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searchaux" style="display:none">American biologist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Raymond Pearl</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Raymond_Pearl,_Food._Adm._LCCN2016824384_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dr._Raymond_Pearl%2C_Food._Adm._LCCN2016824384_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Dr._Raymond_Pearl%2C_Food._Adm._LCCN2016824384_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dr._Raymond_Pearl%2C_Food._Adm._LCCN2016824384_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Dr._Raymond_Pearl%2C_Food._Adm._LCCN2016824384_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dr._Raymond_Pearl%2C_Food._Adm._LCCN2016824384_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Dr._Raymond_Pearl%2C_Food._Adm._LCCN2016824384_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="4464" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-06-03</span>)</span>June 3, 1879<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Farmington,_New_Hampshire" title="Farmington, New Hampshire">Farmington, New Hampshire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 17, 1940<span style="display:none">(1940-11-17)</span> (aged 61)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Biogerontology" title="Biogerontology">Biogerontology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbrev. (botany)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pearl</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Raymond Pearl</b> (June 3, 1879 – November 17, 1940) was an American <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>, regarded as one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Biogerontology" title="Biogerontology">biogerontology</a>. He spent most of his career at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>. Pearl was a prolific writer of academic books, papers and articles, as well as a committed populariser and communicator of science. At his death, 841 publications were listed against his name. An early eugenicist, he eventually became an important critic of eugenics. He also advanced the concept of carrying capacity, although he didn't use the term, and was a Malthusian concerned with resource limits. He was a critique of mass consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Pearl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pearl was born into an upper-middle-class family on June 3, 1879, in <a href="/wiki/Farmington,_New_Hampshire" title="Farmington, New Hampshire">Farmington, New Hampshire</a>, the son of Ida May (McDuffee) and Frank Pearl.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an early age, Pearl was exposed to the classics. His parents and grandparents wanted him to study Greek and Latin. However, when he attended <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> at 16 years old, he became fascinated by biology and graduated with a B.A. as the youngest in his class. At Dartmouth, he was known to be an exceptional student as well as a skilled musician. He was capable of playing almost every wind instrument, and he planned amateur music performances with his friends and colleagues. In 1899, Pearl attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> where he received his PhD in <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> for his work on the behavior of planarians. He also was involved in studying the variation of fish for the Biological Survey of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. While working in a zoological laboratory, he met his future wife, Maude M. De Witt. In 1903, they married, and together in 1905 and 1906, they traveled abroad and worked at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>, and Marine Biological Station in Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, he spent a year studying under <a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a> at University College, London. During this year he discovered <a href="/wiki/Biometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biometry">biometry</a>, which seemed to offer a solution to the problems he was concerned with in biology, zoology and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>. On his return to the US he continued his interests, but was converted from biometry to <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian genetics">Mendelian genetics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Pearl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pearl's interest in statistical methods in biology began at the University of London, where he worked alongside Karl Pearson. He stayed as an instructor at the University of Michigan until 1906, and that same year, he went to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> to be an instructor in zoology. A year later, he became the head of the Department of Biology of the Main Agricultural Experiment Station at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maine" title="University of Maine">University of Maine</a> in Orono where he studied the genetics of poultry and other domestic animals. From 1917 to 1919, Pearl was the Chief of the Statistical Division of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">United States Food Administration</a>. In 1918, Pearl developed a department of laboratory statistics when he was recruited by Johns Hopkins University to be the Professor of Biometry and Vital Statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920 he was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Statistical_Association" title="American Statistical Association">American Statistical Association</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he also served as president. He was also an elected member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wilson's_attack"><span id="Wilson.27s_attack"></span>Wilson's attack</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Pearl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wilson's attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1929, Pearl's friend <a href="/wiki/William_Morton_Wheeler" title="William Morton Wheeler">William Morton Wheeler</a> was about to retire as the Dean of the Bussey Institution at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. At this time, there were plans to alter the current biological departments and create a field of human biology at Harvard. Due to his connections at Harvard, Pearl was mentioned as a possible candidate to succeed Wheeler and had many supporters there. However, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bidwell_Wilson" title="Edwin Bidwell Wilson">Edwin Bidwell Wilson</a>, a Harvard mathematician, was a critic of Pearl and did not believe he was fit for this position. Wilson believed that great detail and attention should be used when dealing with the math of biological data and thought that Pearl had been messy with his handling and reasoning of math in the field of biology. Wilson's first issue with Pearl was his study of population growth in the 1920s. Pearl stated that he discovered the law of population that represented an S-shaped curve of growth, but Wilson thought that his data was insufficient and did not support this assertion.