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a> </td> <td>72–77 °C; 162–171 °F; 345–350 K<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;">Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD50 (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LD50" title="Lethal dose">median dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>113–800 mg/kg (rat, oral)<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a> 250 mg/kg (rabbit, oral) 135 mg/kg (mouse, oral) 150 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> (US health exposure limits):<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 1 mg/m3 [skin] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>Ca TWA 0.5 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>500 mg/m3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=456348813&page2=DDT">verify</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y<img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless <a href="/wiki/Crystallinity" title="Crystallinity">crystalline</a> chemical compound,<a href="#cite_note-EHC009-5">[5]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">organochloride</a>. Originally developed as an <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a>, it became infamous for its <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">environmental impacts</a>. DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by the Austrian chemist <a href="/wiki/Othmar_Zeidler" title="Othmar Zeidler">Othmar Zeidler</a>. DDT's insecticidal action was discovered by the Swiss chemist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Hermann Müller</a> in 1939. DDT was used in the second half of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to limit the spread of the insect-borne diseases <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> among civilians and troops. Müller was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1948 "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several <a href="/wiki/Arthropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropods">arthropods</a>".<a href="#cite_note-nobel-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>'s anti-malaria campaign of the 1950s and 1960s relied heavily on DDT and the results were promising, though there was a resurgence in developing countries afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-DDTBP.1/2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feachem2007-8">[8]</a> By October 1945, DDT was available for public sale in the United States. Although it was promoted by government and industry for use as an agricultural and household pesticide, there were also concerns about its use from the beginning.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-9">[9]</a> Opposition to DDT was focused by the 1962 publication of <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a>. It talked about environmental impacts that correlated with the widespread use of DDT in agriculture in the United States, and it questioned the logic of broadcasting potentially dangerous chemicals into the environment with little prior investigation of their environmental and health effects. The book cited claims that DDT and other pesticides caused <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds. Although Carson never directly called for an outright ban on the use of DDT, its publication was a seminal event for the <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental movement</a> and resulted in a large public outcry that eventually led, in 1972, to a ban on DDT's agricultural use in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Lear-10">[10]</a> Along with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a>, the United States ban on DDT is a major factor in the comeback of the <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle#National_bird_of_the_United_States" title="Bald eagle">national bird of the United States</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a> from near-extinction in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stokstad07-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The evolution of DDT resistance and the harm both to humans and the environment led many governments to curtail DDT use.<a href="#cite_note-Chapin81-13">[13]</a> A worldwide ban on agricultural use was formalized under the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a>, which has been in effect since 2004. Recognizing that total elimination in many malaria-prone countries is currently unfeasible in the absence of affordable/effective alternatives for disease control, the convention exempts public health use within <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) guidelines from the ban.<a href="#cite_note-Stockholm-14">[14]</a> DDT still has limited use in <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">disease vector</a> <a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">control</a> because of its effectiveness in killing <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitos</a> and thus reducing <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malarial</a> infections, but that use is controversial due to environmental and health concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Larson-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-moyers-16">[16]</a> DDT is one of many tools to fight malaria, which remains the primary <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> challenge in many countries. WHO guidelines require that absence of DDT resistance must be confirmed before using it.<a href="#cite_note-IRS-WHO-17">[17]</a> Resistance is largely due to agricultural use, in much greater quantities than required for disease prevention.<a href="#cite_note-IRS-WHO-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_and_chemistry">Properties and chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties and chemistry">edit</a>]</div> DDT is similar in structure to the insecticide <a href="/wiki/Methoxychlor" title="Methoxychlor">methoxychlor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acaricide" title="Acaricide">acaricide</a> <a href="/wiki/Dicofol" title="Dicofol">dicofol</a>. It is highly <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">hydrophobic</a> and nearly <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">insoluble</a> in <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">water</a> but has good solubility in most <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a>. DDT does not occur naturally and is synthesised by consecutive <a href="/wiki/Friedel%E2%80%93Crafts_reaction" title="Friedel–Crafts reaction">Friedel–Crafts reactions</a> between <a href="/wiki/Chloral" title="Chloral">chloral</a> (CCl 3CHO) and two <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_(chemistry)" title="Equivalent (chemistry)">equivalents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chlorobenzene" title="Chlorobenzene">chlorobenzene</a> (C 6H 5Cl), in the presence of an acidic <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a> DDT has been marketed under <a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">trade names</a> including Anofex, Cezarex, Chlorophenothane, Dicophane, Dinocide, Gesarol, Guesapon, Guesarol, Gyron, Ixodex, Neocid, Neocidol and Zerdane; <a href="/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name" title="International nonproprietary name">INN</a> is clofenotane.<a href="#cite_note-EHC009-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isomers_and_related_compounds">Isomers and related compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Isomers and related compounds">edit</a>]</div> Commercial DDT is a mixture of several closely related compounds. Due to the nature of the chemical reaction used to synthesize DDT, several combinations of ortho and para <a href="/wiki/Arene_substitution_pattern" title="Arene substitution pattern">arene substitution patterns</a> are formed. The major component (77%) is the desired p,p' <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomer</a>. The o,p' isomeric impurity is also present in significant amounts (15%). <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene</a> (DDE) and <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane">dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane</a> (DDD) make up the balance of impurities in commercial samples. DDE and DDD are also the major <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> and environmental breakdown products.<a href="#cite_note-EHC009-5">[5]</a> DDT, DDE and DDD are sometimes referred to collectively as DDX.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed skin-invert-image"> <li class="gallerycaption">Components of commercial DDT</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P,p%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="p,p'-DDT (desired compound)"><img alt="p,p'-DDT (desired compound)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg/261px-P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg/392px-P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg/522px-P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="226" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">p,p'-DDT (desired compound)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:O,p%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="o,p'-DDT (isomeric impurity)"><img alt="o,p'-DDT (isomeric impurity)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/O%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg/215px-O%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/O%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg/322px-O%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/O%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg/429px-O%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="228" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">o,p'-DDT (isomeric impurity)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P,p%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="p,p'-DDE (impurity)"><img alt="p,p'-DDE (impurity)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene.svg/294px-P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="196" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene.svg/440px-P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene.svg/587px-P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="201" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">p,p'-DDE (impurity)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P,p%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="p,p'-DDD (impurity)"><img alt="p,p'-DDD (impurity)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane.svg/330px-P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="194" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane.svg/436px-P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane.svg/581px-P%2Cp%27-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="203" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">p,p'-DDD (impurity)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_and_use">Production and use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production and use">edit</a>]</div> DDT has been formulated in multiple forms, including <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solutions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsifiable</a> <a href="/wiki/Concentrate" title="Concentrate">concentrates</a>, water-<a href="/wiki/Wettable_powder" title="Wettable powder">wettable powders</a>, granules, <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoke_bomb" title="Smoke bomb">smoke candles</a> and charges for vaporizers and lotions.<a href="#cite_note-EHC83-19">[19]</a> From 1950 to 1980, DDT was extensively used in agriculture – more than 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a> each year worldwide<a href="#cite_note-Geisz-20">[20]</a> – and it has been estimated that a total of 1.8 million tonnes have been produced globally since the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a> In the United States, it was manufactured by some 15 companies, including <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Ciba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montrose_Chemical_Corporation_of_California" title="Montrose Chemical Corporation of California">Montrose Chemical Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkema" title="Arkema">Pennwalt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Oregon_DEQ_2009-22">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velsicol_Chemical_Corporation" title="Velsicol Chemical Corporation">Velsicol Chemical Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Production peaked in 1963 at 82,000 tonnes per year.<a href="#cite_note-EHC009-5">[5]</a> More than 600,000 tonnes (1.35 billion pounds) were applied in the US before the 1972 ban. Usage peaked in 1959 at about 36,000 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-EPA1975-24">[24]</a> China ceased production in 2007,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> leaving India the only country still manufacturing DDT; it is the largest consumer.<a href="#cite_note-DDTBP.1/2-7">[7]</a> In 2009, 3,314 tonnes were produced for malaria control and <a href="/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis" title="Visceral leishmaniasis">visceral leishmaniasis</a>. In recent years, in addition to India, just seven other countries, all in Africa, are still using DDT.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_insecticide_action">Mechanism of insecticide action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mechanism of insecticide action">edit</a>]</div> In insects, DDT opens <a href="/wiki/Voltage-sensitive_sodium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-sensitive sodium channel">voltage-sensitive sodium ion channels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>, causing them to fire spontaneously, which leads to spasms and eventual death.<a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[27]</a> Insects with certain <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> in their sodium channel <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> are <a href="/wiki/Insecticide_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecticide resistance">resistant</a> to DDT and similar insecticides.<a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[27]</a> DDT resistance is also conferred by up-regulation of genes expressing <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> in some insect species,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> as greater quantities of some enzymes of this group accelerate the toxin's metabolism into inactive metabolites. Genomic studies in the model genetic organism <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a> revealed that high level DDT resistance is polygenic, involving multiple resistance mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In the absence of genetic adaptation, Roberts and Andre 1994 find <a href="/wiki/Avoidance_response" title="Avoidance response">behavioral avoidance</a> nonetheless provides insects with some protection against DDT.<a href="#cite_note-Bijlsma-Loeschcke-2011-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=M918T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M918T (page does not exist)">M918T</a> mutation event produces dramatic <a href="/wiki/Knockdown_resistance" title="Knockdown resistance">kdr</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pyrethroid" title="Pyrethroid">pyrethroids</a> but Usherwood et al. 2005 find it is entirely ineffective against DDT.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-2019-31">[31]</a> Scott 2019 believes this test in Drosophila <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocytes</a> holds for oocytes in general.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-2019-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DDT_Powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DDT_Powder.jpg/250px-DDT_Powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DDT_Powder.jpg/330px-DDT_Powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DDT_Powder.jpg/500px-DDT_Powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Commercial product concentrate containing 50% DDT, circa 1960s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DDTDichlordiph%C3%A9nyltrichlor%C3%A9thane7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/DDTDichlordiph%C3%A9nyltrichlor%C3%A9thane7.JPG/220px-DDTDichlordiph%C3%A9nyltrichlor%C3%A9thane7.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/DDTDichlordiph%C3%A9nyltrichlor%C3%A9thane7.JPG/330px-DDTDichlordiph%C3%A9nyltrichlor%C3%A9thane7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/DDTDichlordiph%C3%A9nyltrichlor%C3%A9thane7.JPG/440px-DDTDichlordiph%C3%A9nyltrichlor%C3%A9thane7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3437" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Commercial product of <a href="/wiki/Ciba-Geigy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciba-Geigy">Ciba-Geigy</a> Néocide (powder box, 50 g) containing 10% DDT, made in France.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 175px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Radical_DDT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Radical_DDT.JPG/175px-Radical_DDT.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Radical_DDT.JPG/263px-Radical_DDT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Radical_DDT.JPG/350px-Radical_DDT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2103" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/ddt-the-britney-spears-of-chemicals">"Episode 207: DDT"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></td></tr></tbody></table> DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by <a href="/wiki/Othmar_Zeidler" title="Othmar Zeidler">Othmar Zeidler</a> under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-augustin-33">[33]</a> It was further described in 1929 in a dissertation by W. Bausch and in two subsequent publications in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The insecticide properties of "multiple chlorinated aliphatic or fat-aromatic alcohols with at least one trichloromethane group" were described in a patent in 1934 by Wolfgang von Leuthold.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> DDT's insecticidal properties were not, however, discovered until 1939 by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss (people)">Swiss</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Hermann Müller</a>, who was awarded the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_and_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine</a> for his efforts.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_the_1940s_and_1950s">Use in the 1940s and 1950s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use in the 1940s and 1950s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1955._Ford_tri-motor_spraying_DDT._Western_spruce_budworm_control_project._Powder_River_control_unit,_OR._(32213742634).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1955._Ford_tri-motor_spraying_DDT._Western_spruce_budworm_control_project._Powder_River_control_unit%2C_OR._%2832213742634%29.jpg/220px-1955._Ford_tri-motor_spraying_DDT._Western_spruce_budworm_control_project._Powder_River_control_unit%2C_OR._%2832213742634%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1955._Ford_tri-motor_spraying_DDT._Western_spruce_budworm_control_project._Powder_River_control_unit%2C_OR._%2832213742634%29.jpg/330px-1955._Ford_tri-motor_spraying_DDT._Western_spruce_budworm_control_project._Powder_River_control_unit%2C_OR._%2832213742634%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1955._Ford_tri-motor_spraying_DDT._Western_spruce_budworm_control_project._Powder_River_control_unit%2C_OR._%2832213742634%29.jpg/440px-1955._Ford_tri-motor_spraying_DDT._Western_spruce_budworm_control_project._Powder_River_control_unit%2C_OR._%2832213742634%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>An airplane spraying DDT over <a href="/wiki/Baker_County,_Oregon" title="Baker County, Oregon">Baker County, Oregon</a> as part of a <a href="/wiki/Spruce_budworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Spruce budworm">spruce budworm</a> control project, 1955</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BosaDDTlog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BosaDDTlog.jpg/220px-BosaDDTlog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BosaDDTlog.jpg/330px-BosaDDTlog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BosaDDTlog.jpg/440px-BosaDDTlog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2402" data-file-height="3029" /></a><figcaption>DDT spray log in <a href="/wiki/Bosa" title="Bosa">Bosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</figcaption></figure> DDT is the best-known of several <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>-containing pesticides used in the 1940s and 1950s. During this time, the use of DDT was driven by protecting American soldiers from diseases in tropical areas. Both British and American scientists hoped to use it to control spread of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> among overseas soldiers, especially considering that the <a href="/wiki/Pyrethrum" title="Pyrethrum">pyrethrum</a> was harder to access since it came mainly from Japan.<a href="#cite_note-auto-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Due to the potency of DDT, it was not long before America's <a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a> placed it on military supply lists in 1942 and 1943 and encouraged its production for overseas use. Enthusiasm regarding DDT became obvious through the American government's advertising campaigns of posters depicting Americans fighting the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> and insects and through media publications celebrating its military uses.<a href="#cite_note-auto-37">[37]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">South Pacific</a>, it was sprayed aerially for malaria and dengue fever control with spectacular effects. While DDT's chemical and insecticidal properties were important factors in these victories, advances in application equipment coupled with competent organization and sufficient manpower were also crucial to the success of these programs.<a href="#cite_note-Dunlap-39">[39]</a> In 1945, DDT was made available to farmers as an agricultural insecticide<a href="#cite_note-EHC009-5">[5]</a> and played a role in the elimination of malaria in Europe and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Larson-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Despite concerns emerging in the scientific community, and lack of research, the FDA considered it safe up to 7 parts per million in food. There was a large economic incentive to push DDT into the market and sell it to farmers, governments, and individuals to control diseases and increase food production.<a href="#cite_note-auto-37">[37]</a> DDT was also a way for American influence to reach abroad through DDT-spraying campaigns. In the 1944 issue of <a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a> there was a feature regarding the Italian program showing pictures of American public health officials in uniforms spraying DDT on Italian families.<a href="#cite_note-auto-37">[37]</a> In 1955, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> commenced a program to eradicate malaria in countries with low to moderate transmission rates worldwide, relying largely on DDT for mosquito control and rapid diagnosis and treatment to reduce transmission.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The program eliminated the disease in "North America, Europe, the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>",<a href="#cite_note-AmJTrop-43">[43]</a> and in "<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, much of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, parts of northern Africa, the northern region of Australia, and a large swath of the South Pacific"<a href="#cite_note-Gladwell-44">[44]</a> and dramatically reduced mortality in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and India.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon-45">[45]</a> However, failure to sustain the program, increasing mosquito tolerance to DDT, and increasing parasite tolerance led to a resurgence. In many areas early successes partially or completely reversed, and in some cases rates of transmission increased.<a href="#cite_note-Chapin81-13">[13]</a> The program succeeded in eliminating malaria only in areas with "high socio-economic status, well-organized healthcare systems, and relatively less intensive or seasonal malaria transmission".<a href="#cite_note-AmJTrop-43">[43]</a> DDT was less effective in tropical regions due to the continuous life cycle of mosquitoes and poor infrastructure. It was applied in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> by various colonial states, but the 'global' WHO eradication program didn't include the region.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Mortality rates in that area never declined to the same dramatic extent, and now constitute the bulk of malarial deaths worldwide, especially following the disease's resurgence as a result of resistance to drug treatments and the spread of the deadly malarial variant caused by <a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">Plasmodium falciparum</a>. Eradication was abandoned in 1969 and attention instead focused on controlling and treating the disease. Spraying programs (especially using DDT) were curtailed due to concerns over safety and environmental effects, as well as problems in administrative, managerial and financial implementation.