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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tectonic formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tectonic_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanic_rocks_in_the_island_arc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanic_rocks_in_the_island_arc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Volcanic rocks in the island arc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic_rocks_in_the_island_arc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_modern_island_arcs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_modern_island_arcs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of modern island arcs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_modern_island_arcs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_ancient_island_arcs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_ancient_island_arcs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples of ancient island arcs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_ancient_island_arcs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Island arc</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilandboog" title="Eilandboog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eilandboog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="قوس الجزيرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوس الجزيرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcu_insular" title="Arcu insular – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arcu insular" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalar_q%C3%B6vs%C3%BC" title="Adalar qövsü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adalar qövsü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="दीप चाप – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दीप चाप" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Островна дъга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Островна дъга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_insular" title="Arc insular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arc insular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrovn%C3%AD_oblouk" title="Ostrovní oblouk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ostrovní oblouk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inselbogen" title="Inselbogen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inselbogen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarkaar" title="Saarkaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saarkaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BE%CE%BF" title="Νησιωτικό τόξο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νησιωτικό τόξο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_insular" title="Arco insular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arco insular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uharte_arku" title="Uharte arku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uharte arku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کمان جزیره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمان جزیره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_insulaire" title="Arc insulaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arc insulaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oile%C3%A1nra_stua" title="Oileánra stua – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oileánra stua" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_de_illas" title="Arco de illas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arco de illas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EB%8F%84" title="열도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կղզային աղեղներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կղզային աղեղներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="द्वीप चाप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्वीप चाप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busur_kepulauan" title="Busur kepulauan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Busur kepulauan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קשת איים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קשת איים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კუნძულთა რკალები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კუნძულთა რკალები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcus_insularum" title="Arcus insularum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arcus insularum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilandjbaog" title="Eilandjbaog – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eilandjbaog" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilandboog" title="Eilandboog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eilandboog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%B3%B6" title="列島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="列島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orollar_yoyi" title="Orollar yoyi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Orollar yoyi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uk_wyspowy" title="Łuk wyspowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łuk wyspowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_insular" title="Arco insular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arco insular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Островная дуга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Островная дуга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Island arc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrovn%C3%BD_obl%C3%BAk" title="Ostrovný oblúk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ostrovný oblúk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto%C4%8Dni_lok" title="Otočni lok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Otočni lok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busur_kapuloan" title="Busur kapuloan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Busur kapuloan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarikaari" title="Saarikaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saarikaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96b%C3%A5ge" title="Öbåge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öbåge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ద్వీప వక్రతలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్వీప వక్రతలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="หมู่เกาะรูปโค้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมู่เกาะรูปโค้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_yay%C4%B1" title="Ada yayı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ada yayı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Острівна дуга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Острівна дуга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E5%BC%A7" title="島弧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="島弧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1515058#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geographic feature. For the