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingsland_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingsland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his criticism of Pearl, in 1925, Wilson reached out to Pearl for help on his cancer research. Pearl was unaware of Wilson's criticism of him at the time. He did not help Wilson because he thought that he did not have a sufficient understanding of the biological and medical fields, which further ignited Wilson's distaste of Pearl. In 1929, Pearl conducted research on the correlation between tuberculosis and cancer and published a paper that claimed that there is a negative correlation. This research had mistakes in its data analysis, so Wilson saw this study as an opportunity to attack Pearl and prevent him from becoming the new dean. Wilson denounced Pearl's use of mathematics in the cancer study to different departments at Harvard and published about it as well. His efforts paid off as the Board of Overseers at Harvard rejected Pearl's nomination by a vote of ten to nine. Pearl continued his scientific pursuits at Hopkins until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingsland_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingsland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eugenics,_medicine,_population,_and_politics"><span id="Eugenics.2C_medicine.2C_population.2C_and_politics"></span>Eugenics, medicine, population, and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Pearl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eugenics, medicine, population, and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pearl was a eugenicist who held traditional <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galtonian</a> beliefs. He wanted to use eugenics and biometry in medicine and public health in order to gain knowledge of human heredity.<sup id="cite_ref-Comfort_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comfort-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearl founded the Constitutional Clinic at the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a>. He believed in constitutional medicine, which focuses on examining the soil on which a seed falls. He later became the director of a new Institute of Biological Research at Johns Hopkins in 1925 that was aimed at examining the genetics and environmental factors of disease. This research institute combined biometry, genetics, and medicine to investigate the hereditary predisposition of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>. When conducting his research of these diseases, Pearl recorded the height, weight, handedness, measurements of different body parts, and physical descriptions. Just like Galton, he believed that race was an important factor in human characteristics and believed in using biology and genetics to improve the long-term health of the population. Although he tried to be quantitative, objective, and systematic, his classifications of different races were influenced by social norms and prejudices.<sup id="cite_ref-Comfort_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comfort-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in the late 1920s, Pearl condemned eugenics. Pearl criticized the use of race in eugenics despite conducting research that recognized racial differences. He believed that eugenics was doing the right thing badly and that human biology was eugenics done right if it consisted of reliable statistics, objectivity, a liberal social agenda, and medical affiliations.<sup id="cite_ref-Comfort_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comfort-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, he published the landmark article <i>The Biology of Superiority</i>, which attacked the basic assumptions of eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article was the first general attack on eugenics by someone perceived as being within the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-allan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also contributed to the emergence of reform eugenics and the <a href="/wiki/Population_control" title="Population control">population control</a> movement. </p><p>Pearl was an influential member of the Advisory Committee of the <a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which Pearl helped found the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Population_Problems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Union for the Scientific Study of Population Problems (page does not exist)">International Union for the Scientific Study of Population Problems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-allan_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ludmerer_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludmerer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearl's ideas about human population growth, which were separable from his ideas about eugenics, owed to both his biological research but also the role he believed population played in the origins of World War I as well as his concern that mass consumption would push against resource limits. His research on population limits helped develop the concept of carrying capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his apparent rejection of eugenics, Pearl maintained relatively good relations with key eugenicists<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and expressed classist views.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made statements which have been interpreted as being <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1927 to 1932, Pearl and his colleague Alan Meyer were important figures of one of the first birth control clinics in the United States called Baltimore's Bureau for Contraceptive Advice. Pearl was a supporter of birth control, but had a more conservative and scientific approach when compared to the ideologies of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a>. The clinic performed a eugenic medicine study that looked at how the distribution of birth control information that was provided by a clinic affected society.