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Virus - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Virus rootpage-Virus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&amp;returnto=Virus" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&amp;returnto=Virus" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&amp;returnto=Virus" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&amp;returnto=Virus" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_penemuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_penemuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah penemuan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_penemuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asal-usul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal-usul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Asal-usul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal-usul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mikrobiologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mikrobiologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mikrobiologi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mikrobiologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Mikrobiologi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mikrobiologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status_kehidupan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_kehidupan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Status kehidupan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_kehidupan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Struktur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Virus_raksasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virus_raksasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Virus raksasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virus_raksasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Replikasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pelekatan_virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelekatan_virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Pelekatan virus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelekatan_virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penetrasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penetrasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Penetrasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penetrasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelepasan_mantel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelepasan_mantel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Pelepasan mantel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelepasan_mantel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replikasi_genom_dan_ekspresi_gen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replikasi_genom_dan_ekspresi_gen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Replikasi genom dan ekspresi gen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replikasi_genom_dan_ekspresi_gen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perakitan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perakitan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Perakitan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perakitan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pematangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pematangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Pematangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pematangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelepasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelepasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.7</span> <span>Pelepasan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelepasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Klasifikasi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Klasifikasi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi_ICTV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi_ICTV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Klasifikasi ICTV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi_ICTV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi_Baltimore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi_Baltimore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Klasifikasi Baltimore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi_Baltimore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virus_dan_penyakit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virus_dan_penyakit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Virus dan penyakit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virus_dan_penyakit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dampak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dampak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dampak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dampak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Dampak</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dampak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penyakit_hewan_akibat_virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyakit_hewan_akibat_virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Penyakit hewan akibat virus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyakit_hewan_akibat_virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyakit_tumbuhan_akibat_virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyakit_tumbuhan_akibat_virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Penyakit tumbuhan akibat virus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyakit_tumbuhan_akibat_virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyakit_manusia_akibat_virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyakit_manusia_akibat_virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Penyakit manusia akibat virus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyakit_manusia_akibat_virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis_di_laboratorium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis_di_laboratorium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Diagnosis di laboratorium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis_di_laboratorium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pencegahan_dan_pengobatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pencegahan_dan_pengobatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pencegahan dan pengobatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pencegahan_dan_pengobatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Referensi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Catatan kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 172 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-172" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">172 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(Medizin)" title="Virus (Medizin) – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Virus (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5" title="ቫይረስ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቫይረስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C4%93ofanwyrm" title="Clēofanwyrm – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Clēofanwyrm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فيروس – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܒܝܪܘܣ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܪܘܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فيروس – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيروس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="ভাইৰাছ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাইৰাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruslar" title="Viruslar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Viruslar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویروس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویروس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вирустар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вирустар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virosos" title="Virosos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Virosos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Вірусы – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вірусы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вірус – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вірус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Вируси – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вируси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="वायरस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वायरस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ভাইরাস – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাইরাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B" title="ནད་དུག་ – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནད་དུག་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruz" title="Viruz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Viruz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologija)" title="Virus (biologija) – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Virus (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAng-d%C5%ADk" title="Bêng-dŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bêng-dŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ڤایرۆس – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤایرۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirus" title="Wirus – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wirus" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firws" title="Firws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Firws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaaros" title="Vaaros – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Vaaros" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viren" title="Viren – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Viren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ވައިރަސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވައިރަސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιός – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruso_(biologio)" title="Viruso (biologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Viruso (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viirused" title="Viirused – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viirused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویروس – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virukset" title="Virukset – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virukset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiiren" title="Wiiren – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wiiren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firus_(biology)" title="Firus (biology) – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Firus (biology)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADreas" title="Víreas – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Víreas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viris" title="Viris – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Viris" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACoras" title="Bìoras – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bìoras" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADru" title="Víru – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Víru" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81" title="વિષાણુ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિષાણુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerys" title="Veerys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Veerys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiang-thu%CC%8Dk" title="Phiang-thu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phiang-thu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A3" title="נגיף – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נגיף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="विषाणु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विषाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Virusi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viris" title="Viris – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Viris" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus" title="Vírus – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vírus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վիրուսներ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիրուսներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D6%80" title="Ժահր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ժահր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Вирусаш – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Вирусаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruso" title="Viruso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Viruso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veira" title="Veira – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veira" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologia)" title="Virus (biologia) – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virus (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ウイルス – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウイルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვირუსები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვირუსები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruslar" title="Viruslar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Viruslar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%8Ad%C9%94%C5%8B_s%C9%94t%CA%8A" title="Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вирустар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вирустар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ವೈರಾಣು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈರಾಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="바이러스 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이러스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AErus" title="Vîrus – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vîrus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_biologicum" title="Virus biologicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Virus biologicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayiraasi" title="Vayiraasi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Vayiraasi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusse" title="Virusse – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Virusse" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biolojia)" title="Virus (biolojia) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Virus (biolojia)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%BAsu" title="Vilúsu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Vilúsu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%8B%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A7%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%AA" title="​ໄວ​ຣັ​ສ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="​ໄວ​ຣັ​ສ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusas" title="Virusas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Virusas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABruss" title="Vīruss – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vīruss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virosy" title="Virosy – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Virosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വൈറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B3%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BA" title="ဝဳရုသ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဝဳရုသ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="विषाणू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विषाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဗိုင်းရပ်စ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗိုင်းရပ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%82" title="Кезовкшт – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кезовкшт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویروس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویروس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viren" title="Viren – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Viren" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="विषाणु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विषाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="भाइरस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भाइरस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologie)" title="Virus (biologie) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Virus (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaayirasii" title="Vaayirasii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Vaayirasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ଭୂତାଣୁ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭୂତାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਾਣੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਾਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirusy" title="Wirusy – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wirusy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="وائرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وائرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ویروس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویروس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus" title="Vírus – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vírus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1aw" title="Añaw – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Añaw" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Вирусы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вирусы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вірус – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вірус" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologia)" title="Virus (biologia) – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Virus (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Virus (bioluggìa) – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Virus (bioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="وائرس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وائرس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(biologija)" title="Virus (biologija) – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Virus (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83" title="වෛරස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෛරස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus" title="Vírus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vírus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Virusi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayrus" title="Fayrus – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fayrus" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Virusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virusi" title="Virusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Virusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="தீநுண்மி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தீநுண்மி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ವೈರಸ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವೈರಸ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="వైరస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వైరస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Вирусҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вирусҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ไวรัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C3%BCs" title="Virüs – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Virüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вируслар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вируслар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вирус – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вирус" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3" title="ۋىرۇس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋىرۇس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Вірус – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="وائرس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وائرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruslar" title="Viruslar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Viruslar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(bio%C5%82ozia)" title="Virus (biołozia) – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Virus (biołozia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Virus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C3%BBsse" title="Virûsse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Virûsse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birus" title="Birus – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Birus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="病毒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ვირუსეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვირუსეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ווירוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווירוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88r%C3%A0n" title="Èràn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èràn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghdoeg" title="Binghdoeg – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghdoeg" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="病毒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="病毒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93%E2%81%BF-to%CC%8Dk" title="Pēⁿ-to̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pēⁿ-to̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="病毒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGciwanyane" title="IGciwanyane – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IGciwanyane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q808#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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[h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Virus"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Virus" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Virus" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;oldid=26424971" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&amp;page=Virus&amp;id=26424971&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVirus"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVirus"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Virus"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Virus&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Virus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Virus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispesies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q808" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Virus_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Virus (disambiguasi)">Virus (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk artikel yang bersifat nonteknis dan lebih mudah dimengerti, silakan lihat <a href="/wiki/Pengantar_tentang_virus" title="Pengantar tentang virus">pengantar tentang virus</a></div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)">Virus </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/220px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/330px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/440px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1739" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Rekonstruksi partikel <a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a> menggunakan komputer. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_virus" title="Klasifikasi virus">Klasifikasi virus</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Taxonomy/Virus" title="Sunting klasifikasi ini"><img alt="Sunting klasifikasi ini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(tanpa takson): </td> <td><b>Virus</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Dunia_(virologi)" title="Dunia (virologi)">Dunia</a><sup id="cite_ref-ictv2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictv2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Virus</b> atau <b>badi</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> adalah <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroorganisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen">patogen</a> yang hanya dapat <a href="/wiki/Replikasi_diri" title="Replikasi diri">bereplikasi</a> di dalam <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a> karena mereka tidak memiliki perlengkapan seluler untuk bereproduksi sendiri. Semua bentuk kehidupan dapat diinfeksi oleh virus, mulai dari <a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">hewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a>, hingga <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea">arkea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah <i>virus</i> biasanya digunakan untuk menyebut jenis virus yang menginfeksi sel-sel <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a>, sementara virus yang menginfeksi sel <a href="/wiki/Prokariota" title="Prokariota">prokariota</a> (seperti bakteri dan arkea) dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bakteriofag" title="Bakteriofag">bakteriofag</a>. Keberadaan virus pertama kali diketahui melalui tulisan ilmiah <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Ivanovsky" title="Dmitri Ivanovsky">Dmitri Ivanovsky</a> pada 1892 yang menguraikan patogen non-bakteri yang menginfeksi tanaman tembakau dan penemuan <a href="/wiki/Virus_mosaik_tembakau" title="Virus mosaik tembakau">virus mosaik tembakau</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a> pada tahun 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.20074_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.20074-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hingga tahun 2019, lebih dari 6.000 spesies virus telah <a href="/wiki/Deskripsi_spesies" title="Deskripsi spesies">dideskripsikan</a> secara rinci,<sup id="cite_ref-ictv2019_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictv2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dari total jutaan jenis virus di lingkungan.<sup id="cite_ref-Breitbart_M,_Rohwer_F_2005_278–84_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breitbart_M,_Rohwer_F_2005_278–84-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Virus ditemukan di hampir setiap ekosistem di Bumi dan merupakan entitas biologis yang paling banyak jumlahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang virus dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi">virologi</a>, sebuah subspesialisasi <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">mikrobiologi</a>. </p><p>Saat terinfeksi, sel inang dipaksa untuk menghasilkan ribuan salinan identik dari virus asli dengan cepat. Ketika tidak berada di dalam sel atau tidak dalam proses menginfeksi sel, virus berada dalam bentuk partikel independen yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Virion" class="mw-redirect" title="Virion">virion</a>. Virion terdiri atas dua atau tiga bagian: (1) <a href="/wiki/Materi_genetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Materi genetik">materi genetik</a>, yaitu molekul panjang <a href="/wiki/Asam_nukleat" title="Asam nukleat">asam nukleat</a> (berupa <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> saja atau <a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a> saja, tetapi tidak kombinasi keduanya) yang menyandi struktur protein yang digunakan virus; (2) mantel <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> yang disebut kapsid, berfungsi mengelilingi dan melindungi materi genetik; dan pada sebagian virus terdapat (3) selubung atau amplop luar yang terbuat dari <a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">lipid</a>. Bentuk partikel virus berkisar dari bentuk <a href="/wiki/Heliks" title="Heliks">heliks</a> (pilinan) sederhana, <a href="/wiki/Ikosahedron" title="Ikosahedron">ikosahedral</a> (bangun ruang bersisi 20), hingga struktur yang lebih kompleks. Kebanyakan spesies virus memiliki virion yang terlalu kecil untuk dilihat dengan <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_cahaya" title="Mikroskop cahaya">mikroskop cahaya</a> karena ukurannya seperseratus dari bakteri pada umumnya. </p><p>Asal-usul virus dalam <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_evolusi_kehidupan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah evolusi kehidupan">sejarah evolusi kehidupan</a> masih belum jelas: beberapa virus mungkin <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">berevolusi</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmid</a> (potongan DNA yang dapat berpindah antarsel), sementara yang lain mungkin berevolusi dari bakteri. Dalam evolusi, virus merupakan perantara penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Transfer_gen_horizontal" title="Transfer gen horizontal">transfer gen horizontal</a>, yang meningkatkan <a href="/wiki/Keanekaragaman_genetik" title="Keanekaragaman genetik">keanekaragaman genetik</a> dengan cara yang dianalogikan dengan <a href="/wiki/Reproduksi_seksual" title="Reproduksi seksual">reproduksi seksual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ada perbedaan pendapat ilmiah mengenai status virus sebagai makhluk hidup atau sebagai struktur organik yang berinteraksi dengan makhluk hidup.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26965225_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26965225-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebagai bentuk kehidupan, virus membawa materi genetik, berkembang biak, dan berevolusi melalui <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">seleksi alam</a>, meskipun mereka tidak memiliki karakteristik utama makhluk hidup, seperti struktur sel, yang umumnya dianggap sebagai kriteria yang diperlukan untuk kehidupan. Karena mereka memiliki beberapa kriteria makhluk hidup tetapi tidak semuanya, virus digambarkan sebagai "organisme di tepi kehidupan",<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Replikasi_diri" title="Replikasi diri">pengganda diri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26965225_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26965225-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virus menyebar dengan berbagai cara. Salah satu jalur penularan adalah melalui organisme pembawa penyakit yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Vektor_(biologi)" title="Vektor (biologi)">vektor</a>: misalnya, virus sering ditularkan dari tumbuhan satu ke tumbuhan oleh serangga yang memakan <a href="/wiki/Getah" title="Getah">getah</a> tumbuhan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kutu_daun" title="Kutu daun">kutu daun</a>; dan virus pada hewan dapat dibawa oleh serangga <a href="/wiki/Hematofagi" title="Hematofagi">pengisap darah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virus_influenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus influenza">Virus influenza</a> menyebar melalui batuk dan bersin. <i><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></i>, penyebab umum <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a> viral, ditularkan melalui <a href="/wiki/Transmisi_fekal%E2%80%93oral" title="Transmisi fekal–oral">jalur fekal–oral</a>, melalui kontak dari-tangan-ke-mulut atau terbawa dalam makanan atau air. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dosis_infektif_minimal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dosis infektif minimal (halaman belum tersedia)">Dosis infeksius</a> <i>Norovirus</i> yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan infeksi pada manusia kurang dari 100 partikel.<sup id="cite_ref-robilotti15_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robilotti15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> merupakan salah satu dari beberapa virus yang ditularkan melalui hubungan seksual dan terpapar darah yang mengandung virus. Beragam variasi sel inang yang dapat diinfeksi oleh suatu virus disebut "kisaran inang". Kisaran ini bisa saja sempit, artinya virus tersebut hanya mampu menginfeksi beberapa spesies, atau luas, artinya ia mampu menginfeksi banyak spesies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShors2017123–124_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShors2017123–124-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infeksi virus pada hewan memicu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Respons_kekebalan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Respons kekebalan (halaman belum tersedia)">respons kekebalan</a> yang biasanya menghilangkan virus yang sedang menginfeksi. Respons kekebalan juga dapat dihasilkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Vaksin" title="Vaksin">vaksin</a>, yang memberikan kekebalan buatan terhadap infeksi virus tertentu. Beberapa virus, termasuk yang menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infeksi_papilomavirus_manusia" title="Infeksi papilomavirus manusia">infeksi papilomavirus manusia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Virus_hepatitis" title="Virus hepatitis">virus hepatitis</a>, menghindari respons kekebalan ini dan menyebabkan infeksi <a href="/wiki/Kronis" title="Kronis">kronis</a>. Beberapa <a href="/wiki/Obat_antivirus" title="Obat antivirus">obat antivirus</a> telah dikembangkan untuk mengobati penyakit akibat virus. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kata <i>virus</i> berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> <i>vīrus</i> yang berarti <a href="/wiki/Racun" title="Racun">racun</a> dan cairan berbahaya lainnya, yang lebih jauh berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Indo-Eropa" title="Rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa">rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa</a> lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Bahasa Sanskerta">bahasa Sanskerta</a> <i>viṣa</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Avesta" title="Bahasa Avesta">bahasa Avesta</a> <i>vīša</i>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Kuno" title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno">bahasa Yunani Kuno</a> <i>ἰός</i> yang semuanya berarti racun.<sup id="cite_ref-Etymology_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymology-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kata sifat <i>virulen</i> dari bahasa Latin <i>virulentus</i> yang artinya beracun muncul sekitar tahun 1400.<sup id="cite_ref-Etymology2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymology2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Makna virus sebagai "agen yang mengakibatkan penyakit infeksi" pertama kali digunakan pada tahun 1728,<sup id="cite_ref-Etymology_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymology-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> jauh sebelum ditemukannya virus itu sendiri oleh <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Ivanovsky" title="Dmitri Ivanovsky">Dmitri Ivanovsky</a> pada tahun 1892. Sementara itu, kata sifat viral yang berarti "dari sifat virus atau disebabkan oleh virus" baru muncul pada tahun 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Etymology3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymology3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah <i>virion</i> yang tercatat sejak 1959 juga digunakan untuk merujuk pada partikel virus tunggal yang keluar dari sel dan mampu menginfeksi sel lainnya yang sejenis.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah_penemuan">Sejarah penemuan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah penemuan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah penemuan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_virologi" title="Sejarah virologi">Sejarah virologi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_sosial_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah sosial virus">Sejarah sosial virus</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg/150px-TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg/225px-TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg/300px-TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virus_mosaik_tembakau" title="Virus mosaik tembakau">Virus mosaik tembakau</a> merupakan virus yang pertama kali divisualisasikan dengan <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_elektron" title="Mikroskop elektron">mikroskop elektron</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Virus telah menginfeksi sejak zaman sebelum Masehi, hal tersebut terbukti dengan adanya beberapa penemuan-penemuan yaitu laporan mengenai infeksi virus dalam <a href="/wiki/Hieroglif" title="Hieroglif">hieroglif</a> di <a href="/wiki/Memphis" class="mw-disambig" title="Memphis">Memphis</a>, ibu kota Mesir kuno (1400 SM) yang menunjukkan adanya penyakit <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a>. Selain itu, Raja Firaun <a href="/wiki/Ramses_V" title="Ramses V">Ramses V</a> meninggal pada 1196 SM dan dipercaya meninggal karena terserang virus <i><a href="/wiki/Smallpox" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a></i>.</li> <li>Pada zaman sebelum Masehi, virus endemik yang cukup terkenal adalah virus <i>smallpox</i> yang menyerang masyarakat Tiongkok pada tahun 1000. Akan tetapi pada pada tahun 1798, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> menemukan bahwa beberapa pemerah susu memiliki kekebalan terhadap virus pox. Hal tersebut diduga karena virus <i>pox</i> yang terdapat pada sapi, melindungi manusia dari <i>pox</i>. Penemuan tersebut yang dipahami kemudian merupakan pelopor penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Vaksin" title="Vaksin">vaksin</a>.</li> <li>Pada tahun 1880, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> mengemukakan suatu "<i>germ theory</i>" yaitu bahwa mikroorganisme merupakan penyebab penyakit. Pada saat itu juga terkenal <a href="/wiki/Postulat_Koch" title="Postulat Koch">Postulat Koch</a> yang sangat terkenal hingga saat ini, yaitu: <ol><li>Agen penyakit harus ada di dalam setiap kasus penyakit</li> <li>Agen harus bisa diisolasi dari inang dan bisa ditumbuhkan secara <i>in vitro</i></li> <li>Ketika kultur agen muri diinokulasikan ke dalam sel inang sehat yang rentan maka dapat menimbulkan penyakit</li> <li>Agen yang sama dapat diambil dan diisolasi kembali dari inang yang terinfeksi tersebut</li></ol></li> <li>Penelitian mengenai virus dimulai dengan penelitian mengenai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_mosaik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyakit mosaik (halaman belum tersedia)">penyakit mosaik</a> yang menghambat pertumbuhan tanaman <a href="/wiki/Tembakau" title="Tembakau">tembakau</a> dan membuat daun tanaman tersebut memiliki bercak-bercak. Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1883" title="1883">1883</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Mayer" title="Adolf Mayer">Adolf Mayer</a>, seorang ilmuwan Jerman, menemukan bahwa penyakit tersebut dapat menular ketika tanaman yang ia teliti menjadi sakit setelah disemprot dengan getah tanaman yang sakit. Karena tidak berhasil menemukan mikrob pada getah tanaman tersebut, Mayer menyimpulkan bahwa penyakit tersebut disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> yang lebih kecil dari biasanya dan tidak dapat dilihat dengan <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_cahaya" title="Mikroskop cahaya">mikroskop</a>.</li> <li>Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Ivanovsky" title="Dmitri Ivanovsky">Dmitri Ivanovsky</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> menemukan bahwa getah daun tembakau yang sudah disaring dengan penyaring bakteri masih dapat menimbulkan penyakit mosaik. Ivanovsky lalu menyimpulkan dua kemungkinan, yaitu bahwa bakteri penyebab penyakit tersebut berbentuk sangat kecil sehingga masih dapat melewati saringan, atau bakteri tersebut mengeluarkan toksin yang dapat menembus saringan.<sup id="cite_ref-Akin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kemungkinan kedua ini dibantah pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1897" title="1897">1897</a> setelah <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> menemukan bahwa agen infeksi di dalam getah yang sudah disaring tersebut dapat bereproduksi karena kemampuannya menimbulkan penyakit tidak berkurang setelah beberapa kali ditransfer antartanaman.<sup id="cite_ref-Akin_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Patogen mosaik tembakau disimpulkan sebagai bukan bakteri, melainkan merupakan <i>contagium vivum fluidum</i>, yaitu sejenis cairan hidup pembawa penyakit.<sup id="cite_ref-Akin_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Setelah itu, pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1898" title="1898">1898</a>, Loeffler dan Frosch melaporkan bahwa penyebab <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_mulut_dan_kaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyakit mulut dan kaki">penyakit mulut dan kaki</a> sapi dapat melewati saringan yang tidak dapat dilewati bakteri. Namun, mereka menyimpulkan bahwa patogennya adalah bakteri yang sangat kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-Akin_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pendapat Beijerinck baru terbukti pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</a>, setelah <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> berhasil meng<a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristalkan</a> partikel penyebab penyakit mosaik yang kini dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Virus_mosaik_tembakau" title="Virus mosaik tembakau">virus mosaik tembakau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell341_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell341-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Stanley mengemukakan bahwa virus tetap akan dapat tetap aktif meskipun setelah kristalisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Virus ini juga merupakan virus yang pertama kali divisualisasikan dengan <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_elektron" title="Mikroskop elektron">mikroskop elektron</a> pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a> oleh ilmuwan Jerman G.A. Kausche, E. Pfankuch, dan H. Ruska.<sup id="cite_ref-Creager_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creager-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pada tahun 1911, <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Rous" class="mw-redirect" title="Peyton Rous">Peyton Rous</a> menemukan jika ayam yang sehat diinduksi dengan sel tumor dari ayam yang sakit, maka pada ayam yang sehat tersebut juga akan terkena kanker.<sup id="cite_ref-Rous_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rous-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, Rous juga mencoba melisis sel <a href="/wiki/Tumor" title="Tumor">tumor</a> dari ayam yang sakit lalu menyaring sari-sarinya dengan pori-pori yang tidak dapat dilalui oleh <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a>, lalu sari-sari tersebut di suntikkan dalam sel ayam yang sehat dan ternyata hal tersebut juga dapat menyebabkan kanker.<sup id="cite_ref-Rous_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rous-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rous menyimpulkan kanker disebabkan karena sel virus pada sel tumor ayam yang sakit yang menginfeksi sel ayam yang sehat.<sup id="cite_ref-Rous_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rous-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penemuan tersebut merupakan penemuan pertama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus_onkogenik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Virus onkogenik (halaman belum tersedia)">virus onkogenik</a>, yaitu virus yang dapat menyebabkan tumor. Virus yang ditemukan oleh Rous dinamakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rous_Sarcoma_Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rous Sarcoma Virus (halaman belum tersedia)">Rous Sarcoma Virus</a> (RSV).