<a href="#cite_note-Chapin81-13">[13]</a> Efforts shifted from spraying to the use of <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_net" title="Mosquito net">bednets</a> impregnated with insecticides and other interventions.<a href="#cite_note-AmJTrop-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rogan05-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_ban">United States ban</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States ban">edit</a>]</div> By October 1945, DDT was available for public sale in the United States, used both as an agricultural pesticide and as a household insecticide.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-9">[9]</a> Although its use was promoted by government and the agricultural industry, US scientists such as FDA pharmacologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_O._Calvery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert O. Calvery (page does not exist)">Herbert O. Calvery</a> expressed concern over possible hazards associated with DDT as early as 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPA1975-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-9">[9]</a> In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Bradbury_Robinson" title="Bradbury Robinson">Bradbury Robinson</a>, a physician and nutritionist practicing in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Michigan" title="St. Louis, Michigan">St. Louis, Michigan</a>, warned of the dangers of using the pesticide DDT in agriculture. DDT had been researched and manufactured in St. Louis by the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Chemical_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Chemical Corporation">Michigan Chemical Corporation</a>, later purchased by <a href="/wiki/Velsicol_Chemical_Corporation" title="Velsicol Chemical Corporation">Velsicol Chemical Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and had become an important part of the local economy.<a href="#cite_note-STLH-50">[50]</a> Citing research performed by <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> in 1946, Robinson, a past president of the local Conservation Club,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> opined that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">perhaps the greatest danger from D.D.T. is that its extensive use in farm areas is most likely to upset the natural balances, not only killing beneficial insects in great number but by bringing about the death of fish, birds, and other forms of wild life either by their feeding on insects killed by D.D.T. or directly by ingesting the poison.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></blockquote> As its production and use increased, public response was mixed. At the same time that DDT was hailed as part of the "world of tomorrow", concerns were expressed about its potential to kill harmless and beneficial insects (particularly <a href="/wiki/Pollinators" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinators">pollinators</a>), birds, fish, and eventually humans. The issue of toxicity was complicated, partly because DDT's effects varied from species to species, and partly because consecutive exposures could accumulate, causing damage comparable to large doses. A number of states attempted to regulate DDT.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-EHC009-5">[5]</a> In the 1950s the federal government began tightening regulations governing its use.<a href="#cite_note-EPA1975-24">[24]</a> These events received little attention. Women like Dorothy Colson and Mamie Ella Plyler of <a href="/wiki/Claxton,_Georgia" title="Claxton, Georgia">Claxton, Georgia</a>, gathered evidence about DDT's effects and wrote to the Georgia Department of Public Health, the National Health Council in New York City, and other organizations.<a href="#cite_note-Conis-54">[54]</a> In 1957 <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported an unsuccessful struggle to restrict DDT use in <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County, New York</a>, and the issue came to the attention of the popular naturalist-author <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a> when a friend, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Huckins" title="Olga Huckins">Olga Huckins</a>, wrote to her including an article she had written in the Boston Globe about the devastation of her local bird population after DDT spraying.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Shawn" title="William Shawn">William Shawn</a>, editor of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, urged her to write a piece on the subject, which developed into her 1962 book <a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a>. The book argued that <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, including DDT, were poisoning both wildlife and the environment and were endangering human health.<a href="#cite_note-Lear-10">[10]</a> Silent Spring was a best seller, and public reaction to it launched the modern <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental movement</a> in the United States. The year after it appeared, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">President John F. Kennedy</a> ordered his Science Advisory Committee to investigate Carson's claims. The committee's report "add[ed] up to a fairly thorough-going vindication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring thesis", in the words of the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and recommended a phaseout of "persistent toxic pesticides".<a href="#cite_note-Michaels2008-58">[58]</a> In 1965, the U.S. military removed DDT from the military supply system due in part to the development of resistance by body lice to DDT; it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">lindane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In the mid-1960s, DDT became a prime target of the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a>, as concern about DDT and its effects began to rise in local communities. In 1966, a fish kill in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk County, NY</a>, was linked to a 5,000-gallon DDT dump by the county's mosquito commission, leading a group of scientists and lawyers to file a lawsuit to stop the county's further use of DDT.<a href="#cite_note-CARTERLJ19671222-60">[60]</a> A year later, the group, led by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Yannacone" title="Victor Yannacone">Victor Yannacone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Wurster" title="Charles Frederick Wurster">Charles Wurster</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_Fund" title="Environmental Defense Fund">Environmental Defense Fund</a> (EDF), along with scientists <a href="/wiki/Art_Cooley" title="Art Cooley">Art Cooley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Puleston" title="Dennis Puleston">Dennis Puleston</a>, and brought a string of lawsuits against DDT and other persistent pesticides in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PRIMACKJR_VONHIPPELF1974-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Around the same time, evidence was mounting further about DDT causing catastrophic declines in wildlife reproduction, especially in birds of prey like <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcons" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrine falcons">peregrine falcons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bald eagles">bald eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ospreys" class="mw-redirect" title="Ospreys">ospreys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brown_pelicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown pelicans">brown pelicans</a>, whose eggshells became so thin that they often cracked before hatching.<a href="#cite_note-HENKINH_MERTAM_STAPLESJM1971-63">[63]</a> Toxicologists like <a href="/wiki/David_Peakall" title="David Peakall">David Peakall</a> were measuring <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">DDE</a> levels in the eggs of <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcons" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrine falcons">peregrine falcons</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor">California condors</a> and finding that increased levels corresponded with thinner shells.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Compounding the effect was DDT’s persistence in the environment, as it was unable to dissolve in water, and ended up accumulating in animal fat and disrupting hormone metabolism across a wide range of species.<a href="#cite_note-DUNLAPTR1978-65">[65]</a> In response to an EDF suit, the U.S. District Court of Appeals in 1971 ordered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> to begin the de-registration procedure for DDT. After an initial six-month review process, <a href="/wiki/William_Ruckelshaus" title="William Ruckelshaus">William Ruckelshaus</a>, the Agency's first <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator</a> rejected an immediate suspension of DDT's registration, citing studies from the EPA's internal staff stating that DDT was not an imminent danger.<a href="#cite_note-EPA1975-24">[24]</a> However, these findings were criticized, as they were performed mostly by <a href="/wiki/Economic_entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic entomologist">economic entomologists</a> inherited from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>, who many environmentalists felt were biased towards <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> and understated concerns about human health and wildlife. The decision thus created controversy.<a href="#cite_note-Dunlap-39">[39]</a> The EPA held seven months of hearings in 1971–1972, with scientists giving evidence for and against DDT. In the summer of 1972, Ruckelshaus announced the cancellation of most uses of DDT – exempting public health uses under some conditions.<a href="#cite_note-EPA1975-24">[24]</a> Again, this caused controversy. Immediately after the announcement, both the EDF and the DDT manufacturers filed suit against EPA. Many in the agricultural community were concerned that food production would be severely impacted, while proponents of pesticides warned of increased breakouts of insect-borne diseases and questioned the accuracy of giving animals high amounts of pesticides for cancer potential.<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[66]</a> Industry sought to overturn the ban, while the EDF wanted a comprehensive ban. The cases were consolidated, and in 1973 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> ruled that the EPA had acted properly in banning DDT.<a href="#cite_note-EPA1975-24">[24]</a> During the late 1970s, the EPA also began banning organochlorines, pesticides that were chemically similar to DDT. These included aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, toxaphene, and mirex.<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[66]</a> Some uses of DDT continued under the public health exemption. For example, in June 1979, the California Department of Health Services was permitted to use DDT to suppress <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">flea</a> vectors of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urlAEI_–_Short_Publications_–_The_Rise,_Fall,_Rise,_and_Imminent_Fall_of_DDT-67">[67]</a> DDT continued to be produced in the United States for foreign markets until 1985, when over 300 tons were exported.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_usage_restrictions">International usage restrictions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: International usage restrictions">edit</a>]</div> In the 1970s and 1980s, agricultural use was banned in most developed countries, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a> in 1968<a href="#cite_note-Cheremisinoff-Rosenfeld-2011-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nagy-Vajna-1972-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> – although in practice it continued to be used through at least 1970.<a href="#cite_note-ag-use-stats-1979-71">[71]</a> This was followed by <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1970, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and the United States in 1972, but not in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> until 1984. In contrast to West Germany, in the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> DDT was used until 1988. Especially of relevance were large-scale applications in forestry in the years 1982–1984, with the aim to combat <a href="/wiki/Bark_beetle" title="Bark beetle">bark beetle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymantria_monacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymantria monacha">pine moth</a>. As a consequence, DDT-concentrations in eastern German forest soils are still significantly higher compared to soils in the former western German states.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> By 1991, total bans, including for disease control, were in place in at least 26 countries; for example, Cuba in 1970, the US in the 1980s, Singapore in 1984, Chile in 1985, and the Republic of Korea in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a>, which took effect in 2004, put a global ban on several <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a>, and restricted DDT use to <a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">vector control</a>. The convention was ratified by more than 170 countries. Recognizing that total elimination in many malaria-prone countries is currently unfeasible in the absence of affordable/effective alternatives, the convention exempts public health use within <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) guidelines from the ban.<a href="#cite_note-Stockholm-14">[14]</a> Resolution 60.18 of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Assembly" title="World Health Assembly">World Health Assembly</a> commits WHO to the Stockholm Convention's aim of reducing and ultimately eliminating DDT.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Malaria Foundation International states, "The outcome of the treaty is arguably better than the status quo going into the negotiations. For the first time, there is now an insecticide which is restricted to vector control only, meaning that the selection of resistant mosquitoes will be slower than before."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Despite the worldwide ban, agricultural use continued in India,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> North Korea, and possibly elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-DDTBP.1/2-7">[7]</a> As of 2013, an estimated 3,000 to 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> of DDT were produced for disease <a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">vector control</a>, including 2,786 tons in India.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> DDT is applied to the inside walls of homes to kill or repel mosquitoes. This intervention, called <a href="/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying" title="Indoor residual spraying">indoor residual spraying</a> (IRS), greatly reduces environmental damage. It also reduces the incidence of DDT resistance.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> For comparison, treating 40 hectares (99 acres) of cotton during a typical U.S. growing season requires the same amount of chemical to treat roughly 1,700 homes.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_1997-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DDT_to_DDD_and_DDE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/DDT_to_DDD_and_DDE.svg/500px-DDT_to_DDD_and_DDE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/DDT_to_DDD_and_DDE.svg/960px-DDT_to_DDD_and_DDE.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Degradation of DDT to form DDE (by elimination of HCl, left) and DDD (by reductive dechlorination, right)</figcaption></figure> DDT is a <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutant</a> that is readily <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>, which can act both as sinks and as long-term sources of exposure affecting organisms.<a href="#cite_note-EHC83-19">[19]</a> Depending on environmental conditions, its soil <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> can range from 22 days to 30 years. Routes of loss and degradation include runoff, volatilization, <a href="/wiki/Photolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Photolysis">photolysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic</a> <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradation</a>. Due to <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> properties, in <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a> DDT and its metabolites are absorbed by aquatic organisms and adsorbed on suspended particles, leaving little DDT dissolved in the water (however, its half-life in aquatic environments is listed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Pesticide_Information_Center" title="National Pesticide Information Center">National Pesticide Information Center</a> as 150 years<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>). Its breakdown products and metabolites, DDE and DDD, are also persistent and have similar chemical and physical properties.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a> DDT and its breakdown products are transported from warmer areas to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> by the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">global distillation</a>, where they then accumulate in the region's <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Medical researchers in 1974 found a measurable and significant difference in the presence of DDT in human milk between mothers who lived in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and mothers who lived in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, "possibly because of the wider use of insecticide sprays in the past".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Because of its <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilic</a> properties, DDT can <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioaccumulate">bioaccumulate</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Predatory_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory birds">predatory birds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> DDT is toxic to a wide range of living organisms, including marine animals such as <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daphnia" title="Daphnia">daphnids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">sea shrimp</a> and many species of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>. DDT, DDE and DDD <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">magnify</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Raptor_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor birds">raptor birds</a> concentrating more chemicals than other animals in the same environment. They are stored mainly in body <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>. DDT and DDE are resistant to metabolism; in humans, their half-lives are 6 and up to 10 years, respectively. In the United States, these chemicals were detected in almost all human blood samples tested by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a> in 2005, though their levels have sharply declined since most uses were banned.<a href="#cite_note-PineRiver-84">[84]</a> Estimated dietary intake has declined,<a href="#cite_note-PineRiver-84">[84]</a> although FDA food tests commonly detect it.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Despite being banned for many years, in 2018 research showed that DDT residues are still present in European soils and Spanish rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Geissen-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-PAN-E-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eggshell_thinning">Eggshell thinning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eggshell thinning">edit</a>]</div> The chemical and its breakdown products DDE and DDD caused eggshell thinning and population declines in multiple North American and European <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">bird of prey</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stokstad07-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lundholm,_1997-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tubbs2016-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-ibis-91">[91]</a> Both laboratory experiments and field studies confirmed this effect.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The effect was first conclusively proven at <a href="/wiki/Bellow_Island" title="Bellow Island">Bellow Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> during <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>-funded studies on <a href="/wiki/American_herring_gull" title="American herring gull">American herring gulls</a> in the mid-1960s.<a href="#cite_note-mynorthscience-93">[93]</a> DDE-related eggshell thinning is considered a major reason for the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stokstad07-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brown_pelican" title="Brown pelican">brown pelican</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a> However, birds vary in their sensitivity to these chemicals, with <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of prey">birds of prey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">song birds</a> being more susceptible than <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">related species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EHC83-19">[19]</a> Even in 2010, <a href="/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor">California condors</a> that feed on <a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a> at <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a> that in turn feed in the Palos Verdes Shelf area of the <a href="/wiki/Montrose_Chemical_Corporation_of_California" title="Montrose Chemical Corporation of California">Montrose Chemical</a> <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> site exhibited continued thin-shell problems,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> though DDT's role in the decline of the <a href="/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor">California condor</a> is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-ibis-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tubbs2016-90">[90]</a> The biological thinning mechanism is not entirely understood, but DDE appears to be more potent than DDT,<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a> and strong evidence indicates that p,p'-DDE inhibits <a href="/wiki/Calcium_ATPase" title="Calcium ATPase">calcium ATPase</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Biological_membrane" title="Biological membrane">membrane</a> of the shell gland and reduces the transport of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> into the eggshell gland. This results in a dose-dependent thickness reduction.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guillette,_2006-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lundholm,_1997-89">[89]</a> Other evidence indicates that o,p'-DDT disrupts female reproductive tract development, later impairing eggshell quality.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Multiple mechanisms may be at work, or different mechanisms may operate in different species.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_health">Human health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DDT_WWII_soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/DDT_WWII_soldier.jpg/220px-DDT_WWII_soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/DDT_WWII_soldier.jpg/330px-DDT_WWII_soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/DDT_WWII_soldier.jpg/440px-DDT_WWII_soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. soldier is demonstrating DDT hand-spraying equipment. DDT was used to control the spread of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>-carrying <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_27_09_-_Ziguinchor_hospital,_Senegal_-_Cleaning_the_hospital_and_the_hospital_beds_-_1973.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_27_09_-_Ziguinchor_hospital%2C_Senegal_-_Cleaning_the_hospital_and_the_hospital_beds_-_1973.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_27_09_-_Ziguinchor_hospital%2C_Senegal_-_Cleaning_the_hospital_and_the_hospital_beds_-_1973.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_27_09_-_Ziguinchor_hospital%2C_Senegal_-_Cleaning_the_hospital_and_the_hospital_beds_-_1973.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_27_09_-_Ziguinchor_hospital%2C_Senegal_-_Cleaning_the_hospital_and_the_hospital_beds_-_1973.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_27_09_-_Ziguinchor_hospital%2C_Senegal_-_Cleaning_the_hospital_and_the_hospital_beds_-_1973.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_27_09_-_Ziguinchor_hospital%2C_Senegal_-_Cleaning_the_hospital_and_the_hospital_beds_-_1973.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="3121" /></a><figcaption>Spraying hospital beds with DDT, <a href="/wiki/PAIGC" class="mw-redirect" title="PAIGC">PAIGC</a> hospital of <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a>, 1973</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg/220px-The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg/330px-The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg/440px-The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a> is the build up of toxins in a food chain. The DDT concentration is in parts per million. As the trophic level increases in a food chain, the amount of toxic build up also increases. The X's represent the amount of toxic build up accumulating as the trophic level increases. Toxins build up in organism's tissues and fat. Predators accumulate higher toxins than the prey.