<sup id="cite_ref-Comfort_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comfort-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_interests">Scientific interests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Pearl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pearl's main focus of interest was in biostatistics. As one of the first biostatisticians to use mathematics as a way to interpret population genetics, Pearl published a book called <i>Modes of Research in Genetics</i> in 1915 and another book called <i>Introduction to Medical Biometry and Statistics</i> in 1923. They were both widely read and were influential in showing the importance of statistics in the genetic and medical fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though many of his books were well-received, some of his beliefs still caused controversy. One such belief was that when a brother and sister reproduce, there would not be an increase in homozygosity. Pearl believed that with brother-sister breeding and no selection past the F3 generation, heterozygosity would not fall below 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While his main interest was biostatistics, Pearl had a wide range of interests in biology and was known for his broad knowledge of the subject. He published works on animal behavior, population growth, food and prices, Jewish and Christian marriages, and vegetarianism. In the 1920s and 1930s, Pearl focused on the effect that the environment, which included disease, alcohol, and tobacco, has on longevity. He published a book called <i>Alcohol and Longevity</i> in 1926, where he claimed that moderate consumption of alcohol could be beneficial for cardiovascular health, which was met with much debate due to prohibition. Controversy continued when Pearl conducted a study on tobacco in which he demonstrated that smoking decreases longevity while drinking does not.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pearl is regarded as one of founders of <a href="/wiki/Gerontology#Biogerontology" title="Gerontology">biogerontology</a>. In 1908 Max Rubner observed that mammals of different size and <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a> had equal <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> specific <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> output.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly based on the observation that the longevity of <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">fruit flies</a> varies inversely with ambient temperature,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearl (like Rubner) also asserted that <a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">maximum life span</a> is inversely proportional to <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">basal metabolic rate</a>. Pearl accepted <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a>'s erroneous ideas that normal <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cells</a> don't age, and that aging must therefore be due to dysfunction at the body level. Pearl speculated that lifespan was limited by vital cell components that were depleted or damaged more rapidly in animals with faster metabolisms.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Denham_Harman" title="Denham Harman">Denham Harman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Free-radical_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-radical theory">free-radical theory</a> of aging later provided a plausible causal mechanism for Pearl's hypothesis. </p><p>The <i>Rate of Living Hypothesis</i> enjoyed prominence as one of the foremost <a href="/wiki/Senescence#Theories_of_aging" title="Senescence">theories of aging</a> for nearly 50 years. The <i>Rate of Living Hypothesis</i> is undermined by the observation that a rat and a bat have similar metabolic rate, but a bat lives several times longer.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, further doubts have been raised on the <i>Rate of Living Hypothesis</i> by the demonstration that, when modern statistical methods for correcting for the effects of body size and phylogeny are employed, metabolic rate does not correlate with longevity in mammals or birds.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (For a critique of the <i>Rate of Living Hypothesis</i> see <i>Living fast, dying when?</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_habits_and_death">Social habits and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Pearl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social habits and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pearl was widely known for his lust for life and his love of food, drink, music and parties.<sup id="cite_ref-kingsland_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingsland-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a key member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturday Night Club (page does not exist)">Saturday Night Club</a> which also included <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a> made no dent in Pearl's drinking habits (which were legendary). </p><p>Raymond Pearl is, also, known for his population biology work, as in his 1928 volume, <i>The Rate of Living: Being an Account of Some Experimental Studies on the Biology of Life Duration.</i> In this book, he presents extensive research regarding population density effects on life duration in fruit flies, demonstrating that an optimal population density existed for that insect in his experimental model. This raised the question of whether or not the same effect might not occur in other species, including humans. His work demonstrating longer lifespans for flies with lower metabolic rates, also, raised the question of whether or not a similar phenomenon might be found in other species, including humans. Thus, he became a mentor to John B. Calhoun, famous for his ecological studies of rodent populations and their possible importance for modern humans. Population density effects on duration of life is thought, by population biologists, to be Raymond Pearl's greatest contribution to biological science. </p><p>In November 1940, Pearl was in apparently good health and paid a visit to the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Zoo">Baltimore Zoo</a>. He cut his trip short complaining of chest pains and died later that day. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style><div class="metadata botanist-bordered"><span class="botanist">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> <span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">Pearl</span></span></span> is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Pearl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">Maximum life span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a> (aging theories)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Pearl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Robertson (2012). <i>The Malthusian Moment: Global Population Growth and the Birth of American Environmentalism.</i> Rutgers University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_EpAQAAMAAJ"><i>Dictionary of American Biography</i></a>. Scribner. 1958.