<sup id="cite_ref-Rous_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rous-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pada tahun 1933, <i>Shope papilloma virus</i> atau <i>cottontail rabbit papilloma virus</i> (CRPV) yang ditemukan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E_Shope&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard E Shope (halaman belum tersedia)">Dr. Richard E Shope</a> merupakan model <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a> pertama pada manusia yang disebabkan oleh virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Shope_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shope-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dr. Shope melakukan percobaan dengan mengambil filtrat dari tumor pada hewan lalu disuntikkan pada kelinci domestik yang sehat, dan ternyata timbul tumor pada kelinci tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-Shope_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shope-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Chase" title="Martha Chase">Martha Chase</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> pada tahun 1952 berhasil menemukan <a href="/wiki/Bakteriofag" title="Bakteriofag">bakteriofag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hershey_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hershey-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bakteriofag" title="Bakteriofag">Bakteriofag</a> merupakan virus yang memiliki inang bakteri sehingga hanya dapat bereplikasi di dalam sel bakteri.<sup id="cite_ref-Hershey_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hershey-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asal-usul">Asal-usul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Asal-usul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Asal-usul"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_virus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi virus (halaman belum tersedia)">Evolusi virus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Paleovirologi" title="Paleovirologi">Paleovirologi</a></div> <p>Virus selalu berdampingan dengan organisme dan mungkin telah ada sejak sel hidup pertama kali berevolusi. Virus tidak meninggalkan fosil sehingga asal muasal virus hanya bisa dihipotesiskan dengan cara-cara seperti teknik-teknik <a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">biologi molekuler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, materi genetik virus kadang-kadang berintegrasi ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Garis_benih" title="Garis benih">garis benih</a> organisme inangnya sehingga mereka dapat diturunkan secara vertikal ke keturunan inang selama beberapa generasi. Hal ini memberikan sumber informasi yang tak ternilai bagi ahli <a href="/wiki/Paleovirologi" title="Paleovirologi">paleovirologi</a> untuk melacak kembali virus kuno yang telah ada hingga jutaan tahun yang lalu. Ada tiga hipotesis utama tentang asal-usul virus: regresi, keluar dari sel, dan koevolusi:<sup id="cite_ref-NRM_Krupovic2019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRM_Krupovic2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.199811–21_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.199811–21-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Hipotesis regresi</dt> <dd>Virus bisa jadi dulunya adalah sel-sel kecil yang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Parasit" title="Parasit">parasit</a> dalam sel yang lebih besar. Kemudian, parasit-parasit ini kehilangan gen-gen yang tidak lagi dibutuhkan setelah hidup sebagai parasit. Dengan demikian, sel-sel tersebut mengalami <i>regresi</i> menjadi virus. Teori ini didukung oleh keberadaan bakteri seperti <i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia" title="Rickettsia">Rickettsia</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_(bakteri)" title="Chlamydia (bakteri)">Chlamydia</a></i> yang hanya mampu bereproduksi di dalam sel inang (seperti halnya virus). Menurut hipotesis ini, jika sel-sel kecil seperti ini bisa terus mengandalkan parasitisme untuk tetap hidup, gen-gen lain yang hanya diperlukan untuk hidup mandiri (hidup di luar sel inang) dapat hilang. Hipotesis ini juga disebut 'hipotesis degenerasi',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200716_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200716-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.199811_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.199811-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> atau 'hipotesis reduksi'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Hipotesis keluar dari sel</dt> <dd>Virus mungkin berevolusi dari potongan DNA atau RNA yang keluar dari gen organisme yang lebih besar. DNA yang keluar ini dapat berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmid</a> (potongan-potongan DNA yang dapat berpindah dari satu sel ke sel lain) atau <a href="/wiki/Transposon" title="Transposon">transposon</a> (molekul DNA yang bereplikasi dan bergerak ke berbagai posisi dalam gen sel).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShors2017810_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShors2017810-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Transposons pernah disebut sebagai "gen pelompat" dan merupakan contoh unsur genetik yang dapat berpindah dengan mudah dan bisa jadi merupakan asal mula beberapa virus. Mereka ditemukan pada jagung oleh <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> pada tahun 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hipotesis ini kadang-kadang disebut 'hipotesis gelandangan',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200716_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200716-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.199811–12_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.199811–12-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> atau 'hipotesis melarikan diri'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Hipotesis koevolusi</dt> <dd>Hipotesis ini juga disebut 'hipotesis virus-pertama'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang mengusulkan bahwa virus mungkin telah berevolusi dari molekul kompleks berupa protein dan asam nukleat pada saat yang sama ketika sel pertama kali muncul di Bumi dan akan bergantung pada kehidupan seluler selama miliaran tahun. <a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a> merupakan molekul RNA yang tidak diklasifikasikan sebagai virus karena tidak memiliki mantel protein. Mereka memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan beberapa virus dan sering disebut agen subviral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200755_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200755-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Viroid merupakan patogen tumbuhan yang penting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShors2017791_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShors2017791-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mereka tidak menyandi protein tetapi berinteraksi dengan sel inang dan menggunakan perangkat yang dimiliki inang untuk bereplikasi.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">Virus hepatitis delta</a> pada manusia memiliki genom RNA yang mirip dengan viroid tetapi mereka memiliki lapisan protein yang berasal dari virus hepatitis B dan tidak dapat menghasilkannya sendiri. Oleh karena itu, virus ini cacat. Meskipun genom virus hepatitis delta dapat bereplikasi secara independen setelah berada di dalam sel inang, ia membutuhkan bantuan virus hepatitis B untuk menyediakan mantel protein sehingga ia dapat ditularkan ke sel baru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShors2017460_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShors2017460-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dengan cara yang sama, <a href="/wiki/Virofag_Sputnik" title="Virofag Sputnik">Virofag Sputnik</a> bergantung pada <i><a href="/wiki/Mimivirus" title="Mimivirus">Mimivirus</a></i>, yang menginfeksi protozoa <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acanthamoeba_castellanii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Acanthamoeba castellanii (halaman belum tersedia)">Acanthamoeba castellanii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jenis virus ini, yang bergantung pada keberadaan spesies virus lain di dalam sel inang, disebut 'satelit' dan mungkin merupakan contoh perantara evolusi antara viroid dan virus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.1998777_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.1998777-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200715–16_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200715–16-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Ketiga hipotesis ini memiliki kelemahan. Hipotesis regresi tidak dapat menjelaskan mengapa sel-sel parasit terkecil yang ditemukan pun tidak memiliki kemiripan sama sekali dengan virus. Hipotesis keluar dari sel tidak dapat menjelaskan struktur-struktur yang hanya ada pada virus dan tidak pada sel, seperti kapsid yang kompleks. Hipotesis koevolusi bertentangan dengan definisi virus—bahwa mereka membutuhkan sel inang—dan tidak dapat menjelaskan bagaimana virus yang terbentuk pertama kali dapat bertahan dan memperbanyak diri tanpa keberadaan sel.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saat ini virus dipandang sebagai entitas kuno dan memiliki asal-usul yang mendahului percabangan kehidupan ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Sistem_tiga_domain" title="Sistem tiga domain">tiga domain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201028_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201028-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penemuan ini mengarahkan ahli virologi modern untuk mempertimbangkan kembali dan mengevaluasi kembali ketiga hipotesis klasik ini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201028_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201028-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bukti untuk <a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_dunia_RNA" title="Hipotesis dunia RNA">hipotesis dunia RNA</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201026_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201026-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan analisis komputer terhadap urutan DNA virus dan inangnya memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang hubungan evolusi di antara virus-virus dan dapat membantu mengidentifikasi nenek moyang virus modern. Sampai saat ini, analisis tersebut belum membuktikan hipotesis mana yang benar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tampaknya tidak mungkin bahwa semua virus yang saat ini diketahui memiliki nenek moyang yang sama dan virus mungkin telah muncul berkali-kali pada masa lalu oleh satu atau beberapa mekanisme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200715–16_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200715–16-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mikrobiologi">Mikrobiologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Mikrobiologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Mikrobiologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_kehidupan">Status kehidupan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Status kehidupan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Status kehidupan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada perbedaan pendapat ilmiah tentang apakah virus digolongkan sebagai makhluk hidup atau sekadar <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">struktur organik</a> yang berinteraksi dengan makhluk hidup. Walaupun demikian, mereka lebih sering dianggap sebagai replikator (zat yang melakukan <a href="/wiki/Replikasi_DNA" title="Replikasi DNA">replikasi DNA</a>) dan tidak termasuk bentuk kehidupan.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Virus digambarkan sebagai "organisme di ujung kehidupan",<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> karena mereka serupa dengan makhluk hidup dalam hal kepemilikan <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gen</a>, ber<a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">seleksi alam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17914905_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17914905-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan bereproduksi dengan membuat banyak salinan dari diri mereka sendiri melalui perakitan diri. Meskipun virus memiliki gen, mereka tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a>, yang sering dipandang sebagai unit dasar kehidupan. Virus tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a> sendiri dan membutuhkan sel inang untuk membuat produk baru. Oleh karena itu, mereka tidak dapat bereproduksi secara alami di luar sel inang.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20010599_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20010599-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Walaupun sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> seperti <i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia" title="Rickettsia">Rickettsia</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_(bakteri)" title="Chlamydia (bakteri)">Chlamydia</a></i> memiliki keterbatasan yang sama, mereka dianggap sebagai organisme hidup karena memiliki sel sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18473699_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18473699-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19016440_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19016440-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Perakitan diri virus di dalam sel inang berimplikasi pada studi <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">asal mula kehidupan</a> karena mendukung <a href="/wiki/Hipotesis" title="Hipotesis">hipotesis</a> bahwa kehidupan dapat dimulai dari molekul organik yang dapat merakit diri.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16984643_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16984643-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struktur">Struktur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Struktur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Struktur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tobacco_mosaic_virus_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Tobacco_mosaic_virus_structure.png/250px-Tobacco_mosaic_virus_structure.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Tobacco_mosaic_virus_structure.png/375px-Tobacco_mosaic_virus_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Tobacco_mosaic_virus_structure.png/500px-Tobacco_mosaic_virus_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Model skematik virus berkapsid heliks (virus mosaik tembakau): 1. asam nukleat (<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>), 2. kapsomer, 3. kapsid.</figcaption></figure> <p>Virus adalah organisme subseluler yang karena ukurannya sangat kecil, hanya dapat dilihat dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_elektron" title="Mikroskop elektron">mikroskop elektron</a>. Ukurannya lebih kecil daripada <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> sehingga virus tidak dapat disaring dengan penyaring bakteri. Virus terkecil berdiameter hanya 20&#160;nm (lebih kecil daripada <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosom</a>), sedangkan virus terbesar sekalipun sukar dilihat dengan mikroskop cahaya.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell342_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell342-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genom virus dapat berupa <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> ataupun <a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Genom virus dapat terdiri dari DNA untai ganda, DNA untai tunggal, RNA untai ganda, atau RNA untai tunggal.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, asam nukleat genom virus dapat berbentuk linear tunggal atau sirkuler.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jumlah gen virus bervariasi dari empat untuk yang terkecil sampai dengan beberapa ratus untuk yang terbesar.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell342_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell342-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahan genetik kebanyakan virus hewan dan manusia berupa DNA, dan pada virus tumbuhan kebanyakan adalah RNA yang beruntai tunggal.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahan genetik virus diselubungi oleh suatu lapisan pelindung.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a> yang menjadi lapisan pelindung tersebut disebut <i>kapsid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bergantung pada tipe virusnya, kapsid bisa berbentuk bulat (sferik), heliks, polihedral, atau bentuk yang lebih kompleks dan terdiri atas protein yang disandikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">genom</a> virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_52-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kapsid terbentuk dari banyak subunit protein yang disebut <i>kapsomer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell342_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell342-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_52-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Phage_S-PM2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Phage_S-PM2.png/100px-Phage_S-PM2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Phage_S-PM2.png/150px-Phage_S-PM2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Phage_S-PM2.png/200px-Phage_S-PM2.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bakteriofag" title="Bakteriofag">Bakteriofag</a> terdiri dari kepala polihedral berisi asam nukleat dan ekor untuk menginfeksi inang.</figcaption></figure> <p>Untuk virus berbentuk heliks, protein kapsid (biasanya disebut protein nukleokapsid) terikat langsung dengan genom virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Misalnya, pada virus campak, setiap protein nukleokapsid terhubung dengan enam basa RNA membentuk heliks sepanjang sekitar 1,3 mikrometer.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Komposisi kompleks protein dan asam nukleat ini disebut nukleokapsid.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada virus <a href="/wiki/Campak" title="Campak">campak</a>, nukleokapsid ini diselubungi oleh lapisan lipid yang didapatkan dari sel inang, dan glikoprotein yang disandikan oleh virus melekat pada selubung lipid tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bagian-bagian ini berfungsi dalam pengikatan pada dan pemasukan ke sel inang pada awal infeksi.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Varicella_(Chickenpox)_Virus_PHIL_1878_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Varicella_%28Chickenpox%29_Virus_PHIL_1878_lores.jpg/170px-Varicella_%28Chickenpox%29_Virus_PHIL_1878_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Varicella_%28Chickenpox%29_Virus_PHIL_1878_lores.jpg/255px-Varicella_%28Chickenpox%29_Virus_PHIL_1878_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Varicella_%28Chickenpox%29_Virus_PHIL_1878_lores.jpg/340px-Varicella_%28Chickenpox%29_Virus_PHIL_1878_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Virus cacar air memiliki selubung virus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kapsid virus sferik menyelubungi genom virus secara keseluruhan dan tidak terlalu berikatan dengan asam nukleat seperti virus heliks.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Struktur ini bisa bervariasi dari ukuran 20 nanometer hingga 400 nanometer dan terdiri atas protein virus yang tersusun dalam bentuk simetri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikosahedral&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikosahedral (halaman belum tersedia)">ikosahedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jumlah protein yang dibutuhkan untuk membentuk kapsid virus sferik ditentukan dengan koefisien T, yaitu sekitar 60t protein.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebagai contoh, virus <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a> memiliki angka T=4, butuh 240 protein untuk membentuk kapsid.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Seperti virus bentuk heliks, kapsid sebagian jenis virus sferik dapat diselubungi lapisan lipid, namun biasanya protein kapsid sendiri langsung terlibat dalam penginfeksian sel.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa jenis virus memiliki unsur tambahan yang membantunya menginfeksi inang.Virus pada hewan memiliki selubung virus, yaitu membran menyelubungi kapsid.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selubung ini mengandung <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipid" title="Fosfolipid">fosfolipid</a> dan protein dari sel inang, tetapi juga mengandung protein dan <a href="/wiki/Glikoprotein" title="Glikoprotein">glikoprotein</a> yang berasal dari virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy2_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain protein selubung dan protein kapsid, virus juga membawa beberapa molekul enzim di dalam kapsidnya. Ada pula beberapa jenis <a href="/wiki/Bakteriofag" title="Bakteriofag">bakteriofag</a> yang memiliki ekor protein yang melekat pada "kepala" kapsid. Serabut-serabut ekor tersebut digunakan oleh fag untuk menempel pada suatu bakteri.<sup id="cite_ref-Strauss_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strauss-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Partikel lengkap virus disebut <b><a href="/wiki/Virion" class="mw-redirect" title="Virion">virion</a></b>. Virion berfungsi sebagai alat transportasi gen, sedangkan komponen selubung dan kapsid bertanggung jawab dalam mekanisme penginfeksian sel inang.