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class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1990s and 2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_and_2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ادبیات داستانی وسترن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات داستانی وسترن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B6%80%EB%AC%BC" title="서부물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서부물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrativa_western" title="Narrativa western – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Narrativa western" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Western+fiction%22">"Western fiction"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Western+fiction%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Western+fiction%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Western+fiction%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Western+fiction%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Western+fiction%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_West_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wild_West_1908.jpg/220px-Wild_West_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Westerns</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg/120px-Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg/180px-Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg/240px-Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Media</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerns_on_television" title="Westerns on television">Television</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_Art" title="Western American Art">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_Western" title="Dime Western">Dime novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_subgenres" title="List of Western subgenres">Subgenres</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Australian Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic Western">Epic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_romance_literature" title="Western romance literature">Western romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Western_films" title="Lists of Western films">Lists of Western films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_fiction_authors" title="List of Western fiction authors">List of Western fiction authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_television_series" title="List of Western television series">List of Western television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Boot_Awards" title="Golden Boot Awards">Golden Boot Awards</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Terms</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">Old West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Cowboy culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">Cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">Gunfighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(stock_character)" title="Outlaw (stock character)">Outlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_draw" title="Fast draw">Quick draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">Saloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Western fiction</b> is a genre of literature set in the <a href="/wiki/American_Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Old West">American Old West</a> frontier and typically set from the late eighteenth to the late nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well-known writers of Western fiction include <a href="/wiki/Zane_Grey" title="Zane Grey">Zane Grey</a> from the early 20th century and <a href="/wiki/Louis_L%27Amour" title="Louis L'Amour">Louis L'Amour</a> from the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre peaked around the early 1960s, largely due to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Television_Westerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Television Westerns">televised Westerns</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bonanza" title="Bonanza">Bonanza</a></i>. Readership began to drop off in the mid- to late 1970s and reached a new low in the 2000s. Most bookstores, outside a few west American states, only carry a small number of Western fiction books. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1850s">Pre-1850s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-1850s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The predecessor of the Western in <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a> emerged early with tales of the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">frontier</a>. The most famous of the early 19th-century frontier novels were <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a>'s five novels comprising the <i><a href="/wiki/Leatherstocking_Tales" title="Leatherstocking Tales">Leatherstocking Tales</a></i>. Cooper's novels were largely set in what was at the time the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> and areas west of there. As did his novel <i>The Prairie</i> (1824), most later westerns would typically take place west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notable writer <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> was inspired by Cooper and wrote tales of the American frontier beginning with <i>A Tour on the Prairies</i> which related his recent travels on the frontier. In 1834, he was approached by fur magnate <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a>, who convinced him to write a history of his fur trading colony in <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria, Oregon</a>. Irving made quick work of Astor's project, shipping the fawning biographical account <i><a href="/wiki/Astoria_(book)" title="Astoria (book)">Astoria</a></i> in February 1836. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1850s–1900"><span id="1850s.E2.80.931900"></span>1850s–1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1850s–1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Western as a specialized genre got its start in the "<a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">penny dreadfuls</a>" and later the "<a href="/wiki/Dime_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Dime novels">dime novels</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published in June 1860, <i>Malaeska; the Indian Wife of the White Hunter</i> is considered the first dime novel.