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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Year of Jesus' birth subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Year_of_Jesus'_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biblical_references_to_King_Herod's_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_references_to_King_Herod's_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Biblical references to King Herod's reign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_references_to_King_Herod's_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtracting_Jesus'_age_of_"about_30_years"_when_preaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtracting_Jesus'_age_of_"about_30_years"_when_preaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Subtracting Jesus' age of "about 30 years" when preaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtracting_Jesus'_age_of_"about_30_years"_when_preaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Other approaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_of_preaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_of_preaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Years of preaching </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Years_of_preaching-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Years of preaching subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Years_of_preaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Tiberius_and_the_Gospel_of_Luke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Tiberius_and_the_Gospel_of_Luke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Reign of Tiberius and the Gospel of Luke </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Tiberius_and_the_Gospel_of_Luke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Temple_in_Jerusalem_and_the_Gospel_of_John" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Temple_in_Jerusalem_and_the_Gospel_of_John"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 The Temple in Jerusalem and the Gospel of John </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Temple_in_Jerusalem_and_the_Gospel_of_John-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Josephus'_reference_to_John_the_Baptist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Josephus'_reference_to_John_the_Baptist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Josephus' reference to John the Baptist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Josephus'_reference_to_John_the_Baptist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_of_crucifixion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9" title="تسلسل تاريخي ليسوع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسلسل تاريخي ليسوع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Cronologia de Jesús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cronologia de Jesús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%BE%C3%AD%C5%A1ova_chronologie" title="Ježíšova chronologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ježíšova chronologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_des_Lebens_Jesu" title="Chronologie des Lebens Jesu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chronologie des Lebens Jesu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronolog%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Cronología de Jesús – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cronología de Jesús" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dato_de_la_morto_de_Jesuo" title="Dato de la morto de Jesuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dato de la morto de Jesuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%B0%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99" title="예수의 연대학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예수의 연대학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronologija_Isusa" title="Kronologija Isusa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kronologija Isusa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronologi_kehidupan_Yesus" title="Kronologi kehidupan Yesus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kronologi kehidupan Yesus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_di_Ges%C3%B9" title="Cronologia di Gesù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cronologia di Gesù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarehe_za_maisha_ya_Yesu" title="Tarehe za maisha ya Yesu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tarehe za maisha ya Yesu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_de_Jesus" title="Cronologia de Jesus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cronologia de Jesus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B9" title="کرۆنۆلۆجی یەسووع – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کرۆنۆلۆجی یەسووع" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hronologija_Isusa" title="Hronologija Isusa – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hronologija Isusa" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronologija_Isusa" title="Kronologija Isusa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kronologija Isusa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesuksen_el%C3%A4m%C3%A4n_kronologia" title="Jeesuksen elämän kronologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jeesuksen 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_the_Life_of_Christ.png/330px-Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_the_Life_of_Christ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_the_Life_of_Christ.png/440px-Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_the_Life_of_Christ.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2279" /></a><figcaption>Chart by <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Larkin" title="Clarence Larkin">Clarence Larkin</a> showing a timeline of the life of Jesus Christ as described in the Gospels</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba,_Pasja_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba%2C_Pasja_01.jpg/220px-Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba%2C_Pasja_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba%2C_Pasja_01.jpg/330px-Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba%2C_Pasja_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba%2C_Pasja_01.jpg/440px-Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba%2C_Pasja_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> shown in a number of small scenes, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1490, from the Entry into Jerusalem through the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a> (lower left) to the Ascension (centre top)</figcaption></figure> A chronology of Jesus aims to establish a <a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">timeline</a> for the events of the life of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. Scholars have correlated <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> documents and astronomical calendars with the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> accounts to estimate dates for the major events in Jesus's life. Two main approaches have been used to estimate the year of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth of Jesus</a>: one based on the accounts in the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> of his birth with reference to <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">King Herod's</a> reign, and the other by subtracting his stated age of "about 30 years" when he began preaching. Most scholars, on this basis, assume a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC.<a href="#cite_note-MJDG324-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-JDG324-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-carson54-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Three details have been used to estimate the year when <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Jesus began preaching</a>: a mention of his age of "about 30 years" during "the fifteenth year" of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Caesar">Tiberius Caesar</a>, another relating to the date of the building of the <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, and yet another concerning the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of John the Baptist">death of John the Baptist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eerdmans246-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-CEvans67-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmyJill55-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-fox25-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bromiley694-11">[11]</a> Hence, scholars estimate that Jesus began preaching and gathering followers around AD 28–29. According to the three <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospel">synoptic gospels</a> Jesus continued preaching for at least one year, and according to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a> for three years.<a href="#cite_note-Eerdmans246-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-PAnderson200-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knoblet-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-J._Dwight_Pentecost_1981_pages_577-578-14">[14]</a> Five methods have been used to estimate the date of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a>. One uses non-Christian sources such as <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paul_William_Meyer_page_112-16">[16]</a> Another works backwards from the historically well-established trial of the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Roman proconsul Gallio</a> in Corinth in AD 51/52 to estimate the date of <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Paul's conversion</a>. Both methods result in AD 36 as an upper bound to the crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett19-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger77-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riesner-19">[19]</a> Thus, scholars generally agree that Jesus was <a href="/wiki/Crucified" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucified">crucified</a> between AD 30 and AD 36.<a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnett19-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger140-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s astronomical method calculates those ancient Passovers (always defined by a full moon) which are preceded by a Friday, as specified by all four Gospels; this leaves two potential crucifixion dates, 7 April AD 30 and 3 April AD 33.<a href="#cite_note-HumWadJASA-22">[22]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a> method, the Apostle Peter's statement that the moon turned to blood at the crucifixion (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#2:14" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts of the Apostles 2:14–21</a>) is taken to refer to the lunar eclipse of 3 April AD 33; although astronomers are discussing whether the eclipse was visible as far west as Jerusalem. Recent astronomical research uses the supposed contrast between the synoptic date of Jesus' last Passover on the one hand with John's date of the subsequent "Jewish Passover" on the other hand, to propose Jesus' Last Supper to have been on Wednesday, 1 April AD 33 and the crucifixion on Friday, 3 April AD 33. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context_and_overview">Context and overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context and overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josephus_Antiquitates_Iudaice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Josephus_Antiquitates_Iudaice.jpg/150px-Josephus_Antiquitates_Iudaice.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Josephus_Antiquitates_Iudaice.jpg/225px-Josephus_Antiquitates_Iudaice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Josephus_Antiquitates_Iudaice.jpg/300px-Josephus_Antiquitates_Iudaice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a> by <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Josephus</a>, c. AD 93–94, a source for the chronology of Jesus<a href="#cite_note-Leslie508-23">[23]</a></figcaption></figure>The Christian gospels do not claim to provide an exhaustive list of the events in the life of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-brown964-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gerald3-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAPowell168-26">[26]</a> They were written as theological documents in the context of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a> rather than historical chronicles, and their authors showed little interest in an absolute chronology of Jesus or in synchronizing the episodes of his life with the secular history of the age.<a href="#cite_note-Rahner730-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wiarda75-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> One indication that the gospels are theological documents rather than historical chronicles is that they devote about one-third of their text to just seven days, namely the last week of the life of Jesus in Jerusalem, also known as <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">the Passion of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turner613-30">[30]</a> Nevertheless, the gospels provide some details regarding events which can be clearly dated, so one can establish date ranges regarding major events in Jesus' life by comparison with independent sources.<a href="#cite_note-Rahner730-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wiarda75-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-31">[31]</a> A number of historical non-Christian documents, such as Jewish and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> sources, have been used in historical analyses of the chronology of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Blomberg431-32">[32]</a> Virtually all modern historians agree that Jesus existed, and regard <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">his baptism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">his crucifixion</a> as historical events, and assume that approximate ranges for these events can be estimated.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman285-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated19-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated236-35">[35]</a> Using these methods, most scholars assume a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC,<a href="#cite_note-MJDG324-1">[1]</a> and that Jesus' preaching began around AD 27–29 and lasted one to three years.<a href="#cite_note-Eerdmans246-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-PAnderson200-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knoblet-13">[13]</a> They calculate the death of Jesus as having taken place between AD 30 and 36.<a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnett19-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger140-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Year_of_Jesus'_birth">Year of Jesus' birth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Year of Jesus' birth">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth of Jesus">Date of birth of Jesus</a></div> The date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth is not stated in the gospels or in any secular text, but most scholars assume a date of birth between 6 BC and 4 BC.<a href="#cite_note-MJDG324-1">[1]</a> Two main methods have been used to estimate the year of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth of Jesus</a>: one based on the accounts of his birth in the gospels with reference to <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">King Herod's</a> reign, and another based on subtracting his stated age of "about 30 years" from the time when he began preaching (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#3:23" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 3:23</a>) in "the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar" (<a href="/wiki/Luke_3:1-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke 3:1-2">Luke 3:1-2</a>): the two methods indicate a date of birth before Herod's death in 4 BC, and a date of birth around 2 BC, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-MJDG324-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Niswonger121-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rahner731-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger140-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoehner_1978_29–37-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_references_to_King_Herod's_reign">Biblical references to King Herod's reign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biblical references to King Herod's reign">edit</a>]</div> The two <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">nativity accounts of Jesus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> differ substantially from each other, and are considered to have been written independently. However, some consistent elements are evidently derived from a common early tradition:<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <ul><li>Jesus was born under the Judean king <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:1" title="Matthew 2:1">Matthew 2:1f</a>; Luke 1:5 vs Luke 2:1f)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:5" title="Matthew 2:5">Matthew 2:5f</a>; Luke 2:4.15)</li> <li>prior to his parents moving to <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:22" title="Matthew 2:22">Matthew 2:22f</a>), or before their return to Nazareth (Luke 2,39).</li> <li>Jesus' parents <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> were <a href="/wiki/Engagement#Betrothal" title="Engagement">betrothed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:18" title="Matthew 1:18">Matthew 1:18</a>–<a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:20" title="Matthew 1:20">20</a>; Luke 1:27; 2:5).</li> <li>His birth was a <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth</a> conceived by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a> announced Jesus' birth, his name, his role as the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> (being a descendant of King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">son of God</a>), and his mission to save his people from sin (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:21" title="Matthew 1:21">Matthew 1:21</a>; Luke 1:77; 2:11,30).</li></ul> Thus both Luke and Matthew independently associate Jesus' birth with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rahner731-37">[37]</a> Matthew furthermore implies that Jesus was up to two years old when Herod reportedly ordered the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a>, that is, the murder of all boys in Bethlehem up to the age of two (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:16" title="Matthew 2:16">Matthew 2:16</a>).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Most scholarship concerning the date of Herod's death follows <a href="/wiki/Emil_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Emil Schürer">Emil Schürer</a>'s calculations published in 1896, which revised a traditional death date of 1 BC to 4 BC.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2012-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steinmann_2011-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_date-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bernegger-49">[49]</a> Two of Herod's sons, <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip the Tetrarch</a>, dated their rule from 4 BC,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> though Archelaus apparently held royal authority during Herod's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Philip's reign would last for 37 years, until his death in the traditionally accepted 20th year of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (AD 34), which implies his accession as 4 BC.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The oldest manuscripts of Josephus’s Antiquities has the death of Philip in the 22nd year not the 20th, of Tiberius. In the British Library there is not a single manuscript prior to AD 1544 that has the traditionally accepted 20th year of Tiberius for the death of Philip. This evidence removes the main obstacle for a later date of 1BC for the death of Herod. A list of the oldest manuscripts is found in “Josephus Re-examined”, D. Beyer.