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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wadati–Benioff zone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%81" title="منطقة بينيوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة بينيوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadati-Beniof_zonas%C4%B1" title="Vadati-Beniof zonası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vadati-Beniof zonası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla_de_Benioff" title="Pla de Benioff – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pla de Benioff" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benioffzonen" title="Benioffzonen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Benioffzonen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadati-Benioff-Zone" title="Wadati-Benioff-Zone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wadati-Benioff-Zone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadati-Benioffi_v%C3%B6%C3%B6nd" title="Wadati-Benioffi vöönd – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wadati-Benioffi vöönd" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_de_Wadati-Benioff" title="Zona de Wadati-Benioff – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zona de Wadati-Benioff" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadati-Benioff_eremua" title="Wadati-Benioff eremua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wadati-Benioff eremua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_de_Wadati-Benioff" title="Plan de Wadati-Benioff – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plan de Wadati-Benioff" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_de_Wadati-Benioff" title="Zona de Wadati-Benioff – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zona de Wadati-Benioff" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%98%A4%ED%94%84%EB%8C%80" title="베니오프대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베니오프대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="बेनीऑफ़ ज़ोन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेनीऑफ़ ज़ोन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff" title="Zona Wadati–Benioff – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zona Wadati–Benioff" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_di_Wadati-Benioff" title="Piano di Wadati-Benioff – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piano di Wadati-Benioff" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A3" title="אזור בניוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אזור בניוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadati-Benioffzone" title="Wadati-Benioffzone – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wadati-Benioffzone" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%81%94-%E3%83%99%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%95%E5%B8%AF" title="和達-ベニオフ帯 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="和達-ベニオフ帯" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadati-Benioff-sonen" title="Wadati-Benioff-sonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wadati-Benioff-sonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadati-Benioff-Zoon" title="Wadati-Benioff-Zoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wadati-Benioff-Zoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strefa_Benioffa" title="Strefa Benioffa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strefa Benioffa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_de_Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff" title="Zona de Wadati–Benioff – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zona de Wadati–Benioff" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planul_Wadati-Benioff" title="Planul Wadati-Benioff – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Planul Wadati-Benioff" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%E2%80%94%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%E2%80%94%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Сейсмофокальная зона Беньофа—Вадати—Заварицкого – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сейсмофокальная зона Беньофа—Вадати—Заварицкого" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff_zone" title="Wadati–Benioff zone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wadati–Benioff zone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benioffova_z%C3%B3na" title="Benioffova zóna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Benioffova zóna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вадати-Бениоф зона – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вадати-Бениоф зона" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadati-Benioff-zonen" title="Wadati-Benioff-zonen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wadati-Benioff-zonen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadati-Benioff_B%C3%B6lgesi" title="Wadati-Benioff Bölgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wadati-Benioff Bölgesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Planar zone of seismicity corresponding with the down-going slab</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benioff_zone_earthquake_focus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Benioff_zone_earthquake_focus.jpg/240px-Benioff_zone_earthquake_focus.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Benioff_zone_earthquake_focus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of Wadati–Benioff zone, from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuril_Benioff_zone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kuril_Benioff_zone.JPG/240px-Kuril_Benioff_zone.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kuril_Benioff_zone.JPG/360px-Kuril_Benioff_zone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Kuril_Benioff_zone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Seismicity cross-section, <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> subduction zone, <a href="/wiki/2006_Kuril_Islands_earthquake" title="2006 Kuril Islands earthquake">15 November 2006, 8.3 M<sub>w</sub> event</a> marked as star</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Wadati–Benioff zone</b> (also <b>Benioff–Wadati zone</b> or <b>Benioff zone</b> or <b>Benioff seismic zone</b>) is a planar <a href="/wiki/Seismic_zone" title="Seismic zone">zone of seismicity</a> corresponding with the down-going <a href="/wiki/Slab_(geology)" title="Slab (geology)">slab</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zone.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differential motion along the zone produces numerous <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, the foci of which may be as deep as about 670 km (420 mi). The term was named for the two <a href="/wiki/Seismologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismologist">seismologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Benioff" title="Hugo Benioff">Hugo Benioff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiyoo_Wadati" title="Kiyoo Wadati">Kiyoo Wadati</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a>, who independently discovered the zones.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wadati–Benioff zone earthquakes develop beneath <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic island arcs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margins</a> above active subduction zones.<sup id="cite_ref-habitable_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habitable-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be produced by slip along the subduction <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust fault</a> or slip on faults within the downgoing plate, as a result of bending and extension as the plate is pulled into the mantle.