<sup id="cite_ref-Strauss_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strauss-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Virus_raksasa">Virus raksasa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Virus raksasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Virus raksasa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ilmuwan menemukan virus raksasa yang dikenal dengan istilah <i><a href="/wiki/Mimivirus" title="Mimivirus">Mimivirus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Megavirus" title="Megavirus">Megavirus</a></i>, dan <i><a href="/wiki/Pandoravirus" title="Pandoravirus">Pandoravirus</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pandoravirus" title="Pandoravirus">Pandoravirus</a> merupakan jenis virus berukuran sangat besar dengan genom yang jauh lebih besar dibanding virus-virus lain yang sudah lebih dulu dikenal. Pandoravirus disebut sebagai virus super raksasa, karena ukurannya mengalahkan virus berukuran raksasa lain seperti Mimivirus atau Megavirus. </p><p>Meski berukuran raksasa, namun tetap tidak bisa dilihat dengan mata telanjang. Virus ini ditemukan peneliti dari Prancis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Michael_Claverie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Michael Claverie (halaman belum tersedia)">Jean Michael Claverie</a> dari Universitas Mediterranée.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pandoravirus berukuran seribu kali lebih besar dibanding virus influenza yang berukuran 100 nanometer. Pandoravirus memiliki 2.556 gen (200 kali lebih banyak dari virus influenza). Ukuran Pandoravirus lebih besar dua kali lipat dari Megavirus yang hanya memiliki 1.120 gen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replikasi">Replikasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Replikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Replikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Replikasi virus terdiri atas beberapa tahapan-tahapan yaitu pelekatan virus, penetrasi, pelepasan mantel, replikasi genom dan ekspresi gen, perakitan, pematangan, dan pelepasan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pelekatan_virus">Pelekatan virus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Pelekatan virus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pelekatan virus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pelekatan virus (<i>adsorpsi</i>) merupakan proses interaksi awal antara partikel virus dengan molekul <a href="/wiki/Reseptor_(biokimia)" title="Reseptor (biokimia)">reseptor</a> pada permukaan sel inang.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahap ini, terjadi ikatan spesifik antara molekul reseptor seluler dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antireseptor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antireseptor (halaman belum tersedia)">antireseptor</a> pada virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa jenis virus memerlukan molekul lainnya untuk proses pelekatan yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koreseptor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Koreseptor (halaman belum tersedia)">koreseptor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molekul reseptor yang target pada permukaan sel dapat berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> (biasanya glikoprotein) atau residu <a href="/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat">karbohidrat</a> yang terdapat pada <a href="/wiki/Glikoprotein" title="Glikoprotein">glikoprotein</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glikolipid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glikolipid (halaman belum tersedia)">glikolipid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa virus kompleks seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poxvirus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Poxvirus (halaman belum tersedia)">poxvirus</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herpesvirus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Herpesvirus (halaman belum tersedia)">herpesvirus</a> memiliki lebih dari satu reseptor sehingga mempunyai beberapa rute untuk berikatan dengan sel.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reseptor virus mempunyai beberapa kelas yang berbeda: </p> <ul><li>molekul <i>immunoglobulin-like superfamily</i></li> <li>reseptor terkait membran</li> <li>saluran dan transporter transmembran<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Beberapa contoh virus beserta reseptor yang dimiliki: </p> <ul><li><i>Human rhinovirus</i> (HRV)</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Human rhinovirus</i> memiliki reseptor ICAM-1(<i>Intracelluler adhesion molecule-1</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Molekul tersebut merupakan molekul adhesi yang fungsi normalnya adalah untuk mengikatkan sel kepada <a href="/wiki/Substrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrat">substratnya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> struktur ICAM-1 mirip dengan molekul <a href="/wiki/Imunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Imunoglobulin">imunoglobulin</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain">domain</a> C dan V sehingga digolongkan sebagai protein <i>supefamily immunoglobulin</i><sup id="cite_ref-Olson_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Struktur ICAM-1 memiliki lima Ig-like domain untuk berikatan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lfa-1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lfa-1 (halaman belum tersedia)">Lfa-1</a> (<i>Leukocite function antigen-1</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac-1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mac-1 (halaman belum tersedia)">Mac-1</a> (<i>Macrofage antigen-1</i>), <a href="/wiki/Rhinovirus" title="Rhinovirus">Rhinovirus</a> (HRV), <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">fibrinogen</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=PFIE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PFIE (halaman belum tersedia)">PFIE</a> (<i>malaria infected erythocytes</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Sepuluh <a href="/wiki/Serotipe" title="Serotipe">serotipe</a> dari HRV menggunakan ICAM-1 sebagai reseptor, sepuluh serotipe lainnya menggunakan protein yang beruhubungan dengan LDL reseptor.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Poliovirus</i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Poliovirus</i> mempunyai reseptor virus berupa <a href="/wiki/Protein_membran_integral" title="Protein membran integral">protein membran integral</a> yang juga anggota dari molekul <i>superfamily immunoglobulin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yongning_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yongning-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Reseptor ini memiliki tiga <a href="/wiki/Domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain">domain</a> yaitu satu berupa variabel dan dua konstan.<sup id="cite_ref-Yongning_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yongning-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Virus influenza</li></ul> <dl><dd>Virus ini mempunyai dua tipe spike <a href="/wiki/Glikoprotein" title="Glikoprotein">glikoprotein</a> pada permukaan partikel virus yaitu <a href="/wiki/Hemagglutinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemagglutinin">hemagglutinin</a> (HA) dan <a href="/wiki/Neuraminidase" title="Neuraminidase">neuraminidase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hidari_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidari-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> HA akan berikatan dengan reseptor virus influenza yang berupa asam sialat (N-asetil neuraminic acid).<sup id="cite_ref-Hidari_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidari-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Virus ini berikatan dengan muatan negatif dari moieties <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_sialat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam sialat (halaman belum tersedia)">asam sialat</a> yang ada pada rantai <a href="/wiki/Oligosakarida" title="Oligosakarida">oligosakarida</a> yang secara kovalen berikatan dengan glikoprotein pada permukaan sel.<sup id="cite_ref-Hidari_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidari-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Adanya asam sialat pada hampir semua jenis sel menyebabkan virus <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> bisa berikatan dengan banyak tipe sel.<sup id="cite_ref-Hidari_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidari-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penetrasi">Penetrasi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Penetrasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penetrasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penetrasi terjadi pada waktu yang sangat singkat setelah pelekatan virus pada reseptor di <a href="/wiki/Membran_sel" title="Membran sel">membran sel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Proses ini memerlukan energi Tiga mekanisme yang terlibat: </p> <ul><li>Translokasi partikel virus</li></ul> <dl><dd>Proses translokasi relatif jarang terjadi di antara virus dan mekanisme belum sepenuhnya dipahami benar, kemungkinan diperantarai oleh <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> di dalam virus kapsid dan reseptor membran spesifik.<sup id="cite_ref-Cossart_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cossart-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Endositosis virus ke dalam vakuola intraseluler</li></ul> <dl><dd>Proses <a href="/wiki/Endositosis" title="Endositosis">endositosis</a> merupakan mekanisme yang sangat umum sebagai jalan masuk virus ke dalam sel.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheng_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tidak diperlukan protein virus spesifik selain yang telah digunakan untuk pengikatan reseptor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheng_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>fusi dari sampul dengan membran sel (untuk virus yang bersampul)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Proses fusi virus bersampul dengan membran sel baik secara langsung maupun dengan permukaan sel maupun mengikuti endositosis dalam sitoplasma.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheng_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Diperlukan adanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein_fusi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protein fusi (halaman belum tersedia)">protein fusi</a> spesifik dalam sampul virus, misalnya: HA influenza dan <a href="/wiki/Glikoprotein" title="Glikoprotein">glikoprotein</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmembran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transmembran (halaman belum tersedia)">transmembran</a> (TM) Rhinovirus.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheng_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pelepasan_mantel">Pelepasan mantel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Pelepasan mantel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pelepasan mantel"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tahap ini terjadi setelah proses penetrasi di mana kapsid virus baik seluruhnya maupun sebagian dipindahkan ke dalam sitoplasma sel inang.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahap ini genom virus terekspos dalam bentuk kompleks nukleoprotein.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam beberapa kasus, tahap ini berlangsung cukup sederhana dan terjadi selama <a href="/wiki/Fusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusi">fusi</a> pada membran virus dengan <a href="/wiki/Membran_plasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Membran plasma">membran plasma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> untuk virus lainnya, tahap ini merupakan proses multistep yang melibatkan jalur <a href="/wiki/Endositosis" title="Endositosis">endositosis</a> dan membran <a href="/wiki/Nukleus" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nukleus">nukleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Replikasi_genom_dan_ekspresi_gen">Replikasi genom dan ekspresi gen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Replikasi genom dan ekspresi gen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Replikasi genom dan ekspresi gen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Baltimore_Classification_table.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Baltimore_Classification_table.png/250px-Baltimore_Classification_table.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Baltimore_Classification_table.png/375px-Baltimore_Classification_table.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Baltimore_Classification_table.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>7 Klasifikasi Baltimore.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Strategi replikasi dari beberapa virus tergantung pada material genetik alami dari virus tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner3_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam hal ini, virus dibagi dalam 7 kelompok seperti pengelompokan <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner3_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Proses ekspresi gen akan menentukan semua proses infeksi virus (akut, kronis, persisten, atau laten).<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner3_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Kelas I: DNA utas ganda</li></ul> <dl><dd>Kelompok ini dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. <ol><li>Replikasi terjadi di inti dan relatif tergantung kepada faktor-faktor seluler (<i>Adenoviridae</i>, <i>Polyomaviridae</i>, <i>Herpesviridae</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner3_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Replikasi terjadi di sitoplasma (<i>Poxviridae</i>). virus ini melibatkan semua faktor-faktor yang penting untuk transkripsi dan replikasi dari genomnya, dan kebanyakan tidak tergantung pada perangkat replikasi dari inangnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner3_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ol></dd></dl> <ul><li>Kelas II: DNA utas tunggal</li></ul> <dl><dd>Replikasi terjadi di dalam nukleus, melibatkan bentuk utas ganda intermediate sebagai cetakan untuk sintesis utas tunggal DNA turunannya (<i>Parvoviridae</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner3_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Kelas III: RNA utas ganda</li></ul> <dl><dd>Virusnya memiliki genom yang tersegmentasi. masing-masing segmennya ditranskripsi secara terpisah untuk menghasilkan monosistronik mRNA individual. contoh: <i>Reoviridae</i><sup id="cite_ref-Wagner3_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Kelas IV: RNA utas tunggal (+)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Virus dengan polisistronik mRNA di mana kelas ini genom RNA membentuk mRNA yang ditranslasikan untuk membentuk suatu polyprotein yang dipecah membentuk protein matang. Contoh: <i>Picornaviridae</i><sup id="cite_ref-Wagner3_66-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Kelas V: RNA utas tunggal (-)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Genom pada kelas ini dibagi menjadi dua tipe: <ol><li>Genom tidak bersegmen (<i>Rhabdoviridae</i>), Tahap pertama dalam replikasi adalah transkripsi dari genom RNA utas (-) oleh virion RNA-<i>dependent</i> RNA polimerase untuk menghasilkan monosistronik mRNA yang juga sebagai cetakan untuk replikasi genom.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner3_66-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Genom bersegmen (<i>Orthomyxoviridae</i>), replikasi terjadi di dalam nukleus di mana monosistronik mRNA untuk masing-masing gen virus dihasilkan oleh transkriptase virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner3_66-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ol></dd></dl> <ul><li>Kelas VI: RNA utas tunggal (+) dengan DNA Intermediat</li></ul> <dl><dd>Genom Retrovirus RNA utas tunggal (+) bersifat diploid dan tidak dipakai secara langsung sebagai mRNA tetapi sebagi template untuk reverse transkriptase menjadi DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner3_66-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Kelas VII: DNA utas ganda dengan RNA Intermediat</li></ul> <dl><dd>Virus kelompok ini bergantung kepada reverse transkriptase, tetapi berbeda dengan retrovirus, prosesnya terjadi di dalam partikel virus selama maturasi (<i>Hepadnaviridae</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner3_66-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perakitan">Perakitan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Perakitan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perakitan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perakitan merupakan proses pengumpulan komponen-komponen virion pada bagian khusus di dalam sel.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selama proses ini, terjadi pembentukan struktur partikel virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Proses ini tergantung kepada proses <a href="/wiki/Replikasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Replikasi">replikasi</a> di dalam sel dan tempat di mana virus melepaskan diri dari sel.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mekanisme perakitan bervariasi untuk virus yang berbeda-beda. Contoh: proses perakitan <a href="/wiki/Picornavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Picornavirus">Picornavirus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poxvirus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Poxvirus (halaman belum tersedia)">Poxvirus</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reovirus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reovirus (halaman belum tersedia)">Reovirus</a> terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Sitoplasma" title="Sitoplasma">sitoplasma</a>, sementara itu proses perakitan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenovirus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenovirus (halaman belum tersedia)">Adenovirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliovirus">Poliovirus</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Parvovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvovirus">Parvovirus</a> terjadi di nukleus.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pematangan">Pematangan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Pematangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pematangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pematangan merupakan tahap dari siklus hidup virus dan bersifat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeksius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Infeksius (halaman belum tersedia)">infeksius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahap ini terjadi perubahan struktur dalam partikel virus yang kemungkinan dihasilkan oleh pemecahan spesifik protein kapsid untuk menghasilkan produk yang matang.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a> virus dan <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> seluler lainnya biasanya terlibat dalam proses ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pelepasan">Pelepasan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Pelepasan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pelepasan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Semua virus kecuali virus tanaman melepaskan diri dari sel inang melalui dua mekanisme: </p> <ul><li>untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus_litik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Virus litik (halaman belum tersedia)">virus litik</a> (semua virus non-selubung), pelepasan merupakan proses yang sederhana, di mana sel yang terinfeksi terbuka dan virus keluar.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus_berselubung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Virus berselubung (halaman belum tersedia)">virus berselubung</a>, diperlukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Membran_lipid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Membran lipid (halaman belum tersedia)">membran lipid</a> ketika virus keluar dari sel melewati membran, proses ini dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budding&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Budding (halaman belum tersedia)">budding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Proses pelepasan partikel virus kemungkinan bisa merusak sel(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramyxovirus (halaman belum tersedia)">Paramyxovirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhabdovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdovirus">Rhabdovirus</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Togavirus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Togavirus (halaman belum tersedia)">Togavirus</a>), dan kemungkinan sebagian lagi tidak merusak sel (<a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrovirus">Retrovirus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mahy3_62-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasifikasi">Klasifikasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klasifikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_virus" title="Klasifikasi virus">Klasifikasi virus</a></div> <p>Klasifikasi bertujuan untuk menggambarkan keanekaragaman virus dengan memberi nama dan mengelompokkan virus berdasarkan kesamaan mereka. Secara sederhana, virus dapat dikelompokkan berdasarkan jenis asam nukleat yang mereka miliki (<a href="/wiki/Virus_DNA" title="Virus DNA">virus DNA</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Virus_RNA" title="Virus RNA">virus RNA</a>), untaian asam nukleat (untai tunggal atau untai ganda), ada tidaknya segmentasi pada genom, ukuran virion, jenis simetri kapsid (heliks atau ikosahedreal), serta ada tidaknya selubung.