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Biography&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz_EpAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FLGB-FY1">"FamilySearch.org"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(November 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genetics.org/content/162/3/997.short">"Raymond Pearl, smoking and longevity"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>162</b> (3): 997–1001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F162.3.997">10.1093/genetics/162.3.997</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462343">1462343</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12454050">12454050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Raymond+Pearl%2C+smoking+and+longevity&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=997-1001&rft.date=2002-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1462343%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12454050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F162.3.997&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=I.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcontent%2F162%2F3%2F997.short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amstat.org/awards/fellowslist.cfm">List of ASA Fellows</a>, retrieved July 16, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Raymond+Pearl&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DRaymond%2BPearl%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001574.html">"Raymond Pearl"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Raymond+Pearl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001574.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/raymond-pearl">"Raymond Pearl"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. February 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Raymond+Pearl&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fraymond-pearl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingsland-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kingsland_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingsland_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsland1984" class="citation journal cs1">Kingsland, Sharon (February 1984). "Raymond Pearl: On the Frontier in the 1920s: Raymond Pearl Memorial Lecture, 1983". <i>Human Biology</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41463546">41463546</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6378756">6378756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Raymond+Pearl%3A+On+the+Frontier+in+the+1920s%3A+Raymond+Pearl+Memorial+Lecture%2C+1983&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1984-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41463546%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6378756&rft.aulast=Kingsland&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comfort-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comfort_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comfort_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comfort_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comfort_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComfort2012" class="citation book cs1">Comfort, Nathaniel (2012). <i>The Science of Human Perfection: How Genes Became the Heart of American Medicine</i>. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. pp. 67–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Human+Perfection%3A+How+Genes+Became+the+Heart+of+American+Medicine&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.pages=67-96&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Comfort&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearl1927" class="citation journal cs1">Pearl, Raymond (1927). "The biology of superiority". <i>American Mercury</i>. <b>12</b>: 257–266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mercury&rft.atitle=The+biology+of+superiority&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=257-266&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Pearl&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allan-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allan_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allan_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1987" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Garland E. (1987). "The role of experts in scientific controversy". In Hugo Tristram Engelhardt; Arthur Leonard Caplan (eds.). <i>Scientific controversies: case studies in the resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology</i>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 169‒202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27560-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27560-6"><bdi>978-0-521-27560-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+role+of+experts+in+scientific+controversy&rft.btitle=Scientific+controversies%3A+case+studies+in+the+resolution+and+closure+of+disputes+in+science+and+technology&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pages=169%E2%80%92202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27560-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Garland+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger1927" class="citation book cs1">Sanger, Margaret (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MyRBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22proceedings+of+the+world+population+conference%22"><i>Proceedings of the World Population Conference</i></a>. London: Edward Arnold & Co. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+World+Population+Conference&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold+%26+Co.&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMyRBAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522proceedings%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bworld%2Bpopulation%2Bconference%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ludmerer-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ludmerer_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudmerer1969" class="citation journal cs1">Ludmerer, K. M. (1969). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983927-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983927-8"><bdi>978-0-19-983927-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mencken%3AThe+American+Iconoclast&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983927-8&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Marion+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMengCharles_RohdeScott_L._ZegerKaren_Kruse_Thomas2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xiao-Li_Meng" title="Xiao-Li Meng">Meng, Xiao-Li</a>; Charles Rohde; <a href="/wiki/Scott_Zeger" title="Scott Zeger">Scott L. Zeger</a>; Karen Kruse Thomas; <a href="/wiki/Karen_Bandeen-Roche" title="Karen Bandeen-Roche">Karen Bandeen-Roche</a> (2012). "Johns Hopkins University Department of Biostatistics". In Alan Agresti (ed.). <i>Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U. S</i>. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 129–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3649-2_10">10.1007/978-1-4614-3649-2_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3648-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3648-5"><bdi>978-1-4614-3648-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johns+Hopkins+University+Department+of+Biostatistics&rft.btitle=Strength+in+Numbers%3A+The+Rising+of+Academic+Statistics+Departments+in+the+U.