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Some scholars support the traditional date of 1 BC for Herod's death.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Filmer and Steinmann, for example, propose that Herod died in 1 BC, and that his heirs backdated their reigns to 4 or 3 BC to assert an overlapping with Herod's rule, and bolster their own legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-Steinmann_2011-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Filmer-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2012-46">[46]</a> In Josephus' account, Herod's death was preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a> and followed by <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> An eclipse<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> took place in 4 BC on 13 March, about 29 days before Passover, and this eclipse has been suggested as the one referred to by Josephus.<a href="#cite_note-Bernegger-49">[49]</a> There were however other eclipses during this period, and there are proponents of 5 BC<a href="#cite_note-Barnes_date-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and the two eclipses of 1 BC occurring 10 January and 29 December.<a href="#cite_note-Filmer-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steinmann-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2012-46">[46]</a> Nevertheless, most scholars favour a birth year for Jesus between 6 and 4 BC.<a href="#cite_note-JDG324-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-carson54-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Niswonger121-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rahner731-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtracting_Jesus'_age_of_"about_30_years"_when_preaching">Subtracting Jesus' age of "about 30 years" when preaching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subtracting Jesus' age of "about 30 years" when preaching">edit</a>]</div> Another approach to estimating Jesus' year of birth is based on the statement in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#3:23" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 3:23</a> that he was "about 30 years of age" when starting his ministry.<a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger140-20">[20]</a> Jesus began to preach after being baptised by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, and based on Luke’s gospel John only began baptising people in "the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#3:1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 3:1–2</a>), which scholars estimate to have been in AD 28–29.<a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger140-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-CEvans67-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Novak302-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoehner_1978_29–37-40">[40]</a> Subtracting 30 years, it appears that Jesus was born in 1–2 BC. However, if the phrase "about 30" is interpreted to mean 32 years old, this could fit a date of birth just within the reign of Herod, who died in 4 BC.<a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger140-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Novak302-66">[66]</a> The benchmark date of AD 28–29 is independently confirmed by John's statement (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#2:20" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 2:20</a>) that the Temple reportedly was in its 46th year of construction during Passover when Jesus began his ministry, which likewise corresponds to AD 28–29 according to scholarly estimates.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_approaches">Other approaches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other approaches">edit</a>]</div> The Gospel of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#8:57" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 8:57</a> mentions in passing an upper limit of 50 for Jesus' age when preaching: "The Jews therefore said <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unto" class="extiw" title="wikt:unto">unto</a> him, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thou" class="extiw" title="wikt:thou">Thou</a> art not yet fifty years old, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hast" class="extiw" title="wikt:hast">hast</a> thou seen <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>?" Fifty years is a round number which emphasises the discrepancy to Jesus's claim he had existed before Abraham, that is, for more than a thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-Humphreys72-67">[67]</a> Some commentators have attempted to establish the date of birth by identifying the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a> with some known astronomical or astrological phenomenon. For example, astronomer Michael Molnar proposed 17 April 6 BC as the likely date of the Nativity, since that date corresponded to the <a href="/wiki/Heliacal_rising" title="Heliacal rising">heliacal rising</a> and lunar <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, while it was <a href="/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion#Apparent_motion" title="Apparent retrograde motion">momentarily stationary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aries_(constellation)" title="Aries (constellation)">constellation of Aries</a>. According to Molnar, to knowledgeable astrologers of this time, this highly unusual combination of events would have indicated that a regal personage would be (or had been) born in Judea.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Other research points to a 1991 report from the Royal Astronomical Society, which mentions that Chinese astronomers noted a "comet" that lasted 70 days in the Capricorn region of the sky, in March of 5 BC. Authors Dugard and O'Reilly consider this event as the likely Star of Bethlehem.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> However, there are many possible phenomena and none seems to match the Gospel account exactly.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years_of_preaching">Years of preaching</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Years of preaching">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Tiberius_and_the_Gospel_of_Luke">Reign of Tiberius and the Gospel of Luke</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reign of Tiberius and the Gospel of Luke">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg/220px-Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg/330px-Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg/440px-Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Bethabara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethabara">Bethabara</a> (Βέθαβαρά), calling it the place where John baptised</figcaption></figure> One method for the estimation of the date of the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry of Jesus</a> is based on the Gospel of Luke's specific statement in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#3:1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 3:1–2</a> about the ministry of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> which preceded that of Jesus:<a href="#cite_note-Eerdmans246-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-CEvans67-7">[7]</a> <blockquote> Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judaea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene, in the highpriesthood of Annas and Caiaphas, the word of God came unto John the son of Zacharias in the wilderness. </blockquote> The reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> began on the death of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in September AD 14, implying that the ministry of John the Baptist began in late AD 28 or early AD 29.<a href="#cite_note-Cradle-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-art201-72">[72]</a> Riesner's alternative suggestion is that John the Baptist began his ministry in AD 26 or 27, because Tiberius ruled together with Augustus for two years before becoming the sole ruler. If so, the fifteenth year of Tiberius' reign would be counted from AD 12.<a href="#cite_note-Riesner-19">[19]</a> Riesner's suggestion is however considered less likely, as all the major Roman historians who calculate the years of Tiberius' rule – namely Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio – count from AD 14 – the year of Augustus' death. In addition, coin evidence shows that Tiberius started to reign in AD 14.<a href="#cite_note-Humphreys64-73">[73]</a> The New Testament presents <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> as the precursor to Jesus and the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a> as marking the beginning of Jesus' ministry.<a href="#cite_note-Kellum140-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blomberg224-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alister16-76">[76]</a> In his sermon in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#10:37" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 10:37–38</a>, delivered in the house of <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius the centurion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Peter">Apostle Peter</a> refers to what had happened "throughout all Judaea, beginning from Galilee, after the baptism which John preached" and that Jesus had then gone about "doing good".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Jesus' baptism account is followed directly by his <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">40 day fast and ordeal</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Temple_in_Jerusalem_and_the_Gospel_of_John">The Temple in Jerusalem and the Gospel of John</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Temple in Jerusalem and the Gospel of John">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG/220px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG/330px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG/440px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Herod's Temple</a>, referred to in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#2:13" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 2:13</a>, as imagined in the <a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a>. It is currently situated adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a> exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>, Jerusalem.</figcaption></figure> Another method for estimating the start of the ministry of Jesus without reliance on the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">Synoptic gospels</a> is to relate the account in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> about the visit of Jesus to <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Herod's Temple</a> in Jerusalem with historical data about the construction of the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-Eerdmans246-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knoblet-13">[13]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#2:13" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 2:13</a> says that Jesus went to the <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Temple in Jerusalem</a> around the start of his ministry and in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#2:20" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 2:20</a> Jesus is told: "This temple has been under construction for forty-six years, and will you raise it up in three days?".<a href="#cite_note-Eerdmans246-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-8">[8]</a> Herod's Temple in Jerusalem was an extensive and long term construction on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, which was never fully completed even by the time it was destroyed by the Romans in AD 70.<a href="#cite_note-Roller67-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lundquist-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maxxix-80">[80]</a> Having built entire cities such as <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>, Herod saw the construction of the Temple as a key, colossal monument.<a href="#cite_note-Lundquist-79">[79]</a> The dedication of the initial temple (sometimes called the inner Temple) followed a 17 or 18 month construction period, just after the visit of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> to Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Kellum140-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roller67-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XV" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XV">Ant 15.11.1</a>) states that the temple's reconstruction was started by Herod in the 18th year of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-Eerdmans246-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger140-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> But there is some uncertainty about how Josephus referred to and computed dates, which event marked the start of Herod's reign, and whether the initial date should refer to the inner Temple, or the subsequent construction.<a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knoblet-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kellum140-74">[74]</a> Hence various scholars arrive at slightly different dates for the exact date of the start of the Temple construction, varying by a few years in their final estimation of the date of the Temple visit.<a href="#cite_note-Knoblet-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kellum140-74">[74]</a> Given that it took 46 years of construction, the best scholarly estimate for when Jesus preached is around the year AD 29.<a href="#cite_note-Eerdmans246-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-PAnderson200-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knoblet-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-J._Dwight_Pentecost_1981_pages_577-578-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Josephus'_reference_to_John_the_Baptist">Josephus' reference to John the Baptist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Josephus' reference to John the Baptist">edit</a>]</div> Both the gospels and first-century historian <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, in his work <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> refer to <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> killing <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, and to the marriage of Herod and <a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a>, establishing two key connections between Josephus and the biblical episodes.<a href="#cite_note-AmyJill55-9">[9]</a> Josephus refers to the imprisonment and execution of John the Baptist by Herod Antipas and that Herodias left her husband to marry Herod Antipas, in defiance of Jewish law.<a href="#cite_note-AmyJill55-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-fox25-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bromiley694-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Josephus and the gospels differ, however, on the details and motives, e.g. whether the execution was a consequence of the marriage of Herod Antipas and Herodias (as indicated in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#14:4" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 14:4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#6:18" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 6:18</a>), or a pre-emptive measure by Herod which possibly took place before the marriage to quell a possible uprising based on the remarks of John, as Josephus suggests in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_5" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Ant 18.5.2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leslie508-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cyndy48-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptistry_(Castiglione_Olona)_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baptistry_%28Castiglione_Olona%29_003.jpg/220px-Baptistry_%28Castiglione_Olona%29_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baptistry_%28Castiglione_Olona%29_003.jpg/330px-Baptistry_%28Castiglione_Olona%29_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baptistry_%28Castiglione_Olona%29_003.jpg/440px-Baptistry_%28Castiglione_Olona%29_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">The Baptist</a> scolds <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod</a>. Fresco by <a href="/wiki/Masolino_da_Panicale" title="Masolino da Panicale">Masolino</a>, 1435</figcaption></figure> The exact year of the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a> is subject to debate among scholars.<a href="#cite_note-fox25-10">[10]</a> While some scholars place the year of the marriage in the range AD 27–31, others have approximated a date as late as AD 35, although such a late date has much less support.<a href="#cite_note-fox25-10">[10]</a> In his analysis of Herod's life, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hoehner" title="Harold Hoehner">Harold Hoehner</a> estimates that John the Baptist's imprisonment probably occurred around AD 30–31.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia estimates the death of the Baptist to have occurred about AD 31–32.<a href="#cite_note-Bromiley694-11">[11]</a> Josephus stated (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_5" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Ant 18.5.2</a>) that the AD 36 defeat of Herod Antipas in the conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nabatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatea">Nabatea</a> was widely considered by the Jews of the time as misfortune brought about by Herod's unjust execution of John the Baptist.<a href="#cite_note-Cyndy48-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoehner125-91">[91]</a> Given that John the Baptist was executed before the defeat of Herod by Aretas, and based on the scholarly estimates for the approximate date of the marriage of Herod Antipas and Herodias, the last part of the ministry of John the Baptist and hence parts of the ministry of Jesus fall within the historical time span of AD 28–35, with the later year 35 having the least support among scholars.<a href="#cite_note-fox25-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoehner125-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_of_crucifixion">Date of crucifixion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Date of crucifixion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prefecture_of_Pontius_Pilate">Prefecture of Pontius Pilate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prefecture of Pontius Pilate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus on Jesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus on Christ</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:310px;max-width:310px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white statue of a man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/150px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/225px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/300px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2576" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:MII.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An apparently old document" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/152px-MII.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/228px-MII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/304px-MII.png 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3373" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Roman senator and historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> wrote of the crucifixion of Christ (Jesus) in the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">Annals</a>, a history of the Roman Empire during the first century.