</figcaption></figure> DDT is an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine disruptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> It is considered likely to be a human <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a> although the majority of studies suggest it is not directly <a href="/wiki/Genotoxicity" title="Genotoxicity">genotoxic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-NTP-DDT-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">DDE</a> acts as a weak <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a>, but not as an <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> p,p'-DDT, DDT's main component, has little or no androgenic or estrogenic activity.<a href="#cite_note-Cohn07-106">[106]</a> The minor component o,p'-DDT has weak estrogenic activity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute_toxicity">Acute toxicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Acute toxicity">edit</a>]</div> DDT is classified as "moderately toxic" by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Toxicology_Program" title="National Toxicology Program">National Toxicology Program</a> (NTP) and "moderately hazardous" by WHO, based on the rat oral <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD50</a> of 113 mg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-zvgfrt-107">[107]</a> Indirect exposure is considered relatively non-toxic for humans.<a href="#cite_note-Agarwal-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronic_toxicity">Chronic toxicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chronic toxicity">edit</a>]</div> Primarily through the tendency for DDT to build up in areas of the body with high lipid content, chronic exposure can affect reproductive capabilities and the embryo or fetus.<a href="#cite_note-Agarwal-108">[108]</a> <ul><li>A review article in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> states: "research has shown that exposure to DDT at amounts that would be needed in malaria control might cause preterm birth and early weaning ... toxicological evidence shows <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine-disrupting</a> properties; human data also indicate possible disruption in semen quality, menstruation, gestational length, and duration of lactation".<a href="#cite_note-Rogan05-47">[47]</a></li> <li>Other studies document decreases in <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> quality among men with high exposures (generally from <a href="/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying" title="Indoor residual spraying">indoor residual spraying</a>).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>Studies are inconsistent on whether high blood DDT or DDE levels increase time to pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-PineRiver-84">[84]</a> In mothers with high DDE blood serum levels, daughters may have up to a 32% increase in the probability of conceiving, but increased DDT levels have been associated with a 16% decrease in one study.<a href="#cite_note-Eskenazi-110">[110]</a></li> <li>Indirect exposure of mothers through workers directly in contact with DDT is associated with an increase in spontaneous abortions.<a href="#cite_note-Agarwal-108">[108]</a></li> <li>Other studies found that DDT or DDE interfere with proper thyroid function in pregnancy and childhood.<a href="#cite_note-PineRiver-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>Mothers with high levels of DDT circulating in their blood during pregnancy were found to be more likely to give birth to children who would go on to develop autism.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carcinogenicity">Carcinogenicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Carcinogenicity">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> classified DDT as Group 2A "probably carcinogenic to humans".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Previous assessments by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Toxicology_Program" title="National Toxicology Program">National Toxicology Program</a> classified it as "reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen" and by the EPA classified DDT, DDE and DDD as class B2 "probable" <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a>; these evaluations were based mainly on animal studies.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rogan05-47">[47]</a> A 2005 Lancet review stated that occupational DDT exposure was associated with increased <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> risk in 2 case control studies, but another study showed no DDE dose-effect association. Results regarding a possible association with <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a> and biliary tract cancer are conflicting: workers who did not have direct occupational DDT contact showed increased risk. White men had an increased risk, but not white women or black men. Results about an association with multiple myeloma, prostate and testicular cancer, endometrial cancer and colorectal cancer have been inconclusive or generally do not support an association.<a href="#cite_note-Rogan05-47">[47]</a> A 2017 review of liver cancer studies concluded that "organochlorine pesticides, including DDT, may increase <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">hepatocellular carcinoma</a> risk".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> A 2009 review, whose co-authors included persons engaged in DDT-related litigation, reached broadly similar conclusions, with an equivocal association with testicular cancer. <a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Case–control studies">Case–control studies</a> did not support an association with leukemia or lymphoma.<a href="#cite_note-PineRiver-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breast_cancer">Breast cancer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Breast cancer">edit</a>]</div> The question of whether DDT or DDE are <a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_breast_cancer" title="Risk factors for breast cancer">risk factors in breast cancer</a> has not been conclusively answered. Several meta analyses of observational studies have concluded that there is no overall relationship between DDT exposure and breast cancer risk.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The United States Institute of Medicine reviewed data on the association of breast cancer with DDT exposure in 2012 and concluded that a causative relationship could neither be proven nor disproven.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> A 2007 case-control study<a href="#cite_note-Cohn07-106">[106]</a> using archived blood samples found that breast cancer risk was increased 5-fold among women who were born prior to 1931 and who had high serum DDT levels in 1963. Reasoning that DDT use became widespread in 1945 and peaked around 1950, they concluded that the ages of 14–20 were a critical period in which DDT exposure leads to increased risk. This study, which suggests a connection between DDT exposure and breast cancer that would not be picked up by most studies, has received variable commentary in third-party reviews. One review suggested that "previous studies that measured exposure in older women may have missed the critical period".<a href="#cite_note-PineRiver-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The National Toxicology Program notes that while the majority of studies have not found a relationship between DDT exposure and breast cancer that positive associations have been seen in a "few studies among women with higher levels of exposure and among certain subgroups of women".<a href="#cite_note-NTP-DDT-103">[103]</a> A 2015 case control study identified a link (odds ratio 3.4) between in-utero exposure (as estimated from archived maternal blood samples) and <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> diagnosis in daughters. The findings "support classification of DDT as an endocrine disruptor, a predictor of breast cancer, and a marker of high risk".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malaria_control">Malaria control</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Malaria control">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> remains the primary <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> challenge in many countries. In 2015, there were 214 million cases of malaria worldwide resulting in an estimated 438,000 deaths, 90% of which occurred in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-WHO15-121">[121]</a> DDT is one of many tools to fight the disease. Its use in this context has been called everything from a "miracle weapon [that is] like <a href="/wiki/Kryptonite" title="Kryptonite">Kryptonite</a> to the mosquitoes",<a href="#cite_note-salon-122">[122]</a> to "toxic colonialism".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Before DDT, eliminating mosquito breeding grounds by drainage or poisoning with <a href="/wiki/Paris_green" title="Paris green">Paris green</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyrethrum" title="Pyrethrum">pyrethrum</a> was sometimes successful. In parts of the world with rising living standards, the elimination of malaria was often a collateral benefit of the introduction of window screens and improved sanitation.<a href="#cite_note-Gladwell-44">[44]</a> A variety of usually simultaneous interventions represents best practice. These include <a href="/wiki/Antimalarial_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimalarial drugs">antimalarial drugs</a> to prevent or treat infection; improvements in public health infrastructure to diagnose, sequester and treat infected individuals; <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_net" title="Mosquito net">bednets</a> and other methods intended to keep mosquitoes from biting humans; and <a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">vector control</a> strategies<a href="#cite_note-wmr09-124">[124]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Larvacide" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvacide">larviciding</a> with insecticides, ecological controls such as draining mosquito breeding grounds or introducing fish to eat larvae and <a href="/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying" title="Indoor residual spraying">indoor residual spraying</a> (IRS) with insecticides, possibly including DDT. IRS involves the treatment of interior walls and ceilings with insecticides. It is particularly effective against mosquitoes, since many species rest on an indoor wall before or after feeding. DDT is one of 12 WHO–approved IRS insecticides.<a href="#cite_note-AmJTrop-43">[43]</a> The WHO's anti-malaria campaign of the 1950s and 1960s relied heavily on DDT and the results were promising, though temporary in developing countries. Experts tie malarial resurgence to multiple factors, including poor leadership, management and funding of malaria control programs; poverty; civil unrest; and increased <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>. The evolution of resistance to first-generation drugs (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a>) and to insecticides exacerbated the situation.<a href="#cite_note-DDTBP.1/2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feachem2007-8">[8]</a> Resistance was largely fueled by unrestricted agricultural use. Resistance and the harm both to humans and the environment led many governments to curtail DDT use in vector control and agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Chapin81-13">[13]</a> In 2006 WHO reversed a longstanding policy against DDT by recommending that it be used as an indoor pesticide in regions where malaria is a major problem.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Once the mainstay of anti-malaria campaigns, as of 2019 only five countries used DDT for Indoor Residual Spraying <a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_effectiveness">Initial effectiveness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Initial effectiveness">edit</a>]</div> When it was introduced in World War II, DDT was effective in reducing malaria <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dunlap-39">[39]</a> WHO's anti-malaria campaign, which consisted mostly of spraying DDT and rapid treatment and diagnosis to break the transmission cycle, was initially successful as well. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the program reduced cases from about one million per year before spraying to just 18 in 1963<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and 29 in 1964. Thereafter the program was halted to save money and malaria rebounded to 600,000 cases in 1968 and the first quarter of 1969. The country resumed DDT vector control but the mosquitoes had evolved resistance in the interim, presumably because of continued agricultural use. The program switched to <a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">malathion</a>, but despite initial successes, malaria continued its resurgence into the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> DDT remains on WHO's list of insecticides recommended for IRS. After the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Arata_Kochi" title="Arata Kochi">Arata Kochi</a> as head of its anti-malaria division, WHO's policy shifted from recommending IRS only in areas of seasonal or episodic transmission of malaria, to advocating it in areas of continuous, intense transmission.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> WHO reaffirmed its commitment to phasing out DDT, aiming "to achieve a 30% cut in the application of DDT world-wide by 2014 and its total phase-out by the early 2020s if not sooner" while simultaneously combating malaria. WHO plans to implement alternatives to DDT to achieve this goal.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> South Africa continues to use DDT under WHO guidelines. In 1996, the country switched to alternative insecticides and malaria incidence increased dramatically. Returning to DDT and introducing new drugs brought malaria back under control.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Malaria cases increased in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> after countries in that continent stopped using DDT. Research data showed a strong negative relationship between DDT residual house sprayings and malaria. In a research from 1993 to 1995, Ecuador increased its use of DDT and achieved a 61% reduction in malaria rates, while each of the other countries that gradually decreased its DDT use had large increases.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_1997-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosquito_resistance">Mosquito resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mosquito resistance">edit</a>]</div> In some areas, resistance reduced DDT's effectiveness. WHO guidelines require that absence of resistance must be confirmed before using the chemical.<a href="#cite_note-IRS-WHO-17">[17]</a> Resistance is largely due to agricultural use, in much greater quantities than required for disease prevention. Resistance was noted early in spray campaigns. Paul Russell, former head of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> Anti-Malaria campaign, observed in 1956 that "resistance has appeared after six or seven years".<a href="#cite_note-Gladwell-44">[44]</a> Resistance has been detected in Sri Lanka, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and it has largely been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">carbamate</a> insecticides, e.g. malathion or <a href="/wiki/Bendiocarb" title="Bendiocarb">bendiocarb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-135">[135]</a> In many parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, DDT is ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Agricultural uses were banned in 1989 and its anti-malarial use has been declining. Urban use ended.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> One study concluded that "DDT is still a viable insecticide in indoor residual spraying owing to its effectivity in well supervised spray operation and high excito-repellency factor."<a href="#cite_note-mrc-138">[138]</a> Studies of malaria-vector mosquitoes in <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="KwaZulu-Natal Province">KwaZulu-Natal Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> found susceptibility to 4% DDT (WHO's susceptibility standard), in 63% of the samples, compared to the average of 87% in the same species caught in the open. The authors concluded that "Finding DDT resistance in the vector An. arabiensis, close to the area where we previously reported pyrethroid-resistance in the vector An. funestus Giles, indicates an urgent need to develop a strategy of <a href="/wiki/Insecticide_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecticide resistance">insecticide resistance</a> management for the malaria control programmes of southern Africa."<a href="#cite_note-Hargreaves-139">[139]</a> DDT can still be effective against resistant mosquitoes<a href="#cite_note-PLoS1-140">[140]</a> and the avoidance of DDT-sprayed walls by mosquitoes is an additional benefit of the chemical.<a href="#cite_note-mrc-138">[138]</a> For example, a 2007 study reported that resistant mosquitoes avoided treated huts. The researchers argued that DDT was the best pesticide for use in IRS (even though it did not afford the most protection from mosquitoes out of the three test chemicals) because the other pesticides worked primarily by killing or irritating mosquitoes – encouraging the development of resistance.<a href="#cite_note-PLoS1-140">[140]</a> Others argue that the avoidance behavior slows eradication.<a href="#cite_note-Musawenkosi-141">[141]</a> Unlike other insecticides such as <a href="/wiki/Pyrethroid" title="Pyrethroid">pyrethroids</a>, DDT requires long exposure to accumulate a lethal dose; however its irritant property shortens contact periods. "For these reasons, when comparisons have been made, better malaria control has generally been achieved with pyrethroids than with DDT."<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-135">[135]</a> In India outdoor sleeping and night duties are common, implying that "the excito-repellent effect of DDT, often reported useful in other countries, actually promotes outdoor transmission".<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residents'_concerns">Residents' concerns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Residents' concerns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying#Residents'_opposition_to_IRS" title="Indoor residual spraying">Indoor residual spraying § Residents' opposition to IRS</a></div> IRS is effective if at least 80% of homes and barns in a residential area are sprayed.<a href="#cite_note-IRS-WHO-17">[17]</a> Lower coverage rates can jeopardize program effectiveness. Many residents resist DDT spraying, objecting to the lingering smell, stains on walls, and the potential exacerbation of problems with other insect pests.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Musawenkosi-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thurow-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyrethroid" title="Pyrethroid">Pyrethroid</a> insecticides (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Deltamethrin" title="Deltamethrin">deltamethrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lambda-cyhalothrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda-cyhalothrin">lambda-cyhalothrin</a>) can overcome some of these issues, increasing participation.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_exposure">Human exposure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Human exposure">edit</a>]</div> A 1994 study found that <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africans</a> living in sprayed homes have levels that are several orders of magnitude greater than others.<a href="#cite_note-PineRiver-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">Breast milk</a> from South African mothers contains high levels of DDT and DDE.<a href="#cite_note-PineRiver-84">[84]</a> It is unclear to what extent these levels arise from home spraying vs food residues. Evidence indicates that these levels are associated with infant neurological abnormalities.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-135">[135]</a> Most studies of DDT's human health effects have been conducted in developed countries where DDT is not used and exposure is relatively low.<a href="#cite_note-Rogan05-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-PineRiver-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Illegal diversion to agriculture is also a concern as it is difficult to prevent and its subsequent use on crops is uncontrolled. For example, DDT use is widespread in Indian agriculture,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> particularly <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a> production<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and is reportedly used by librarians to protect books.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Other examples include Ethiopia, where DDT intended for malaria control is reportedly used in coffee production,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> and Ghana where it is used for fishing.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The residues in crops at levels unacceptable for export have been an important factor in bans in several tropical countries.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-135">[135]</a> Adding to this problem is a lack of skilled personnel and management.<a href="#cite_note-Musawenkosi-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_restrictions_on_DDT_use">Criticism of restrictions on DDT use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism of restrictions on DDT use">edit</a>]</div> Restrictions on DDT usage have been criticized by some organizations opposed to the environmental movement, including <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bate" title="Roger Bate">Roger Bate</a> of the pro-DDT advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Africa_Fighting_Malaria" title="Africa Fighting Malaria">Africa Fighting Malaria</a> and the libertarian <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> <a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>; these sources oppose restrictions on DDT and attribute large numbers of deaths to such restrictions, sometimes in the millions.<a href="#cite_note-Crichton-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> These arguments were rejected as "outrageous" by former WHO scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socrates_Litsios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socrates Litsios (page does not exist)">Socrates Litsios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-salon-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">May Berenbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a> entomologist, says, "to blame environmentalists who oppose DDT for more deaths than Hitler is worse than irresponsible".<a href="#cite_note-salon-122">[122]</a> More recently, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Palmer_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Palmer (chemist) (page does not exist)">Michael Palmer</a>, a professor of chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>, has pointed out that DDT is still used to prevent malaria, that its declining use is primarily due to increases in manufacturing costs, and that in Africa, efforts to control malaria have been regional or local, not comprehensive.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The question that ... malaria control experts must ask is not "Which is worse, malaria or DDT?" but rather "What are the best tools to deploy for malaria control in a given situation, taking into account the on-the-ground challenges and needs, efficacy, cost, and collateral effects – both positive and negative – to human health and the environment, as well as the uncertainties associated with all these considerations?" </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Hans Herren & Charles Mbogo<a href="#cite_note-Herren_Mbogo_2010_pp._a282–a282-155">[155]</a></cite></div> </div> Criticisms of a DDT "ban" often specifically reference the 1972 United States ban (with the erroneous implication that this constituted a worldwide ban and prohibited use of DDT in vector control). Reference is often made to Silent Spring, even though Carson never pushed for a DDT ban. <a href="/wiki/John_Quiggin" title="John Quiggin">John Quiggin</a> and Tim Lambert wrote, "the most striking feature of the claim against Carson is the ease with which it can be refuted".<a href="#cite_note-quig-156">[156]</a> Investigative journalist Adam Sarvana and others characterize these notions as "myths" promoted principally by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bate" title="Roger Bate">Roger Bate</a> of the pro-DDT advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Africa_Fighting_Malaria" title="Africa Fighting Malaria">Africa Fighting Malaria</a> (AFM).