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cheaply made books were hugely successful and capitalized on the many stories that were being told about the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain men">mountain men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaws</a>, settlers, and lawmen who were taming the western frontier. Many of these novels were fictionalized stories based on actual people, such as <a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">Buffalo Bill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a> (who was still alive at the time), <a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">Wild Bill Hickok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900s–1930s"><span id="1900s.E2.80.931930s"></span>1900s–1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1900s–1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1900, the new medium of <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp magazines">pulp magazines</a> helped to relate these adventures to easterners. Meanwhile, non-American authors, like the German <a href="/wiki/Karl_May" title="Karl May">Karl May</a>, picked up the genre, went to full novel length, and made it hugely popular and successful in continental Europe from about 1880 on, though they were generally dismissed as trivial by the literary critics of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most famous pulp works of the era was <a href="/wiki/Johnston_McCulley" title="Johnston McCulley">Johnston McCulley</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Zorro" title="Zorro">Zorro</a> novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Capistrano" title="The Curse of Capistrano">The Curse of Capistrano</a></i> (1919). </p><p>Popularity grew with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Owen_Wister" title="Owen Wister">Owen Wister</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virginian_(novel)" title="The Virginian (novel)">The Virginian</a></i> (1902) and especially <a href="/wiki/Zane_Grey" title="Zane Grey">Zane Grey</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Riders_of_the_Purple_Sage" title="Riders of the Purple Sage">Riders of the Purple Sage</a></i> (1912). The first <a href="/wiki/Hopalong_Cassidy" title="Hopalong Cassidy">Hopalong Cassidy</a> stories by <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mulford" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Mulford">Clarence Mulford</a> appeared in 1904, both as <a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">dime novels</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp magazines</a>. When pulp magazines exploded in popularity in the 1920s, Western fiction greatly benefited (as did the author <a href="/wiki/Max_Brand" title="Max Brand">Max Brand</a>, who excelled at the western short story). Pulp magazines that specialised in Westerns include <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowboy_Stories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cowboy Stories (page does not exist)">Cowboy Stories</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranch_Romances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranch Romances (page does not exist)">Ranch Romances</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Western&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Star Western (page does not exist)">Star Western</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_(pulp_magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West (pulp magazine) (page does not exist)">West</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Story_Magazine" title="Western Story Magazine">Western Story Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The simultaneous popularity of <a href="/wiki/Western_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Western movie">Western movies</a> in the 1920s also helped the genre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s–1960s"><span id="1940s.E2.80.931960s"></span>1940s–1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1940s–1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1940s several seminal Westerns were published, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ox-Bow_Incident_(novel)" title="The Ox-Bow Incident (novel)">The Ox-Bow Incident</a></i> (1940) by <a href="/wiki/Walter_van_Tilburg_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter van Tilburg Clark">Walter van Tilburg Clark</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sky_(novel)" title="The Big Sky (novel)">The Big Sky</a></i> (1947) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_West" title="The Way West">The Way West</a></i> (1949) by <a href="/wiki/A.B._Guthrie_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="A.B. Guthrie Jr.">A.B. Guthrie Jr.</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Shane_(novel)" title="Shane (novel)">Shane</a></i> (1949) by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Schaefer" title="Jack Schaefer">Jack Schaefer</a>. Many other Western authors gained readership in the 1950s, such as Ray Hogan, <a href="/wiki/Louis_L%27Amour" title="Louis L'Amour">Louis L'Amour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luke_Short_(writer)" title="Luke Short (writer)">Luke Short</a>. </p><p>The genre peaked around the early 1960s, largely due to the tremendous number of <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)#Television" title="Western (genre)">Westerns on television</a>. The burnout of the American public on television Westerns in the late 1960s seemed to have an effect on the literature as well, and interest in Western literature began to wane.