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter_&amp;_Saunders2007116_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter_&amp;_Saunders2007116-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1962, André Lwoff, Robert Horne, dan Paul Tournier merupakan orang-orang pertama yang mengembangkan pengelompokan virus berdasarkan sistem hierarki <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_Linnaeus" title="Taksonomi Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14467544_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14467544-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sistem ini menggunakan klasifikasi <a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">filum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelas_(biologi)" title="Kelas (biologi)">kelas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordo_(biologi)" title="Ordo (biologi)">ordo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Famili_(biologi)" title="Famili (biologi)">famili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">spesies</a>. Virus dikelompokkan sesuai dengan kesamaan sifat mereka (bukan kesamaan inang mereka) dan jenis asam nukleat yang membentuk genom mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid13931895_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13931895-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1966, <a href="/wiki/Komite_Internasional_Taksonomi_Virus" title="Komite Internasional Taksonomi Virus">Komite Internasional Taksonomi Virus</a> (ICTV) dibentuk. Sistem yang diusulkan oleh Lwoff, Horne, dan Tournier tidak pernah sepenuhnya diterima oleh ICTV karena ukuran genom virus yang kecil dan tingkat mutasi mereka yang tinggi membuat sulit untuk menentukan takson virus di atas ordo (bangsa). Oleh sebab itu, <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_Baltimore" title="Klasifikasi Baltimore">klasifikasi Baltimore</a> digunakan untuk melengkapi hierarki yang lebih tradisional.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16105179_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16105179-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mulai tahun 2018, ICTV mulai mengakui hubungan evolusi yang lebih dalam di antara virus yang telah ditemukan dan mengadopsi sistem klasifikasi dengan 15 tingkatan, mulai dari <a href="/wiki/Dunia_(virologi)" title="Dunia (virologi)">dunia</a> hingga spesies.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasifikasi_ICTV">Klasifikasi ICTV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi ICTV" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klasifikasi ICTV"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Comparison_1991_and_2019_virus_taxonomy_ICTV.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Comparison_1991_and_2019_virus_taxonomy_ICTV.webp/310px-Comparison_1991_and_2019_virus_taxonomy_ICTV.webp.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Comparison_1991_and_2019_virus_taxonomy_ICTV.webp/465px-Comparison_1991_and_2019_virus_taxonomy_ICTV.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Comparison_1991_and_2019_virus_taxonomy_ICTV.webp/620px-Comparison_1991_and_2019_virus_taxonomy_ICTV.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Perbandingan antara taksonomi virus tahun 1991 dan 2019 oleh <a href="/wiki/Komite_Internasional_Taksonomi_Virus" title="Komite Internasional Taksonomi Virus">ICTV</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Komite Internasional Taksonomi Virus (ICTV) mengembangkan sistem klasifikasi yang digunakan saat ini dan menulis pedoman yang memberi bobot lebih besar pada sifat-sifat virus tertentu untuk menjaga keseragaman keluarga virus. Taksonomi terpadu (sistem universal untuk mengklasifikasikan virus) telah ditetapkan. Peneliti baru mendeskripsikan sebagian kecil dari total keragaman virus yang ada di bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2019, 4 dunia, 9 kerajaan, 16 filum, 2 subfilum, 36 kelas, 55 ordo, 8 subordo, 168 keluarga, 103 subkeluarga, 1.421 genus, 68 subgenus, dan 6.589 spesies virus telah ditetapkan oleh ICTV.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seperti <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_ilmiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Klasifikasi ilmiah">taksonomi</a> makhluk hidup pada umumnya, klasifikasi virus juga dilakukan secara hierarkis atau bertingkat. Pada 2019, tingkatan subdunia, subkerajaan, dan subkelas tidak digunakan, sedangkan semua tingkatan lainnya sedang digunakan. </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dunia_(virologi)" title="Dunia (virologi)">Dunia</a> (<i>-viria</i>) <dl><dd>Subdunia (<i>-vira</i>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">Kerajaan</a> (<i>-viriae</i>) <dl><dd>Subkingdom (<i>-virites</i>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">Filum</a> (<i>-viricota</i>) <dl><dd>Subfilum (<i>-viricotina</i>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelas_(biologi)" title="Kelas (biologi)">Kelas</a> (<i>-viricetes</i>) <dl><dd>Subkelas (<i>-viricetidae</i>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ordo_(biologi)" title="Ordo (biologi)">Ordo</a> (<i>-virales</i>) <dl><dd>Subordo (<i>-virineae</i>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Famili_(biologi)" title="Famili (biologi)">Keluarga</a> (<i>-viridae</i>) <dl><dd>Subkeluarga (<i>-virinae</i>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a> (<i>-virus</i>) <dl><dd>Subgenus (<i>-virus</i>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">Spesies</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Dalam klasifikasi virus, terdapat pula takson yang dikategorikan sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i> atau penempatannya tidak pasti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasifikasi_Baltimore">Klasifikasi Baltimore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi Baltimore" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klasifikasi Baltimore"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:VirusBaltimoreClassification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/VirusBaltimoreClassification.svg/350px-VirusBaltimoreClassification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/VirusBaltimoreClassification.svg/525px-VirusBaltimoreClassification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/VirusBaltimoreClassification.svg/700px-VirusBaltimoreClassification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Klasifikasi Baltimore yang mengelompokkan virus berdasarkan metode sintesis mRNA mereka.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_Baltimore" title="Klasifikasi Baltimore">Klasifikasi Baltimore</a></div> <p>Ahli biologi dan pemenang Hadiah Nobel <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> merancang sistem <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_Baltimore" title="Klasifikasi Baltimore">klasifikasi Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4348509_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4348509-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid4377923_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4377923-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam klasifikasi virus modern, sistem klasifikasi ICTV digunakan bersama dengan sistem klasifikasi Baltimore.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15078590_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15078590-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10486120_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10486120-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15183049_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15183049-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Klasifikasi virus Baltimore didasarkan pada mekanisme sintesis <a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a>. Virus harus menghasilkan mRNA dari genomnya untuk menghasilkan protein dan mereplikasi diri mereka sendiri, tetapi mekanisme yang digunakan oleh virus untuk mencapai hal ini berbeda-beda. Genom virus mungkin beruntai tunggal (<i>single-stranded</i>, disingkat ss) atau beruntai ganda (<i>double-stranded</i>, disingkat ds), baik berupa RNA atau DNA, dan mungkin menggunakan atau tidak menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Transkriptase_balik" title="Transkriptase balik">transkriptase balik</a> (<i>reverse transcriptase</i>, disingkat RT). Selain itu, virus RNA untai tunggal dapat bersifat positif (+) atau negatif (-). Klasifikasi ini menempatkan virus ke dalam tujuh kelompok: </p> <ul><li>Virus DNA untai ganda (dsDNA)</li> <li>Virus DNA untai tunggal (ssDNA)</li> <li>Virus RNA untai ganda (dsRNA)</li> <li>Virus RNA untai tunggal-positif (ssRNA(+))</li> <li>Virus RNA untai tunggal-negatif (ssRNA(-))</li> <li>Virus RNA untai tunggal-transkripsi balik (ssRNA-RT)</li> <li>Virus DNA untai ganda-transkripsi balik (dsDNA-RT)</li></ul> <p>Sebagai contoh penerapan klasifikasi virus, virus penyebab <a href="/wiki/Cacar_air" title="Cacar air">cacar air</a>, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Virus_varicella-zoster" title="Virus varicella-zoster">virus varicella-zoster</a> (VZV), ditempatkan dalam ordo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herpesvirales&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Herpesvirales (halaman belum tersedia)">Herpesvirales</a></i>, keluarga <i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i>, subkeluarga <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphaherpesvirinae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphaherpesvirinae (halaman belum tersedia)">Alphaherpesvirinae</a></i>, dan genus <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varicellovirus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Varicellovirus (halaman belum tersedia)">Varicellovirus</a></i>. VZV berada di Grup I dari Klasifikasi Baltimore karena merupakan virus dsDNA yang tidak menggunakan enzim transkriptase balik. </p><p>Set lengkap virus dalam suatu organisme atau habitat disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Viroma (halaman belum tersedia)">viroma</a>; misalnya, semua virus manusia membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroma_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Viroma manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">viroma manusia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27698618_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27698618-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virus_dan_penyakit">Virus dan penyakit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Virus dan penyakit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Virus dan penyakit"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infeksi virus pada sel inang dapat menimbulkan penyakit yang dikategorikan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_infeksius" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Penyakit infeksius">penyakit infeksius</a>. Penyebaran virus dari satu inang ke inang lain bisa dilakukan dengan banyak cara, tetapi setiap virus memiliki karakteristik tertentu dan mengandalkan cara tertentu untuk menyebar. Banyak virus yang menginfeksi tumbuhan berpindah dari satu tumbuhan ke tumbuhan lain melalui serangga dan organisme lain yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Vektor_(biologi)" title="Vektor (biologi)">vektor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Virus yang menginfeksi hewan dan manusia menyebar dengan berbagai cara. Beberapa virus berpindah melalui kontak langsung antara individu terinfeksi dengan individu sehat, misalnya <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simpleks" title="Herpes simpleks">herpes simpleks</a> yang menular melalui sentuhan fisik.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penularan virus melalui kontak langsung juga dapat terjadi melalui <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_menular_seksual" title="Penyakit menular seksual">hubungan seks</a>, misalnya HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Virus yang menginfeksi <a href="/wiki/Saluran_pencernaan" title="Saluran pencernaan">saluran pencernaan</a>, seperti <i><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></i>, ditularkan melalui <a href="/wiki/Transmisi_fekal%E2%80%93oral" title="Transmisi fekal–oral">transmisi fekal–oral</a>, yang melibatkan tangan, makanan, dan minuman yang terkontaminasi.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Virus-virus yang menyerang <a href="/wiki/Sistem_pernapasan" title="Sistem pernapasan">sistem pernapasan</a>, seperti virus influenza, <a href="/wiki/Virus_parainfluenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus parainfluenza">virus parainfluenza</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Virus_korona" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus korona">virus korona</a>, dapat menyebar melalui <a href="/wiki/Percikan_pernapasan" title="Percikan pernapasan">percikan dari saluran pernapasan</a> saat seseorang berbicara, batuk, atau bersin.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Apabila partikel virus dalam percikan tersebut berhasil menyentuh <a href="/wiki/Membran_mukosa" title="Membran mukosa">membran mukosa</a> orang lain (yang ada di hidung, mulut, dan beberapa organ lain), mereka dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh individu tersebut. Virus lainnya, seperti <a href="/wiki/Virus_dengue" title="Virus dengue">virus dengue</a>, disebarkan oleh serangga pengisap darah.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, <i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> bisa diturunkan secara vertikal dari ibu hamil ke janin yang sedang dikandungnya.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dampak">Dampak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Dampak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dampak"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beberapa virus ada yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam rekombinasi genetika.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Melalui terapi gen, gen jahat (penyebab infeksi) yang terdapat dalam virus diubah menjadi gen baik (penyembuh).<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baru-baru ini David Sanders, seorang profesor ­biologi pada Purdue's School of Science telah menemukan cara pemanfaatan virus dalam dunia kesehatan.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam temuannva yang dipublikasikan dalam Jurnal Virology, Edisi 15 Desember ­2002, David Sanders berhasil menjinakkan cangkang luar virus Ebola sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pembawa gen kepada sel yang sakit (paru-paru).<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meskipun demikian, kebanyakan virus bersifat merugikan terhadap kehidupan manusia, hewan, dan tumbuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virus sangat dikenal sebagai penyebab penyakit infeksi pada manusia, hewan, dan tumbuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sejauh ini tidak ada makhluk hidup yang tahan terhadap virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tiap virus secara khusus menyerang sel-sel tertentu dari inangnya. Virus yang menyebabkan selesma menyerang saluran pernapasan, virus campak menginfeksi kulit, virus hepatitis menginfeksi hati, dan virus rabies menyerang sel-sel saraf. Begitu juga yang terjadi pada penyakit AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), yaitu suatu penyakit yang mengakibatkan menurunnya daya tahan tubuh penderita penyakit tersebut disebabkan oleh virus HIV yang secara khusus menyerang sel darah putih.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tabel berikut ini memuat beberapa macam penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selain manusia, virus juga menyebabkan kesengsaraan bagi hewan dan tumbuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tidak sedikit pula kerugian yang diderita peternak atau petani akibat ternaknya yang sakit atau hasil panennya yang berkurang.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyakit_hewan_akibat_virus">Penyakit hewan akibat virus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Penyakit hewan akibat virus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyakit hewan akibat virus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penyakit tetelo, yakni jenis penyakit yang menyerang bangsa <a href="/wiki/Unggas" title="Unggas">unggas</a>, terutama ayam. Penyebabnya adalah new castle disease virus (NCDV).<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penyakit kuku dan mulut, yakni jenis penyakit yang menyerang ternak <a href="/wiki/Sapi" title="Sapi">sapi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kerbau" title="Kerbau">kerbau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penyakit kanker pada ayam oleh rous sarcoma virus (RSV).<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penyakit rabies, yakni jenis penyakit yang menyerang anjing, kucing, dan monyet, disebabkan oleh virus rabies.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_90-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyakit_tumbuhan_akibat_virus">Penyakit tumbuhan akibat virus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Penyakit tumbuhan akibat virus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyakit tumbuhan akibat virus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penyakit mosaik, yakni jenis penyakit yang menyerang tanaman tembakau,<sup id="cite_ref-Akin_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> penyebabnya adalah tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Penyakit tungro, yakni jenis penyakit yang menyerang tanaman padi,<sup id="cite_ref-Akin_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> penyebabnya adalah virus Tungro.<sup id="cite_ref-Akin_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penyakit degenerasi pembuluh tapis pada jeruk, penyebabnya adalah virus citrus vein phloem degeneration (CVPD).<sup id="cite_ref-Akin_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyakit_manusia_akibat_virus">Penyakit manusia akibat virus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Penyakit manusia akibat virus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyakit manusia akibat virus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contoh paling umum dari penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus adalah <a href="/wiki/Pilek" title="Pilek">pilek</a> (yang bisa saja disebabkan oleh satu atau beberapa virus sekaligus), <a href="/wiki/Cacar" class="mw-disambig" title="Cacar">cacar</a>, <a href="/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> (yang disebabkan virus <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>), dan demam <a href="/wiki/Herpes" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Herpes">herpes</a> (yang disebabkan virus <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simpleks" title="Herpes simpleks">herpes simpleks</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-crowley_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kanker_leher_rahim" title="Kanker leher rahim">Kanker leher rahim</a> juga diduga disebabkan sebagian oleh <a href="/wiki/Papilomavirus" title="Papilomavirus">papilomavirus</a> (yang menyebabkan papiloma, atau kutil), yang memperlihatkan contoh kasus pada manusia yang memperlihatkan hubungan antara kanker dan agen-agen infektan.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Juga ada beberapa kontroversi mengenai apakah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus_borna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Virus borna (halaman belum tersedia)">virus borna</a>, yang sebelumnya diduga sebagai penyebab penyakit <a href="/wiki/Saraf" title="Saraf">saraf</a> pada kuda, juga bertanggung jawab kepada penyakit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psikiatris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Psikiatris (halaman belum tersedia)">psikiatris</a> pada manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Potensi virus untuk menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Wabah" title="Wabah">wabah</a> pada manusia menimbulkan kekhawatiran penggunaan virus sebagai <a href="/wiki/Senjata_biologis" title="Senjata biologis">senjata biologis</a>. Kecurigaan meningkat seiring dengan ditemukannya cara penciptaan varian virus baru di laboratorium.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kekhawatiran juga terjadi terhadap penyebaran kembali virus sejenis cacar, yang telah menyebabkan wabah terbesar dalam sejarah manusia, dan mampu menyebabkan kepunahan suatu bangsa.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley_91-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa suku bangsa <a href="/wiki/Indian" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Indian">Indian</a> telah punah akibat wabah, terutama penyakit cacar, yang dibawa oleh kolonis Eropa.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley_91-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meskipun sebenarnya diragukan dalam jumlah pastinya, diyakini kematian telah terjadi dalam jumlah besar.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley_91-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penyakit ini secara tidak langsung telah membantu dominasi bangsa Eropa di dunia baru Amerika.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley_91-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salah satu virus yang dianggap paling berbahaya adalah <a href="/wiki/Filoviridae" title="Filoviridae">filovirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley_91-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Grup Filovirus terdiri atas <a href="/wiki/Virus_Marburg" title="Virus Marburg">Marburg</a>, pertama kali ditemukan pada 1967 di <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ebola" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola">ebola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley_91-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Filovirus adalah virus berbentuk panjang seperti cacing, yang dalam jumlah besar tampak seperti sepiring mi.