<a href="#cite_note-NRNS-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guts-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Alternatives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insecticides">Insecticides</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Insecticides">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying" title="Indoor residual spraying">Indoor residual spraying</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">carbamate</a> insecticides, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">malathion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bendiocarb" title="Bendiocarb">bendiocarb</a>, respectively, are more expensive than DDT per kilogram and are applied at roughly the same dosage. <a href="/wiki/Pyrethroid" title="Pyrethroid">Pyrethroids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Deltamethrin" title="Deltamethrin">deltamethrin</a> are also more expensive than DDT, but are applied more sparingly (0.02–0.3 g/m2 vs 1–2 g/m2), so the net cost per house per treatment is about the same.<a href="#cite_note-AmJTrop-43">[43]</a> DDT has one of the longest residual efficacy periods of any IRS insecticide, lasting 6 to 12 months. Pyrethroids will remain active for only 4 to 6 months, and organophosphates and carbamates remain active for 2 to 6 months. In many malaria-endemic countries, malaria transmission occurs year-round, meaning that the high expense of conducting a spray campaign (including hiring spray operators, procuring insecticides, and conducting pre-spray outreach campaigns to encourage people to be home and to accept the intervention) will need to occur multiple times per year for these shorter-lasting insecticides.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In 2019, the related compound difluorodiphenyltrichloroethane (<a href="/wiki/DFDT" title="DFDT">DFDT</a>) was described as a potentially more effective and therefore potentially safer alternative to DDT.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_17_October_2019-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-chemical_vector_control">Non-chemical vector control</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Non-chemical vector control">edit</a>]</div> Before DDT, malaria was successfully eliminated or curtailed in several tropical areas by removing or poisoning mosquito breeding grounds and larva habitats, for example by eliminating standing water. These methods have seen little application in Africa for more than half a century.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> According to CDC, such methods are not practical in Africa because "Anopheles gambiae, one of the primary vectors of malaria in Africa, breeds in numerous small pools of water that form due to rainfall ... It is difficult, if not impossible, to predict when and where the breeding sites will form, and to find and treat them before the adults emerge."<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The relative effectiveness of IRS versus other malaria control techniques (e.g. bednets or prompt access to anti-malarial drugs) varies and is dependent on local conditions.<a href="#cite_note-AmJTrop-43">[43]</a> A WHO study released in January 2008 found that mass distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets and <a href="/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin">artemisinin</a>–based drugs cut malaria deaths in half in malaria-burdened Rwanda and Ethiopia. IRS with DDT did not play an important role in mortality reduction in these countries.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> has enjoyed declining malaria cases and a 97% mortality reduction after switching in 1991 from a poorly funded DDT-based campaign to a program based on prompt treatment, bednets and pyrethroid group insecticides.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In Mexico, effective and affordable chemical and non-chemical strategies were so successful that the Mexican DDT manufacturing plant ceased production due to lack of demand.<a href="#cite_note-PMC1119118-167">[167]</a> A review of fourteen studies in sub-Saharan Africa, covering insecticide-treated nets, residual spraying, chemoprophylaxis for children, chemoprophylaxis or intermittent treatment for pregnant women, a hypothetical vaccine and changing front–line drug treatment, found decision making limited by the lack of information on the costs and effects of many interventions, the small number of cost-effectiveness analyses, the lack of evidence on the costs and effects of packages of measures and the problems in generalizing or comparing studies that relate to specific settings and use different methodologies and outcome measures. The two cost-effectiveness estimates of DDT residual spraying examined were not found to provide an accurate estimate of the cost-effectiveness of DDT spraying; the resulting estimates may not be good predictors of cost-effectiveness in current programs.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> However, a study in Thailand found the cost per malaria case prevented of DDT spraying (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1.87) to be 21% greater than the cost per case prevented of <a href="/wiki/Lambda-cyhalothrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda-cyhalothrin">lambda-cyhalothrin</a>–treated nets (US$1.54),<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> casting some doubt on the assumption that DDT was the most cost-effective measure. The director of Mexico's malaria control program found similar results, declaring that it was 25% cheaper for Mexico to spray a house with synthetic pyrethroids than with DDT.<a href="#cite_note-PMC1119118-167">[167]</a> However, another study in South Africa found generally lower costs for DDT spraying than for impregnated nets.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> A more comprehensive approach to measuring the cost-effectiveness or efficacy of malarial control would not only measure the cost in dollars, as well as the number of people saved, but would also consider ecological damage and negative human health impacts. One preliminary study found that it is likely that the detriment to human health approaches or exceeds the beneficial reductions in malarial cases, except perhaps in epidemics. It is similar to the earlier study regarding estimated theoretical infant mortality caused by DDT and subject to the criticism also mentioned earlier.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> A study in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> found that "although impregnated bed nets cannot entirely replace DDT spraying without substantial increase in incidence, their use permits reduced DDT spraying".<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> A comparison of four successful programs against malaria in Brazil, India, Eritrea and Vietnam does not endorse any single strategy but instead states, "Common success factors included conducive country conditions, a targeted technical approach using a package of effective tools, data-driven decision-making, active leadership at all levels of government, involvement of communities, decentralized implementation and control of finances, skilled technical and managerial capacity at national and sub-national levels, hands-on technical and programmatic support from partner agencies, and sufficient and flexible financing."<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> DDT resistant mosquitoes may be susceptible to pyrethroids in some countries. However, pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes is on the rise with resistant mosquitoes found in multiple countries.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DDT_in_New_Zealand" title="DDT in New Zealand">DDT in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cat_Drop" title="Operation Cat Drop">Operation Cat Drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">Environmental hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_residue" title="Pesticide residue">Pesticide residue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_standard_value" title="Pesticide standard value">Pesticide standard value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Pesticide_Evaluation_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme">WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_control" title="Mosquito control">Mosquito control</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ATSDRc5-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATSDRc5_1-12">m</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=81&tid=20">Toxicological Profile: for DDT, DDE, and DDE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125124535/https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=81&tid=20">Archived</a> November 25, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a>, September 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/50293.html">"DDT"</a>. 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"Life and Death at the Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channel: Evolution in Response to Insecticide Use". <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Entomology" title="Annual Review of Entomology">Annual Review of Entomology</a>. 64 (1). <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews</a>: 243–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-011118-112420">10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-112420</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4170">0066-4170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30629893">30629893</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58667542">58667542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Life+and+Death+at+the+Voltage-Sensitive+Sodium+Channel%3A+Evolution+in+Response+to+Insecticide+Use&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft.issn=0066-4170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58667542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30629893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-011118-112420&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOthmar_Zeidler1874" class="citation journal cs1">Othmar Zeidler (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160420035142/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112025694776;view=1up;seq=231">"Verbindungen von Chloral mit Brom- und Chlorbenzol"</a> [Compounds of chloral with bromo- and chlorobenzene]. 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Journal für Praktische Chemie. 127: 240–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fprac.19301270115">10.1002/prac.19301270115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+f%C3%BCr+Praktische+Chemie&rft.atitle=Die+elektrochemische+Darstellung+von+1%2C1%2C4%2C4-p%2Cp%E2%80%B2%2Cp%22%2Cp%E2%80%B4-Tetraphenetyl-butin-2+und+von+1%2C1%2C4%2C4-p%2Cp%E2%80%B2%2Cp%22%2Cp%E2%80%B4-Tetra%28chlorphenyl%29-butin-2.+11.+Mitteilung.+%C3%9Cber+die+Reduktion+organischer+Halogenverbindungen+und+Verbindungen+der+Tetraarylbutanreihe&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fprac.19301270115&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Horn%2C+O&rft.au=Bausch%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Wolfgang von Leuthold, Schädlingsbekämpfung. 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Environmental Health Perspectives. 115 (10): 1406–1414. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EnvHP.115.1406C">2007EnvHP.115.1406C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.10260">10.1289/ehp.10260</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2022666">2022666</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17938728">17938728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=DDT+and+breast+cancer+in+young+women%3A+new+data+on+the+significance+of+age+at+exposure&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1406-%3C%2Fspan%3E1414&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2022666%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17938728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.10260&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EnvHP.115.1406C&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=BA&rft.au=Wolff%2C+MS&rft.au=Cirillo%2C+PM&rft.au=Sholtz%2C+RI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2022666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zvgfrt-107"><a href="#cite_ref-zvgfrt_107-0">^</a> World Health Organization, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard_rev_3.pdf">The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704154307/https://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard_rev_3.pdf">Archived</a> July 4, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-Agarwal-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agarwal_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agarwal_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agarwal_108-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgarwalAponte-MelladoPremkumarShaman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Agarwal A, Aponte-Mellado A, Premkumar BJ, Shaman A, Gupta S (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527168">"The effects of oxidative stress on female reproduction: a review"</a>. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 10 (1): 49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1477-7827-10-49">10.1186/1477-7827-10-49</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527168">3527168</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22748101">22748101</a>. <q>In general, incidental human exposure to DDT has been considered relatively non-toxic, but prolonged exposure has long been recognized to adversely affect reproduction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reproductive+Biology+and+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+oxidative+stress+on+female+reproduction%3A+a+review&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3527168%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22748101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1477-7827-10-49&rft.aulast=Agarwal&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Aponte-Mellado%2C+A&rft.au=Premkumar%2C+BJ&rft.au=Shaman%2C+A&rft.au=Gupta%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3527168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJurewiczHankeRadwanBonde2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jurewicz J, Hanke W, Radwan M, Bonde JP (January 2010). "Environmental factors and semen quality". International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 22 (4): 305–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10001-009-0036-1">10.2478/v10001-009-0036-1</a> (inactive November 11, 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20053623">20053623</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6681999">6681999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Occupational+Medicine+and+Environmental+Health&rft.atitle=Environmental+factors+and+semen+quality&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6681999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20053623&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fv10001-009-0036-1&rft.aulast=Jurewicz&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Hanke%2C+W&rft.au=Radwan%2C+M&rft.au=Bonde%2C+JP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Eskenazi-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Eskenazi_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEskenaziChevrierRosasAnderson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Eskenazi B, Chevrier J, Rosas LG, Anderson HA, Bornman MS, Bouwman H, Chen A, Cohn BA, de Jager C, Henshel DS, Leipzig F, Leipzig JS, Lorenz EC, Snedeker SM, Stapleton D (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2737010">"The Pine River statement: human health consequences of DDT use"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 117 (9): 1359–1367. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EnvHP.117.1359E">2009EnvHP.117.1359E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.11748">10.1289/ehp.11748</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2737010">2737010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19750098">19750098</a>. <q>Overall, the few studies conducted to date suggest that DDT exposure may affect time to pregnancy, but more research is needed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Pine+River+statement%3A+human+health+consequences+of+DDT+use&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1359-%3C%2Fspan%3E1367&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2737010%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19750098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.11748&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EnvHP.117.1359E&rft.aulast=Eskenazi&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Chevrier%2C+J&rft.au=Rosas%2C+LG&rft.au=Anderson%2C+HA&rft.au=Bornman%2C+MS&rft.au=Bouwman%2C+H&rft.au=Chen%2C+A&rft.au=Cohn%2C+BA&rft.au=de+Jager%2C+C&rft.au=Henshel%2C+DS&rft.au=Leipzig%2C+F&rft.au=Leipzig%2C+JS&rft.au=Lorenz%2C+EC&rft.au=Snedeker%2C+SM&rft.au=Stapleton%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2737010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChevrierEskenaziHollandBradman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chevrier J, Eskenazi B, Holland N, Bradman A, Barr DB (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2727265">"Effects of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides on thyroid function during pregnancy"</a>. 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Environmental Health Perspectives. 118 (7): A282 – A283, author reply A283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.1002279">10.1289/ehp.1002279</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2920925">2920925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20601331">20601331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+role+of+DDT+in+malaria+control&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EA282+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EA283%3C%2Fspan%3E%2C+author+reply+A283&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2920925%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20601331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.1002279&rft.aulast=Herren&rft.aufirst=HR&rft.au=Mbogo%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2920925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-quig-156"><a href="#cite_ref-quig_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuigginLambert2008" class="citation news cs1">Quiggin J, Lambert T (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/rehabilitatingcarson/">"Rehabilitating Carson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413043951/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/rehabilitatingcarson">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospect&rft.atitle=Rehabilitating+Carson&rft.date=2008-05&rft.aulast=Quiggin&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Lambert%2C+Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Frehabilitatingcarson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRNS-157"><a href="#cite_ref-NRNS_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarvana2009" class="citation news cs1">Sarvana A (May 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524144406/http://www.nrns.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51%3Abate-and-switch-how-a-free-market-magician-manipulated-two-decades-of-environmental-science-">"Bate and Switch: How a free-market magician manipulated two decades of environmental science"</a>. 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Key Porter Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55470-191-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55470-191-9"><bdi>978-1-55470-191-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019223230/https://books.google.com/books?id=zDRePgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+a+Conspiracy+Theory%3A+How+Business+Propaganda+is+Hijacking+Democracy&rft.pub=Key+Porter+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55470-191-9&rft.aulast=Gutstein&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDRePgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988">. 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Journal of Rural and Tropical Public Health. 4 (4): 21–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060306003634/http://www.jcu.edu.au/jrtph/vol/v04corin.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Rural+and+Tropical+Public+Health&rft.atitle=A+risk+analysis+model+with+an+ecological+perspective+on+DDT+and+malaria+control+in+South+Africa&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Corin&rft.aufirst=SE&rft.au=Weaver%2C+SA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcu.edu.au%2Fjrtph%2Fvol%2Fv04corin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOverBakote'eVelayudhanWilikai2004" class="citation journal cs1">Over M, Bakote'e B, Velayudhan R, Wilikai P, Graves PM (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.2004.71.214">"Impregnated nets or DDT residual spraying? Field effectiveness of malaria prevention techniques in solomon islands, 1993–1999"</a>. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 71 (2 Suppl): 214–223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.2004.71.214">10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.214</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15331840">15331840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Tropical+Medicine+and+Hygiene&rft.atitle=Impregnated+nets+or+DDT+residual+spraying%3F+Field+effectiveness+of+malaria+prevention+techniques+in+solomon+islands%2C+1993%E2%80%931999&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2+Suppl&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4269%2Fajtmh.2004.71.214&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15331840&rft.aulast=Over&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Bakote%27e%2C+B&rft.au=Velayudhan%2C+R&rft.au=Wilikai%2C+P&rft.au=Graves%2C+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4269%252Fajtmh.2004.71.214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarat2006" class="citation journal cs1">Barat LM (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.2006.74.12">"Four malaria success stories: how malaria burden was successfully reduced in Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Vietnam"</a>. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 74 (1): 12–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.2006.74.12">10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.12</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16407339">16407339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Tropical+Medicine+and+Hygiene&rft.atitle=Four+malaria+success+stories%3A+how+malaria+burden+was+successfully+reduced+in+Brazil%2C+Eritrea%2C+India%2C+and+Vietnam&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4269%2Fajtmh.2006.74.12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16407339&rft.aulast=Barat&rft.aufirst=LM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4269%252Fajtmh.2006.74.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMint_Mohamed_LemineOuld_LemrabottNiangBasco2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mint Mohamed Lemine A, Ould Lemrabott MA, Niang EH, Basco LK, Bogreau H, Faye O, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5998517">"Pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Nouakchott, Mauritania"</a>. Parasites & Vectors. 11 (1): 344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13071-018-2923-4">10.1186/s13071-018-2923-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5998517">5998517</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29895314">29895314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parasites+%26+Vectors&rft.atitle=Pyrethroid+resistance+in+the+major+malaria+vector+Anopheles+arabiensis+in+Nouakchott%2C+Mauritania&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=344&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5998517%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29895314&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13071-018-2923-4&rft.aulast=Mint+Mohamed+Lemine&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Ould+Lemrabott%2C+MA&rft.au=Niang%2C+EH&rft.au=Basco%2C+LK&rft.au=Bogreau%2C+H&rft.au=Faye%2C+O&rft.au=Ould+Mohamed+Salem+Boukhary%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5998517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Berry-Cabán, Cristóbal S. "DDT and silent spring: fifty years after". Journal of Military and Veterans' Health 19 (2011): 19–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jmvh.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/JMVH-Vol19-No4_Cristobal.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Conis, Elena. "Debating the health effects of DDT: Thomas Jukes, Charles Wurster, and the fate of an environmental pollutant". Public Health Reports 125.2 (2010): 337–342. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821864/">online</a></li> <li>Davis, Frederick Rowe. "Pesticides and the perils of synecdoche in the history of science and environmental history". History of Science 57.4 (2019): 469–492. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0073275319848964">10.1177/0073275319848964</a></li> <li>"DDT Banning" in Richard L. Wilson, ed. Historical Encyclopedia of American Business, Vol I. Accounting Industry – Google, (Salem Press: 2009) p. 223 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587655180" title="Special:BookSources/978-1587655180">978-1587655180</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/430057855">430057855</a></li> <li>Dunlap, Thomas, ed. DDT, Silent Spring, and the Rise of Environmentalism (University of Washington Press, 2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277748763">277748763</a></li> <li>Dunlap, Thomas, ed. DDT, Silent Spring, and the Rise of Environmentalism: Classic texts (University of Washington Press, 2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295998947" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295998947">978-0295998947</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/921868876">921868876</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJarman_Walter_M.,_Ballschmiter_Karlheinz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jarman Walter M., Ballschmiter Karlheinz (2012). "From coal to DDT: the history of the development of the pesticide DDT from synthetic dyes till Silent Spring". Endeavour. 