scientific journal, see <a href="/wiki/Island_Arc_(journal)" title="Island Arc (journal)">Island Arc (journal)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arc-shaped archipelago formed by intense seismic activity of long chains of active volcanoes</div> <p><b>Island arcs</b> are long <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">chains</a> of active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> with intense <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">seismic activity</a> found along <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">convergent</a> <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plate</a> boundaries. Most <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> arcs originate on <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> and have resulted from the descent of the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">mantle</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zone. They are the principal way by which continental growth is achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Location_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.JPG/220px-Location_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Location_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.JPG/330px-Location_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Location_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.JPG/440px-Location_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> form an island arc.</figcaption></figure> <p>Island arcs can either be active or inactive based on their <a href="/wiki/Seismicity" title="Seismicity">seismicity</a> and presence of volcanoes. Active arcs are ridges of recent volcanoes with an associated deep seismic zone. They also possess a distinct curved form, a chain of active or recently extinct volcanoes, a <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">deep-sea trench</a>, and a large negative <a href="/wiki/Bouguer_anomaly" title="Bouguer anomaly">Bouguer anomaly</a> on the convex side of the volcanic arc. The small positive gravity anomaly associated with <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arcs</a> has been interpreted by many authors as due to the presence of dense volcanic rocks beneath the arc. Inactive arcs are a chain of islands which contains older volcanic and <a href="/wiki/Volcaniclastic_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcaniclastic rock">volcaniclastic rocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The curved shape of many volcanic chains and the angle of the descending lithosphere are related.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the oceanic part of the plate is represented by the ocean floor on the convex side of the arc, and if the zone of flexing occurs beneath the <a href="/wiki/Submarine_trench" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine trench">submarine trench</a>, then the deflected part of the plate coincides approximately with the <a href="/wiki/Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff_zone" title="Wadati–Benioff zone">Benioff zone</a> beneath most arcs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_arc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most modern island arcs are near the <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margins</a> (particularly in the northern and western margins of the Pacific Ocean). However, no direct evidence from within the arcs shows that they have always existed at their present position with respect to the continents, although evidence from some continental margins suggests that some arcs may have migrated toward the continents during the late <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> or early <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also found at oceanic-oceanic convergence zones, in which case the older plate will subduct under the younger one. </p><p>The movement of the island arcs towards the continent could be possible if, at some point, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff_zone" title="Wadati–Benioff zone">Benioff zones</a> <a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">dipped</a> toward the present ocean rather than toward the continent, as in most arcs today. This will have resulted in the loss of ocean floor between the arc and the continent, and consequently, in the migration of the arc during spreading episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">fracture zones</a> in which some active island arcs terminate may be interpreted in terms of plate tectonics as resulting from movement along <a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transform faults</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are plate margins where the crust is neither being consumed nor generated. Thus the present location of these inactive island chains is due to the present pattern of lithospheric plates. However, their volcanic history, which indicates that they are fragments of older island arcs, is not necessarily related to the present plate pattern and may be due to differences in position of plate margins in the past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tectonic_formation">Tectonic formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_arc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tectonic formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Island_arc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Island_arc.svg/330px-Island_arc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="522" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Island_arc.svg/495px-Island_arc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Island_arc.svg/660px-Island_arc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption> Two plates collide and create an island arc between them in the process.</figcaption></figure> <p>Understanding the source of heat that causes the melting of the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> was a contentious problem. Researchers believed that the heat was produced through friction at the top of the slab. However, this is unlikely because the viscosity of the <a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">asthenosphere</a> decreases with increasing temperature, and at the temperatures required for partial fusion, the asthenosphere would have such a low viscosity that shear melting could not occur.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is now believed that water acts as the primary agent that drives partial melting beneath arcs. It has been shown that the amount of water present in the down-going slab is related to the melting temperature of the mantle.