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley_91-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada <a href="/wiki/April_2005" title="April 2005">April 2005</a>, virus Marburg menarik perhatian media dengan terjadinya penyebaran di <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>. Sejak Oktober <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>, kejadian ini menjadi epidemi terburuk di dalam kehidupan manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-crowley_91-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis_di_laboratorium">Diagnosis di laboratorium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Diagnosis di laboratorium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Diagnosis di laboratorium"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deteksi, isolasi, hingga analisis suatu virus biasanya melewati proses yang sulit dan mahal.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuckerman_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Karena itu, penelitian penyakit akibat virus membutuhkan fasilitas besar dan mahal, termasuk juga peralatan yang mahal dan tenaga ahli dari berbagai bidang, misalnya teknisi, ahli <a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekular" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologi molekular">biologi molekular</a>, dan ahli virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuckerman_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Biasanya proses ini dilakukan oleh lembaga kenegaraan atau dilakukan secara kerjasama dengan bangsa lain melalui lembaga dunia seperti <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Kesehatan_Dunia" title="Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia">Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuckerman_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pencegahan_dan_pengobatan">Pencegahan dan pengobatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Pencegahan dan pengobatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pencegahan dan pengobatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karena biasanya memanipulasi mekanisme sel induknya untuk bereproduksi, virus sangat sulit untuk dibunuh.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Metode <a href="/wiki/Pengobatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengobatan">pengobatan</a> sejauh ini yang dianggap paling efektif adalah <a href="/wiki/Vaksinasi" title="Vaksinasi">vaksinasi</a>, untuk merangsang kekebalan alami tubuh terhadap proses infeksi, dan obat-obatan yang mengatasi gejala akibat infeksi virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penyembuhan penyakit akibat infeksi virus biasanya disalah-antisipasikan dengan penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotik</a>, yang sama sekali tidak mempunyai pengaruh terhadap kehidupan virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Efek samping penggunaan antibiotik adalah resistansi bakteri terhadap antibiotik.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Karena itulah diperlukan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut untuk memastikan apakah suatu penyakit disebabkan oleh bakteri atau virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infeksi virus atau bakteri pada umumnya menimbulkan demam, hanya saja infeksi bakteri akan meningkatkan kadar <a href="/wiki/Sel_darah_putih" title="Sel darah putih">Sel darah putih</a>, sedangkan infeksi virus tidak, tetapi infeksi bakteri, virus bahkan jamur akan meningkatkan kadar <a href="/wiki/Antibodi_M" title="Antibodi M">Antibodi M</a> (IgM), tetapi pemeriksaan IgM agak mahal. Pemeriksaan Sel darah putih ataupun IgM tidak dapat menentukan jenis penyakitnya, tetapi kedua pemeriksaan tersebut hanya mengindikasikan penyakit tersebut diakibatkan oleh apa. Jika biaya menjadi kendala, maka pemeriksaan Sel darah putih saja sudah cukup, karena infeksi virus tidak dapat diobati dengan anti-biotik dan pada umumnya infeksi virus akan sembuh dengan sendirinya (virus self limiting life) dengan istirahat (istirahat penuh di ranjang, jika perlu) dan gizi yang cukup, kecuali <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> di mana untuk diagnosis awal diperlukan pemeriksaan <a href="/wiki/Sel_T" title="Sel T">CD4</a> yang relatif murah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">Mikrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi">Virologi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan kaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan kaki"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ictv2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ictv2019_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ictv2019_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/">"Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release"</a>. <i>ICTV Online</i>. Juli 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">7 Oktober</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ICTV+Online&amp;rft.atitle=Virus+Taxonomy%3A+2019+Release&amp;rft.date=2019-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalk.ictvonline.org%2Ftaxonomy%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span>&#160;Arti kata <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/badi">badi</a></i> dalam situs web <a href="/wiki/Kamus_Besar_Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia</a> oleh <i><a href="/wiki/Badan_Pengembangan_dan_Pembinaan_Bahasa" title="Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa">Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Pendidikan,_Kebudayaan,_Riset,_dan_Teknologi_Republik_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia">Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Koonin, Eugene V.; Senkevich, Tatiana G.; Dolja, Valerian V. (2006-09-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984643">"The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells"</a>. <i>Biology Direct</i>. <b>1</b>: 29. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1745-6150-1-29">10.1186/1745-6150-1-29</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1745-6150">1745-6150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1594570">1594570</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984643">16984643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+Direct&amp;rft.atitle=The+ancient+Virus+World+and+evolution+of+cells&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=29&amp;rft.date=2006-09-19&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1594570&amp;rft.issn=1745-6150&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16984643&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1745-6150-1-29&amp;rft.aulast=Koonin&amp;rft.aufirst=Eugene+V.&amp;rft.au=Senkevich%2C+Tatiana+G.&amp;rft.au=Dolja%2C+Valerian+V.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16984643&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.20074-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.20074_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimmock_dkk.2007">Dimmock dkk. 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breitbart_M,_Rohwer_F_2005_278–84-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breitbart_M,_Rohwer_F_2005_278–84_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Breitbart M, Rohwer F (Juni 2005). 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Microbiology</i>. <b>3</b> (6): 504–10. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1163">10.1038/nrmicro1163</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15886693">15886693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Viral+metagenomics&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=504-10&amp;rft.date=2005-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro1163&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15886693&amp;rft.aulast=Edwards&amp;rft.aufirst=RA&amp;rft.au=Rohwer%2C+F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Canchaya, Carlos; Fournous, Ghislain; Chibani-Chennoufi, Sandra; Dillmann, Marie-Lise; Brüssow, Harald (Agustus 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369527403000869">"Phage as agents of lateral gene transfer"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Microbiology</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 417–424. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1369-5274%2803%2900086-9">10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00086-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12941415">12941415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Phage+as+agents+of+lateral+gene+transfer&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=417-424&amp;rft.date=2003-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1369-5274%2803%2900086-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12941415&amp;rft.aulast=Canchaya&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos&amp;rft.au=Fournous%2C+Ghislain&amp;rft.au=Chibani-Chennoufi%2C+Sandra&amp;rft.au=Dillmann%2C+Marie-Lise&amp;rft.au=Br%C3%BCssow%2C+Harald&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1369527403000869&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26965225-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26965225_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26965225_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Koonin, Eugene V.; Starokadomskyy, Petro (Oktober 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369848616300103">"Are viruses alive? 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmr.asm.org/content/28/1/134">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Norovirus&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=134-164&amp;rft.date=2015-01&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC4284304&amp;rft.issn=0893-8512&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25567225&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.00075-14&amp;rft.aulast=Robilotti&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&amp;rft.au=Deresinski%2C+Stan&amp;rft.au=Pinsky%2C+Benjamin+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcmr.asm.org%2Fcontent%2F28%2F1%2F134&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShors2017123–124-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShors2017123–124_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShors2017">Shors 2017</a>, hlm.&#160;123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etymology-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Etymology_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etymology_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/virus">"virus (n.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=virus+%28n.%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fvirus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etymology2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Etymology2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/virulent">"virulent (adj.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=virulent+%28adj.%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fvirulent&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etymology3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Etymology3_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/viral">"viral (adj.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=viral+%28adj.%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fviral&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/virion">"Virion"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=Virion&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fvirion&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/480587729"><i>Desk encyclopedia of general virology</i></a>. Mahy, B. W. J. (Brian W. J.), Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. Oxford: Academic Press. 2010. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-12-375162-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-12-375162-4">0-12-375162-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/480587729">480587729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Desk+encyclopedia+of+general+virology&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F480587729&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-375162-4&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F480587729&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akin-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akin_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akin_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akin_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akin_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akin_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akin_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akin_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akin_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Akin, H.M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421081745/http://books.google.co.id/books?id=UOhgOysHmuQC&amp;pg=PA17"><i>Virologi Tumbuhan</i></a>. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. hlm.&#160;hlm. 17. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9792111808,_9789792111804" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9792111808, 9789792111804">9792111808, 9789792111804</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai: invalid character <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;isbn=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_isbn" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.id/books?id=UOhgOysHmuQC&amp;pg=PA17">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Didigitalisasi oleh Google Penelusuran Buku)</span> tanggal 2014-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Virologi+Tumbuhan&amp;rft.place=Yogyakarta&amp;rft.pages=hlm.+17&amp;rft.pub=Kanisius&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=97921118089789792111804&amp;rft.aulast=Akin&amp;rft.aufirst=H.M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOhgOysHmuQC%26pg%3DPA17&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell341-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell341_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell <i>et al.</i> (2002), hlm. 341. Diakses pada 26 Maret 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stanley WM (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CBoQFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asm.org%2FccLibraryFiles%2FFILENAME%2F0000000268%2F1935p160.pdf&amp;rct=j&amp;q=Isolation%20of%20a%20crystalline%20protein%20possessing%20the%20properties%20of%20tobacco%20mosaic%20virus&amp;ei=Nr0CTsOMHsjjrAfnldjPCg&amp;usg=AFQjCNHM2LkI3O2zUWWr47ldOtJRtLV1cA&amp;sig2=6c89N-Zkp35Y5SfLdLx0CQ">"Isolation of a crystalline protein possessing the properties of tobacco mosaic virus"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>81</b>: 644–645.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Isolation+of+a+crystalline+protein+possessing+the+properties+of+tobacco+mosaic+virus&amp;rft.volume=81&amp;rft.pages=644-645&amp;rft.date=1933&amp;rft.au=Stanley+WM&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CBoQFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.asm.org%252FccLibraryFiles%252FFILENAME%252F0000000268%252F1935p160.pdf%26rct%3Dj%26q%3DIsolation%2520of%2520a%2520crystalline%2520protein%2520possessing%2520the%2520properties%2520of%2520tobacco%2520mosaic%2520virus%26ei%3DNr0CTsOMHsjjrAfnldjPCg%26usg%3DAFQjCNHM2LkI3O2zUWWr47ldOtJRtLV1cA%26sig2%3D6c89N-Zkp35Y5SfLdLx0CQ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creager-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Creager_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Creager, A.N.H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.id/books?id=-gAglsDBasAC&amp;pg=PA119&amp;vq=first+electron+micrographs+of+TMV"><i>The life of a virus: tobacco mosaic virus as an experimental model, 1930-1965</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Didigitalisasi oleh Google Penelusuran Buku)</span> (edisi ke-Edisi ke-2). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. hlm.&#160;hlm. 119. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0226120260,_9780226120263" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0226120260, 9780226120263">0226120260, 9780226120263</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai: invalid character <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;isbn=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_isbn" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+life+of+a+virus%3A+tobacco+mosaic+virus+as+an+experimental+model%2C+1930-1965&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pages=hlm.+119&amp;rft.edition=Edisi+ke-2&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=02261202609780226120263&amp;rft.aulast=Creager&amp;rft.aufirst=A.N.H.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gAglsDBasAC%26pg%3DPA119%26vq%3Dfirst%2Belectron%2Bmicrographs%2Bof%2BTMV&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rous-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rous_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rous_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rous_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rous_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rous P (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CBUQFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2F159.149.74.38%2Fwebpage%2FBiologia%25202011%2FRous.pdf&amp;ei=7a8CTq_8NszprQf_xsi_Cg&amp;usg=AFQjCNFB8TZdjJ_-ZVlzbWZAsZn8WWnHzA&amp;sig2=YSv1XT1Hd85vyOupp1mIlg">"A sarcoma of the fowl transmissible by an agent separable from the tumor cells"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span>. <i>J Exp Med</i>. <b>13</b>: 397–399.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Med&amp;rft.atitle=A+sarcoma+of+the+fowl+transmissible+by+an+agent+separable+from+the+tumor+cells&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=397-399&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.au=Rous+P&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CBUQFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F159.149.74.38%252Fwebpage%252FBiologia%2525202011%252FRous.pdf%26ei%3D7a8CTq_8NszprQf_xsi_Cg%26usg%3DAFQjCNFB8TZdjJ_-ZVlzbWZAsZn8WWnHzA%26sig2%3DYSv1XT1Hd85vyOupp1mIlg&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shope-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shope_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shope_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shope RE (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0CBUQFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fjem.rupress.org%2Fcontent%2F58%2F5%2F607.full.pdf&amp;rct=j&amp;q=filetype%3Apdf%20Infectious%20papillomatosis%20of%20rabbits%3B%20with%20a%20note%20on%20the%20histopathology&amp;ei=broCTorTJ8jwrQe4wri0Cg&amp;usg=AFQjCNHe578NdnUayaNLA4B5Dqo6EtYPIw&amp;sig2=ipOK2zdFAwBE7xqxQtbX-g">"Infectious papillomatosis of rabbits; with a note on the histopathology"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span>. <i>J Exp Med</i>. <b>58</b>: 607.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Med&amp;rft.atitle=Infectious+papillomatosis+of+rabbits%3B+with+a+note+on+the+histopathology&amp;rft.volume=58&amp;rft.pages=607&amp;rft.date=1933&amp;rft.au=Shope+RE&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CBUQFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fjem.rupress.org%252Fcontent%252F58%252F5%252F607.full.pdf%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dfiletype%253Apdf%2520Infectious%2520papillomatosis%2520of%2520rabbits%253B%2520with%2520a%2520note%2520on%2520the%2520histopathology%26ei%3DbroCTorTJ8jwrQe4wri0Cg%26usg%3DAFQjCNHe578NdnUayaNLA4B5Dqo6EtYPIw%26sig2%3DipOK2zdFAwBE7xqxQtbX-g&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hershey-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hershey_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hershey_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hershey AD, Chase M (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CBoQFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fjgp.rupress.org%2Fcontent%2F36%2F1%2F39.full.pdf&amp;rct=j&amp;q=filetype%3Apdf%20Independent%20Function%20of%20Viral%20Protein%20and%20Nucleic%20Acid%20in%20Growth%20of%20Bacteriophage&amp;ei=ZL8CTtbqDMjjrAfnldjPCg&amp;usg=AFQjCNFgbTTRlqhXeCCTJMUGwjhH4zUS_w&amp;sig2=TuIywuDzg7IjluOQoDLWqg&amp;cad=rja">"Independent Function of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span>. <i>Journal of General Physiology</i>. <b>36</b>: 39–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Independent+Function+of+Viral+Protein+and+Nucleic+Acid+in+Growth+of+Bacteriophage&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.pages=39-56&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft.au=Hershey+AD%2C+Chase+M&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CBoQFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fjgp.rupress.org%252Fcontent%252F36%252F1%252F39.full.pdf%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dfiletype%253Apdf%2520Independent%2520Function%2520of%2520Viral%2520Protein%2520and%2520Nucleic%2520Acid%2520in%2520Growth%2520of%2520Bacteriophage%26ei%3DZL8CTtbqDMjjrAfnldjPCg%26usg%3DAFQjCNFgbTTRlqhXeCCTJMUGwjhH4zUS_w%26sig2%3DTuIywuDzg7IjluOQoDLWqg%26cad%3Drja&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sanjuán, Rafael; Nebot, Miguel R.; Chirico, Nicola; Mansky, Louis M.; Belshaw, Robert (2010-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225060627/https://jvi.asm.org/content/84/19/9733">"Viral Mutation Rates"</a>. <i>Journal of Virology</i>. <b>84</b> (19): 9733–9748. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.00694-10">10.1128/JVI.00694-10</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-538X">0022-538X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937809">2937809</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20660197">20660197</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jvi.asm.org/content/84/19/9733">versi asli</a> tanggal 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Virology&amp;rft.atitle=Viral+Mutation+Rates&amp;rft.volume=84&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=9733-9748&amp;rft.date=2010-10-01&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC2937809&amp;rft.issn=0022-538X&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20660197&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJVI.00694-10&amp;rft.aulast=Sanju%C3%A1n&amp;rft.aufirst=Rafael&amp;rft.au=Nebot%2C+Miguel+R.