36 (4): 131–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2012.10.003">10.1016/j.endeavour.2012.10.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23177325">23177325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endeavour&rft.atitle=From+coal+to+DDT%3A+the+history+of+the+development+of+the+pesticide+DDT+from+synthetic+dyes+till+Silent+Spring&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2012.10.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23177325&rft.au=Jarman+Walter+M.%2C+Ballschmiter+Karlheinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kinkela, David. DDT and the American Century: Global Health, Environmental Politics, and the Pesticide That Changed the World (University of North Carolina Press, 2011). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807835098" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807835098">978-0807835098</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/934360239">934360239</a></li> <li>Morris, Peter J. T. (2019). "Chapter 9: A Tale of Two Nations: DDT in the United States and the United Kingdom". Hazardous Chemicals: Agents of Risk and Change, 1800–2000. Environment in History: International Perspectives 17. Berghahn Books. 294–327. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1850hst.15">10.2307/j.ctv1850hst.15</a> (book: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1850hst">10.2307/j.ctv1850hst</a>; <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1850hst">j.ctv1850hst</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DDT&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>. (April 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Chemistry</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_DDT.htm">DDT</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Toxicity</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/ddttech.pdf">"DDT Technical Fact Sheet"</a> (PDF). National Pesticide Information Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030629051317/http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/ddttech.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DDT+Technical+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=National+Pesticide+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpic.orst.edu%2Ffactsheets%2Fddttech.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/ddtgen.pdf">"DDT General Fact Sheet"</a> (PDF). National Pesticide Information Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030322172257/http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/ddtgen.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 22, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DDT+General+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=National+Pesticide+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpic.orst.edu%2Ffactsheets%2Fddtgen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-profiles/summary.tcl?edf_substance_id=50-29-3">Scorecard: The Pollution Information Site – DDT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loe.org/shows/shows.htm?programID=07-P13-00040">Interview</a> with <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cohn" title="Barbara Cohn">Barbara Cohn</a>, PhD about DDT and breast cancer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v00pr03.htm">Pesticide residues in food 2000 : DDT</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Politics and DDT</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Swartz, Aaron</a> (September–October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3186">"Rachel Carson, Mass Murderer?: The creation of an anti-environmental myth"</a>. Extra!.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rachel+Carson%2C+Mass+Murderer%3F%3A+The+creation+of+an+anti-environmental+myth&rft.pub=Extra%21&rft.date=2007-09%2F2007-10&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fair.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3D3186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTierney2007" class="citation news cs1">Tierney, John (June 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/05/science/earth/05tier.html">"Fateful Voice of a Generation Still Drowns Out Real Science"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fateful+Voice+of+a+Generation+Still+Drowns+Out+Real+Science&rft.date=2007-06-05&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F05%2Fscience%2Fearth%2F05tier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Malaria and DDT</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaum2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">Berenbaum M</a> (June 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/04/AR2005060400130.html">"If Malaria's the Problem, DDT's Not the Only Answer"</a>. Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=If+Malaria%27s+the+Problem%2C+DDT%27s+Not+the+Only+Answer&rft.date=2005-06-04&rft.aulast=Berenbaum&rft.aufirst=May&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F06%2F04%2FAR2005060400130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/87">'Andrew Spielman, Harvard School of Public Health, discusses environmentally friendly control of Malaria and uses of DDT</a> Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/31/2261160.htm">"Ugandan farmers push for DDT ban"</a>. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Commission. May 31, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Ugandan+farmers+push+for+DDT+ban&rft.date=2008-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2008%2F05%2F31%2F2261160.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>DDT in popular culture</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunning2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (November 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4230">"Skeptoid #230: DDT: Secret Life of a Pesticide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23230%3A+DDT%3A+Secret+Life+of+a+Pesticide&rft.date=2010-11-02&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADDT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/collections/mg74qm28w">Phil Allegretti Pesticide Collection</a> consisting of ephemera and 3-D objects, including cans, sprayers, and diffusers, related to DDT pesticide and insecticide in the United States in the mid-20th century (all images freely available for download in variety of formats from <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a> Digital Collections at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042542/https://digital.sciencehistory.org/">digital.sciencehistory.org</a>).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pest_control:_Insecticides277" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insecticides" title="Template talk:Insecticides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insecticides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insecticides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pest_control:_Insecticides277" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a>: <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminocarb" title="Aminocarb">Aminocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendiocarb" title="Bendiocarb">Bendiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butocarboxim" title="Butocarboxim">Butocarboxim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbaryl" title="Carbaryl">Carbaryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbofuran" title="Carbofuran">Carbofuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbosulfan" title="Carbosulfan">Carbosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-Cumenyl_methylcarbamate" title="M-Cumenyl methylcarbamate">m-Cumenyl methylcarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethienocarb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethienocarb">Ethienocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenobucarb" title="Fenobucarb">Fenobucarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoprocarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoprocarb (page does not exist)">Isoprocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methomyl" title="Methomyl">Methomyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metolcarb" title="Metolcarb">Metolcarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxamyl" title="Oxamyl">Oxamyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promecarb" title="Promecarb">Promecarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxur" title="Propoxur">Propoxur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">Inorganic compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide" title="Aluminium phosphide">Aluminium phosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">Boric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate" title="Chromated copper arsenate">Chromated copper arsenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_arsenate" title="Copper(II) arsenate">Copper(II) arsenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_cyanide" title="Copper(I) cyanide">Copper(I) cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryolite" title="Cryolite">Cryolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">Diatomaceous earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_hydrogen_arsenate" title="Lead hydrogen arsenate">Lead hydrogen arsenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Green">Paris Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheele%27s_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheele's Green">Scheele's Green</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Insect_growth_regulator" title="Insect growth regulator">Insect growth regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoylurea" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoylurea">Benzoylureas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bistrifluron" title="Bistrifluron">Bistrifluron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diflubenzuron" title="Diflubenzuron">Diflubenzuron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flufenoxuron" title="Flufenoxuron">Flufenoxuron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lufenuron" title="Lufenuron">Lufenuron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noviflumuron" title="Noviflumuron">Noviflumuron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroprene" title="Hydroprene">Hydroprene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoprene" title="Methoprene">Methoprene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyriproxyfen" title="Pyriproxyfen">Pyriproxyfen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamiprid" title="Acetamiprid">Acetamiprid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothianidin" title="Clothianidin">Clothianidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinotefuran" title="Dinotefuran">Dinotefuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidacloprid" title="Imidacloprid">Imidacloprid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidaclothiz" title="Imidaclothiz">Imidaclothiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitenpyram" title="Nitenpyram">Nitenpyram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nithiazine" title="Nithiazine">Nithiazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paichongding" title="Paichongding">Paichongding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiacloprid" title="Thiacloprid">Thiacloprid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamethoxam" title="Thiamethoxam">Thiamethoxam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">Organochlorides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldrin" title="Aldrin">Aldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane">Beta-HCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">Carbon tetrachloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordane" title="Chlordane">Chlordane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachlorocyclopentadiene" title="Hexachlorocyclopentadiene">Cyclodiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dichlorobenzene" title="1,2-Dichlorobenzene">1,2-DCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,4-Dichlorobenzene" title="1,4-Dichlorobenzene">1,4-DCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,1-Dichloroethane" title="1,1-Dichloroethane">1,1-DCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dichloroethane" title="1,2-Dichloroethane">1,2-DCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane">DDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">DDE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFDT" title="DFDT">DFDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicofol" title="Dicofol">Dicofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">Endosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endrin" title="Endrin">Endrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptachlor" title="Heptachlor">Heptachlor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepone">Kepone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxychlor" title="Methoxychlor">Methoxychlor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirex" title="Mirex">Mirex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetradifon" title="Tetradifon">Tetradifon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxaphene" title="Toxaphene">Toxaphene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Organophosphorus_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphorus compound">Organophosphorus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acephate" title="Acephate">Acephate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azamethiphos" title="Azamethiphos">Azamethiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azinphos-methyl" title="Azinphos-methyl">Azinphos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensulide" title="Bensulide">Bensulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorethoxyfos" title="Chlorethoxyfos">Chlorethoxyfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorfenvinphos" title="Chlorfenvinphos">Chlorfenvinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos-methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorpyrifos-methyl">Chlorpyrifos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumaphos" title="Coumaphos">Coumaphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeton-S-methyl" title="Demeton-S-methyl">Demeton-S-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazinon" title="Diazinon">Diazinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorvos" title="Dichlorvos">Dichlorvos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicrotophos" title="Dicrotophos">Dicrotophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Diisopropyl fluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimefox" title="Dimefox">Dimefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoate" title="Dimethoate">Dimethoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxathion" title="Dioxathion">Dioxathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfoton" title="Disulfoton">Disulfoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethion" title="Ethion">Ethion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoprop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethoprop">Ethoprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenamiphos" title="Fenamiphos">Fenamiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenitrothion" title="Fenitrothion">Fenitrothion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenthion" title="Fenthion">Fenthion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosthiazate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosthiazate (page does not exist)">Fosthiazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxathion" title="Isoxathion">Isoxathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methidathion" title="Methidathion">Methidathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevinphos" title="Mevinphos">Mevinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mipafox" title="Mipafox">Mipafox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrotophos" title="Monocrotophos">Monocrotophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naled" title="Naled">Naled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omethoate" title="Omethoate">Omethoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxydemeton-methyl" title="Oxydemeton-methyl">Oxydemeton-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathion" title="Parathion">Parathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathion-methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Parathion-methyl">Parathion-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenthoate" title="Phenthoate">Phenthoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorate" title="Phorate">Phorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosalone" title="Phosalone">Phosalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosmet" title="Phosmet">Phosmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoxim" title="Phoxim">Phoxim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirimiphos-methyl" title="Pirimiphos-methyl">Pirimiphos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinalphos" title="Quinalphos">Quinalphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-16661" title="R-16661">R-16661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schradan" title="Schradan">Schradan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temefos" title="Temefos">Temefos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebupirimfos" title="Tebupirimfos">Tebupirimfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbufos" title="Terbufos">Terbufos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachlorvinphos" title="Tetrachlorvinphos">Tetrachlorvinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribufos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribufos (page does not exist)">Tribufos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrifonate" title="Metrifonate">Trichlorfon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Pyrethroid" title="Pyrethroid">Pyrethroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrinathrin" title="Acrinathrin">Acrinathrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allethrins" title="Allethrins">Allethrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifenthrin" title="Bifenthrin">Bifenthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioallethrin" title="Bioallethrin">Bioallethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfluthrin" title="Cyfluthrin">Cyfluthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhalothrin" title="Cyhalothrin">Cyhalothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypermethrin" title="Cypermethrin">Cypermethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyphenothrin" title="Cyphenothrin">Cyphenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltamethrin" title="Deltamethrin">Deltamethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empenthrin" title="Empenthrin">Empenthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfenvalerate" title="Esfenvalerate">Esfenvalerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etofenprox" title="Etofenprox">Etofenprox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenpropathrin" title="Fenpropathrin">Fenpropathrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenvalerate" title="Fenvalerate">Fenvalerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumethrin" title="Flumethrin">Flumethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvalinate" title="Fluvalinate">Fluvalinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiprothrin" title="Imiprothrin">Imiprothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metofluthrin" title="Metofluthrin">Metofluthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permethrin" title="Permethrin">Permethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenothrin" title="Phenothrin">Phenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prallethrin" title="Prallethrin">Prallethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrethrin" title="Pyrethrin">Pyrethrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyrethrin_I" title="Pyrethrin I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrethrin_II" title="Pyrethrin II">II</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemic_acid" title="Chrysanthemic acid">chrysanthemic acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrethrum" title="Pyrethrum">Pyrethrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resmethrin" title="Resmethrin">Resmethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silafluofen" title="Silafluofen">Silafluofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefluthrin" title="Tefluthrin">Tefluthrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethrin" title="Tetramethrin">Tetramethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tralomethrin" title="Tralomethrin">Tralomethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfluthrin" title="Transfluthrin">Transfluthrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Diamide_insecticides" title="Diamide insecticides">Diamides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorantraniliprole" title="Chlorantraniliprole">Chlorantraniliprole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyantraniliprole" title="Cyantraniliprole">Cyantraniliprole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubendiamide" title="Flubendiamide">Flubendiamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;">Other chemicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afoxolaner" title="Afoxolaner">Afoxolaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitraz" title="Amitraz">Amitraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadirachtin" title="Azadirachtin">Azadirachtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereistoxin" title="Nereistoxin">Bensultap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprofezin" title="Buprofezin">Buprofezin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereistoxin" title="Nereistoxin">Cartap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordimeform" title="Chlordimeform">Chlordimeform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorfenapyr" title="Chlorfenapyr">Chlorfenapyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyromazine" title="Cyromazine">Cyromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenazaquin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenazaquin (page does not exist)">Fenazaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoxycarb" title="Fenoxycarb">Fenoxycarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fipronil" title="Fipronil">Fipronil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluralaner" title="Fluralaner">Fluralaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydramethylnon" title="Hydramethylnon">Hydramethylnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoxacarb" title="Indoxacarb">Indoxacarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">Limonene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotilaner" title="Lotilaner">Lotilaner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lotilaner/milbemycin_oxime" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotilaner/milbemycin oxime">+milbemycin oxime</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyridaben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyridaben (page does not exist)">Pyridaben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyriprole" title="Pyriprole">Pyriprole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarolaner" title="Sarolaner">Sarolaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjuvants" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjuvants">Adjuvants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piperonyl_butoxide" title="Piperonyl butoxide">Piperonyl butoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesamex" title="Sesamex">Sesamex</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinosad" title="Spinosad">Spinosad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfluramid" title="Sulfluramid">Sulfluramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebufenozide" title="Tebufenozide">Tebufenozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebufenpyrad" title="Tebufenpyrad">Tebufenpyrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracevine" title="Veracevine">Veracevine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthone" title="Xanthone">Xanthone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaflumizone" title="Metaflumizone">Metaflumizone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine" title="Ryanodine">Ryanodine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryanodol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryanodol (page does not exist)">Ryanodol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxon_(chemical)" title="Oxon (chemical)">Oxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaoxon" title="Malaoxon">Malaoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraoxon" title="Paraoxon">Paraoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCPy" title="TCPy">TCPy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:PowderBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Biopesticide" title="Biopesticide">Biopesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baculovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baculovirus">Baculovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauveria_bassiana" title="Beauveria