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Deep-focus_earthquake" title="Deep-focus earthquake">deep-focus earthquakes</a> along the zone allow seismologists to map the three-dimensional surface of a subducting slab of oceanic crust and mantle. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff_zone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Benioff" title="Hugo Benioff">Hugo Benioff</a> introduced a method for determining elastic-rebound strain increments of earthquakes on a particular fault.<sup id="cite_ref-Benioff_1949_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benioff_1949-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He determined that the square root of an earthquake's energy is proportional to both the elastic rebound strain increment and the rebound displacement, and developed a way to determine whether a series of earthquakes was generated along a single fault structure. His research focused on the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec-Tonga_subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone">Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone</a> and the South American subduction zone, and determined that in both locations, earthquake foci fall along planes dipping ~45° from the trenches.<sup id="cite_ref-Benioff_1949_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benioff_1949-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These planes of seismicity were later termed Benioff zones, or Wadati–Benioff zones for <a href="/wiki/Kiyoo_Wadati" title="Kiyoo Wadati">Kiyoo Wadati</a>, who had made similar observations twenty years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Wadati_1928-1935_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wadati_1928-1935-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff_zone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The angle of dip of the subducting slab, and therefore the Benioff seismic zone, is dominantly controlled by the negative buoyancy of the slab and forces from the flowing of the <a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">asthenosphere</a>. Younger <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> is hotter and more buoyant, resulting in shallow-dipping Benioff zones, whereas older lithosphere is denser and colder, causing steeper dips.<sup id="cite_ref-Keary,_Klepeis,_and_Vine_2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keary,_Klepeis,_and_Vine_2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Benioff zone spans from near-surface to depths of up to 670 km. The upper bound is just beneath the weak sediments in the toe of the wedge of the subduction zone, and the lower bound is where the brittle-ductile transition occurs. Most earthquakes occur within the 1000 °C <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isotherm" class="extiw" title="wikt:isotherm">isotherm</a>, in the interior of the slab that has not yet heated up to match the temperature of the surrounding mantle into which it is being subducted.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodholt_and_Stein_1988_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodholt_and_Stein_1988-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At depths below the thickness of the lithosphere, earthquakes are no longer generated by <a href="/wiki/Thrusting" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrusting">thrusting</a> at the interface of the two plates, because the asthenosphere is weak and cannot support the stresses necessary for faulting. In this region, internal deformation of the still-cool down-going slab is the source of the earthquakes. Up to depths of 300 km, dehydration reactions and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">eclogite</a> are the main causes of seismicity. Below 300 km, beginning at approximately the 700 °C isotherm, a mineralogical phase change from <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">spinel</a> occurs, and is thought to be the dominant earthquake mechanism of these very deep-seated earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_1994_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Double_Benioff_zones">Double Benioff zones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff_zone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Double Benioff zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases, subduction zones show two parallel surfaces of seismicity separated by tens of kilometres at intermediate depths (50–200 km).<sup id="cite_ref-Reynard,_Nakajima,_and_Kawakatsu_2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynard,_Nakajima,_and_Kawakatsu_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A primary example of this is located along Japan's largest island of Honshu, where the Wadati–Benioff zone is characterized by two well-defined lines of earthquake foci, with a distance between each line of 30–40 kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of the global prevalence of double Benioff zones has found that they are common in subduction zones worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Brudzinski,_Thurber,_Hacker,_and_Engdahl_2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brudzinski,_Thurber,_Hacker,_and_Engdahl_2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The uppermost seismicity surface is in the crust of the down-going slab and attributed to the dehydration reactions within this oceanic crust resulting in the formation of eclogite. The mechanism behind the lower zone of seismicity, located in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a> portion of the down-going lithosphere, is still debated;<sup id="cite_ref-Reynard,_Nakajima,_and_Kawakatsu_2010_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynard,_Nakajima,_and_Kawakatsu_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the global ubiquity of double Benioff zones indicates that it must be a process that commonly occurs in subduction zones. Some of the suggested instability mechanisms include dehydration embrittlement caused by the breakdown of antigorite or chlorite in a hydrated peridotite upper mantle,<sup id="cite_ref-Brudzinski,_Thurber,_Hacker,_and_Engdahl_2007_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brudzinski,_Thurber,_Hacker,_and_Engdahl_2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and un-bending of the slab.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynard,_Nakajima,_and_Kawakatsu_2010_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynard,_Nakajima,_and_Kawakatsu_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations from seismic studies indicate that the lithospheric mantle at the intermediate depths where double Benioff zones occur is dry, which favours the proposed slab-unbending mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynard,_Nakajima,_and_Kawakatsu_2010_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynard,_Nakajima,_and_Kawakatsu_2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff_zone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRelated_Articles" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Related Articles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/60933/Benioff-zone">"Benioff zone (seismic belt) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Benioff+zone+%28seismic+belt%29+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.au=Related+Articles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F60933%2FBenioff-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWadati%E2%80%93Benioff+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/developing.html">"Developing the theory [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Developing+the+theory+%5BThis+Dynamic+Earth%2C+USGS%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fdynamic%2Fdeveloping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWadati%E2%80%93Benioff+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-habitable-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-habitable_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangmuirBroecker2012" class="citation book cs1">Langmuir, Charles H.; Broecker, Wally (2012-07-22). <i>How to Build a Habitable Planet: The Story of Earth from the Big Bang to Humankind</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691140063" title="Special:BookSources/9780691140063"><bdi>9780691140063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Build+a+Habitable+Planet%3A+The+Story+of+Earth+from+the+Big+Bang+to+Humankind&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012-07-22&rft.isbn=9780691140063&rft.aulast=Langmuir&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft.au=Broecker%2C+Wally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWadati%E2%80%93Benioff+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/research/benioff-zone-woes-01/"><i>Benioff Zone | World of Earth Science Summary</i></a>. Bookrags.