&amp;rft.au=Chirico%2C+Nicola&amp;rft.au=Mansky%2C+Louis+M.&amp;rft.au=Belshaw%2C+Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjvi.asm.org%2Fcontent%2F84%2F19%2F9733&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRM_Krupovic2019-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NRM_Krupovic2019_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Krupovic M, Dooja W, Koonin EV (2019). "Origin of viruses: primordial replicators recruiting capsids from hosts". <i>Nature Reviews Microbiology</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 449–58. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41579-019-0205-6">10.1038/s41579-019-0205-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31142823">31142823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Origin+of+viruses%3A+primordial+replicators+recruiting+capsids+from+hosts.&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=449-58&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41579-019-0205-6&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31142823&amp;rft.aulast=Krupovic&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rft.au=Dooja%2C+W&amp;rft.au=Koonin%2C+EV&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.199811–21-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.199811–21_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier_dkk.1998">Collier dkk. 1998</a>, hlm.&#160;11–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200716-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200716_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200716_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimmock_dkk.2007">Dimmock dkk. 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.199811-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.199811_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier_dkk.1998">Collier dkk. 1998</a>, hlm.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahyVan_Regenmortel201024_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahyVan_Regenmortel2010">Mahy &amp; Van Regenmortel 2010</a>, hlm.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShors2017810-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShors2017810_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShors2017">Shors 2017</a>, hlm.&#160;810.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McClintock, B. (1 Juni 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.36.6.344">"The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>36</b> (6): 344–355. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.36.6.344">10.1073/pnas.36.6.344</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063197">1063197</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15430309">15430309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=The+origin+and+behavior+of+mutable+loci+in+maize&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=344-355&amp;rft.date=1950-06-01&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC1063197&amp;rft.issn=0027-8424&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15430309&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.36.6.344&amp;rft.aulast=McClintock&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.36.6.344&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.199811–12-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.199811–12_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier_dkk.1998">Collier dkk. 1998</a>, hlm.&#160;11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200755-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200755_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimmock_dkk.2007">Dimmock dkk. 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShors2017791-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShors2017791_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShors2017">Shors 2017</a>, hlm.&#160;791.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tsagris, Efthimia Mina; Martínez de Alba, Ángel Emilio; Gozmanova, Mariyana; Kalantidis, Kriton (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01231.x">"Viroids"</a>. <i>Cellular Microbiology</i>. <b>10</b> (11): 2168–2179. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1462-5822.2008.01231.x">10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01231.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cellular+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Viroids&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=2168-2179&amp;rft.date=2008-11&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1462-5822.2008.01231.x&amp;rft.aulast=Tsagris&amp;rft.aufirst=Efthimia+Mina&amp;rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez+de+Alba%2C+%C3%81ngel+Emilio&amp;rft.au=Gozmanova%2C+Mariyana&amp;rft.au=Kalantidis%2C+Kriton&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1111%2Fj.1462-5822.2008.01231.x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShors2017460-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShors2017460_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShors2017">Shors 2017</a>, hlm.&#160;460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">La Scola, Bernard; Desnues, Christelle; Pagnier, Isabelle; Robert, Catherine; Barrassi, Lina; Fournous, Ghislain; Merchat, Michèle; Suzan-Monti, Marie; Forterre, Patrick (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/nature07218">"The virophage as a unique parasite of the giant mimivirus"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>455</b> (7209): 100–104. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07218">10.1038/nature07218</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=The+virophage+as+a+unique+parasite+of+the+giant+mimivirus&amp;rft.volume=455&amp;rft.issue=7209&amp;rft.pages=100-104&amp;rft.date=2008-09&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07218&amp;rft.issn=0028-0836&amp;rft.aulast=La+Scola&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rft.au=Desnues%2C+Christelle&amp;rft.au=Pagnier%2C+Isabelle&amp;rft.au=Robert%2C+Catherine&amp;rft.au=Barrassi%2C+Lina&amp;rft.au=Fournous%2C+Ghislain&amp;rft.au=Merchat%2C+Mich%C3%A8le&amp;rft.au=Suzan-Monti%2C+Marie&amp;rft.au=Forterre%2C+Patrick&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature07218&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.1998777-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier_dkk.1998777_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier_dkk.1998">Collier dkk. 1998</a>, hlm.&#160;777.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200715–16-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200715–16_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmock_dkk.200715–16_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimmock_dkk.2007">Dimmock dkk. 2007</a>, hlm.&#160;15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nasir, Arshan; 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color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wessner, D.R. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Biotechnology&amp;rft.atitle=Synthetic+viruses%3A+a+new+opportunity+to+understand+and+prevent+viral+disease&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1163-72&amp;rft.date=2009-12&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2819212&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20010599&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnbt.1593&amp;rft.aulast=Wimmer&amp;rft.aufirst=E&amp;rft.au=Mueller%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Tumpey%2C+TM&amp;rft.au=Taubenberger%2C+JK&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2819212&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18473699-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18473699_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Horn M (2008). 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Chapter 3 (1): Unit 3A.5. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780471729259.mc03a05s11">10.1002/9780471729259.mc03a05s11</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0471729259" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0471729259">978-0471729259</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2725428">2725428</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016440">19016440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Protocols+in+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Laboratory+maintenance+of+Rickettsia+rickettsii&amp;rft.volume=Chapter+3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=Unit+3A.5&amp;rft.date=2008-11&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2725428&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19016440&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780471729259.mc03a05s11&amp;rft.isbn=978-0471729259&amp;rft.aulast=Ammerman&amp;rft.aufirst=NC&amp;rft.au=Beier-Sexton%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Azad%2C+AF&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2725428&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16984643-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16984643_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Koonin EV, Senkevich TG, Dolja VV (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1594570">"The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells"</a>. <i>Biology Direct</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 29. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1745-6150-1-29">10.1186/1745-6150-1-29</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1594570">1594570</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984643">16984643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+Direct&amp;rft.atitle=The+ancient+Virus+World+and+evolution+of+cells&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=29&amp;rft.date=2006-09&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1594570&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16984643&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1745-6150-1-29&amp;rft.aulast=Koonin&amp;rft.aufirst=EV&amp;rft.au=Senkevich%2C+TG&amp;rft.au=Dolja%2C+VV&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1594570&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell342-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell342_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell342_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell342_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell <i>et al.</i> (2002), hlm. 342. Diakses pada 26 Maret 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_52-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_52-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_52-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2008" class="citation">Wagner (2008), <i>Basic Virology</i>, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/2007019839" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/2007019839">2007019839</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai: checksum <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;isbn=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_isbn" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Basic+Virology&amp;rft.place=Australia&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=2007019839&amp;rft.au=Wagner&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;first2=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;last2=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=vYJBuebvgIcC&amp;pg=PA69&amp;dq=virus+structure+nucleic+acid">lihat</a> di Penelusuran Buku Google)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2008" class="citation">Wagner (2008), <i>Basic Virology</i>, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/2007019839" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/2007019839">2007019839</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai: checksum <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;isbn=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_isbn" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Basic+Virology&amp;rft.place=Australia&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=2007019839&amp;rft.au=Wagner&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;first2=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;last2=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=vYJBuebvgIcC&amp;pg=PA72&amp;dq=virus+structure+nucleic+acid">lihat</a> di Penelusuran Buku Google)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahy-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMahyvan_Regenmortel2010" class="citation">Mahy, BWJ.; van Regenmortel, MHW. 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(2010), <i>Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology</i>, San Diego: Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-375145-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-375145-1">978-0-12-375145-1</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai: checksum <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;isbn=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_isbn" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Desk+Encyclopedia+of+General+Virology&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-375145-1&amp;rft.aulast=Mahy&amp;rft.aufirst=BWJ.&amp;rft.au=van+Regenmortel%2C+MHW.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&amp;pg=PA160&amp;dq=capsid+virus+icosahedral+spheric+T">lihat</a> di Penelusuran Buku Google)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strauss-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStraussStrauss2008" class="citation">Strauss, JH.; Strauss, EG. (2008), <i>Viruses and Human Disease</i>, London: Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-375145-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-375145-1">978-0-12-375145-1</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai: checksum <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;isbn=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_isbn" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Viruses+and+Human+Disease&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-375145-1&amp;rft.aulast=Strauss&amp;rft.aufirst=JH.&amp;rft.au=Strauss%2C+EG.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-y5BZk7LQ_4C&amp;pg=PA45&amp;dq=virion">lihat</a> di Penelusuran Buku Google)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portalkbr.com/teenvoice/sekitar-kita/2836824_6433.html">Pandoravirus, Virus Super Raksasa</a> PortalKBR, 22 Juli 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schneider-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schneider-Schaulies J (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;cd=6&amp;ved=0CEsQFjAF&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fvir.sgmjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F81%2F6%2F1413.pdf&amp;ei=7RwDTqrfBYXxrQen7NjfDQ&amp;usg=AFQjCNHQKhiW__yd3y12_FA-3i06ms76Eg&amp;sig2=SEUJaY8_IDMnlgg2-sMl3g">"Cellular receptors for viruses: links to tropism and pathogenesis"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span>. <i>Journal of General Virology</i>. <b>81</b>: 1413–1429.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+Virology&amp;rft.atitle=Cellular+receptors+for+viruses%3A+links+to+tropism+and+pathogenesis&amp;rft.volume=81&amp;rft.pages=1413-1429&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.au=Schneider-Schaulies+J&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D6%26ved%3D0CEsQFjAF%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fvir.sgmjournals.org%252Fcgi%252Freprint%252F81%252F6%252F1413.pdf%26ei%3D7RwDTqrfBYXxrQen7NjfDQ%26usg%3DAFQjCNHQKhiW&#95;_yd3y12_FA-3i06ms76Eg%26sig2%3DSEUJaY8_IDMnlgg2-sMl3g&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Olson NH (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;cd=3&amp;ved=0CDIQFjAC&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F90%2F2%2F507.full.pdf&amp;ei=IyEDTor7JcbWrQeRyIzxDQ&amp;usg=AFQjCNGVM4dbDHf-DMn35Sn4Z4oyCR8XgQ&amp;sig2=6bo_6CD7U0pHBspYy3n4Bw">"Structure of a human rhinovirus complexed with its receptormolecule"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span>. <i>Proc. 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USA</i>. <b>90</b>: 507–511.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+USA&amp;rft.atitle=Structure+of+a+human+rhinovirus+complexed+with+its+receptormolecule&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.pages=507-511&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.au=Olson+NH&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CDIQFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.pnas.org%252Fcontent%252F90%252F2%252F507.full.pdf%26ei%3DIyEDTor7JcbWrQeRyIzxDQ%26usg%3DAFQjCNGVM4dbDHf-DMn35Sn4Z4oyCR8XgQ%26sig2%3D6bo_6CD7U0pHBspYy3n4Bw&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yongning-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yongning_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yongning_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Yongning H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CBkQFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fcryoem.ucsd.edu%2Fpublication-pdfs%2F2000-He-etal-PNAS.pdf&amp;ei=xz0DToLjKoXJrAf53PXvDQ&amp;usg=AFQjCNHg8wMLeyWIQ024-TBJs39WhMi1IA&amp;sig2=GELxLNlTFGZPPIYSGw6fUg">"Interaction of the poliovirus receptor with poliovirus"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>97</b>: 79–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PNAS&amp;rft.atitle=Interaction+of+the+poliovirus+receptor+with+poliovirus&amp;rft.volume=97&amp;rft.pages=79-84&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.au=Yongning+H.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CBkQFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fcryoem.ucsd.edu%252Fpublication-pdfs%252F2000-He-etal-PNAS.pdf%26ei%3Dxz0DToLjKoXJrAf53PXvDQ%26usg%3DAFQjCNHg8wMLeyWIQ024-TBJs39WhMi1IA%26sig2%3DGELxLNlTFGZPPIYSGw6fUg&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hidari-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hidari_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hidari_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hidari_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hidari_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hidari KIPJ (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;cd=3&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0CC0QFjAC&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benthamscience.com%2Fopen%2Ftoantimj%2Farticles%2FV002%2FSI0008TOANTIMJ%2F26TOANTIMJ.pdf&amp;rct=j&amp;q=filetype%3Apdf%20influenza%20receptor%20sialic%20acid&amp;ei=uykDTrW2CsbLrQe38MWQDg&amp;usg=AFQjCNG-IqPkU0qQlkNAGKc5NHd2HbQL5A&amp;sig2=77KIOHsRLE3z4RY0ajNE0w&amp;cad=rja">"Glycan Receptor for Influenza Virus"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span>. <i>The Open Antimicrobial Agents Journal</i>. <b>2</b>: 26–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Open+Antimicrobial+Agents+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Glycan+Receptor+for+Influenza+Virus&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=26-33&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.au=Hidari+KIPJ&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CC0QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.benthamscience.com%252Fopen%252Ftoantimj%252Farticles%252FV002%252FSI0008TOANTIMJ%252F26TOANTIMJ.pdf%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dfiletype%253Apdf%2520influenza%2520receptor%2520sialic%2520acid%26ei%3DuykDTrW2CsbLrQe38MWQDg%26usg%3DAFQjCNG-IqPkU0qQlkNAGKc5NHd2HbQL5A%26sig2%3D77KIOHsRLE3z4RY0ajNE0w%26cad%3Drja&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahy3-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahy3_62-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMahyvan_Regenmortel2010" class="citation">Mahy, BWJ.; van Regenmortel, MHW. (2010), <i>Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology</i>, San Diego: Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-375145-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-375145-1">978-0-12-375145-1</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai: checksum <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;isbn=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_isbn" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Desk+Encyclopedia+of+General+Virology&amp;rft.place=San+Diego&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-375145-1&amp;rft.aulast=Mahy&amp;rft.aufirst=BWJ.&amp;rft.au=van+Regenmortel%2C+MHW.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&amp;pg=PA267&amp;dq=capsid+virus+icosahedral+spheric+T">lihat</a> di Penelusuran Buku Google)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cossart-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cossart_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCossart2005" class="citation">Cossart, P (2005), <i>Cellular Microbiology</i>, Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-55581-302-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-55581-302-X">1-55581-302-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cellular+Microbiology&amp;rft.place=Washington+DC&amp;rft.pub=American+Society+for+Microbiology+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=1-55581-302-X&amp;rft.aulast=Cossart&amp;rft.aufirst=P&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=kJawacbld1sC&amp;pg=PA536&amp;dq=virus+translocation">lihat</a> di Penelusuran Buku Google)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheng-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheng_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheng_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheng_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheng_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChengHammar2004" class="citation">Cheng, H.; Hammar, L. (2004), <i>Cellular Microbiology</i>, Singapore: World Scientifis Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/981-238-614-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/981-238-614-9">981-238-614-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cellular+Microbiology&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.pub=World+Scientifis+Publishing+Co.