bassiana">Beauveria bassiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauveria_brongniartii" title="Beauveria brongniartii">Beauveria brongniartii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaria_fumosorosea" title="Isaria fumosorosea">Isaria fumosorosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metarhizium_acridum" title="Metarhizium acridum">Metarhizium acridum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metarhizium_anisopliae" title="Metarhizium anisopliae">Metarhizium anisopliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomuraea_rileyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomuraea rileyi">Nomuraea rileyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecanicillium_lecanii" title="Lecanicillium lecanii">Lecanicillium lecanii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paenibacillus_popilliae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paenibacillus popilliae">Paenibacillus popilliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purpureocillium_lilacinum" title="Purpureocillium lilacinum">Purpureocillium lilacinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinosad" title="Spinosad">Spinosad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cancer-causing_materials_and_agents_(carcinogens)169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carcinogens" title="Template:Carcinogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carcinogens" title="Template talk:Carcinogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carcinogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carcinogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cancer-causing_materials_and_agents_(carcinogens)169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cancer-causing materials and agents (<a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent human carcinogens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene" title="Benzo(a)pyrene">Benzo[a]pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Butadiene" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-Butadiene">1,3-Butadiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a> (e.g., from isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">Viruses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">Epstein–Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">Hepatitis B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">HPV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">IARC</a> lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IARC_group_1" title="IARC group 1">Group 1 (carcinogenic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IARC_group_2A" title="IARC group 2A">Group 2A (probably carcinogenic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IARC_group_2B" title="IARC group 2B">Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IARC_group_3" title="IARC group 3">Group 3 (not classifiable)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumer_food_safety1282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template talk:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consumer_food_safety1282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Consumer food safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">Adulterants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">food contaminants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-MCPD" title="3-MCPD">3-MCPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">HGH controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_I" title="Sudan I">Sudan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil_misinformation" title="Seed oil misinformation">controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">Intestinal parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinworm_infection" title="Pinworm infection">Enterobiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronobacter" title="Cronobacter">Cronobacter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4">Escherichia coli O104:H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7">Escherichia coli O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic E. coli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">Preservatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">Sodium benzoate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environment pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene_in_soft_drinks" title="Benzene in soft drinks">Benzene in soft drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">Dioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread fraud">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast milk fraud">Breast milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg fraud">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive oil fraud">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn fraud">Prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood fraud">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp fraud">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea fraud">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">Food additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">Heterocyclic amines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">Modified starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">Food contamination incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swill_milk_scandal" title="Swill milk scandal">Swill milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esing_Bakery_incident" title="Esing Bakery incident">Esing Bakery incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_English_beer_poisoning" title="1900 English beer poisoning">1900 English beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morinaga_Milk_arsenic_poisoning_incident" title="Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident">Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Moroccan_oil_poisoning_disaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster (page does not exist)">1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1959" class="extiw" title="ar:كارثة الزيوت المسمومة في المغرب 1959">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Iraq_poison_grain_disaster" title="1971 Iraq poison grain disaster">1971 Iraq poison grain disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Austrian_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" title="1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_meat_substitution_scandal" title="Australian meat substitution scandal">Australian meat substitution scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Jack_in_the_Box_E._coli_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak">Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_American_E._coli_O157:H7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American E. coli outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy" title="ICA meat repackaging controversy">ICA meat repackaging controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">2008 Chinese milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak" title="2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak">2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Germany_E._coli_O104:H4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident" title="Bihar school meal poisoning incident">Bihar school meal poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_funeral_beer_poisoning" title="Mozambique funeral beer poisoning">2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weak_Meat" title="Operation Weak Meat">2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Australian_strawberry_contamination" title="2018 Australian strawberry contamination">2018 Australian strawberry contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_red_yeast_rice_scandal" title="Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal">Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">Food safety incidents in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_Taiwan" title="Food safety incidents in Taiwan">Food safety incidents in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll">death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">watchdogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_libel_laws" title="Food libel laws">Food libel laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_Australia" title="Food safety in Australia">Food safety in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_International" title="Quality Assurance International">Quality Assurance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Food_Safety" title="Centre for Food Safety">Centre for Food Safety</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control Agency</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Food_Safety_and_Health" title="Institute for Food Safety and Health">Institute for Food Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Food_and_Drug_Safety" title="Ministry of Food and Drug Safety">Ministry of Food and Drug Safety</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_Food_Safety_and_Nutrition" title="Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition">Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing (food preservation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Food marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_quality" title="Food quality">Food quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/17px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/26px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/34px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/13px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/17px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety" title="Category:Food safety">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_safety" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Food safety">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Food_and_drink" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Androgen_receptor_modulators801" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Androgen_receptor_modulators801" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">Androgen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/4-Androstenediol" title="4-Androstenediol">4-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="4-Dehydroepiandrosterone">4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxytestosterone" title="4-Hydroxytestosterone">4-Hydroxytestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,17%CE%B1-Dimethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenedione" title="5-Androstenedione">5-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketotestosterone" title="11-Ketotestosterone">11-Ketotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione">11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenosterone" title="Adrenosterone">Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_3%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 3β-acetate">Androstenediol 3β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_17%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 17β-acetate">Androstenediol 17β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_diacetate" title="Androstenediol diacetate">Androstenediol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_dipropionate" title="Androstenediol dipropionate">Androstenediol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atamestane" title="Atamestane">Atamestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone" title="Boldenone">Boldenone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone_undecylenate" title="Boldenone undecylenate">Boldenone undecylenate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldione" title="Boldione">Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol" title="Clostebol">Clostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_acetate" title="Clostebol acetate">Clostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_caproate" title="Clostebol caproate">Clostebol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_propionate" title="Clostebol propionate">Clostebol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone" title="Cloxotestosterone">Cloxotestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">Cloxotestosterone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">Exemestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formestane" title="Formestane">Formestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plomestane" title="Plomestane">Plomestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinbolone" title="Quinbolone">Quinbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandrone" title="Silandrone">Silandrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a># (<a href="/wiki/Testosterone/dutasteride" title="Testosterone/dutasteride">+dutasteride</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Testosterone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytestosterone_phloretin_phosphate" title="Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate">Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/1-Androstenediol" title="1-Androstenediol">1-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androstenedione" title="1-Androstenedione">1-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androsterone" title="1-Androsterone">1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Testosterone" title="1-Testosterone">1-Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androst-2-en-17-one" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androst-2-en-17-one">5α-Androst-2-en-17-one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketodihydrotestosterone" title="11-Ketodihydrotestosterone">11-Ketodihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine" title="Bolazine">Bolazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine_capronate" title="Bolazine capronate">Bolazine capronate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">Dihydroethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofluoxymesterone" title="Dihydrofluoxymesterone">Dihydrofluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydromethylandrostenediol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydromethylandrostenediol (page does not exist)">Dihydromethylandrostenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">androstanolone, stanolone</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Dihydrotestosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Dihydrotestosterone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone" title="Drostanolone">Drostanolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiandrosterone" title="Epiandrosterone">Epiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesabolone" title="Mesabolone">Mesabolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone_cipionate" title="Mesterolone cipionate">Mesterolone cipionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldiazinol" title="Methyldiazinol">Methyldiazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime" title="Nisterime">Nisterime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime_acetate" title="Nisterime acetate">Nisterime acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanozol" title="Prostanozol">Prostanozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone" title="Stenbolone">Stenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone_acetate" title="Stenbolone acetate">Stenbolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testifenon" title="Testifenon">Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione" title="7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione">7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone_dodecylcarbonate" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenediol" title="19-Nor-5-androstenediol">19-Nor-5-androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenedione" title="19-Nor-5-androstenedione">19-Nor-5-androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone" title="19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone">19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandione" title="Bolandione">Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolmantalate" title="Bolmantalate">Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienedione" title="Dienedione">Dienedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienolone" title="Dienolone">Dienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone" title="Dimethandrolone">Dimethandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_buciclate" title="Dimethandrolone buciclate">Dimethandrolone buciclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_dodecylcarbonate" title="Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate">Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_undecanoate" title="Dimethandrolone undecanoate">Dimethandrolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-1727" title="LS-1727">LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxydienone" title="Methoxydienone">Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Nandrolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol" title="Norclostebol">Norclostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol_acetate" title="Norclostebol acetate">Norclostebol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone" title="Oxabolone">Oxabolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone_cipionate" title="Oxabolone cipionate">Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">Trenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">Trenbolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_enanthate" title="Trenbolone enanthate">Trenbolone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_hexahydrobenzylcarbonate" title="Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate">Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_undecanoate" title="Trenbolone undecanoate">Trenbolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendione" title="Trendione">Trendione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone" title="Trestolone">Trestolone (MENT)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_acetate" title="Trestolone acetate">Trestolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_enanthate" title="Trestolone enanthate">Trestolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronandrolone">5α-Dihydronandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Dihydrotrestolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Dihydrotrestolone (page does not exist)">5α-Dihydrotrestolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Norandrosterone" title="19-Norandrosterone">19-Norandrosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolasterone" title="Bolasterone">Bolasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol" title="Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol">Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone" title="Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone">Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloromethylandrostenediol" title="Chloromethylandrostenediol">Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enestebol" title="Enestebol">Enestebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyltestosterone" title="Ethyltestosterone">Ethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formebolone" title="Formebolone">Formebolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxystenozole" title="Hydroxystenozole">Hydroxystenozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone (methandrostenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_bisenanthoyl_acetate" title="Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate">Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_diacetate" title="Methandriol diacetate">Methandriol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_dipropionate" title="Methandriol dipropionate">Methandriol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_propionate" title="Methandriol propionate">Methandriol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylclostebol" title="Methylclostebol">Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens/methyltestosterone" title="Esterified estrogens/methyltestosterone">+esterified estrogens</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone_3-hexyl_ether" title="Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether">Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymesterone" title="Oxymesterone">Oxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmesterol" title="Penmesterol">Penmesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomesterone" title="Tiomesterone">Tiomesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androisoxazole" title="Androisoxazole">Androisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxymethyltestosterone" title="Desoxymethyltestosterone">Desoxymethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazabol" title="Furazabol">Furazabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebolazine" title="Mebolazine">Mebolazine (dimethazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestanolone" title="Mestanolone">Mestanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone" title="Metenolone">Metenolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_acetate" title="Metenolone acetate">Metenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methasterone" title="Methasterone">Methasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl-1-testosterone" title="Methyl-1-testosterone">Methyl-1-testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylepitiostanol" title="Methylepitiostanol">Methylepitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylstenbolone" title="Methylstenbolone">Methylstenbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolenol" title="Bolenol">Bolenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyldienolone" title="Dimethyldienolone">Dimethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltrienolone" title="Dimethyltrienolone">Dimethyltrienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldienolone" title="Ethyldienolone">Ethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldienolone" title="Methyldienolone">Methyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhydroxynandrolone" title="Methylhydroxynandrolone">Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norboletone" title="Norboletone">Norboletone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propetandrol" title="Propetandrol">Propetandrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronorethandrolone">5α-Dihydronorethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronormethandrone" title="5α-Dihydronormethandrone">5α-Dihydronormethandrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Vinyltestosterone" title="Vinyltestosterone">Vinyltestosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B1-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B2-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroethisterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroethisterone">Dihydroethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/%CE%944-Tibolone" title="Δ4-Tibolone">Δ4-Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel ester">Levonorgestrel esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate" title="Levonorgestrel butanoate">levonorgestrel butanoate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Norethisterone ester">Norethisterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol" title="Quingestanol">Quingestanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel" title="5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel">5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethisterone" title="5α-Dihydronorethisterone">5α-Dihydronorethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="6α-Methylprogesterone">6α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/3-Keto-5%CE%B1-abiraterone" title="3-Keto-5α-abiraterone">3-Keto-5α-abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androstane" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androstane">5α-Androstane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternariol" title="Alternariol">Alternariol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl-4AS-1" title="Cl-4AS-1">Cl-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupanol" title="Drupanol">Drupanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-182345" title="ZM-182345">ZM-182345</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator"><abbr title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">SARMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=198RL26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="198RL26 (page does not exist)">198RL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP-105" title="ACP-105">ACP-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-262,536" title="AC-262,536">AC-262,536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetothiolutamide" title="Acetothiolutamide">Acetothiolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetoxolutamide" title="Acetoxolutamide">Acetoxolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-564,929" title="BMS-564,929">BMS-564,929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DTIB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTIB (page does not exist)">DTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FTBU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTBU-1 (page does not exist)">FTBU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLPG-0492" title="GLPG-0492">GLPG-0492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK2881078" title="GSK2881078">GSK2881078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK-4336A" title="GSK-4336A">GSK-4336A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-8698&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-8698 (page does not exist)">GSK-8698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG121071" title="LG121071">LG121071 (LGD-121071)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2226" title="LGD-2226">LGD-2226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2941" title="LGD-2941">LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-3303" title="LGD-3303">LGD-3303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-4033" class="mw-redirect" title="LGD-4033">LGD-4033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY305" title="LY305">LY305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-26146900" title="JNJ-26146900">JNJ-26146900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-28330835" title="JNJ-28330835">JNJ-28330835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-37654032" title="JNJ-37654032">JNJ-37654032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPK-88004" title="OPK-88004">OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORM-11984&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORM-11984 (page does not exist)">ORM-11984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-06260414" title="PF-06260414">PF-06260414</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">R-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-59063" title="RU-59063">RU-59063</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">S-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-23_(drug)" title="S-23 (drug)">S-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-40503" title="S-40503">S-40503</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-101479&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-101479 (page does not exist)">S-101479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosilasarm" title="Vosilasarm">Vosilasarm</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-9017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-9017 (page does not exist)">EM-9017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-0773" title="MK-0773">MK-0773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFM-4AS-1" title="TFM-4AS-1">TFM-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YK-11" title="YK-11">YK-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thioprogesterone" title="7α-Thioprogesterone">7α-Thioprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiospironolactone" title="7α-Thiospironolactone">7α-Thiospironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiomethylspironolactone" title="7α-Thiomethylspironolactone">7α-Thiomethylspironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11α-Hydroxyprogesterone">11α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiraterone">Abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyltestosterone" title="Allyltestosterone">Allyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorterone" title="Benorterone">Benorterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOMT" title="BOMT">BOMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenoic_acid" title="Canrenoic acid">Canrenoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clascoterone" title="Clascoterone">Clascoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clometerone" title="Clometerone">Clometerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">Cyproterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delanterone" title="Delanterone">Delanterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicirenone" title="Dicirenone">Dicirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogestrone" title="Edogestrone">Edogestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-4350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-4350 (page does not exist)">EM-4350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM-5854" title="EM-5854">EM-5854</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-5855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-5855 (page does not exist)">EM-5855</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-6537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-6537 (page does not exist)">EM-6537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">Epitestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeterone" title="Galeterone">Galeterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludaterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludaterone (page does not exist)">Ludaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mespirenone" title="Mespirenone">Mespirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metogest" title="Metogest">Metogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexrenone" title="Mexrenone">Mexrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordinone" title="Nordinone">Nordinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone" title="Osaterone">Osaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenone" title="Prorenone">Prorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosterolone" title="Rosterolone">Rosterolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-15328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-15328 (page does not exist)">RU-15328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-5233" title="SC-5233">SC-5233 (spirolactone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirorenone" title="Spirorenone">Spirorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxasone" title="Spiroxasone">Spiroxasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topterone" title="Topterone">Topterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethyltrienolone" title="Trimethyltrienolone">Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanoterone" title="Zanoterone">Zanoterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/5N-Bicalutamide" title="5N-Bicalutamide">5N-Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA560" title="AA560">AA560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarlide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarlide (page does not exist)">Antarlides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabilin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabilin (page does not exist)">Arabilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atraric_acid" title="Atraric acid">Atraric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3514&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3514 (page does not exist)">AZD-3514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakuchiol" title="Bakuchiol">Bakuchiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavdegalutamide" title="Bavdegalutamide">Bavdegalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY-1024767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY-1024767 (page does not exist)">BAY-1024767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">Bisphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A_diglycidyl_ether" title="Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether">BADGE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisphenol_F_diglycidyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (page does not exist)">BFDGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">bisphenol F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">bisphenol S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-501949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-501949 (page does not exist)">BMS-501949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-570511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-570511 (page does not exist)">BMS-570511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-641988" title="BMS-641988">BMS-641988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH5137291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH5137291 (page does not exist)">CH5137291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioteronel" title="Cioteronel">Cioteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanonilutamide" title="Cyanonilutamide">Cyanonilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DDT</a> (via metabolite <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">p,p’-DDE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIMP_(antiandrogen)" title="DIMP (antiandrogen)">DIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">Endosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPI-001" title="EPI-001">EPI-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenarimol" title="Fenarimol">Fenarimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyflutamide" title="Hydroxyflutamide">Hydroxyflutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone" title="Inocoterone">Inocoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone_acetate" title="Inocoterone acetate">Inocoterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketodarolutamide" title="Ketodarolutamide">Ketodarolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-105 (page does not exist)">LG-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG-120907" title="LG-120907">LG-120907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGD-1331&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGD-1331 (page does not exist)">LGD-1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linuron" title="Linuron">Linuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masofaniten" title="Masofaniten">Masofaniten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">Methiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide (page does not exist)">N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylapalutamide" title="N-Desmethylapalutamide">N-Desmethylapalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylenzalutamide" title="N-Desmethylenzalutamide">N-Desmethylenzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONC1-13B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONC1-13B (page does not exist)">ONC1-13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentomone" title="Pentomone">Pentomone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-998425&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-998425 (page does not exist)">PF-998425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenothrin" title="Phenothrin">Phenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">Prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymidone" title="Procymidone">Procymidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxalutamide" title="Proxalutamide">Proxalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrilutamide" title="Pyrilutamide">Pyrilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten" title="Ralaniten">Ralaniten (EPI-002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten_acetate" title="Ralaniten acetate">Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-162" title="RD-162">RD-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezvilutamide" title="Rezvilutamide">Rezvilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_2-7239&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 2-7239 (page does not exist)">Ro 2-7239</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_5-2537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 5-2537 (page does not exist)">Ro 5-2537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-22930" title="RU-22930">RU-22930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-56187" title="RU-56187">RU-56187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-57073" title="RU-57073">RU-57073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58642" title="RU-58642">RU-58642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58841" title="RU-58841">RU-58841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinclozolin" title="Vinclozolin">Vinclozolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-580&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-580 (page does not exist)">YM-580</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-92088&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-92088 (page does not exist)">YM-92088</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-175735&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-175735 (page does not exist)">YM-175735</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">Cations</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">L-α-Amino acids</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">L-arginine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">L-ornithine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens_and_anabolic_steroids" title="List of androgens and anabolic steroids">List of androgens and anabolic steroids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estrogen_receptor_modulators1222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estrogen_receptor_modulators1222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">Estrogen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestradiol" title="2-Hydroxyestradiol">2-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestrone" title="2-Hydroxyestrone">2-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17%CE%B2-ol" title="3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol">3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B1,5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel (page does not exist)">3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B2,5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel (page does not exist)">3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Hydroxytibolone" title="3α-Hydroxytibolone">3α-Hydroxytibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxytibolone" title="3β-Hydroxytibolone">3β-Hydroxytibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol" title="3β-Androstanediol">3β-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenediol" title="4-Androstenediol">4-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">4-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroestradiol" title="4-Fluoroestradiol">4-Fluoroestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestradiol" title="4-Hydroxyestradiol">4-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestrone" title="4-Hydroxyestrone">4-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestradiol" title="4-Methoxyestradiol">4-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestrone" title="4-Methoxyestrone">4-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">5-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Keto-DHEA" title="7-Keto-DHEA">7-Oxo-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Methylestradiol" title="7α-Methylestradiol">7α-Methylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8,9-Dehydroestradiol" title="8,9-Dehydroestradiol">8,9-Dehydroestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8,9-Dehydroestrone" title="8,9-Dehydroestrone">8,9-Dehydroestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8%CE%B2-VE2" title="8β-VE2">8β-VE2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10%CE%B2,17%CE%B2-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one" title="10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one">10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Chloromethylestradiol" title="11β-Chloromethylestradiol">11β-Chloromethylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methoxyestradiol" title="11β-Methoxyestradiol">11β-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B1-Hydroxyestradiol" title="15α-Hydroxyestradiol">15α-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestradiol" title="16-Ketoestradiol">16-Ketoestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestrone" title="16-Ketoestrone">16-Ketoestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Fluoroestradiol" class="mw-redirect" title="16α-Fluoroestradiol">16α-Fluoroestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="16α-Hydroxy-DHEA">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyestrone" title="16α-Hydroxyestrone">16α-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Iodoestradiol" class="mw-redirect" title="16α-Iodoestradiol">16α-Iodoestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-LE2" title="16α-LE2">16α-LE2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2-Hydroxyestrone" title="16β-Hydroxyestrone">16β-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2,17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="16β,17α-Epiestriol">16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Estradiol" title="17α-Estradiol">17α-Estradiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">alfatradiol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Dihydroequilenin" title="17α-Dihydroequilenin">17α-Dihydroequilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Dihydroequilin" title="17α-Dihydroequilin">17α-Dihydroequilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="17α-Epiestriol">17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B1-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B2-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Dihydroequilenin" title="17β-Dihydroequilenin">17β-Dihydroequilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Dihydroequilin" title="17β-Dihydroequilin">17β-Dihydroequilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Methyl-17%CE%B1-dihydroequilenin" title="17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin">17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiraterone">Abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alestramustine" title="Alestramustine">Alestramustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almestrone" title="Almestrone">Almestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">methyltestosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">metandienone (methandrostenolone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">esters</a>, many others; via estrogenic metabolites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrimustine" title="Atrimustine">Atrimustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butolame" title="Butolame">Butolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomestrone" title="Clomestrone">Clomestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxestradiol" title="Cloxestradiol">Cloxestradiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxestradiol_acetate" title="Cloxestradiol acetate">Cloxestradiol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estriol" title="Conjugated estriol">Conjugated estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclodiol" title="Cyclodiol">Cyclodiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotriol" title="Cyclotriol">Cyclotriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent-Estradiol" title="Ent-Estradiol">ent-Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiestriol" title="Epiestriol">Epiestriol (16β-epiestriol, 16β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimestrol" title="Epimestrol">Epimestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilenin" title="Equilenin">Equilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilin" title="Equilin">Equilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERA-63" title="ERA-63">ERA-63 (ORG-37663)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens" title="Esterified estrogens">Esterified estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estetrol" title="Estetrol">Estetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estradiol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estradiol esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoidal_estradiol" title="Lipoidal estradiol">Lipoidal estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">Polyestradiol phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine" title="Estramustine">Estramustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine_phosphate" title="Estramustine phosphate">Estramustine phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrapronicate" title="Estrapronicate">Estrapronicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrazinol" title="Estrazinol">Estrazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">Estriol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estriol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estriol esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyestriol_phosphate" title="Polyestriol phosphate">Polyestriol phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrofurate" title="Estrofurate">Estrofurate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogenic_substances" title="Estrogenic substances">Estrogenic substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estromustine" title="Estromustine">Estromustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone" title="Estrone">Estrone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estrone_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estrone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_methyl_ether" title="Estrone methyl ether">Estrone methyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estropipate" title="Estropipate">Estropipate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etamestrol" title="Etamestrol">Etamestrol (eptamestrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_3-benzoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethinylestradiol 3-benzoate">Ethinylestradiol 3-benzoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_sulfonate" title="Ethinylestradiol sulfonate">Ethinylestradiol sulfonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestriol" title="Ethinylestriol">Ethinylestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestradiol" title="Ethylestradiol">Ethylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexolame" title="Hexolame">Hexolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippulin" title="Hippulin">Hippulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyestrone_diacetate" title="Hydroxyestrone diacetate">Hydroxyestrone diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestranol" title="Mestranol">Mestranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylestradiol" title="Methylestradiol">Methylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxestrol" title="Moxestrol">Moxestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytatrienediol" title="Mytatrienediol">Mytatrienediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilestriol" title="Nilestriol">Nilestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestrate" title="Orestrate">Orestrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentolame" title="Pentolame">Pentolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodiame" title="Prodiame">Prodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolame" title="Prolame">Prolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promestriene" title="Promestriene">Promestriene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-16117" title="RU-16117">RU-16117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestradol" title="Quinestradol">Quinestradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestrol" title="Quinestrol">Quinestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene" title="(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene">(R,R)-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(S,S)-Tetrahydrochrysene" title="(S,S)-Tetrahydrochrysene">(S,S)-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene" title="2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene">2,8-DHHHC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-LGND1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-LGND1 (page does not exist)">β-LGND1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-LGND2" title="Β-LGND2">β-LGND2 (GTx-878)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AC-186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AC-186 (page does not exist)">AC-186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenestrol" title="Allenestrol">Allenestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenolic_acid" title="Allenolic acid">Allenolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzestrol" title="Benzestrol">Benzestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">Bifluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisdehydrodoisynolic_acid" title="Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid">Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butestrol" title="Butestrol">Butestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbestrol" title="Carbestrol">Carbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-15414" title="D-15414">D-15414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCW234" title="DCW234">DCW234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarylpropionitrile" title="Diarylpropionitrile">Diarylpropionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol" title="Dienestrol">Dienestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol_diacetate" title="Dienestrol diacetate">Dienestrol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Diethylstilbestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Diethylstilbestrol esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimestrol" title="Dimestrol">Dimestrol (dianisylhexene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylstilbestrol" title="Dimethylstilbestrol">Dimethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doisynoestrol" title="Doisynoestrol">Doisynoestrol (fenocycline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doisynolic_acid" title="Doisynolic acid">Doisynolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elacestrant" title="Elacestrant">Elacestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERB-196" title="ERB-196">ERB-196 (WAY-202196)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erteberel" title="Erteberel">Erteberel (SERBA-1, LY-500307)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrobin" title="Estrobin">Estrobin (DBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenestrel" title="Fenestrel">Fenestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FERb_033" title="FERb 