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benioff+Zone+%26%23124%3B+World+of+Earth+Science+Summary&rft.pub=Bookrags.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fresearch%2Fbenioff-zone-woes-01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWadati%E2%80%93Benioff+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benioff_1949-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benioff_1949_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benioff_1949_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenioff1949" class="citation journal cs1">Benioff, Hugo (1949). "Seismic evidence for the fault origin of oceanic deeps". <i>Bulletin of the Geological Society of America</i>. <b>60</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1837–</span>1866. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949GSAB...60.1837B">1949GSAB...60.1837B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281949%2960%5B1837%3Aseftfo%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60[1837:seftfo]2.0.co;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Geological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Seismic+evidence+for+the+fault+origin+of+oceanic+deeps&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1837-%3C%2Fspan%3E1866&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%281949%2960%5B1837%3Aseftfo%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1949GSAB...60.1837B&rft.aulast=Benioff&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWadati%E2%80%93Benioff+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wadati_1928-1935-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wadati_1928-1935_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki2001" class="citation journal cs1">Suzuki, Yasumoto (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2001%2Fv24i2%2F006">"Kiyoo Wadati and the path to the discovery of the intermediate-deep earthquake zone"</a>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">118–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2001%2Fv24i2%2F006">10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/006</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=Kiyoo+Wadati+and+the+path+to+the+discovery+of+the+intermediate-deep+earthquake+zone&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2001%2Fv24i2%2F006&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Yasumoto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18814%252Fepiiugs%252F2001%252Fv24i2%252F006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWadati%E2%80%93Benioff+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keary,_Klepeis,_and_Vine_2012-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keary,_Klepeis,_and_Vine_2012_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearyKlepeisVines2012" class="citation book cs1">Keary, P.; Klepeis, K.A.; Vines, F.J. (2012). <i>Global Tectonics</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">225–</span>264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Tectonics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Keary&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Klepeis%2C+K.A.&rft.au=Vines%2C+F.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWadati%E2%80%93Benioff+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brodholt_and_Stein_1988-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brodholt_and_Stein_1988_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodholtStein1988" class="citation journal cs1">Brodholt, J.; Stein, S. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1301666/1/GL015i010p01081.pdf">"Rheological controls of Wadati–Benioff zone seismicity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>15</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1081–</span>1084. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988GeoRL..15.1081B">1988GeoRL..15.1081B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2Fgl015i010p01081">10.1029/gl015i010p01081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Rheological+controls+of+Wadati%E2%80%93Benioff+zone+seismicity&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1081-%3C%2Fspan%3E1084&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2Fgl015i010p01081&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988GeoRL..15.1081B&rft.aulast=Brodholt&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Stein%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1301666%2F1%2FGL015i010p01081.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWadati%E2%80%93Benioff+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green_1994-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green_1994_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1994" class="citation journal cs1">Green, H. 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"Global prevalence of double Benioff zones". <i>Science</i>. <b>316</b> (5830): <span class="nowrap">1472–</span>1474. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...316.1472B">2007Sci...316.1472B</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.723.3732">10.1.1.723.3732</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1139204">10.1126/science.1139204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17556583">17556583</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15963109">15963109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Global+prevalence+of+double+Benioff+zones&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=5830&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1472-%3C%2Fspan%3E1474&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15963109%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...316.1472B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.723.3732%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17556583&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1139204&rft.aulast=Brudzinski&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rft.au=Thurber%2C+C.H.&rft.au=Hacker%2C+B.R.&rft.au=Engdahl%2C+E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWadati%E2%80%93Benioff+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wadati–Benioff_zone&oldid=1262884712">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wadati–Benioff_zone&oldid=1262884712</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanology" title="Category:Volcanology">Volcanology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plate_tectonics" title="Category:Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seismic_zones" title="Category:Seismic zones">Seismic zones</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 December 2024, at 15:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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