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1968 Charles Portis published <i><a href="/wiki/True_Grit_(novel)" title="True Grit (novel)">True Grit</a></i>, which became the most successful work of the era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_comics">Western comics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Western comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Western comics</a></div> <p>Western novels, films and pulps gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Western comics</a>, which were very popular, particularly from the late 1940s until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1967</span>, when the comics began to turn to reprints. This can particularly be seen at <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>, where Westerns began <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1948</span> and thrived until 1967, when one of their flagship titles, <i><a href="/wiki/Kid_Colt_Outlaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Kid Colt Outlaw">Kid Colt Outlaw</a></i> (1949–1979), ceased to have new stories and entered the reprint phase. Other notable long-running Marvel Western comics included <i><a href="/wiki/Rawhide_Kid" title="Rawhide Kid">Rawhide Kid</a></i> (1955–1957, 1960–1979) <i><a href="/wiki/Two-Gun_Kid" title="Two-Gun Kid">Two-Gun Kid</a></i> (1948–1962), and <i>Marvel Wild Western</i> (1948–1957). </p><p><a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> published the long-running series <i><a href="/wiki/All-Star_Western" title="All-Star Western">All-Star Western</a></i> (1951–1961) and <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Comics" title="Western Comics">Western Comics</a></i> (1948–1961), and <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Comics" title="Charlton Comics">Charlton Comics</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid_(Charlton_Comics)" title="Billy the Kid (Charlton Comics)">Billy the Kid</a></i> (1957–1983) and <i>Cheyenne Kid</i> (1957–1973). <a href="/wiki/Magazine_Enterprises" title="Magazine Enterprises">Magazine Enterprises</a>' <i>Straight Arrow</i> ran from 1950 to 1956, and <a href="/wiki/Prize_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Prize Comics">Prize Comics</a>' <i>Prize Comics Western</i> ran from 1948 to 1956. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fawcett_Comics" title="Fawcett Comics">Fawcett Comics</a> published a number of Western titles, including <i>Hopalong Cassidy</i> from 1948 to 1953. They also published comics starring actors known for their Western roles, including <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mix" title="Tom Mix">Tom Mix</a> Western</i> (1948–1953) and <i><a href="/wiki/Gabby_Hayes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabby Hayes">Gabby Hayes</a> Western</i> (1948–1953). Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Dell_Comics" title="Dell Comics">Dell Comics</a> published <a href="/wiki/Roy_Rogers" title="Roy Rogers">Roy Rogers</a> comics from 1948 to 1961, and <a href="/wiki/Magazine_Enterprises" title="Magazine Enterprises">Magazine Enterprises</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Starrett" title="Charles Starrett">Charles Starrett</a> as the Durango Kid</i> from 1949 to 1955. </p><p>The Franco-Belgian comic-series <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luke" title="Lucky Luke">Lucky Luke</a> by <a href="/wiki/Morris_(cartoonist)" title="Morris (cartoonist)">Morris (cartoonist)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goscinny" title="René Goscinny">René Goscinny</a> is one of the most famous and estimated Western-comics in Europe. </p><p>The popular Western <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Ryder" title="Red Ryder">Red Ryder</a></i> was syndicated in hundreds of American newspapers from 1938 to 1964. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_and_1980s">1970s and 1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1970s and 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, the work of <a href="/wiki/Louis_L%27Amour" title="Louis L'Amour">Louis L'Amour</a> began to catch hold of most western readers and he has dominated the western reader lists ever since.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/George_G._Gilman" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Gilman">George G. Gilman</a> also maintained a cult following for several years in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Larry_McMurtry" title="Larry McMurtry">Larry McMurtry</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a>'s works remain notable. Specifically, McMurtry's <i><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Dove" title="Lonesome Dove">Lonesome Dove</a></i> and McCarthy's <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Meridian" title="Blood Meridian">Blood Meridian</a></i> (both published in 1985) are recognized as major masterpieces both within and beyond the genre. <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Kelton" title="Elmer Kelton">Elmer Kelton</a>, mostly noted for his novels <i>The Good Old Boys</i> and <i>The Time it Never Rained</i>, was voted by the Western Writers of America as the "Best Western Writer of All Time". Early in the 1970s Indiana novelist <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Durham" title="Marilyn Durham">Marilyn Durham</a> wrote two popular Western novels, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Loved_Cat_Dancing" title="The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing">The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing</a></i> and <i>Dutch Uncle</i>. </p><p>Western readership as a whole began to drop off in the mid- to late 1970s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A partial exception was an innovation,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the so-called "adult western". As <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Randisi" title="Robert J. Randisi">Robert J. Randisi</a> puts it, "it's a western novel with sex in it. That's right, the cowboy has sex with women. A new idea? Probably not, but heretofore this had not been seen in western novels (certainly not by Max Brand, Zane Grey, Owen Wister or Louis L'Amour). What these books actually showed was that men and women really did have sex in the old west. (Back when I started the series a rigidly traditional western writer of my acquaintance insisted to me that "women did not have orgasms in the old west.")."