</div></div></div></div> All four <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a> state that Jesus was crucified during the prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, the Roman governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PC-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a> (written about AD 93), <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> states (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_3" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Ant 18.3</a>) that Jesus was crucified on the orders of Pilate.<a href="#cite_note-Theissen81-95">[95]</a> Most scholars agree that while this reference includes some later Christian interpolations, it originally included a reference to the execution of Jesus under Pilate.<a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger104-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wells48-100">[100]</a> In the second century the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a><a href="#cite_note-Voorst39-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Annals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annals">The Annals</a> (c. AD 116), <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus on Christ">described the persecution</a> of Christians by Nero and stated (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">Annals 15.44</a>) that Jesus had been executed on the orders of Pilate<a href="#cite_note-Theissen81-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green1997-103">[103]</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (Emperor from 18 September AD 14–16 March AD 37). According to Flavius Josephus,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea from AD 26 until he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_(prefect_of_Judea)" title="Marcellus (prefect of Judea)">Marcellus</a>, either in AD 36 or AD 37, establishing the date of the death of Jesus between AD 26 and AD 37.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Herod_Antipas">Reign of Herod Antipas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reign of Herod Antipas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_at_Herod%27s_court" title="Jesus at Herod's court">Jesus at Herod's court</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, while Jesus is in <a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a>, Pilate realizes that Jesus is a Galilean and thus is under the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Niswonger-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carter120-109">[109]</a> Given that Herod was in Jerusalem at that time, Pilate decided to send Jesus to Herod to be tried.<a href="#cite_note-Niswonger-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carter120-109">[109]</a> This episode is described only in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#23:7" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">23:7–15</a>).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patella-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> While some scholars have questioned the authenticity of this episode, given that it is unique to the Gospel of Luke, the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia states that it fits well with the theme of the gospel.<a href="#cite_note-Bromiley694-11">[11]</a> Herod Antipas, a son of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, was born before 20 BC and was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> in the summer of AD 39 following a lengthy intrigue involving <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa I">Agrippa I</a>, the grandson of his father.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> This episode indicates that Jesus' death took place before AD 39.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_of_Paul">Conversion of Paul</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conversion of Paul">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi.jpg/220px-The_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi.jpg/330px-The_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi.jpg/440px-The_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, Greece, where the <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Inscription" title="Delphi Inscription">Delphi Inscription</a> was discovered early in the 20th century<a href="#cite_note-CCPaul20-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marrow45-119">[119]</a></figcaption></figure> Another approach to estimating an <a href="/wiki/Upper_bound" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper bound">upper bound</a> for the year of death of Jesus is the estimation of the date of <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">conversion of Paul the Apostle</a> which the New Testament accounts place some time after the death of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett19-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger77-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riesner-19">[19]</a> Paul's conversion is discussed in both the <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of Paul">Letters of Paul</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett19-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Corinthians#15:3" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians">15:3–8</a>), Paul refers to his conversion. The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> includes three separate references to his conversion experience, in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#9" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 9</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#22" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 22</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#26" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 26</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Estimating the year of Paul's conversion relies on working backwards from his trial before <a href="/wiki/Junius_Annaeus_Gallio" class="mw-redirect" title="Junius Annaeus Gallio">Junius Gallio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, Greece (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#18:12" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 18:12–17</a>) around AD 51–52, a date derived from the discovery and publication, in 1905, of four stone fragments as part of the <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Inscription" title="Delphi Inscription">Delphi Inscriptions</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> across the Gulf from <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marrow45-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Novak18-123">[123]</a> The inscription<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> preserves a letter from Claudius concerning Gallio dated during the 26th acclamation of Claudius, sometime between January 51 and August 52.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> On this basis, most historians estimate that Gallio (brother of <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>) became <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> between the spring of AD 51 and the summer of AD 52, and that his position ended no later than AD 53.<a href="#cite_note-CCPaul20-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marrow45-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Novak18-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-CEvansA248-127">[127]</a> The trial of Paul is generally assumed to be in the earlier part of Gallio's tenure, based on the reference (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#18:2" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 18:2</a>) to his meeting in Corinth with <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a>, who had been recently expelled from Rome based on Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius%27_expulsion_of_Jews_from_Rome" title="Claudius' expulsion of Jews from Rome">Claudius' expulsion of Jews from Rome</a>, which is dated to AD 49–50.<a href="#cite_note-Novak18-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> According to the New Testament, Paul spent eighteen months in Corinth, approximately seventeen years after his conversion.<a href="#cite_note-Marrow45-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eerdsman1019-129">[129]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Galatians#2:1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Galatians">Galatians 2:1–10</a> states that Paul went <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_apostle#Visits_to_Jerusalem_in_Acts_and_the_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the apostle">back to Jerusalem</a> fourteen years after his conversion, and various missions (at times with <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a>) such as those in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#11:25" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 11:25–26</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/2_Corinthians#11:23" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians 11:23–33</a> appear in the Book of Acts.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett19-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger77-18">[18]</a> The generally accepted scholarly estimate for the date of conversion of Paul is AD 33–36, placing the death of Jesus before this date range.<a href="#cite_note-Barnett19-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger77-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riesner-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomical_analysis">Astronomical analysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Astronomical analysis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newton's_method">Newton's method</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Newton's method">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolton-newton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bolton-newton.jpg/170px-Bolton-newton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bolton-newton.jpg/255px-Bolton-newton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bolton-newton.jpg/340px-Bolton-newton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> deduced a methodology to date the crucifixion.</figcaption></figure> All four Gospels agree to within about a day that the crucifixion was at the time of Passover, and all four Gospels agree that Jesus died a few hours before the commencement of the Jewish Sabbath, i.e. he died before nightfall on a Friday (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:62&version=nrsv">Matt 27:62; 28:1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:42&version=nrsv">Mark 15:42</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:54&version=nrsv">Luke 23:54</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:31&version=nrsv">John 19:31, 42</a>). In the official festival calendar of Judaea, as used by the priests of the temple, Passover time was specified precisely. The slaughtering of the lambs for Passover occurred between 3pm and 5pm on the 14th day of the Jewish month Nisan (corresponding to March/April). The Passover meal commenced at moonrise (necessarily a full moon) that evening, i.e., at the start of 15 Nisan (the Jewish day running from evening to evening) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2023:5&version=nrsv">Leviticus 23:5</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2028:16&version=nrsv">Numbers 28:16</a>). There is an apparent discrepancy of one day in the Gospel accounts of the crucifixion which has been the subject of considerable debate. In John's Gospel, it is stated that the day of Jesus' trial and execution was the day before Passover (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:28&version=nrsv">John 18:28</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:14&version=nrsv">19:14</a>), Hence John places the crucifixion on 14 Nisan. Likewise the Apostle Paul, in his <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a>, implies Jesus died on a 14 Nisan ("sacrificed as a Passover lamb", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%205:7&version=nrsv">1 Cor 5:7</a>), and was resurrected on the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">festival of the first fruits</a>, i.e. on a 16 Nisan (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:20&version=nrsv">1 Cor 15:20</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Humphreys68-130">[130]</a> The correct interpretation of the Synoptics is less clear. Thus some scholars believe that all four Gospels place the crucifixion on Friday, 14 Nisan, others believe that according to the Synoptics it occurred on Friday, 15 Nisan. The problem that then has to be solved is that of determining in which of the years of the reign of Pontius Pilate (AD 26–36) the 14th and 15th Nisan fell on a Friday.<a href="#cite_note-HumWadJASA-22">[22]</a> In a paper published posthumously in 1733, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> considered only the range AD 31–36 and calculated that the Friday requirement is met only on 3 April AD 33 and 23 April AD 34. The latter date can only have fallen on a Friday if an exceptional leap month had been introduced that year, but this was favoured by Newton.<a href="#cite_note-Pratt1-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys45-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newton-133">[133]</a> In the twentieth century, the standard view became that of <a href="/wiki/John_Knight_Fotheringham" title="John Knight Fotheringham">J. K. Fotheringham</a>, who in 1910 suggested 3 April AD 33 on the basis of its coincidence with a lunar eclipse.<a href="#cite_note-Humphreys45-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fotheringham,_J.K._1910-134">[134]</a> In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Cabreira" title="António Cabreira">António Cabreira</a>, following a similar method, arrived at the same date,<a href="#cite_note-Cabreira-135">[135]</a> as did, in the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Bradley_E._Schaefer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradley E. Schaefer">Bradley E. Schaefer</a> and J. P. Pratt.<a href="#cite_note-Pratt1-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-schaefer53-136">[136]</a> Additionally, according to physicist <a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a> and astronomer W. Graeme Waddington, the lunar Jewish calendar leaves only two plausible dates within the reign of Pontius Pilate for Jesus' death, and both of these would have been a 14 Nisan as specified in the Gospel of John: Friday, 7 April AD 30, and Friday, 3 April AD 33. A more refined calculation takes into account that the Jewish calendar was based not on astronomical calculation but on observation, following criticism that it is possible to establish the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">phase of the moon</a> on a particular day two thousand years ago but not whether it was obscured by clouds or haze.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Including the possibility of a cloudy sky obscuring the moon, and assuming that the Jewish authorities would be aware that lunar months can only be either 29 or 30 days long (the time from one new moon to the next is 29.53 days), then the refined calculation states that the Friday requirement might also have been met, during Pontius Pilate's term of office, on 11 April AD 27. Another potential date arises if the Jewish authorities happened to add an irregular lunar leap month to compensate for a meteorologically delayed harvest season: this would yield one additional possibility during Pilate's time, which is Newton's favoured date of 23 April AD 34.<a href="#cite_note-Humphreys53-139">[139]</a> Humphreys calculates but rejects these AD 27 and AD 34 dates on the basis that the former is much too early to be compatible with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:1–2&version=nrsv">Luke 3:1–2</a>, and spring AD 34 is probably too late to be compatible with Paul's timeline, confirming Friday, 7 April AD 30, and Friday, 3 April AD 33 as the two feasible crucifixion dates.<a href="#cite_note-Humphreys63-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eclipse_method">Eclipse method</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eclipse method">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_lunar_eclipse_on_January_21,_2019_(45910439045)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Total_lunar_eclipse_on_January_21%2C_2019_%2845910439045%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Total_lunar_eclipse_on_January_21%2C_2019_%2845910439045%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Total_lunar_eclipse_on_January_21%2C_2019_%2845910439045%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Total_lunar_eclipse_on_January_21%2C_2019_%2845910439045%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Total_lunar_eclipse_on_January_21%2C_2019_%2845910439045%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Total_lunar_eclipse_on_January_21%2C_2019_%2845910439045%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="3301" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a>, <a href="/wiki/January_2019_lunar_eclipse" title="January 2019 lunar eclipse">21 January 2019</a>. Red hue caused by diffraction of sunlight through Earth's atmosphere.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a> is potentially alluded to in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#2:14" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts of the Apostles 2:14–21</a> ("The sun shall be turned into darkness, And the moon into blood, Before the day of the Lord come"), as pointed out by Humphreys and Waddington. There was in fact a lunar eclipse on 3 April AD 33,<a href="#cite_note-Fotheringham,_J.K._1910-134">[134]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/0001-0100/LE0033-04-03P.gif">[11]</a> a date which coincides with one of Newton's astronomically possible crucifixion dates (see above). Humphreys and Waddington have calculated that in ancient Jerusalem this eclipse would have been visible at moonrise at 6.20pm as a 20% partial eclipse (a full moon with a potentially red "bite" missing at the top left of the moon's disc). They propose that a large proportion of the Jewish population would have witnessed this eclipse as they would have been waiting for sunset in the west and immediately afterwards the rise of the anticipated full moon in the east as the prescribed signal to start their household Passover meals.<a href="#cite_note-HumWadJASA-22">[22]</a> Humphreys and Waddington therefore suggest a scenario where Jesus was crucified and died at 3pm on 3 April AD 33, followed by a red partial lunar eclipse at moonrise at 6.20pm observed by the Jewish population, and that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> recalls this event when preaching the resurrection to the Jews (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#2:14" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts of the Apostles 2:14–21</a>).<a href="#cite_note-HumWadJASA-22">[22]</a> Astronomer <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Schaefer" title="Bradley Schaefer">Bradley Schaefer</a> agrees with the eclipse date but disputes that the eclipsed moon would have been visible by the time the moon had risen in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-schaefer53-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> A potentially related issue involves the reference in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> to a three-hour period of darkness over the whole land on the day of the crucifixion (according to Luke 23:45 τοῦ ἡλίου ἐκλιπόντος – the sun was darkened). Although some scholars view this as a literary device common among ancient writers rather than a description of an actual event,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> other writers have attempted to identify a meteorological event or a datable astronomical phenomenon which this could have referred to. It could not have been a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a>, since this could not take place during the full moon at Passover,<a href="#cite_note-Milone-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and in any case solar eclipses take minutes, not hours.