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greater the amount of water present, the more the melting temperature of the mantle is reduced. This water is released during the transformation of minerals as pressure increases, with the mineral carrying the most water being <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinite</a>. </p><p>These metamorphic mineral reactions cause the dehydration of the upper part of the slab as the hydrated slab sinks. Heat is also transferred to it from the surrounding asthenosphere. As heat is transferred to the slab, temperature gradients are established such that the asthenosphere in the vicinity of the slab becomes cooler and more viscous than surrounding areas, particularly near the upper part of the slab. This more viscous asthenosphere is then dragged down with the slab causing less viscous mantle to flow in behind it. It is the interaction of this down-welling mantle with aqueous fluids rising from the sinking slab that is thought to produce partial melting of the mantle as it crosses its wet <a href="/wiki/Liquidus_and_solidus" title="Liquidus and solidus">solidus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some melts may result from the up-welling of hot mantle material within the mantle wedge.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If hot material rises quickly enough so that little heat is lost, the reduction in pressure may cause pressure release or <a href="/wiki/Decompression_melting" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression melting">decompression partial melting</a>. </p><p>On the subducting side of the island arc is a deep and narrow oceanic trench, which is the trace at the Earth's surface of the boundary between the down-going and overriding plates. This trench is created by the downward gravitational pull of the relatively dense subducting plate on the leading edge of the plate. Multiple <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> occur along this subduction boundary with the seismic hypocenters located at increasing depth under the island arc: these quakes define the <a href="/wiki/Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff_zone" title="Wadati–Benioff zone">Benioff zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Island arcs can be formed in intra-oceanic settings, or from the fragments of continental crust that have migrated away from an adjacent continental land mass or at subduction-related volcanoes active at the margins of continents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_arc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-section_of_a_subduction_zone_and_back-arc_basin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cross-section_of_a_subduction_zone_and_back-arc_basin.jpg/360px-Cross-section_of_a_subduction_zone_and_back-arc_basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Cross-section_of_a_subduction_zone_and_back-arc_basin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>A schematic cross-section of an island arc from trench to back-arc basin</figcaption></figure> <p>Below are some of the generalized features present in most island arcs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Forearc" title="Forearc">Fore-arc</a>: This region comprises the trench, the accretionary prism, and the fore-arc basin. A bump from the trench in the oceanward side of the system is present (Barbados in the Lesser Antilles is an example). The fore-arc basin forms between the fore-arc ridge and the island arc; it is a region of undisturbed flat-bedded sedimentation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trenches</a>: These are the deepest features of ocean basins; the deepest being the Mariana trench (approximately 11,000 m or 36,000 ft). They are formed by flexing of the oceanic lithosphere, developing on the ocean side of island arcs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">Back-arc basin</a>: They are also referred to as marginal seas and are formed in the inner, concave side of island arcs bounded by back-arc ridges. They develop in response to tensional tectonics due to rifting of an existing island arc. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benioff_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Benioff zone">Benioff zone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff_zone" title="Wadati–Benioff zone">Wadati-Benioff zone</a>: This is a plane that dips under the overriding plate where intense volcanic activity occurs, which is defined by the location of seismic events below the arc. Earthquakes occur from near surface to ~660 km depth. The dip of Benioff zones ranges from 30° to near vertical.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ocean basin may be formed between the continental margin and the island arcs on the concave side of the arc. These basins have a crust which is either oceanic or intermediate between the normal oceanic crust and that typical of continents; heat flow in the basins is higher than in normal continental or oceanic areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some arcs, such as the Aleutians, pass laterally into the continental shelf on the concave side of the arc,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while most of the arcs are separated from the continental crust. </p><p>Movement between two lithospheric plates explains the major features of active island arcs. The island arc and small ocean basin are situated on the overlying plate which meets the descending plate containing normal oceanic crust along the Benioff zone. The sharp bending of the oceanic plate downward produces a trench.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volcanic_rocks_in_the_island_arc">Volcanic rocks in the island arc</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_arc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Volcanic rocks in the island arc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are generally three volcanic series from which the types of volcanic rock that occur in island arcs are formed:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic_magma_series" title="Tholeiitic magma series">tholeiitic</a></i> series – <a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">basaltic andesites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesites</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Calc-alkaline_magma_series" title="Calc-alkaline magma series">calc-alkaline</a> series – andesites.</li> <li>The alkaline series – subgroups of <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline basalt">alkaline basalts</a> and the rare, very high potassium-bearing (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">shoshonitic</a>) lavas.</li></ul> <p>This volcanic series is related to the age of the subduction zone and the depth. The tholeiitic magma series is well represented above young subduction zones formed by magma from relative shallow depth. The calc-alkaline and alkaline series are seen in mature subduction zones, and are related to magma of greater depths. Andesite and basaltic andesite are the most abundant volcanic rock in island arc which is indicative of the calc-alkaline magmas. Some Island arcs have distributed volcanic series as can be seen in the Japanese island arc system where the volcanic rocks change from tholeiite—calc-alkaline—alkaline with increasing distance from the trench.