033">FERb 033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosfestrol" title="Fosfestrol">Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furostilbestrol" title="Furostilbestrol">Furostilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol difuroate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTx-758" title="GTx-758">GTx-758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexestrol" title="Hexestrol">Hexestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Hexestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Hexestrol esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-85966" title="ICI-85966">ICI-85966 (Stilbostat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2613" title="M2613">M2613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Butestrol" title="Meso-Butestrol">meso-Butestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Hexestrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Meso-Hexestrol">meso-Hexestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestilbol" title="Mestilbol">Mestilbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methallenestril" title="Methallenestril">Methallenestril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol" title="Methestrol">Methestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol_dipropionate" title="Methestrol dipropionate">Methestrol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">Paroxypropione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentafluranol" title="Pentafluranol">Pentafluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenestrol" title="Phenestrol">Phenestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinaberel" title="Prinaberel">Prinaberel (ERB-041, WAY-202041)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylpyrazoletriol" title="Propylpyrazoletriol">Propylpyrazoletriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrosilan" title="Quadrosilan">Quadrosilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-3296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-3296 (page does not exist)">SC-3296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-4289" title="SC-4289">SC-4289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERBA-2" title="SERBA-2">SERBA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-82,958" title="SKF-82,958">SKF-82,958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terfluranol" title="Terfluranol">Terfluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylbromoethylene" title="Triphenylbromoethylene">Triphenylbromoethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylchloroethylene" title="Triphenylchloroethylene">Triphenylchloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenyliodoethylene" title="Triphenyliodoethylene">Triphenyliodoethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylmethylethylene" title="Triphenylmethylethylene">Triphenylmethylethylene (triphenylpropene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-166818" title="WAY-166818">WAY-166818</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAY-169916&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WAY-169916 (page does not exist)">WAY-169916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-200070" title="WAY-200070">WAY-200070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-204688" title="WAY-204688">WAY-204688 (SIM-688)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-214156" title="WAY-214156">WAY-214156</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/ERB-26" title="ERB-26">ERB-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERA-45" title="ERA-45">ERA-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERB-79" title="ERB-79">ERB-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZK-283197" title="ZK-283197">ZK-283197</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Xenoestrogens: <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a>-related (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Anethole" title="Anethole">anethole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anol" title="Anol">anol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianethole" title="Dianethole">dianethole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianol" title="Dianol">dianol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photoanethole" title="Photoanethole">photoanethole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalconoid" title="Chalconoid">Chalconoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Isoliquiritigenin" title="Isoliquiritigenin">isoliquiritigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phloretin" title="Phloretin">phloretin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phlorizin" title="Phlorizin">phlorizin (phloridzin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wedelolactone" title="Wedelolactone">wedelolactone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumestan" title="Coumestan">Coumestans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Coumestrol" title="Coumestrol">coumestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psoralidin" title="Psoralidin">psoralidin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/7,8-Dihydroxyflavone" class="mw-redirect" title="7,8-Dihydroxyflavone">7,8-DHF</a>, <a href="/wiki/8-Prenylnaringenin" title="8-Prenylnaringenin">8-prenylnaringenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">apigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baicalein" title="Baicalein">baicalein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">baicalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochanin_A" title="Biochanin A">biochanin A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calycosin" title="Calycosin">calycosin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">catechin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">daidzein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daidzin" title="Daidzin">daidzin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">EGCG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">epicatechin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equol" title="Equol">equol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formononetin" title="Formononetin">formononetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glabrene" title="Glabrene">glabrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glabridin" title="Glabridin">glabridin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">genistein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genistin" title="Genistin">genistin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycitein" title="Glycitein">glycitein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">kaempferol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquiritigenin" title="Liquiritigenin">liquiritigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirificin" title="Mirificin">mirificin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myricetin" title="Myricetin">myricetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">naringenin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penduletin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penduletin (page does not exist)">penduletin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinocembrin" title="Pinocembrin">pinocembrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunetin" title="Prunetin">prunetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerarin" title="Puerarin">puerarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">quercetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tectoridin" title="Tectoridin">tectoridin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tectorigenin" title="Tectorigenin">tectorigenin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Enterodiol" title="Enterodiol">enterodiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enterolactone" title="Enterolactone">enterolactone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyasol" title="Nyasol">nyasol (cis-hinokiresinol)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalloestrogen" title="Metalloestrogen">Metalloestrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alternariol" title="Alternariol">alternariol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">dieldrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">endosulfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenarimol" title="Fenarimol">fenarimol</a>, <a href="/wiki/HPTE" title="HPTE">HPTE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">methiocarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxychlor" title="Methoxychlor">methoxychlor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triclocarban" title="Triclocarban">triclocarban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triclosan" title="Triclosan">triclosan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytosteroid" title="Phytosteroid">Phytosteroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Digitoxin" title="Digitoxin">digitoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digitalis" title="Digitalis">digitalis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Diosgenin" title="Diosgenin">diosgenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">guggulsterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">Phytosterols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-sitosterol">β-sitosterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campesterol" title="Campesterol">campesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stigmasterol" title="Stigmasterol">stigmasterol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resorcylic_acid_lactone" title="Resorcylic acid lactone">Resorcylic acid lactones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zearalanone" title="Zearalanone">zearalanone</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-zearalenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-zearalenol">α-zearalenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-zearalenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-zearalenol">β-zearalenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">zearalenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeranol" title="Zeranol">zeranol (α-zearalanol)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taleranol" title="Taleranol">taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroid</a>-like (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Deoxymiroestrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxymiroestrol">deoxymiroestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miroestrol" title="Miroestrol">miroestrol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbenoid" title="Stilbenoid">Stilbenoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhaponticin" title="Rhaponticin">rhaponticin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_xenoestrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic xenoestrogen">Synthetic xenoestrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alkylphenol" title="Alkylphenol">alkylphenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">bisphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">BPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">BPF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">BPS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane">DDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraben" title="Paraben">parabens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_biphenyl" title="Polybrominated biphenyl">PBBs</a>, <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxybenzoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxybenzoic acid">PHBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">phthalates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a>)</li> <li>Others (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Agnuside" title="Agnuside">agnuside</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotundifuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotundifuran (page does not exist)">rotundifuran</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Mixed (<a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators">SERMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenylbenzofuran" title="2-Phenylbenzofuran">2-Phenylbenzofuran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Phenylbenzothiophene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Phenylbenzothiophene (page does not exist)">2-Phenylbenzothiophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Hydroxynorendoxifen" title="4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen">4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27-Hydroxycholesterol" title="27-Hydroxycholesterol">27-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acefluranol" title="Acefluranol">Acefluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolbifene" title="Acolbifene">Acolbifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">Afimoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anordiol" title="Anordiol">Anordiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anordrin" title="Anordrin">Anordrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzoxifene" title="Arzoxifene">Arzoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazedoxifene" title="Bazedoxifene">Bazedoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilanestrant" title="Brilanestrant">Brilanestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broparestrol" title="Broparestrol">Broparestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camizestrant" title="Camizestrant">Camizestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorotrianisene" title="Chlorotrianisene">Chlorotrianisene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">Clomifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomifenoxide" title="Clomifenoxide">Clomifenoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CN-55945-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CN-55945-27 (page does not exist)">CN-55945-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclofenil" title="Cyclofenil">Cyclofenil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-15413&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-15413 (page does not exist)">D-15413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylchlorotrianisene" title="Desmethylchlorotrianisene">Desmethylchlorotrianisene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droloxifene" title="Droloxifene">Droloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclomifene" title="Enclomifene">Enclomifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoxifen" title="Endoxifen">Endoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etacstil" title="Etacstil">Etacstil (GW-5638, DPC-974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethamoxytriphetol" title="Ethamoxytriphetol">Ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femarelle" title="Femarelle">Femarelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fispemifene" title="Fispemifene">Fispemifene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-7604&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-7604 (page does not exist)">GW-7604</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-55548" class="mw-redirect" title="ICI-55548">ICI-55548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoxifene" title="Idoxifene">Idoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasofoxifene" title="Lasofoxifene">Lasofoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levormeloxifene" title="Levormeloxifene">Levormeloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LN-1643" class="mw-redirect" title="LN-1643">LN-1643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LN-2299" class="mw-redirect" title="LN-2299">LN-2299</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-117018&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-117018 (page does not exist)">LY-117018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menerba" title="Menerba">Menerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miproxifene" title="Miproxifene">Miproxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miproxifene_phosphate" title="Miproxifene phosphate">Miproxifene phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRL-37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRL-37 (page does not exist)">MRL-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafoxidine" title="Nafoxidine">Nafoxidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromifene" title="Nitromifene">Nitromifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNC_45-0095" title="NNC 45-0095">NNC 45-0095</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_45-0320&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 45-0320 (page does not exist)">NNC 45-0320</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_45-0781&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 45-0781 (page does not exist)">NNC 45-0781</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_45-1506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 45-1506 (page does not exist)">NNC 45-1506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormeloxifene" title="Ormeloxifene">Ormeloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospemifene" title="Ospemifene">Ospemifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panomifene" title="Panomifene">Panomifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipendoxifene" title="Pipendoxifene">Pipendoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promensil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promensil (page does not exist)">Promensil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimostil" title="Rimostil">Rimostil (P-081)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS1010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS1010 (page does not exist)">SS1010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">Tamoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS-108" title="TAS-108">TAS-108 (SR-16234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toremifene" title="Toremifene">Toremifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxifene" title="Trioxifene">Trioxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TZE-5323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TZE-5323 (page does not exist)">TZE-5323</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-11555A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-11555A (page does not exist)">U-11555A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-11634&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-11634 (page does not exist)">U-11634</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-134&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Y-134 (page does not exist)">Y-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zindoxifene" title="Zindoxifene">Zindoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclomifene" title="Zuclomifene">Zuclomifene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene" title="(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene">(R,R)-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7β-Hydroxy-DHEA">7β-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroindazole (page does not exist)">Chloroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytestrol_acetate" title="Cytestrol acetate">Cytestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-800&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-800 (page does not exist)">EM-800 (SCH-57050)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ERA-90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ERA-90 (page does not exist)">ERA-90</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ERB-88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ERB-88 (page does not exist)">ERB-88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyceollin" title="Glyceollin">Glyceollins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glyceollin_I" title="Glyceollin I">I</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyceollin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyceollin II (page does not exist)">II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glyceollin_III" title="Glyceollin III">III</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyceollin_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyceollin IV (page does not exist)">IV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-164384" title="ICI-164384">ICI-164384</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-101906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-101906 (page does not exist)">MDL-101906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylepitiostanol" title="Methylepitiostanol">Methylepitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylpiperidinopyrazole" title="Methylpiperidinopyrazole">Methylpiperidinopyrazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIBE" title="MIBE">MIBE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxabicycloheptene_sulfonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate (page does not exist)">Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHTPP" title="PHTPP">PHTPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">Prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-39411&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-39411 (page does not exist)">RU-39411</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-58668&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-58668 (page does not exist)">RU-58668</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS1020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS1020 (page does not exist)">SS1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS-108" title="TAS-108">TAS-108 (SR-16234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZB716" title="ZB716">ZB716</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZK-164015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZK-164015 (page does not exist)">ZK-164015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZK-191703&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZK-191703 (page does not exist)">ZK-191703</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Coregulator-binding modulators: <a href="/wiki/ERX-11" title="ERX-11">ERX-11</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Noncompetitive inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_estrogen_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein-coupled estrogen receptor"><abbr title="G protein-coupled estrogen receptor">GPER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled estrogen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestradiol" title="2-Methoxyestradiol">2-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">Afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrazine" title="Atrazine">Atrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">Daidzein</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DDT</a> (<a href="/wiki/P,p%27-DDT" class="mw-redirect" title="P,p'-DDT">p,p'-DDT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27,p%27-DDE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O',p'-DDE (page does not exist)">o',p'-DDE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarylpropionitrile" title="Diarylpropionitrile">Diarylpropionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equol" title="Equol">Equol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-1_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="G-1 (drug)">G-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPER-L1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPER-L1 (page does not exist)">GPER-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPER-L2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPER-L2 (page does not exist)">GPER-L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxytyrosol" title="Hydroxytyrosol">Hydroxytyrosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepone">Kepone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acid" title="Nicotinic acid">Nicotinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide" title="Nicotinamide">Nicotinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleuropein" title="Oleuropein">Oleuropein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2%27,5%27-PCB-4-OH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH (page does not exist)">2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylpyrazoletriol" title="Propylpyrazoletriol">Propylpyrazoletriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">Quercetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STX_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STX (drug) (page does not exist)">STX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">Tamoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectoridin" title="Tectoridin">Tectoridin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCL18" title="CCL18">CCL18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">Estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-15_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-15 (drug) (page does not exist)">G-15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-36_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-36 (drug) (page does not exist)">G-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIBE" title="MIBE">MIBE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">Zearalenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens">Estrogens and antiestrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators">Androgen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_estrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steroidal estrogens">List of estrogens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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