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In 1983, Humphreys and Waddington noted that the reference to a solar eclipse is missing in some versions of Luke and argued that the solar eclipse was a later faulty scribal amendment of what was actually the lunar eclipse of AD 33.<a href="#cite_note-HumWadJASA-22">[22]</a> This is a claim which historian David Henige describes as "undefended" and "indefensible".<a href="#cite_note-henige-148">[148]</a> Humphreys and a number of scholars have alternatively argued for the sun's darkening to have been caused by a <a href="/wiki/Khamsin" title="Khamsin">khamsin</a>, i.e. a sand storm, which can occur between mid-March and May in the Middle East and which does typically last for several hours.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In a review<a href="#cite_note-Telford-150">[150]</a> of Humphreys' book, theologian William R. Telford points out that the non-astronomical parts of his lunar eclipse argument are based on the assumption that the chronologies described in the New Testament are historical and based on eyewitness testimony, accepting uncritically statements such as the "three different Passovers in John" and Matthew's statement that Jesus died at the ninth hour. He also alleges that Humphreys uses two very dubious sources, namely Pilate's alleged letter to Tiberius and the writings of the fifth-century Bishop Cyril of Alexandria, which Humphreys however classifies as forgery or contemporary interpretation indicative of a tradition at the time.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Double_Passover_method">Double Passover method</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Double Passover method">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_and_red_blue_haze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Moon_and_red_blue_haze.jpg/220px-Moon_and_red_blue_haze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Moon_and_red_blue_haze.jpg/330px-Moon_and_red_blue_haze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Moon_and_red_blue_haze.jpg/440px-Moon_and_red_blue_haze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The rising full moon at sunset signals the start of the Passover meal. This is two weeks after the new moon has heralded the start of the month of Nisan (March/April).</figcaption></figure> In the crucifixion narrative, the synoptic gospels stress that Jesus celebrated a Passover meal (Mark 14:12ff, Luke 22:15) before his crucifixion, which contrasts sharply with the independent gospel of John who is explicit that the official "Jewish" Passover (John 11:55) started at nightfall after Jesus' death. In his 2011 book, Colin Humphreys proposes a resolution to this apparent discrepancy by positing that Jesus' "synoptic" Passover meal in fact took place two days before John's "Jewish" Passover because the former is calculated by the putative original Jewish lunar calendar (itself based on the Egyptian liturgical lunar calendar putatively introduced to the Israelites by <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> in the 13th century BC, and still used today by the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>). The official "Jewish" Passover in contrast was determined by a Jewish calendar reckoning which had been modified during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian exile</a> in the 6th century BC. This modified Jewish calendar is in use among most Jews today. One basic difference lies in the determination of the first day of the new month: while the Samaritans use the calculated (because by definition invisible) new moon, mainstream Jews use the first observation of the thin crescent of the waxing moon which is on average 30 hours later. The other basic difference lies in the fact that the Samaritan calendar uses a sunrise-to-sunrise day, while the official Jewish calendar uses a sunset-to-sunset day. Due to these differences, the Samaritan Passover is normally one day earlier than the Jewish Passover (and in some years two or more days earlier). The crucifixion year of Jesus can then be calculated by asking the question in which of the two astronomically possible years of AD 30 and AD 33 is there a time gap between the last supper and the crucifixion which is compatible with the gospel timeline of Jesus' last 6 days. The astronomical calculations show that a hypothetical AD 30 date would require an incompatible Monday Last Supper, while AD 33 offers a compatible Last Supper on Wednesday, 1 April AD 33, followed by a compatible crucifixion on Friday, 3 April AD 33.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Given these assumptions he argues that the calculated date of Wednesday, 1 April AD 33 for the Last Supper allows all four gospel accounts to be astronomically correct, with Jesus celebrating Passover two days before his death according to the original Mosaic calendar, and the Jewish authorities celebrating Passover just after the crucifixion, using the modified Babylonian calendar. In contrast, the Christian church tradition of celebrating the Last Supper on Maundy Thursday would be an anachronism.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The calculated chronology incidentally supports John's and Paul's narratives that Jesus died at the same hour (Friday 3pm) on 3 April AD 33 that the Passover lambs were slaughtered.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In a review of Humphreys' book, theologian William R. Telford counters that the separate day schema of the Gospel's Holy Week "is an artificial as well as an inconsistent construction". As Telford had pointed out in his own book in 1980,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> "the initial three-day structure found in [Mark 11] is occasioned by the purely redactional linkage of the extraneous fig-tree story with the triumphal entry and cleansing of the temple traditions, and is not a chronology upon which one can base any historical reconstructions." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_debate_on_the_hour,_day,_and_year_of_death">Scholarly debate on the hour, day, and year of death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scholarly debate on the hour, day, and year of death">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_90_(John_19.1-7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Papyrus_90_%28John_19.1-7%29.jpg/180px-Papyrus_90_%28John_19.1-7%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Papyrus_90_%28John_19.1-7%29.jpg/270px-Papyrus_90_%28John_19.1-7%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Papyrus_90_%28John_19.1-7%29.jpg/360px-Papyrus_90_%28John_19.1-7%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_90" title="Papyrus 90">Papyrus 90</a> fragment of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John 19</a></figcaption></figure> The estimation of the hour of the death of Jesus based on the New Testament accounts has been the subject of debate among scholars for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-RBrown959-157">[157]</a> Some scholars have argued that it is unlikely that the many events of the Passion could have taken place in the span from midnight to about 9 o'clock in the morning.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The consensus of modern scholarship agrees with the four Gospels that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, although a Wednesday crucifixion has also been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-Kellum142-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nis167-160">[160]</a> The debate on the date can be summarised as follows. In the Synoptic account, the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> takes place on the first night of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, defined in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> as occurring after daylight on <a href="/wiki/Quartodeciman" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartodeciman">14 of Nisan</a>, and the crucifixion is on 15 Nisan.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> However, in <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gospel of John">the Gospel of John</a> the trial of Jesus takes place before the Passover meal<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> and the sentencing takes place on the day of Preparation, before Passover. John's account places the crucifixion on 14 Nisan, since the law mandated the lamb had to be sacrificed between 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm and eaten before midnight on that day.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> It is problematic to reconcile the chronology presented by John with the Synoptic tradition that the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> was a Passover meal.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Some scholars have presented arguments to reconcile the accounts,<a href="#cite_note-KEasley323-167">[167]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a>, reviewing these, concluded that they can not be easily reconciled.<a href="#cite_note-RBrown959-157">[157]</a> One involves the suggestion that<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> for Jesus and his disciples, the Passover could have begun at dawn Thursday, while for traditional Jews it would not have begun until dusk that same day.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Another is that John followed the Roman practice of calculating the new day beginning at midnight, rather than the Jewish reckoning.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> However, this Roman practice was used only for dating contracts and leases.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/D._A._Carson" title="D. A. Carson">D. A. Carson</a> argues that 'preparation of the Passover' could mean any day of the Passover week.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Some have argued that the modern precision of marking the time of day should not be read back into the gospel accounts, written at a time when no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available.<a href="#cite_note-KEasley323-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_K%C3%B6stenberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas Köstenberger">Andreas Köstenberger</a> argues that in the first century time was often estimated to the closest three-hour mark, and that the intention of the author of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark Gospel</a> was to provide the setting for <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_darkness" title="Crucifixion darkness">the three hours of darkness</a> while the Gospel of John seeks to stress the length of the proceedings, starting in the 'early morning'"<a href="#cite_note-Kellum538-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Barclay_(theologian)" title="William Barclay (theologian)">William Barclay</a> has argued that the portrayal of the death of Jesus in the John Gospel is a literary construct, presenting the crucifixion as taking place at the time on the day of Passover when the sacrificial lamb would be killed, and thus portraying Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barclay2001-177">[177]</a> This understanding fits with <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">typology</a>, in which Jesus entered <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to identify himself as the <a href="/wiki/Korban_Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Korban Pesach">Paschal lamb</a> on Nisan 10 was crucified and died at 3:00 in the afternoon of Nisan 14, at the same time the High Priest would have sacrificed the Paschal lamb, and rose before dawn the morning of Nisan 16, as a type of offering of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fruits" title="First Fruits">First Fruits</a>. Colin Humphreys' widely publicised "double passover" astronomical analysis, published in 2011 and outlined above, places the time of death of Jesus at 3pm on 3 April AD 33 and claims to reconcile the Gospel accounts for the "six days" leading up to the crucifixion. His solution is that the synoptic gospels and John's gospel use two distinct calendars (the official Jewish lunar calendar, and what is today the Samaritan lunar calendar, the latter used in Jesus' day also by the Essenes of Qumran and the Zealots). Humphrey's proposal was preceded in 1957 by the work of Annie Jaubert,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> who suggested that Jesus held his Last Supper at Passover time according to the Qumran solar calendar. Humphreys rejects Jaubert's conclusion by demonstrating that the Qumran solar reckoning would always place Jesus' Last Supper after the Jewish Passover, in contradiction to all four gospels. Instead, Humphreys points out that the Essene community at Qumran additionally used a lunar calendar, itself evidently based on the Egyptian liturgical lunar calendar. Humphreys suggests that the reason why his two-calendar solution had not been discovered earlier is (a) widespread scholarly ignorance of the existence of the Egyptian liturgical lunar calendar (used alongside the well-known Egyptian administrative solar calendar, and presumably the basis for the 13th-century BC Jewish lunar calendar), and (b) the fact that the modern surviving small community of <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> did not reveal the calculations underlying their lunar calendar (preserving the Egyptian reckoning) to outsiders until the 1960s. In a review of Humphreys' book, theologian William R Telford points out that the non-astronomical parts of his argument are based on the assumption that the chronologies described in the New Testament are historical and based on eyewitness testimony. In doing so, Telford says, Humphreys has built an argument upon unsound premises which "does violence to the nature of the biblical texts, whose mixture of fact and fiction, tradition and redaction, history and myth all make the rigid application of the scientific tool of astronomy to their putative data a misconstrued enterprise."<a href="#cite_note-Telford-150">[150]</a> Approximate chronological comparison between the Jesus Passion narratives according to the Gospels of Mark and John. Each section ('1' to '28') represents 3 hours of time.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_onaubfxxj4uo25ipzwaqeym1c7dg1bw"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" coords="1244,237,1336,258" title="Empty tomb" alt="Empty tomb" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" coords="677,237,747,258" title="Burial of Jesus" alt="Burial of Jesus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Quod_scripsi%2C_scripsi" coords="626,237,701,258" title="Quod scripsi, scripsi" alt="Quod scripsi, scripsi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" coords="591,247,688,268" title="Crucifixion of Jesus" alt="Crucifixion of Jesus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" coords="535,237,649,258" title="Pilate's court" alt="Pilate's court" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" coords="460,247,579,268" title="Denial of Peter" alt="Denial of Peter" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" coords="487,237,551,258" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus" alt="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" coords="437,237,506,258" title="Arrest of Jesus" alt="Arrest of Jesus" />  <area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Last_Supper" coords="326,237,424,258" title="Last Supper" alt="Last Supper" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" coords="1292,97,1384,118" title="Empty tomb" alt="Empty tomb" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" coords="677,97,747,118" title="Burial of Jesus" alt="Burial of Jesus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Crucifixion_darkness" coords="624,97,704,118" title="Crucifixion darkness" alt="Crucifixion darkness" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus" coords="578,97,653,118" title="Mocking of Jesus" alt="Mocking of Jesus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" coords="543,107,640,128" title="Crucifixion of Jesus" alt="Crucifixion of Jesus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" coords="533,97,602,118" title="Pilate's court" alt="Pilate's court" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" coords="460,107,579,128" title="Denial of Peter" alt="Denial of Peter" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" coords="479,97,560,118" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus" alt="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" coords="437,97,506,118" title="Arrest of Jesus" alt="Arrest of Jesus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gethsemane" coords="377,107,469,128" title="Gethsemane" alt="Gethsemane" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" coords="337,107,412,128" title="Passover Seder" alt="Passover Seder" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Last_Supper" coords="326,97,424,118" title="Last Supper" alt="Last Supper" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_onaubfxxj4uo25ipzwaqeym1c7dg1bw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/onaubfxxj4uo25ipzwaqeym1c7dg1bw.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resurrection_on_the_third_day">Resurrection on the third day</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Resurrection on the third day">edit</a>]</div> After the crucifixion, the Gospels report the discovery of Jesus' empty tomb, and subsequently the Gospels and Paul provide accounts of Jesus' resurrection. A potential chronological contradiction arises in the fact that the resurrection is referred to as happening "on the third day" (e.g. Matt 16:21) whereas elsewhere Matthew (Matt 12:40) states that Jesus would be buried "three days and three nights".<a href="#cite_note-Geisler2014-180">[180]</a> The modern concept of <a href="/wiki/Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero">zero</a> as a number was introduced by Indian scholars only in the fifth century AD,<a href="#cite_note-ifrah-181">[181]</a> so that for example the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> never had a year "AD 0" and instead begins with the year AD 1 which is immediately preceded by 1 BC. Applied to the reckoning of days, in the absence of a day "zero", that is, using <a href="/wiki/Counting#Inclusive_counting" title="Counting">inclusive counting</a>, many modern languages (e.g. Greek, Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Welsh) continue referring to two weeks as "fifteen days",<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> whereas in English, which does observe zero and thus uses exclusive counting, this space of time is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">fortnight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Following general practice at the time, the Gospels employ inclusive counting, highlighted in Mt 27.62–64: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">the chief priests and the Pharisees went to Pilate. 'Sir,' they said, 'we remember that while he was still alive that deceiver said, "After three days [Gr. meta treis hemeras] I will rise again." So give the order for the tomb to be made secure until the third day [Gr. tes trites hemeras]'"</blockquote> where Matthew uses "after three days" and "until the third day" interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-Zarley-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_estimates">Ancient estimates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ancient estimates">edit</a>]</div> Other estimates of the chronology of Jesus have been proposed over the centuries: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> writes that Jesus was born in the 41st year of Augustus, who reigned 56 years (from <a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">43 BC</a>), and died at the age of 30 on March 25.<a href="#cite_note-:0-185">[185]</a> The figure of "41st" is repeated by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-185">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> writes that Jesus was born in the 28th year of Augustus, who reigned 43 years (from <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Cleopatra" title="Death of Cleopatra">30 BC</a>). Both Clement and Tertullian date Jesus' birth to 3 BC or (more likely) 2 BC,<a href="#cite_note-:0-185">[185]</a> which may just be the result of subtracting 30 years to AD 29, when Jesus began his preaching, as he was said to be "around 30 years" of age.