+S.&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=129-141&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-3649-2_10&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-3648-5&rft.aulast=Meng&rft.aufirst=Xiao-Li&rft.au=Charles+Rohde&rft.au=Scott+L.+Zeger&rft.au=Karen+Kruse+Thomas&rft.au=Karen+Bandeen-Roche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Plant_Names_Index" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Pearl"><i> Pearl</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+Pearl&rft.au=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FadvAuthorSearch.do%3Ffind_abbreviation%3DPearl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Pearl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman_IL2002" class="citation journal cs1">Goldman IL (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/162/3/997">"Raymond Pearl, smoking and longevity"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>162</b> (3): 997–1001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F162.3.997">10.1093/genetics/162.3.997</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462343">1462343</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12454050">12454050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Raymond+Pearl%2C+smoking+and+longevity&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=997-1001&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1462343%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12454050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F162.3.997&rft.au=Goldman+IL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F162%2F3%2F997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsland_S1984" class="citation journal cs1">Kingsland S (February 1984). "Raymond Pearl: on the frontier in 1920s. Raymond Pearl memorial lecture, 1983". <i>Human Biology</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6378756">6378756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Raymond+Pearl%3A+on+the+frontier+in+1920s.+Raymond+Pearl+memorial+lecture%2C+1983&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1984-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6378756&rft.au=Kingsland+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_PJ1967" class="citation journal cs1">Lloyd PJ (1967). "American German and British antecedents to Pearl and Reed's logistic curve". <i>Population Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 99–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2172714">10.2307/2172714</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2172714">2172714</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11630390">11630390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Studies&rft.atitle=American+German+and+British+antecedents+to+Pearl+and+Reed%27s+logistic+curve&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-109&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11630390&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2172714%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2172714&rft.au=Lloyd+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez_WC1959" class="citation journal cs1">Alvarez WC (January 1959). "Raymond Pearl, student of longevity; 1879-1946". <i>Geriatrics</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 56–8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13609920">13609920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geriatrics&rft.atitle=Raymond+Pearl%2C+student+of+longevity%3B+1879-1946&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-8&rft.date=1959-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13609920&rft.au=Alvarez+WC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Pearl" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Pearl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/1272">Works by Raymond Pearl</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913632#P4081" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphilsoc.org/mole/view?docId=ead/Mss.B.P312-ead.xml">American Philosophical Society Raymond Pearl Papers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/pearl-raymond.pdf">Raymond Pearl</a> — <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences">Biographical Memoirs</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1950">The Papers of Raymond Pearl</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Statistical_Association_Presidents" title="Template:American Statistical Association Presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Statistical_Association_Presidents" title="Template talk:American Statistical Association Presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Statistical_Association_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Statistical Association Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Statistical_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Statistical_Association" title="List of presidents of the American Statistical Association">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Statistical_Association" title="American Statistical Association">American Statistical Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1839–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fletcher_(American_politician)" title="Richard Fletcher (American politician)">Richard Fletcher</a> (1839–1845)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Shattuck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George C. Shattuck (page does not exist)">George C. Shattuck</a> (1846–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jarvis_(physician)" title="Edward Jarvis (physician)">Edward Jarvis</a> (1852–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a> (1883–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_D._Wright" title="Carroll D. Wright">Carroll D. Wright</a> (1897–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._D._North" title="S. N. D. North">S. N. D. North</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ludwig_Hoffman" title="Frederick Ludwig Hoffman">Frederick Ludwig Hoffman</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Willcox" title="Walter Francis Willcox">Walter Francis Willcox</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Koren" title="John Koren">John Koren</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dana_Durand" title="Edward Dana Durand">Edward Dana Durand</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Neill" title="Charles P. Neill">Charles P. Neill</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_Abbott_Young" title="Allyn Abbott Young">Allyn Abbott Young</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Adna_Hill" title="Joseph Adna Hill">Joseph Adna Hill</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Roberts" title="George E. Roberts">George E. Roberts</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carroll_W._Doten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carroll W. Doten (page does not exist)">Carroll