+Pte.+Ltd.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=981-238-614-9&amp;rft.aulast=Cheng&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.au=Hammar%2C+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lU2CswZAv7UC&amp;pg=PA78&amp;dq=virus+fusion">lihat</a> di Penelusuran Buku Google)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carter_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarterSaunders2007" class="citation">Carter, JB.; Saunders, VA. 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"[A virus system]". <i>Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences</i> (dalam bahasa French). <b>254</b>: 4225–7. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14467544">14467544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Hebdomadaires+des+Seances+de+l%27Academie+des+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=%5BA+virus+system%5D&amp;rft.volume=254&amp;rft.pages=4225-7&amp;rft.date=1962-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14467544&amp;rft.aulast=Lwoff&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Horne%2C+RW&amp;rft.au=Tournier%2C+P&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13931895-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid13931895_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lwoff A, Horne R, Tournier P (1962). "A system of viruses". <i>Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology</i>. <b>27</b>: 51–5. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fsqb.1962.027.001.008">10.1101/sqb.1962.027.001.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13931895">13931895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Symposia+on+Quantitative+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=A+system+of+viruses&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.pages=51-5&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fsqb.1962.027.001.008&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13931895&amp;rft.aulast=Lwoff&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Horne%2C+R&amp;rft.au=Tournier%2C+P&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16105179-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16105179_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fauquet CM, Fargette D (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1208960">"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and the 3,142 unassigned species"</a>. <i>Virology Journal</i>. <b>2</b>: 64. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1743-422X-2-64">10.1186/1743-422X-2-64</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1208960">1208960</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16105179">16105179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Virology+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses+and+the+3%2C142+unassigned+species&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=64&amp;rft.date=2005-08&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1208960&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16105179&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1743-422X-2-64&amp;rft.aulast=Fauquet&amp;rft.aufirst=CM&amp;rft.au=Fargette%2C+D&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1208960&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Executive Committee (Mei 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7186216">"The New Scope of Virus Taxonomy: Partitioning the Virosphere Into 15 Hierarchical Ranks"</a>. <i>Nat Microbiol</i>. <b>5</b> (5): 668–674. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41564-020-0709-x">10.1038/s41564-020-0709-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7186216">7186216</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341570">32341570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Microbiol&amp;rft.atitle=The+New+Scope+of+Virus+Taxonomy%3A+Partitioning+the+Virosphere+Into+15+Hierarchical+Ranks&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=668-674&amp;rft.date=2020-05&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7186216&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32341570&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41564-020-0709-x&amp;rft.au=International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses+Executive+Committee&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7186216&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Delwart EL (2007). "Viral metagenomics". <i>Reviews in Medical Virology</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 115–31. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frmv.532">10.1002/rmv.532</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295196">17295196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Medical+Virology&amp;rft.atitle=Viral+metagenomics&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=115-31&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Frmv.532&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17295196&amp;rft.aulast=Delwart&amp;rft.aufirst=EL&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/">"Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release"</a>. <i>ICTV Online</i>. 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"RNA-directed DNA synthesis and RNA tumor viruses". <i>Advances in Virus Research</i>. <b>17</b>: 129–86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-3527%2808%2960749-6">10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60749-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780120398171" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780120398171">9780120398171</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4348509">4348509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Virus+Research&amp;rft.atitle=RNA-directed+DNA+synthesis+and+RNA+tumor+viruses&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.pages=129-86&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4348509&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-3527%2808%2960749-6&amp;rft.isbn=9780120398171&amp;rft.aulast=Temin&amp;rft.aufirst=HM&amp;rft.au=Baltimore%2C+D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid4377923-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid4377923_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Baltimore D (1974). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Viruses&amp;rft.atitle=Maternal+Immunity+and+the+Natural+History+of+Congenital+Human+Cytomegalovirus+Infection&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=405&amp;rft.date=2018-08-03&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6116058&amp;rft.issn=1999-4915&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30081449&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fv10080405&amp;rft.aulast=Britt&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1999-4915%2F10%2F8%2F405&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_90-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEvansKaslow1997" class="citation">Evans, AS.; Kaslow, RA. (1997), <i>Viral Infections of Humans:epidemiology and Control</i>, New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-306-44856-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-306-44856-4">0-306-44856-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Viral+Infections+of+Humans%3Aepidemiology+and+Control&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Plenum+Publishing+Corporation&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-306-44856-4&amp;rft.aulast=Evans&amp;rft.aufirst=AS.&amp;rft.au=Kaslow%2C+RA.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=L9p6PtCDgJs&amp;pg=PA16&amp;dq=viral+infection">lihat</a> di Penelusuran Buku Google)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crowley-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crowley_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley_91-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley_91-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley_91-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley_91-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley_91-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley_91-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley_91-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley_91-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crowley_91-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2010" class="citation">Crowley, LV. (2010), <i>An Introduction to Human Disease: Pathology and Pathophysiology</i>, Sudburry: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7637-6591-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7637-6591-0">978-0-7637-6591-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Human+Disease%3A+Pathology+and+Pathophysiology&amp;rft.place=Sudburry&amp;rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7637-6591-0&amp;rft.aulast=Crowley&amp;rft.aufirst=LV.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=gMxeK6sqsfwC&amp;pg=PA147&amp;dq=virus+human">lihat</a> di Penelusuran Buku Google)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuckerman-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermanBanatvalaGriffiths2009" class="citation">Zuckerman, AJ.; Banatvala, JE.; Griffiths, P. (2009), <i>Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology</i>, England: John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd., <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-470-51799-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-470-51799-4">978-0-470-51799-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Principles+and+Practice+of+Clinical+Virology&amp;rft.place=England&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-470-51799-4&amp;rft.aulast=Zuckerman&amp;rft.aufirst=AJ.&amp;rft.au=Banatvala%2C+JE.&amp;rft.au=Griffiths%2C+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OgbcUWpUCXsC&amp;pg=PA105&amp;dq=viral+diagnosis">lihat</a> di Penelusuran Buku Google)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_93-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2007" class="citation">Singh, M. (2007), <i>Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems</i>, New Jersey: John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd., <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-73907-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-471-73907-4">978-0-471-73907-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vaccine+Adjuvants+and+Delivery+Systems&amp;rft.place=New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-73907-4&amp;rft.aulast=Singh&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=7QKRrTPwuDYC&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=vaccine">lihat</a> di Penelusuran Buku Google)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCarter_&amp;_Saunders2007" class="citation book">Carter, John B.; Saunders, Venetia A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/124160564"><i>Virology: Principles and Applications</i></a>. Chichester, Inggris: John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-470-02386-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-470-02386-0">978-0-470-02386-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/124160564">124160564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Virology%3A+Principles+and+Applications&amp;rft.place=Chichester%2C+Inggris&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F124160564&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-470-02386-0&amp;rft.aulast=Carter&amp;rft.aufirst=John+B.&amp;rft.au=Saunders%2C+Venetia+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F124160564&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDimmock_dkk.2007" class="citation book">Dimmock, N. J.; Easton, A.J.; Leppard, K.N. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65207057"><i>Introduction to modern virology</i></a> (edisi ke-6). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4051-3645-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4051-3645-6">1-4051-3645-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/65207057">65207057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+modern+virology&amp;rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&amp;rft.edition=6&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65207057&amp;rft.isbn=1-4051-3645-6&amp;rft.aulast=Dimmock&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+J.&amp;rft.au=Easton%2C+A.J.&amp;rft.au=Leppard%2C+K.N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F65207057&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCollier_dkk.1998" class="citation book">Collier, Leslie; Balows, Albert; Sussman, Max, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38290809"><i>Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections</i></a> (edisi ke-9). London: Arnold. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-340-61470-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-340-61470-6">0-340-61470-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/38290809">38290809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Topley+and+Wilson%27s+Microbiology+and+Microbial+Infections&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.edition=9&amp;rft.pub=Arnold&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38290809&amp;rft.isbn=0-340-61470-6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F38290809&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMahyVan_Regenmortel2010" class="citation book">Mahy, B.W.J.; Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/480587729"><i>Desk encyclopedia of general virology</i></a>. Oxford: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-12-375162-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-12-375162-4">0-12-375162-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/480587729">480587729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Desk+encyclopedia+of+general+virology&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F480587729&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-375162-4&amp;rft.aulast=Mahy&amp;rft.aufirst=B.W.J.&amp;rft.au=Van+Regenmortel%2C+M.+H.+V.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F480587729&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFShors2017" class="citation book">Shors, Teri (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/948427269"><i>Understanding Viruses</i></a> (edisi ke-3). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-284-02592-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-284-02592-7">978-1-284-02592-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/948427269">948427269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+Viruses&amp;rft.place=Burlington%2C+Massachusetts&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Learning&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948427269&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-284-02592-7&amp;rft.aulast=Shors&amp;rft.aufirst=Teri&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F948427269&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVirus" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.med.sc.edu/microbiology2007/">Perpustakaan Online tentang virus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509061914/http://media.med.sc.edu/microbiology2007/">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-05-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virology-online.com">Wong's Virology</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-a-Virus.aspx">Apa itu virus?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mikrobiologi:_Virus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Topik_virus" title="Templat:Topik virus"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Topik_virus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Topik virus (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Topik_virus&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mikrobiologi:_Virus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">Mikrobiologi</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengantar_tentang_virus" title="Pengantar tentang virus">Pengantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_virologi" title="Sejarah virologi">Sejarah virologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_dalam_sejarah_manusia" title="Virus dalam sejarah manusia">Virus dalam sejarah manusia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bagian dari virus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selubung_virus" title="Selubung virus">Selubung (amplop)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapsid" title="Kapsid">Kapsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_virus" title="Protein virus">Protein virus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/100px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/150px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg/200px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1739" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daur_hidup_virus" title="Daur hidup virus">Daur hidup virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penginangan_virus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penginangan virus (halaman belum tersedia)">Penginangan virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replikasi_virus" title="Replikasi virus">Replikasi virus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelepasan_virus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelepasan virus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelepasan virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latensi_virus" title="Latensi virus">Latensi virus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viroplasma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Viroplasma (halaman belum tersedia)">Viroplasma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genetika</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reasorsi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reasorsi (halaman belum tersedia)">Reasorsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pergeseran_antigen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pergeseran antigen (halaman belum tersedia)">Pergeseran antigen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyimpangan_antigen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyimpangan antigen (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyimpangan antigen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percampuran_fenotipe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Percampuran fenotipe (halaman belum tersedia)">Percampuran fenotipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Menurut inang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakteriofag" title="Bakteriofag">Bakteriofag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virofag" title="Virofag">Virofag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikovirus" title="Mikovirus">Mikovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_tumbuhan" title="Virus tumbuhan">Virus tumbuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus_hewan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Virus hewan (halaman belum tersedia)">Virus hewan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virus_manusia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Virus manusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Virus manusia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Virus" title="Kategori:Virus">Kategori</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Virus" title="Portal:Virus">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons page"><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Virus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Virus">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pengidentifikasi_takson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Pengidentifikasi_takson" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi_takson" title="Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi takson">Pengidentifikasi takson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q808">Q808</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Virus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Virus">Virus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=782766">782766</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/5006">5006</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8">8</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/131236">131236</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=10239">10239</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=10">10</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808#identifiers&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808#identifiers&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4063589-2">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX527219">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938341t">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938341t">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85143833">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000094794&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560678">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph116578&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1167771/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/2522874641">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li></ul> 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