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a>, states that Jesus was born on Wednesday, December 25, in the 42nd year of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">5500 years after</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>; and he died in his 33rd year of life on Friday, March 25, in the 18th year of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, on the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Fufius_Geminus_(consul_29)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Fufius Geminus (consul 29)">Rufus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Rubellius_Geminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Rubellius Geminus">Rubellius</a> [AD 29].<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The 42nd year of Augustus refers to either 3 BC or 2 BC. However, this does not match the "33rd year" figure, which would place Jesus' birth in 4 BC. The year AD 29 was Tiberius' 16th year, not his 18th, although it is sometimes argued that some authors dated his reign from AD 12, when he was made co-regent by Augustus. There is much confusion regarding the reckoning of Tiberius' reign.<a href="#cite_note-:0-185">[185]</a> December 25 was a Wednesday in 3 BC, and March 25 was a Friday in AD 29.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li>The Liber Generationis, a work found alongside Hippolytus work, states that Jesus lived 30 years and gives an interval of 206 between the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a> and the "present day", which was the year 5738 after Adam, the 13th of <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> [AD 234]. This implies a birth date of 3 BC.<a href="#cite_note-:0-185">[185]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiae</a> first published in AD 313,<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> places the birth of Jesus in the 42nd year of Augustus (who ruled 57 years in total), which is also the 28th year after the death of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>;<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> this gives 2 BC.<a href="#cite_note-:1-190">[190]</a> The 3rd/4th century Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> states that Jesus was crucified on 23 March AD 29,<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> while the 5th century writer <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a> states that Jesus was born in 3 BC and died in AD 31.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anno_Domini">Anno Domini</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anno Domini">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></div> In AD 525 <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a> devised an <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus%27_Easter_table" title="Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table">Easter table</a> to calculate the dates of Easter at a time when <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> years were still being identified by naming the <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consuls</a> who held office that year — Dionysius himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Probus_(consul_525)" title="Probus (consul 525)">Probus Junior</a>", which was 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ".<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Thus Dionysius implied that <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Jesus' incarnation</a> occurred 525 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_J._Blackburn" title="Bonnie J. Blackburn">Bonnie J. Blackburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leofranc_Holford-Strevens" title="Leofranc Holford-Strevens">Leofranc Holford-Strevens</a> briefly present arguments for 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation</a>. Among the sources of confusion are:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778–9-196">[196]</a> <ul><li>In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a> is synonymous with the conception, but some ancient writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, considered incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity.</li> <li>The civil or consular year began on 1 January but the Diocletian year began on 29 August (30 August in the year before a Julian leap year).</li> <li>There were inaccuracies in the lists of consuls.</li> <li>There were confused summations of emperors' regnal years.</li></ul> It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesus's birth. Two major theories are that Dionysius based his calculation on the Gospel of Luke, which states that Jesus was "about thirty years old" shortly after "the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar", and hence subtracted thirty years from that date, or that Dionysius counted back 532 years from the first year of his new table.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> historian the <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Venerable Bede</a>, who was familiar with the work of Dionysius, used Anno Domini dating in his <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a>, completed in AD 731. Both Dionysius and Bede regarded Anno Domini as beginning at the incarnation of Jesus, but "the distinction between Incarnation and Nativity was not drawn until the late 9th century, when in some places the Incarnation was identified with Christ's conception, i.e., the Annunciation on March 25". On the continent of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, Anno Domini was introduced as the calendrical system of choice of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a> by the English cleric and scholar <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a> in the late eighth century. Its endorsement by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_Kings#Carolingian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Frankish Kings">his successors</a> popularizing this calendar throughout the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> ultimately lies at the core of the calendar's global prevalence today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003881-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depiction of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline of Christianity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MJDG324-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MJDG324_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJDG324_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJDG324_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJDG324_1-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a> (1991). A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, v. 1; <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier#A_Marginal_Jew:_Rethinking_the_Historical_Jesus" title="John P. Meier">The Roots of the Problem and the Person</a>, ch. 11, ... "A Chronology of Jesus Life," pp. 373–433. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Bible Reference Library</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-JDG324-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JDG324_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JDG324_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDunn,_James_D.G.2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> (2003). "Jesus Remembered". Eerdmans Publishing: 324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jesus+Remembered&rft.pages=324&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Dunn%2C+James+D.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-carson54-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carson54_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carson54_3-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/D._A._Carson" title="D. A. Carson">D. A. Carson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_J._Moo" title="Douglas J. Moo">Douglas J. Moo</a> & <a href="/wiki/Leon_Morris" title="Leon Morris">Leon Morris</a>. (1992). An Introduction to the New Testament, 54, 56. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Michael Grant</a>. (1977). Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels, p. 71. Scribner's. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington III</a>. (1998). "Primary Sources". Christian History, 17 (3), 12–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eerdmans246-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eerdmans246_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eerdmans246_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eerdmans246_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eerdmans246_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eerdmans246_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eerdmans246_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eerdmans246_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eerdmans246_6-7">h</a> Eerdman Publishing. (2000). Eerdman’s Dictionary of the Bible, page 249. 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The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew-Luke, volume 1, pages 67–69 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7814-3868-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7814-3868-3">0-7814-3868-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ChronosPaul-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_8-9">j</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" title="Paul L. Maier">Paul L. Maier</a>. "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" [In] Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi. (1989). Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies, pages 113–129. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931464-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-931464-50-1">0-931464-50-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-AmyJill55-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmyJill55_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmyJill55_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmyJill55_9-2">c</a> Craig Evans. (2006). Josephus on John the Baptist [In] Amy-Jill Levine et al.[Eds]. (2006). The Historical Jesus in Context, pages 55–58. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6">978-0-691-00992-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC&dq=%22Mark+6%3A17%22+death+baptist+josephus&pg=PA56">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fox25-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fox25_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fox25_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fox25_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fox25_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fox25_10-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillman2003" class="citation book cs1">Gillman, Florence Morgan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rFRFe8QdO1gC&q=herodias+herod+antipas&pg=PA26">Herodias: At Home in that Fox's Den</a>. Liturgical Press. pp. 25–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5108-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5108-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-5108-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodias%3A+At+Home+in+that+Fox%27s+Den&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5108-7&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=Florence+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrFRFe8QdO1gC%26q%3Dherodias%2Bherod%2Bantipas%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromiley694-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley694_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley694_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley694_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley694_11-3">d</a> Geoffrey W. Bromiley. (1982). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, volume E-J, pages 694–695. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3782-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3782-4">0-8028-3782-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&dq=herodias+john+baptist&pg=PA695">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAnderson200-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PAnderson200_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PAnderson200_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PAnderson200_12-2">c</a> The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel: An Introduction to John by Paul N. Anderson 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-0427-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-0427-X">0-8006-0427-X</a> page 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-Knoblet-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knoblet_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knoblet_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knoblet_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knoblet_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knoblet_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knoblet_13-5">f</a> Herod the Great by Jerry Knoblet 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-3087-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-3087-1">0-7618-3087-1</a> pages 183–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-J._Dwight_Pentecost_1981_pages_577-578-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J._Dwight_Pentecost_1981_pages_577-578_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-J._Dwight_Pentecost_1981_pages_577-578_14-1">b</a> J. Dwight Pentecost. (1981) The Words and Works of Jesus Christ: A Study of the Life of Christ, pages 577–578. Zondervan. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-15"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunkJesus_Seminar1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actsofjesuswhatd00robe">The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus</a>. San Francisco: Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+acts+of+Jesus%3A+the+search+for+the+authentic+deeds+of+Jesus&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Jesus+Seminar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factsofjesuswhatd00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_William_Meyer_page_112-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_William_Meyer_page_112_16-0">^</a> Paul William Meyer, John T. Carroll. (2004). The Word in this world, page 112. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22701-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22701-5">0-664-22701-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett19-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett19_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett19_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett19_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett19_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett19_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett19_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett19_17-6">g</a> Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2699-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2699-8">0-8308-2699-8</a> pages 19–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kostenberger77-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger77_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger77_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger77_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger77_18-3">d</a> Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum. (2009). The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament, pages 77–79. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3">978-0-8054-4365-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Riesner-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riesner_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riesner_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riesner_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riesner_19-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Riesner" title="Rainer Riesner">Rainer Riesner</a>. (1997). Paul's early period: chronology, mission strategy, theology pages 19–27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4166-7">978-0-8028-4166-7</a>. Page 27 has a table of various scholarly estimates. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kostenberger140-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger140_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger140_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger140_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger140_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger140_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger140_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger140_20-6">g</a> The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_J._K%C3%B6stenberger" title="Andreas J. Köstenberger">Andreas J. Köstenberger</a>, L. Scott Kellum 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3">978-0-8054-4365-3</a> page 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation journal cs1">Sanders (1993). "The Historical Figure of Jesus": 11, 249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pages=11%2C+249&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-HumWadJASA-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HumWadJASA_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HumWadJASA_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HumWadJASA_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HumWadJASA_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HumWadJASA_22-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreysWaddington1985" class="citation journal cs1">Humphreys, Colin J.; Waddington, W. G. (March 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1985/JASA3-85Humphreys.html">"The Date of the Crucifixion"</a>. Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Scientific+Affiliation&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+the+Crucifixion&rft.volume=37&rft.date=1985-03&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Colin+J.&rft.au=Waddington%2C+W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asa3.org%2FASA%2FPSCF%2F1985%2FJASA3-85Humphreys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie508-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie508_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leslie508_23-1">b</a> Jesus in history, thought, and culture: an encyclopedia, Volume 1 by James Leslie Houlden 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-856-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-856-6">1-57607-856-6</a> pages 508–509 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17kzgBusXZIC&q=baptist+herodias+josephus+antipas+jesus&pg=PA508">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown964-24"><a href="#cite_ref-brown964_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym">The Death of the Messiah: from Gethsemane to the Grave: A Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels</a>. New York: Doubleday, Anchor Bible Reference Library. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym/page/964">964</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-19397-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-19397-9"><bdi>978-0-385-19397-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+the+Messiah%3A+from+Gethsemane+to+the+Grave%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Passion+Narratives+in+the+Four+Gospels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=964&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Anchor+Bible+Reference+Library&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-385-19397-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathofmessiahvo00raym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerald3-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerald3_25-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Christology:_A_Biblical,_Historical,_and_Systematic_Study_of_Jesus" title="Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus">Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_O%27Collins" title="Gerald O'Collins">Gerald O'Collins</a> 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-955787-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-955787-X">0-19-955787-X</a> pp. 1–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-MAPowell168-26"><a href="#cite_ref-MAPowell168_26-0">^</a> Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8">0-664-25703-8</a> pp. 168–173 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahner730-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rahner730_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahner730_27-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a>. (2004). Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi, pp. 730–731. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6">0-86012-006-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiarda75-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiarda75_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiarda75_28-1">b</a> Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology by Timothy Wiarda 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-4843-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-4843-8">0-8054-4843-8</a> pp. 75–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Paula Fredriksen. (1999). Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews, pp. 6–7, 105–10, 232–34, 266. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a> Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner613-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner613_30-0">^</a> Matthew by David L. Turner 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-2684-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-2684-9">0-8010-2684-9</a> p. 613 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-31"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sanders, EP (1995). "The Historical Figure of Jesus". London: Penguin Books: 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=EP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Blomberg431-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Blomberg431_32-0">^</a> Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-4482-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-4482-3">0-8054-4482-3</a> pp. 431–436 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman285-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman285_33-0">^</a> In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a> wrote: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees" B. Ehrman, 2011 Forged : writing in the name of God <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6">978-0-06-207863-6</a>. p. 285 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated19-34"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated19_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamm1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ramm, Bernard L (1993). "An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic". Regent College Publishing: 19. <q>There is almost universal agreement that Jesus lived</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Evangelical+Christology%3A+Ecumenic+and+Historic&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ramm&rft.aufirst=Bernard+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated236-35"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated236_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorg1999" class="citation journal cs1">Borg, Marcus (1999). "The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions (Ch. 16, A Vision of the Christian Life)". HarperCollins: 236. <q>some judgements are so probable as to be certain; for example, Jesus really existed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Jesus%3A+Two+Visions+%28Ch.+16%2C+A+Vision+of+the+Christian+Life%29&rft.pages=236&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Niswonger121-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niswonger121_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niswonger121_36-1">b</a> New Testament History by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9">0-310-31201-9</a> pages 121–124 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahner731-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rahner731_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahner731_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahner731_37-2">c</a> Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a> 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6">0-86012-006-6</a> page 731 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Nikos Kokkinos, 1998, in Chronos, kairos, Christos 2 by Ray Summers, Jerry Vardaman <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-582-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-582-0">0-86554-582-0</a> pages 121–126 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Murray, Alexander, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/alexander-murray/medieval-christmas">"Medieval Christmas"</a>, History Today, December 1986, 36 (12), pp. 31 – 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoehner_1978_29–37-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoehner_1978_29–37_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoehner_1978_29–37_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoehner1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hoehner" title="Harold Hoehner">Hoehner, Harold W</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6z-NcR7fVSIC&q=CHronological+Aspects+of+the+Life+of+Christ">Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ</a>. Zondervan. pp. 29–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-26211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-26211-4"><bdi>978-0-310-26211-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronological+Aspects+of+the+Life+of+Christ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-310-26211-4&rft.aulast=Hoehner&rft.aufirst=Harold+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6z-NcR7fVSIC%26q%3DCHronological%2BAspects%2Bof%2Bthe%2BLife%2Bof%2BChrist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-1">b</a> Jack V. Scarola, "A Chronology of the nativity Era" in Chronos, kairos, Christos 2 by Ray Summers, Jerry Vardaman 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-582-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-582-0">0-86554-582-0</a> pages 61–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Christianity and the Roman Empire: background texts by Ralph Martin Novak 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56338-347-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56338-347-0">1-56338-347-0</a> pages 302–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Luz" title="Ulrich Luz">Ulrich Luz</a>: Die Geburtsgeschichten Jesu und die Geschichte. Göttingen 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZJbAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA170">S. 170</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreed2004" class="citation journal cs1">Freed, Edwin D (2004). "Stories of Jesus' Birth". Continuum International: 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stories+of+Jesus%27+Birth&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Freed&rft.aufirst=Edwin+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Emil_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Emil Schürer">Schürer, Emil</a>. A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, 5 vols. New York, Scribner's, 1896. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall_2012-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2012_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2012_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2012_46-2">c</a> Marshall, Taylor. The Eternal City (Dallas: St. John, 2012), pp. 35–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinmann_2011-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinmann_2011_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinmann_2011_47-1">b</a> Steinmann, Andrew. From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology (St. Louis: Concordia, 2011), pp. 235–238. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes_date-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_date_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_date_48-1">b</a> Barnes, Timothy David. "The Date of Herod's Death," Journal of Theological Studies ns 19 (1968), 204–219 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernegger-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernegger_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernegger_49-1">b</a> Bernegger, P. M. 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Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-582-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-582-0"><bdi>0-86554-582-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38106531">38106531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronos%2C+kairos%2C+Christos+II+%3A+chronological%2C+Nativity%2C+and+religious+studies+in+memory+of+Ray+Summers&rft.place=Macon%2C+Ga.&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38106531&rft.isbn=0-86554-582-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F38106531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Edwards, Ormond. 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"Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Theological_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Theological Studies">Journal of Theological Studies</a> ns 17 (1966), 283–298. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Josephus, Antiquities, 17.6.4 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/-0099-0000/LE-0003-03-13P.gif">"Lunar eclipse of March 13, 4 BC"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lunar+eclipse+of+March+13%2C+4+BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2F5MCLEmap%2F-0099-0000%2FLE-0003-03-13P.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEcat5/LE-0099-0000.html">"Catalog of Lunar Eclipses: -0099 to 0000"</a>. eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Catalog+of+Lunar+Eclipses%3A+-0099+to+0000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FLEcat5%2FLE-0099-0000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinmann-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Steinmann_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmann2009" class="citation journal cs1">Steinmann, Andrew (2009). 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Molnar, The Star of Bethlehem: The Legacy of the Magi, Rutgers University Press, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> O'Reilly, Bill, and Dugard, Martin, Killing Jesus: A History, Henry Holt and Company, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805098542" title="Special:BookSources/0805098542">0805098542</a>, page 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Raymond E. Brown, 101 Questions and Answers on the Bible, Paulist Press (2003), page 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cradle-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Cradle_71-0">^</a> Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum, Charles L Quarles, The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown (B&H Publishing, 2009), page 139-140. </li> <li id="cite_note-art201-72"><a href="#cite_ref-art201_72-0">^</a> Luke 1–5: New Testament Commentary by John MacArthur 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8024-0871-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8024-0871-0">0-8024-0871-0</a> page 201 </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys64-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys64_73-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a>, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0">978-0-521-73200-0</a>, page 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellum140-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kellum140_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kellum140_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kellum140_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kellum140_74-3">d</a> The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3">978-0-8054-4365-3</a> pages 140–141 </li> <li id="cite_note-Blomberg224-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Blomberg224_75-0">^</a> Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-4482-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-4482-3">0-8054-4482-3</a> page 224-229 </li> <li id="cite_note-Alister16-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Alister16_76-0">^</a> Christianity: an introduction by Alister E. McGrath 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0901-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0901-7">978-1-4051-0901-7</a> pages 16–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Who is Jesus?: an introduction to Christology by Thomas P. Rausch 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5078-3">978-0-8146-5078-3</a> page </li> <li id="cite_note-Roller67-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roller67_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roller67_78-1">b</a> The building program of Herod the Great by Duane W. Roller 1998 University of California Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20934-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20934-6">0-520-20934-6</a> pages 67–71 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZsB1yQOmyEC&q=temple+construction&pg=PA258">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lundquist-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lundquist_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lundquist_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundquist2007" class="citation book cs1">Lundquist, John M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R9VeCEwbNvsC&q=%22john+2:20%22+temple&pg=PA102">The Temple of Jerusalem: Past, Present, and Future</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 101–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98339-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98339-0"><bdi>978-0-275-98339-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Temple+of+Jerusalem%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98339-0&rft.aulast=Lundquist&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR9VeCEwbNvsC%26q%3D%2522john%2B2%3A20%2522%2Btemple%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maxxix-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Maxxix_80-0">^</a> The biblical engineer: how the temple in Jerusalem was built by Max Schwartz 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-710-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-710-9">0-88125-710-9</a> pages xixx-xx </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Encyclopedia of the historical Jesus by Craig A. Evans 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-97569-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-97569-7">0-415-97569-7</a> page 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Andreas J. Köstenberger, John (Baker Academic, 2004), page 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Jesus in Johannine tradition by Robert Tomson Fortna, Tom Thatcher 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22219-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22219-2">978-0-664-22219-2</a> page 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The new complete works of Josephus by Flavius Josephus, William Whiston, Paul L. Maier <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-2924-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-2924-2">0-8254-2924-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_5" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">Ant 18.5.2–4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Women in scripture by <a href="/wiki/Carol_Meyers" title="Carol Meyers">Carol Meyers</a>, Toni Craven and Ross Shepard Kraemer 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4962-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4962-8">0-8028-4962-8</a> pages 92–93 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFbHT73BxpAC&dq=herodias+herod&pg=PA93">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Herod Antipas in Galilee: The Literary and Archaeological Sources by Morten H. Jensen 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150362-7">978-3-16-150362-7</a> pages 42–43 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7fAyl2aG-gC&dq=herodias+herod&pg=PA43">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyndy48-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyndy48_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyndy48_88-1">b</a> The Emergence of Christianity: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective by Cynthia White 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-9747-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-9747-2">0-8006-9747-2</a> page 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoehner1983" class="citation book cs1">Hoehner, Harold W. (28 January 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oO0upEG0g7kC&q=herodias+herod+antipas&pg=PA131">Herod Antipas</a>. Zondervan. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310422518" title="Special:BookSources/9780310422518"><bdi>9780310422518</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herod+Antipas&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1983-01-28&rft.isbn=9780310422518&rft.aulast=Hoehner&rft.aufirst=Harold+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoO0upEG0g7kC%26q%3Dherodias%2Bherod%2Bantipas%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> The relationship between John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth by Daniel S. Dapaah 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-3109-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-3109-6">0-7618-3109-6</a> page 48 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S0P18O3fGR4C&dq=baptist+josephus+antipas+jesus&pg=PA48">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoehner125-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoehner125_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoehner125_91-1">b</a> Herod Antipas by Harold W. Hoehner 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-42251-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-42251-5">0-310-42251-5</a> pages 125–127 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6">0-8028-3781-6</a> pages 686–687 </li> <li id="cite_note-PC-93"><a href="#cite_ref-PC_93-0">^</a> Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995), International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. vol. K–P. p. 929. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#27:27" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 27:27–61</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#15:1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 15:1–47</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#23:25" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 23:25–54</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#19:1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 19:1–38</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theissen81-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theissen81_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theissen81_95-1">b</a> Theissen 1998, pp. 81–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kostenberger104-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger104_96-0">^</a> The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_J._K%C3%B6stenberger" title="Andreas J. Köstenberger">Andreas J. Köstenberger</a>, L. Scott Kellum 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3">978-0-8054-4365-3</a> page 104–108 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Evans, Craig A. (2001). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04118-5">0-391-04118-5</a> page 316 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Wansbrough, Henry (2004). Jesus and the oral Gospel tradition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-04090-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-04090-9">0-567-04090-9</a> page 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> states that there is "broad consensus" among scholars regarding the nature of an authentic reference to the crucifixion of Jesus in the Testimonium. Dunn, James (2003). Jesus remembered <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2">0-8028-3931-2</a> page 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells48-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Wells48_100-0">^</a> Skeptic Wells also states that after <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Pines" title="Shlomo Pines">Shlomo Pines</a>' discovery of new documents in the 1970s scholarly agreement on the authenticity of the nucleus of the Tetimonium was achieved, The Jesus Legend by <a href="/wiki/G._A._Wells" title="G. A. Wells">G. A. Wells</a> 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812693345" title="Special:BookSources/0812693345">0812693345</a> page 48: "... that Josephus made some reference to Jesus, which has been retouched by a Christian hand. This is the view argued by Meier as by most scholars today particularly since S. Pines..." Josephus scholar <a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Feldman" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis H. Feldman">Louis H. Feldman</a> views the reference in the Testimonium as the first reference to Jesus and the reference to Jesus in the death of James passage in Book 20, Chapter 9, 1 of the Antiquities as "the aforementioned Christ", thus relating the two passages. Feldman, Louis H.; Hata, Gōhei, eds. (1987). Josephus, Judaism and Christianity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08554-1">978-90-04-08554-1</a> page 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-Voorst39-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Voorst39_101-0">^</a> Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9">0-8028-4368-9</a> pages 39–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Backgrounds of early Christianity by Everett Ferguson 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2221-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2221-5">0-8028-2221-5</a> page 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-Green1997-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Green1997_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1997" class="citation book cs1">Green, Joel B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=koYlW6IoOjMC&q=Joel+B.+Green,+The+Gospel+of+Luke,+(Eerdmans,+1997),+page+168&pg=PR85">The Gospel of Luke : new international commentary on the New Testament</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2315-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2315-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-2315-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Luke+%3A+new+international+commentary+on+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2315-1&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Joel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkoYlW6IoOjMC%26q%3DJoel%2BB.%2BGreen%2C%2BThe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BLuke%2C%2B%28Eerdmans%2C%2B1997%29%2C%2Bpage%2B168%26pg%3DPR85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Flavius Josephus, Jewish Antiquities <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexundria.com/go?q=J.+AJ+18.89&v=wst">18.89.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor by Warren Carter 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5113-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5113-5">0-8146-5113-5</a> pages 44–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> The history of the Jews in the Greco-Roman world by Peter Schäfer 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30585-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30585-3">0-415-30585-3</a> page 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Backgrounds of early Christianity by Everett Ferguson 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2221-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2221-5">0-8028-2221-5</a> page 416 </li> <li id="cite_note-Niswonger-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niswonger_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niswonger_108-1">b</a> New Testament History by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9">0-310-31201-9</a> page 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter120-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter120_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter120_109-1">b</a> Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor by Warren Carter 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5113-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5113-1">978-0-8146-5113-1</a> pages 120–121 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke by Ján Majerník, Joseph Ponessa 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931018-31-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-931018-31-6">1-931018-31-6</a> page 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-Patella-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Patella_111-0">^</a> The Gospel according to Luke by Michael Patella 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-2862-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-2862-1">0-8146-2862-1</a> page 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Luke: The Gospel of Amazement by Michael Card 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3835-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3835-6">978-0-8308-3835-6</a> page 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182016/http://www.biblestudyworkshop.com/data/Lesson228.pdf">"Bible Study Workshop – Lesson 228"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudyworkshop.com/data/Lesson228.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bible+Study+Workshop+%E2%80%93+Lesson+228&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudyworkshop.com%2Fdata%2FLesson228.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Herod Antipas by Harold W. Hoehner 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-42251-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-42251-5">0-310-42251-5</a> page 262 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> All the people in the Bible by Richard R. Losch 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2454-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2454-4">0-8028-2454-4</a> page 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition by Mark Harding, Alanna Nobbs 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3318-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3318-7">0-8028-3318-7</a> pages 88–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> The Emergence of Christianity by Cynthia White 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-9747-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-9747-2">0-8006-9747-2</a> page 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-CCPaul20-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCPaul20_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCPaul20_118-1">b</a> The Cambridge Companion to St Paul by James D. G. Dunn (10 November 2003) Cambridge Univ Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521786940" title="Special:BookSources/0521786940">0521786940</a> page 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Marrow45-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marrow45_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marrow45_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marrow45_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marrow45_119-3">d</a> Paul: his letters and his theology by Stanley B. Marrow 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2744-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-2744-X">0-8091-2744-X</a> pages 45–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1979). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A–D Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 689. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6">0-8028-3781-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Paul and His Letters by John B. Polhill 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-1097-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-1097-X">0-8054-1097-X</a> pages 49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology by William Lane Craig, James Porter Moreland 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-7657-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-7657-1">1-4051-7657-1</a> page 616 </li> <li id="cite_note-Novak18-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Novak18_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novak18_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novak18_123-2">c</a> Christianity and the Roman Empire: background texts by Ralph Martin Novak 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56338-347-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56338-347-0">1-56338-347-0</a> pages 18–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012071042/http://www.wfu.edu/~horton/r102/gallio.html">"The Gallio Inscription"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfu.edu/~horton/r102/gallio.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gallio+Inscription&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfu.edu%2F~horton%2Fr102%2Fgallio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> John B. Polhill, Paul and His Letters, B&H Publishing Group, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805410976" title="Special:BookSources/9780805410976">9780805410976</a>, p.78. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> The Greco-Roman world of the New Testament era by James S. Jeffers 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-1589-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-1589-9">0-8308-1589-9</a> pages 164–165 </li> <li id="cite_note-CEvansA248-127"><a href="#cite_ref-CEvansA248_127-0">^</a> The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Acts–Philemon by Craig A. Evans 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7814-4006-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7814-4006-8">0-7814-4006-8</a> page 248 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament edition by John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88207-812-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88207-812-7">0-88207-812-7</a> page 405 </li> <li id="cite_note-Eerdsman1019-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Eerdsman1019_129-0">^</a> Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible Amsterdam University Press, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5356-503-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-5356-503-5">90-5356-503-5</a> page 1019 </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys68-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys68_130-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a>, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0">978-0-521-73200-0</a>, pages 68–69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pratt1-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pratt1_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pratt1_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1991" class="citation journal cs1">Pratt, J. P. (1991). "Newton's Date for the Crucifixion". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 32 (3): 301–304. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991QJRAS..32..301P">1991QJRAS..32..301P</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Newton%27s+Date+for+the+Crucifixion&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E304&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991QJRAS..32..301P&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1991QJRAS..32..301P">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys45-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys45_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys45_132-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a>, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0">978-0-521-73200-0</a>, pages 45–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton_133-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton, Isaac</a> (1733). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Observations_upon_the_Prophecies_of_Daniel/Part_I_Chap_XI" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel/Part I Chap XI">Of the Times of the Birth and Passion of Christ</a>", in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Observations_upon_the_Prophecies_of_Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel">Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John</a>. Also at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/THEM00205">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fotheringham,_J.K._1910-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fotheringham,_J.K._1910_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fotheringham,_J.K._1910_134-1">b</a> Fotheringham, J.K., 1910. "On the smallest visible phase of the moon," <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> 70, 527–531; "Astronomical Evidence for the Date of the Crucifixion," Journal of Theological Studies (1910) 12, 120–127'; "The Evidence of Astronomy and Technical Chronology for the Date of the Crucifixion," Journal of Theological Studies (1934) 35, 146–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cabreira-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Cabreira_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabreira1933" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cabreira, António (1933). Determinação Exacta da Data da Morte de Cristo [An Exact Determination of the Date of the Death of Christ] (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Libânio da Silva, suc. Sousa & Sant'Ana, Lda.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Determina%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Exacta+da+Data+da+Morte+de+Cristo&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Imprensa+Lib%C3%A2nio+da+Silva%2C+suc.+Sousa+%26+Sant%27Ana%2C+Lda.&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Cabreira&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schaefer53-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schaefer53_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schaefer53_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer1990" class="citation journal cs1">Schaefer, B. E. (1990). "Lunar Visibility and the Crucifixion". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 31 (1): 53–67. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990QJRAS..31...53S">1990QJRAS..31...53S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Lunar+Visibility+and+the+Crucifixion&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990QJRAS..31...53S&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=B.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> C. Philipp E. Nothaft, Dating the Passion: The Life of Jesus and the Emergence of Scientific Chronology (200–1600) page 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus (Penguin, 1993) 285–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys53-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys53_139-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a>, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0">978-0-521-73200-0</a>, pages 53–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys63-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys63_140-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a>, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0">978-0-521-73200-0</a>, pages 63–66 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Schaefer, B. E. (July 1991). Glare and celestial visibility. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 103, 645–660. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Marking time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar by Duncan Steel 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-29827-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-29827-1">0-471-29827-1</a> page 341 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> David E. Garland, Reading Matthew: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the First Gospel (Smyth & Helwys Publishing, 1999) page 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2005" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Geza (2005). The Passion. Penguin. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141021324" title="Special:BookSources/9780141021324"><bdi>9780141021324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780141021324&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milone-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Milone_145-0">^</a> Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy by David H. Kelley, Eugene F. Milone 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4419-7623-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4419-7623-X">1-4419-7623-X</a> pages 250–251 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Astronomy: The Solar System and Beyond by Michael A. Seeds, Dana Backman, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-495-56203-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-495-56203-3">0-495-56203-3</a> page 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Meeus, J. (December 2003). The maximum possible duration of a total solar eclipse. Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 113(6), 343–348. </li> <li id="cite_note-henige-148"><a href="#cite_ref-henige_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenige2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Henige" title="David Henige">Henige, David P.</a> (2005). Historical evidence and argument. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-21410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-21410-4"><bdi>978-0-299-21410-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+evidence+and+argument&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-299-21410-4&rft.aulast=Henige&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a>, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0">978-0-521-73200-0</a>, page 84–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-Telford-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telford_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telford_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelford2015" class="citation journal cs1">Telford, William R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jts.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/02/27/jts.flv005">"Review of The Mystery of the Last Supper: Reconstructing the Final Days of Jesus"</a>. The Journal of Theological Studies. 66 (1): 371–376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflv005">10.1093/jts/flv005</a>. Retrieved 29 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Mystery+of+the+Last+Supper%3A+Reconstructing+the+Final+Days+of+Jesus&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E371-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflv005&rft.aulast=Telford&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjts.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2015%2F02%2F27%2Fjts.flv005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Humphreys 2011 p85 "Much apocryphal writing consists of highly theatrical literature, which cannot be used as historical evidence ... if [Pilate's report to Tertullian] is a Christian forgery, probably made up on the basis of Acts, as seems likely, then this suggests there was a tradition that at the crucifixion the moon appeared like blood." </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a>, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0">978-0-521-73200-0</a>, page 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a>, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0">978-0-521-73200-0</a>, page 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Reporter2011" class="citation news cs1">Staff Reporter (18 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/135477/20110418/colin-humphreys-last-supper-challenge-biblical-calendar-jewish-calendar-final-days-of-jesus-good-fri.htm">"Last Supper was on Wednesday, not Thursday, challenges Cambridge professor Colin Humphreys"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Last+Supper+was+on+Wednesday%2C+not+Thursday%2C+challenges+Cambridge+professor+Colin+Humphreys&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft.au=Staff+Reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Farticles%2F135477%2F20110418%2Fcolin-humphreys-last-supper-challenge-biblical-calendar-jewish-calendar-final-days-of-jesus-good-fri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a>, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73200-0">978-0-521-73200-0</a>, page 192–195 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> WR Telford The Barren Temple and the Withered Tree: A Redaction-Critical Analysis of the Cursing of the Fig-Tree Pericope in Mark's Gospel and its Relation to the Cleansing of the Temple Tradition Bloomsbury, London, 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-RBrown959-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RBrown959_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RBrown959_157-1">b</a> Death of the Messiah, Volume 2 by Raymond E. Brown 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-49449-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-49449-1">0-385-49449-1</a> pages 959–960 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Eugen Ruckstuhl (1965), Chronology of The Last Days of Jesus – A Critical Study [Trans. from German] (pp. 35–71 for ‘The Chronology of “More Than One Day”) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellum142-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Kellum142_159-0">^</a> The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3">978-0-8054-4365-3</a> pages 142–143 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nis167-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Nis167_160-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Niswonger+%22which+meant+Friday%22&btnG=">New Testament History</a> by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9">0-310-31201-9</a> pages 167–168 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#5">Lev 23:5–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Paul Barnett, Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times, page 21 (InterVarsity Press, 1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2699-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2699-5">978-0-8308-2699-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilo" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book28.html">"De Specialibus Legibus 2.145"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Specialibus+Legibus+2.145&rft.au=Philo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlyjewishwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fphilo%2Fbook28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews">The War of the Jews</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_VI#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book VI">6.9.3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesahim">Pesahim</a> 5.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:17–19&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:17–19</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2014:12–16&version=nrsv">Mark 14:12–16</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2022:7–8&version=nrsv">Luke 22:7–8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-KEasley323-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KEasley323_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KEasley323_167-1">b</a> Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-9444-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-9444-8">0-8054-9444-8</a> pages 323–323 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroes,_H._R.1966" class="citation journal cs1">Stroes, H. R. (October 1966). "Does the Day Begin in the Evening or Morning? Some Biblical Observations". <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Testamentum" title="Vetus Testamentum">Vetus Testamentum</a>. 16 (4): 460–475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1516711">10.2307/1516711</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1516711">1516711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Does+the+Day+Begin+in+the+Evening+or+Morning%3F+Some+Biblical+Observations&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E460-%3C%2Fspan%3E475&rft.date=1966-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1516711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1516711%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Stroes%2C+H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss,_Allen" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Allen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=3953">"Daily Life In The Time Of Jesus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+In+The+Time+Of+Jesus&rft.au=Ross%2C+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible.org%2Fpage.php%3Fpage_id%3D3953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoehner,_Harold1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hoehner" title="Harold Hoehner">Hoehner, Harold</a> (1977). Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977calj.book.....H">1977calj.book.....H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronological+Aspects+of+the+Life+of+Christ&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977calj.book.....H&rft.au=Hoehner%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brooke_Foss_Westcott" title="Brooke Foss Westcott">Brooke Foss Westcott</a>, The Gospel according to St. John : the authorised version with introduction and notes (1881, page 282). </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Hunt, Michal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agapebiblestudy.com/documents/The%20Passover%20Feast%20and%20the%20Week%20of%20Christ%27s%20Passon.htm">The Passover Feast and Christ's Passion</a> 1991, revised 2007. Agape Bible Study. Retrieved 17 January 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Leon Morris. The New International Commentary on the New Testament – The Gospel According to John (Revised). William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge, U.K. 1995, pages 138 and 708. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> D.A. Carson, 'The Gospel According to John', Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1991, p604 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> New Testament History by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9">0-310-31201-9</a> pages 173–174 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellum538-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Kellum538_176-0">^</a> The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3">978-0-8054-4365-3</a> page 538 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barclay2001-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Barclay2001_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Barclay2001" class="citation book cs1">William Barclay (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GTjS1ADrbMkC&pg=PA340">The Gospel of John</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-015-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-015-1"><bdi>978-1-61164-015-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+John&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-61164-015-1&rft.au=William+Barclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGTjS1ADrbMkC%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> La date de la cène, Gabalda, Paris </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> For example, compare: "It was nine in the morning when they crucified him." (Mark 15:25 NIV) and "It was the day of Preparation of the Passover; it was about noon. (...) Finally Pilate handed him over to them to be crucified." (John 19:14,16 NIV). Bart D. Ehrman, Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium (1999), p. 32–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-Geisler2014-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Geisler2014_180-0">^</a> Norman Geisler and Thomas Howe, When Critics Ask: A Popular Handbook on Bible Difficulties Wheaton, Illinois, USA: Victor Books, 1992 </li> <li id="cite_note-ifrah-181"><a href="#cite_ref-ifrah_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIfrah2000" class="citation book cs1">Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-39340-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-39340-5"><bdi>978-0-471-39340-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universal+History+of+Numbers%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Invention+of+the+Computer&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-471-39340-5&rft.aulast=Ifrah&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> James Evans, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVp_gkwyvC8C&pg=PA164">The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy</a>. Oxford University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/019987445X" title="Special:BookSources/019987445X">019987445X</a>. Chapter 4, page 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Fortnight". The Concise Oxford Dictionary (5th ed.). 1964. p. 480.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Fortnight&rft.pages=480&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zarley-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Zarley_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarley2006" class="citation book cs1">Zarley, Kermit (2006). The Third Day Bible Code. Synergy Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Day+Bible+Code&rft.pub=Synergy+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Zarley&rft.aufirst=Kermit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.patheos.com/blogs/kermitzarleyblog/2015/03/did-jesus-rise-on-the-third-day-or-after-three-days/">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_185-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_185-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_185-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosshammer2008" class="citation book cs1">Mosshammer, Alden A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0umDqPOf2L8C&pg=PA328">The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 328–356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156236-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156236-5"><bdi>978-0-19-156236-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Easter+Computus+and+the+Origins+of+the+Christian+Era&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E328-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156236-5&rft.aulast=Mosshammer&rft.aufirst=Alden+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0umDqPOf2L8C%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHippolytus" class="citation book cs1">Hippolytus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617223519/https://www.preteristarchive.com/Books/pdf/0205_hippolytus_commentary-on-daniel_2010.pdf">Commentary on Daniel</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.preteristarchive.com/Books/pdf/0205_hippolytus_commentary-on-daniel_2010.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Daniel&rft.au=Hippolytus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.preteristarchive.com%2FBooks%2Fpdf%2F0205_hippolytus_commentary-on-daniel_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> Book 4, Paragraph 23.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keisan.casio.com/exec/system/1247132711">"Day of Week Calculator"</a>. High accuracy calculation for life or science. Retrieved 23 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=High+accuracy+calculation+for+life+or+science.&rft.atitle=Day+of+Week+Calculator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeisan.casio.com%2Fexec%2Fsystem%2F1247132711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouth1990" class="citation journal cs1">Louth, Andrew (1990). "The date Of Eusebius' Historia Ecclesiastica". Journal of Theological Studies. 41 (1): 111–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2F41.1.111">10.1093/jts/41.1.111</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23964888">23964888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+date+Of+Eusebius%27+Historia+Ecclesiastica&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2F41.1.111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23964888%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Louth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (AD 313), <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiae</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0265-0339,_Eusebius_Caesariensis,_Historia_ecclesiastica_%5BSchaff%5D,_EN.pdf">I.5.2</a>. He also mentions the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a>, which is wrongly associated with Jesus' birth. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-190"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer1998" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWnYvI5RdLMC&pg=PA93">"Josephus Reexamined: Unraveling the Twenty-Second Year of Tiberius"</a>. In Vardaman, Jerry (ed.). Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers. Mercer University Press. pp. 85–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-582-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-582-3"><bdi>978-0-86554-582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Josephus+Reexamined%3A+Unraveling+the+Twenty-Second+Year+of+Tiberius&rft.btitle=Chronos%2C+Kairos%2C+Christos+II%3A+Chronological%2C+Nativity%2C+and+Religious+Studies+in+Memory+of+Ray+Summers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-582-3&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWnYvI5RdLMC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 316), <a href="/wiki/De_mortibus_persecutorum" title="De mortibus persecutorum">De mortibus persecutorum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvQE5f9AuMIC&pg=PA301">§ 2</a>: "In the latter days of the Emperor Tiberius, in the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Rubellius_Geminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Rubellius Geminus">Ruberius Geminus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Fufius_Geminus_(consul_29)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Fufius Geminus (consul 29)">Fufius Geminus</a>, and on the tenth of the <a href="/wiki/Calends" title="Calends">kalends</a> of April, as I find it written". </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNothaft2011" class="citation book cs1">Nothaft, C. Philipp E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuT607E79KIC&pg=PA77">Dating the Passion: The Life of Jesus and the Emergence of Scientific Chronology (200–1600)</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21219-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21219-0"><bdi>978-90-04-21219-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dating+the+Passion%3A+The+Life+of+Jesus+and+the+Emergence+of+Scientific+Chronology+%28200%E2%80%931600%29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21219-0&rft.aulast=Nothaft&rft.aufirst=C.+Philipp+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUuT607E79KIC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicaminor11momm/page/134/mode/2up?view=theater">Chronica s. 596−635</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226031734/http://hbar.phys.msu.ru/gorm/chrono/paschata.htm">Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius</a> Introduction and First Argumentum. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003</a>, p. 778. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778–9-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778–9_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003</a>, pp. 778–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeres1984" class="citation journal cs1">Teres, Gustav (October 1984). "Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 15 (3): 177–188. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984JHA....15..177T">1984JHA....15..177T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182868401500302">10.1177/002182868401500302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117094612">117094612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Time+computations+and+Dionysius+Exiguus&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=1984-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117094612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182868401500302&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984JHA....15..177T&rft.aulast=Teres&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Tøndering, Claus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/years.php">The Calendar FAQ: Counting years</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosshammer2009" class="citation book cs1">Mosshammer, Alden A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0umDqPOf2L8C&pg=PA347">The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era</a>. Oxford. pp. 345–347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191562365" title="Special:BookSources/9780191562365"><bdi>9780191562365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Easter+Computus+and+the+Origins+of+the+Christian+Era&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E347&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191562365&rft.aulast=Mosshammer&rft.aufirst=Alden+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0umDqPOf2L8C%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003881-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003881_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003</a>, p. 881. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_J._Blackburn" title="Bonnie J. Blackburn">Blackburn, Bonnie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leofranc_Holford-Strevens" title="Leofranc Holford-Strevens">Holford-Strevens, Leofranc</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00blac">The Oxford companion to the Year: An exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214231-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214231-3"><bdi>978-0-19-214231-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+the+Year%3A+An+exploration+of+calendar+customs+and+time-reckoning&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-214231-3&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft.au=Holford-Strevens%2C+Leofranc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00blac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChronology+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08377a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia (1910): Chronology of the Life of Jesus Christ</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus458" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus458" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chronology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Jesus%27_crucifixion" title="Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion">Instrument used</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" 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title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">Eastern Orthodoxy in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opus_Dei" title="Timeline of Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Timeline of the Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek polytheism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim_presence_in_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula">Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible:_Timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Bible: Timeline">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Hebrew_prophets" title="Timeline of the Hebrew prophets">Hebrew prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ayyavazhi_history" title="Timeline of Ayyavazhi history">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Hindu history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Jainism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian 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worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> 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