W. Doten</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_S._Rossiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William S. Rossiter (page does not exist)">William S. Rossiter</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Persons" title="Warren M. Persons">Warren M. Persons</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Israel_Dublin" title="Louis Israel Dublin">Louis Israel Dublin</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Chaddock" title="Robert E. Chaddock">Robert E. Chaddock</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Porter_Ayres" title="Leonard Porter Ayres">Leonard Porter Ayres</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_E._Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund E. Day (page does not exist)">Edmund E. Day</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Snyder" title="Carl Snyder">Carl Snyder</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bidwell_Wilson" title="Edwin Bidwell Wilson">Edwin Bidwell Wilson</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_C._Rorty" title="Malcolm C. Rorty">Malcolm C. Rorty</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fielding_Ogburn" title="William Fielding Ogburn">William Fielding Ogburn</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Rice_(statistician)" title="Stuart A. Rice (statistician)">Stuart A. Rice</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Mills" title="Frederick C. Mills">Frederick C. Mills</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willford_I._King" title="Willford I. King">Willford I. King</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Davis" title="Joseph S. Davis">Joseph S. Davis</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Randolph_Burgess" title="Warren Randolph Burgess">Warren Randolph Burgess</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Coats" title="Robert H. Coats">Robert H. Coats</a> (1938)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raymond Pearl</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Leslie_Hayford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Leslie Hayford (page does not exist)">F. Leslie Hayford</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_W._Riefler" title="Winfield W. Riefler">Winfield W. Riefler</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_J._Lotka" title="Alfred J. Lotka">Alfred J. Lotka</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Goldenweiser" title="Emanuel Goldenweiser">Emanuel Goldenweiser</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_M._Walker" title="Helen M. Walker">Helen M. Walker</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Shewhart" title="Walter A. Shewhart">Walter A. Shewhart</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isador_Lubin" title="Isador Lubin">Isador Lubin</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Thorp" title="Willard Thorp">Willard Thorp</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Snedecor" title="George W. Snedecor">George W. Snedecor</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Wilks" title="Samuel S. Wilks">Samuel S. Wilks</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Reed" title="Lowell Reed">Lowell Reed</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryness_Joy_Wickens" title="Aryness Joy Wickens">Aryness Joy Wickens</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gemmell_Cochran" title="William Gemmell Cochran">William Gemmell Cochran</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marshall_(statistician)" title="Herbert Marshall (statistician)">Herbert Marshall</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_J._Watkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph J. Watkins (page does not exist)">Ralph J. Watkins</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Mary_Cox" title="Gertrude Mary Cox">Gertrude Mary Cox</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Leonard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Leonard (page does not exist)">William R. Leonard</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Hoadley" title="Walter E. Hoadley">Walter E. Hoadley</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensis_Likert" title="Rensis Likert">Rensis Likert</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_H._Hansen" title="Morris H. Hansen">Morris H. Hansen</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_R._Gainsbrugh" title="Martin R. Gainsbrugh">Martin R. Gainsbrugh</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hauser" title="Philip Hauser">Philip Hauser</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_T._Bowman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond T. Bowman (page does not exist)">Raymond T. Bowman</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_H._Bowker" title="Albert H. Bowker">Albert H. Bowker</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Allen_Wallis" title="W. Allen Wallis">W. Allen Wallis</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_F._Stephan" title="Frederick F. Stephan">Frederick F. Stephan</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Mosteller" title="Frederick Mosteller">Frederick Mosteller</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_H._Moore" title="Geoffrey H. Moore">Geoffrey H. Moore</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Ross_Eckler" title="A. Ross Eckler">A. Ross Eckler</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._A._Bancroft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. A. Bancroft (page does not exist)">T. A. Bancroft</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Eisenhart" title="Churchill Eisenhart">Churchill Eisenhart</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Shaw" title="William H. Shaw">William H. Shaw</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_G._Hildreth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford G. Hildreth (page does not exist)">Clifford G. Hildreth</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Cornfield" title="Jerome Cornfield">Jerome Cornfield</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frankel" title="Lester Frankel">Lester Frankel</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_A._Graybill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin A. Graybill (page does not exist)">Franklin A. Graybill</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Kish" title="Leslie Kish">Leslie Kish</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._P._Box" title="George E. P. Box">George E. P. Box</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Otto_Hartley" title="Herman Otto Hartley">Herman Otto Hartley</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_E._Martin" title="Margaret E. Martin">Margaret E. Martin</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Bradley" title="Ralph A. Bradley">Ralph A. Bradley</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kruskal" title="William Kruskal">William Kruskal</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Loree_Anderson" title="Richard