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several processes are involved in arc magmatism which gives rise to the great spectrum of rock composition encountered. These processes are, but not limited to, magma mixing, fractionation, variations in the depth and degree of partial melting and assimilation. Therefore, the three volcanic series results in a wide range of rock composition and do not correspond to absolute magma types or source regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_modern_island_arcs">List of modern island arcs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_arc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of modern island arcs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Island arc</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Trench</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Basin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">marginal sea</a></th> <th>Overriding Plate</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subducting plate</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a></td> <td>United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Trench" title="Aleutian Trench">Aleutian Trench</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific Plate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></td> <td>Russia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuril%E2%80%93Kamchatka_Trench" title="Kuril–Kamchatka Trench">Kuril–Kamchatka Trench</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></td> <td>North American Plate</td> <td>Pacific Plate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Archipelago">Japanese Archipelago</a></td> <td>Japan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan_Trench" title="Japan Trench">Japan Trench</a>、<a href="/wiki/Nankai_Trough" title="Nankai Trough">Nankai Trough</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></td> <td>North American Plate, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a></td> <td>Pacific Plate, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Sea Plate">Philippine Sea Plate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a></td> <td>Japan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Trench" title="Ryukyu Trench">Ryukyu Trench</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Trough" title="Okinawa Trough">Okinawa Trough</a>)</td> <td>Eurasian Plate</td> <td>Philippine Sea Plate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippine Islands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Trench" title="Philippine Trench">Philippine Trench</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></td> <td>Eurasian Plate</td> <td>Philippine Sea Plate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Arc" title="Sunda Arc">Sunda Arc</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_Trench" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Trench">Java Trench</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></td> <td>Eurasian Plate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Australian Plate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></td> <td>India</td> <td>Northern Java Trench</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></td> <td>Eurasian Plate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Izu_Islands" title="Izu Islands">Izu Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands (Ogasawara Islands)</a></td> <td>Japan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Izu%E2%80%93Ogasawara_Trench" title="Izu–Ogasawara Trench">Izu–Ogasawara Trench</a></td> <td></td> <td>Philippine Sea Plate</td> <td>Pacific Plate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></td> <td>United States</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></td> <td></td> <td>Philippine Sea Plate</td> <td>Pacific Plate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td> <td>New Britain Trench</td> <td></td> <td>Pacific Plate</td> <td>Australian Plate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands (archipelago)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></td> <td>San Cristobal Trench</td> <td></td> <td>Pacific Plate</td> <td>Australian Plate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></td> <td>New Hebrides Trench</td> <td></td> <td>Pacific Plate</td> <td>Australian Plate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tonga" title="Geography of Tonga">Tonga islands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonga_Trench" title="Tonga Trench">Tonga Trench</a></td> <td></td> <td>Australian Plate</td> <td>Pacific Plate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Trench" title="Puerto Rico Trench">Puerto Rico Trench</a></td> <td>Caribbean</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean Plate</a></td> <td>North American Plate, <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territory</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Trench" title="South Sandwich Trench">South Sandwich Trench</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotia Plate">Scotia Plate</a></td> <td>South American Plate </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aegean or <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_arc" title="Hellenic arc">Hellenic arc</a></td> <td>Greece</td> <td>Eastern Mediterranean Trench</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Sea Plate">Aegean Sea Plate</a> or Hellenic Plate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_ancient_island_arcs">Examples of ancient island arcs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_arc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples of ancient island arcs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Remains of former island arcs have been identified at some locations. The table below mention a selection of these. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Island arc</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Fate </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaitenia" title="Chaitenia">Chaitenia</a></td> <td>Chile, Argentina</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(geology)" title="Accretion (geology)">Accreted</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_evolution_of_Patagonia" title="Tectonic evolution of Patagonia">Patagonia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herve2018_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herve2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Insular_Islands" title="Insular Islands">Insular Islands</a></td> <td>Canada, United States</td> <td>Accreted to North America in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_Islands" title="Intermontane Islands">Intermontane Islands</a></td> <td>Canada, United States</td> <td>Accreted to North America in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_arc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">Back-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">Volcanic island</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_arc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1967" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, S. R. (1967). 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