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s_and_2000s">1990s and 2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1990s and 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Readership of western fiction reached a new low in the first decade of the twenty-first century, and most bookstores, outside a few western states, only carry a small number of Western fiction books. Nevertheless, several Western fiction series are published monthly, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trailsman" title="The Trailsman">The Trailsman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slocum_(westerns)" title="Slocum (westerns)">Slocum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longarm_(book_series)" title="Longarm (book series)">Longarm</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gunsmith_(western_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gunsmith (western series)">The Gunsmith</a></i>; these are all "adult westerns". Canadian author <a href="/wiki/Guy_Vanderhaeghe" title="Guy Vanderhaeghe">Guy Vanderhaeghe</a> wrote a trilogy of Western novels: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Englishman%27s_Boy" title="The Englishman's Boy">The Englishman's Boy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Crossing" title="The Last Crossing">The Last Crossing</a></i>, and <i>A Good Man</i>. Other more recent Western authors include <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Doig" title="Ivan Doig">Ivan Doig</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Kittredge" title="William Kittredge">William Kittredge</a>. The genre has seen the rumblings of a revival, and 2008 saw the publication of an all-Western short story magazine <i>Great Western Fiction</i> which was published by Dry River Publishing in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. Nevertheless, the magazine was short-lived and folded after only two issues.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most successful Western novels in recent times was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_Brothers" title="The Sisters Brothers">The Sisters Brothers</a></i> (2011) by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_deWitt" title="Patrick deWitt">Patrick deWitt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western authors are represented by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Writers_of_America" title="Western Writers of America">Western Writers of America</a>, who present the annual <a href="/wiki/Spur_Award" title="Spur Award">Spur Awards</a> and Owen Wister Award for Lifetime Achievement. The organization was founded in 1953 to promote the literature of the American West. While the founding members were mostly western fiction writers, the organization began getting a number of other members from other backgrounds such as historians, regional history buffs, and writers from other genres. </p><p>Western Fictioneers, founded in 2010, is a professional writers' group that encourages and promotes the traditional Westerns. It is the only professional writers' organization composed entirely of authors who have written Western fiction. Fans of the genre may join as patron members. The Western Fictioneers' annual Peacemakers competition awards prizes in many categories of Western writing.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_fiction_authors" title="List of Western fiction authors">List of Western fiction authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western (genre)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWisterFoxAustinHaycox2020" class="citation book cs1">Wister, Owen; Fox, John Jr.; Austin, Mary; Haycox, Ernest; Howard, Robert E.; Nemo, August (April 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIr4DwAAQBAJ&dq=Western+fiction+is+a+genre+of+literature+set+in+the+American+Old+West+frontier&pg=PT2"><i>Big Book of Best Short Stories - Specials - Western 2: Volume 14</i></a>. Tacet Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96858-330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96858-330-3"><bdi>978-3-96858-330-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Book+of+Best+Short+Stories+-+Specials+-+Western+2%3A+Volume+14&rft.pub=Tacet+Books&rft.date=2020-04-04&rft.isbn=978-3-96858-330-3&rft.aulast=Wister&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft.au=Fox%2C+John+Jr.&rft.au=Austin%2C+Mary&rft.au=Haycox%2C+Ernest&rft.au=Howard%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Nemo%2C+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcIr4DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DWestern%2Bfiction%2Bis%2Ba%2Bgenre%2Bof%2Bliterature%2Bset%2Bin%2Bthe%2BAmerican%2BOld%2BWest%2Bfrontier%26pg%3DPT2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowerAdamsHarteGarland2019" class="citation book cs1">Bower, B. M.; Adams, Andy; Harte, Bret; Garland, Hamlin; Grey, Zane (September 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkqyDwAAQBAJ&dq=Well-known+writers+of+Western+fiction+include+Zane+Grey+from+the+early+20th+century+and+Louis+L'Amour+from+the+mid-20th+century&pg=PT3"><i>Big Book of Best Short Stories: Specials - Western</i></a>. Tacet Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7777-486-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7777-486-9"><bdi>978-85-7777-486-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Book+of+Best+Short+Stories%3A+Specials+-+Western&rft.pub=Tacet+Books&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft.isbn=978-85-7777-486-9&rft.aulast=Bower&rft.aufirst=B.+M.