Loree Anderson">Richard Loree Anderson</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I._Richard_Savage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. Richard Savage (page does not exist)">I. Richard Savage</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neter" title="John Neter">John Neter</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Marquardt" title="Donald Marquardt">Donald Marquardt</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_A._Bailar" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara A. Bailar">Barbara A. Bailar</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Hogg" title="Robert V. Hogg">Robert V. Hogg</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_L._Norwood" title="Janet L. Norwood">Janet L. Norwood</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Barabba" title="Vincent Barabba">Vincent Barabba</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Zellner" title="Arnold Zellner">Arnold Zellner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Wallman" title="Katherine Wallman">Katherine Wallman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Stuart_Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Stuart Hunter (page does not exist)">J. Stuart Hunter</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Iman" title="Ronald L. Iman">Ronald L. Iman</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_H._Gail" title="Mitchell H. Gail">Mitchell H. Gail</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Billard" title="Lynne Billard">Lynne Billard</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_R._Kettenring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon R. Kettenring (page does not exist)">Jon R. Kettenring</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Moore" title="David S. Moore">David S. Moore</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_H._Ellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonas H. Ellenberg (page does not exist)">Jonas H. Ellenberg</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Michael_O%27Fallon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. Michael O'Fallon (page does not exist)">W. Michael O'Fallon</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_L._Scheaffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard L. Scheaffer (page does not exist)">Richard L. Scheaffer</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miron_L._Straf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miron L. Straf (page does not exist)">Miron L. Straf</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_L._Mason_(statistician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert L. Mason (statistician) (page does not exist)">Robert L. Mason</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Scheuren" title="Fritz Scheuren">Fritz Scheuren</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Ann_Keller" title="Sallie Ann Keller">Sallie Ann Keller</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Bock" title="Mary Ellen Bock">Mary Ellen Bock</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_A._Lachenbruch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter A. Lachenbruch (page does not exist)">Peter A. Lachenbruch</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_C._Morton" title="Sally C. Morton">Sally C. Morton</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sastry_G._Pantula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sastry G. Pantula (page does not exist)">Sastry G. Pantula</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Geller" title="Nancy Geller">Nancy Geller</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_N._Rodriguez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert N. Rodriguez (page does not exist)">Robert N. Rodriguez</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Davidian" title="Marie Davidian">Marie Davidian</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Schenker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel Schenker (page does not exist)">Nathaniel Schenker</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_R._Morganstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David R. Morganstein (page does not exist)">David R. Morganstein</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Utts" title="Jessica Utts">Jessica Utts</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_D._Nussbaum" title="Barry D. Nussbaum">Barry D. Nussbaum</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Morrissey_LaVange" title="Lisa Morrissey LaVange">Lisa Morrissey LaVange</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kafadar" title="Karen Kafadar">Karen Kafadar</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_L._Martinez" title="Wendy L. Martinez">Wendy L. Martinez</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Santos" title="Robert Santos">Robert Santos</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Ensor" title="Kathy Ensor">Kathy Ensor</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionne_Price" title="Dionne Price">Dionne Price</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhumita_Ghosh_Dastidar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhumita Ghosh Dastidar (page does not exist)">Madhumita Ghosh Dastidar</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913632#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913632#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913632#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110385459">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12369238">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36968/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmdxQrXMvgW849Rg7WqwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11769276X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79062781">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122784159">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122784159">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00550341">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35413974">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2013777094&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070548242">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90553522">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000250226&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810655534605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007280409805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513583406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0064679X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Pearl">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/944140">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11769276X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/067026869">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cf9rvf">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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