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Andy&rft.au=Harte%2C+Bret&rft.au=Garland%2C+Hamlin&rft.au=Grey%2C+Zane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkqyDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DWell-known%2Bwriters%2Bof%2BWestern%2Bfiction%2Binclude%2BZane%2BGrey%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bearly%2B20th%2Bcentury%2Band%2BLouis%2BL%27Amour%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bmid-20th%2Bcentury%26pg%3DPT3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldLevine-Clark2017" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, John D.; Levine-Clark, Michael (March 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxgcEAAAQBAJ&dq=Well-known+writers+of+Western+fiction+include+Zane+Grey+from+the+early+20th+century+and+Louis+L'Amour+from+the+mid-20th+century&pg=PA3705"><i>Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03154-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03154-6"><bdi>978-1-000-03154-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+and+Information+Sciences&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03154-6&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft.au=Levine-Clark%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxgcEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DWell-known%2Bwriters%2Bof%2BWestern%2Bfiction%2Binclude%2BZane%2BGrey%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bearly%2B20th%2Bcentury%2Band%2BLouis%2BL%27Amour%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bmid-20th%2Bcentury%26pg%3DPA3705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowerAdamsHarteGarland2019" class="citation book cs1">Bower, B. M.; Adams, Andy; Harte, Bret; Garland, Hamlin; Grey, Zane (September 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkqyDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+predecessor+of+the+western+in+American+literature+emerged+early+with+tales+of+the+frontier&pg=PT4"><i>Big Book of Best Short Stories: Specials - Western</i></a>. Tacet Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7777-486-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7777-486-9"><bdi>978-85-7777-486-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Book+of+Best+Short+Stories%3A+Specials+-+Western&rft.pub=Tacet+Books&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft.isbn=978-85-7777-486-9&rft.aulast=Bower&rft.aufirst=B.+M.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Andy&rft.au=Harte%2C+Bret&rft.au=Garland%2C+Hamlin&rft.au=Grey%2C+Zane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkqyDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2Bpredecessor%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bwestern%2Bin%2BAmerican%2Bliterature%2Bemerged%2Bearly%2Bwith%2Btales%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bfrontier%26pg%3DPT4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2016" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Gary (March 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k5m7CwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Western+as+a+specialized+genre+got+its+start+in+the+%22penny+dreadfuls%22+and+later+the+%22dime+novels&pg=PT171"><i>A Companion to Popular Culture</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-88333-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-88333-4"><bdi>978-1-118-88333-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.isbn=978-1-118-88333-4&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk5m7CwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2BWestern%2Bas%2Ba%2Bspecialized%2Bgenre%2Bgot%2Bits%2Bstart%2Bin%2Bthe%2B%2522penny%2Bdreadfuls%2522%2Band%2Blater%2Bthe%2B%2522dime%2Bnovels%26pg%3DPT171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1990" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Garyn G. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OONcgSbrU-EC"><i>Old Sleuth's Freaky Female Detectives: (from the Dime Novels)</i></a>. Bowling Green, OH: Popular Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879724757" title="Special:BookSources/0879724757"><bdi>0879724757</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Sleuth%27s+Freaky+Female+Detectives%3A+%28from+the+Dime+Novels%29&rft.place=Bowling+Green%2C+OH&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Popular+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0879724757&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Garyn+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOONcgSbrU-EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2014" class="citation book cs1">Novak, Ben (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVaJAwAAQBAJ"><i>Hitler and Abductive Logic: The Strategy of a Tyrant</i></a>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">104–</span>05. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739192245" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739192245"><bdi>978-0739192245</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Abductive+Logic%3A+The+Strategy+of+a+Tyrant&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E05&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0739192245&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRVaJAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinan,_John_A.1983" class="citation book cs1">Dinan, John A. (1983). <i>The Pulp Western: A Popular History of the Western Fiction Magazine in America</i>. Borgo Pres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89370-161-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89370-161-0"><bdi>0-89370-161-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pulp+Western%3A+A+Popular+History+of+the+Western+Fiction+Magazine+in+America&rft.pub=Borgo+Pres&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-89370-161-0&rft.au=Dinan%2C+John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piccadillypublishing.org/roberts.html">"Piccadilly Publishing - J.R.Roberts Author Page"</a>. <i>www.piccadillypublishing.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.piccadillypublishing.org&rft.atitle=Piccadilly+Publishing+-+J.R.Roberts+Author+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piccadillypublishing.org%2Froberts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tainted-archive.blogspot.com/2008/08/great-western-fiction-has-folded.html">"<i>Great Western Fiction</i> Has Folded,"</a> The Tainted Archive (August 31, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernfictioneers.com/"><i>Westernfictioneers.com</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westernfictioneers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernfictioneers.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boatright, Mody C. "The Formula in Cowboy Fiction and Drama." <i>Western Folklore</i> (1969): 136–145. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1498509">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Davis, David B. "Ten-Gallon Hero." <i>American Quarterly</i> (1954) 6#2 pp: 111–125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3031207">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Durham, Philip. "The Cowboy and the Myth Makers." <i>The Journal of Popular Culture</i> (1967) 1#1 pp: 58–62.</li> <li>Estleman, Loren D. The <i>Wister trace: classic novels of the American frontier</i> (Jameson Books, 1987)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1979" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Robert E (October 1979). <i>The Dime Novel Western</i>. Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dime+Novel+Western&rft.pub=Rocky+Mountain+Modern+Language+Association&rft.date=1979-10&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Robert+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hamilton, Cynthia S. <i>Western and hard-boiled detective fiction in America: from high noon to midnight</i> (Macmillan, 1987)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesc._1978" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Daryl (c. 1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dimenovelwestern00jone"><i>The dime novel western</i></a></span>. Bowling Green, Ohio: Popular Press, Bowling Green State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879720980" title="Special:BookSources/0879720980"><bdi>0879720980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dime+novel+western&rft.place=Bowling+Green%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Popular+Press%2C+Bowling+Green+State+University&rft.isbn=0879720980&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdimenovelwestern00jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1974" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Daryl Emrys (January 1974). <i>The Dime Novel Western: The Evolution of a Popular Formula</i>. Michigan State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dime+Novel+Western%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Popular+Formula&rft.place=Michigan+State+University&rft.date=1974-01&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daryl+Emrys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+fiction" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>McVeigh, Stephen. <i>The American Western</i> (Edinburgh University Press, 2007.)</li> <li>Marsden, Michael T. "The Popular Western Novel as a Cultural Artifact." <i>Arizona and the West</i> (1978): 203–214. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40168727">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Stauffer, Helen Winter, and <a href="/wiki/Susan_J._Rosowski" title="Susan J. Rosowski">Susan J. Rosowski</a>, eds. <i>Women and western American literature</i> (Whitston Publishing Company, 1982)</li> <li>Witschi, Nicolas S. ed. <i>A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American West.</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Companion-Literature-Culture-American-West/dp/1405187336/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bold, Christine. <i>Selling the Wild West: Popular Fiction, 1860 to 1960.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.</li> <li>Cawelti, John G. <i>The Six-Gun Mystique.</i> Bowling Green, OH: Popular Press, 1971, 1984.</li> <li>Erisman, Fred, and Richard W. Etulain, eds. <i>Fifty Western Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook.</i> Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982,</li> <li>Etulain, Richard W. <i>Ernest Haycox and the Western.</i> Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2017.</li> <li>Etulain, Richard W., and Michael Marsden, eds. <i>The Popular Western: Essays Toward a Definition.</i> Bowling Green, OH: Popular Press, 1974.</li> <li>Etulain, Richard W. <i>Telling Western Stories: From Buffalo Bill to Larry McMurtry.</i> Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999.</li> <li>Folsom, James K. <i>The American Western Novel.</i> New Haven: College and University Press, 1966.</li> <li>Lamont, Victoria. "Big Books Wanted: Women and Western American literature in the Twenty-First Century." <i>Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers</i> 31, no.2 (2014): 311–326.</li> <li>Lee, Robert Edson. <i>From the West to East: Studies in the Literature of the American West.</i> Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966.</li> <li>Meyer, Roy W. <i>The Middle Western Farm Novel in the Twentieth Century.</i> Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965.</li> <li>Rusk, Ralph Leslie. <i>The Literature of the Middle Western Frontier.</i> 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1926.</li> <li>Slotkin, Richard. <i>Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America.</i> New York: Atheneum, 1992.</li> <li>Slotkin, Richard. <i>Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860.</i> Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1973.</li> <li>Slotkin, Richard. <i>The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800–1890.</i> New York: Atheneum, 1985.</li> <li>Smith, Henry Nash. <i>Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth.</i> Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950.</li> <li>Stegner, Wallace. <i>The Sound of Mountain Water: The Changing American West.</i> Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969.</li> <li>Taylor, J. Golden, ed. <i>The Literature of the American West.</i> Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971.</li> <li>Tompkins, Jane. <i>West of Everything: The Inner Life of Westerns.</i> New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.</li> <li>Walker, Franklin. <i>A Literary History of Southern California.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_fiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernwriters.org/">The Western Writers of America website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_series" title="Template:Works series">Series of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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fiction"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1726776/">FAST</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Western stories"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1174081/">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Western stories"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85146287">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Westerns (littérature)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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