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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%86" title="هوارد أيكن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوارد أيكن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovard_Ayken" title="Hovard Ayken – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hovard Ayken" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DA%86._%D8%A2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86" title="هوارد اچ. آیکن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هوارد اچ. آیکن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="হাওয়ার্ড আইকেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাওয়ার্ড আইকেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Howard Aiken" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хауърд Айкен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хауърд Айкен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_H._Aiken" title="Howard H. Aiken – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Howard H. Aiken" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hathaway_Aiken" title="Howard Hathaway Aiken – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Howard Hathaway Aiken" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hathaway_Aiken" title="Howard Hathaway Aiken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Howard Hathaway Aiken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Howard Aiken" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_H._Aiken" title="Howard H. Aiken – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Howard H. Aiken" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hathaway_Aiken" title="Howard Hathaway Aiken – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Howard Hathaway Aiken" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DA%86._%D8%A2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86" title="هوارد اچ. آیکن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوارد اچ. آیکن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Howard Aiken" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%A8" title="하워드 에이컨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하워드 에이컨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հովարդ Այկեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հովարդ Այկեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Howard Aiken" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hathaway_Aiken" title="Howard Hathaway Aiken – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Howard Hathaway Aiken" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="הווארד אייקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הווארד אייקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hathaway_Aiken" title="Howard Hathaway Aiken – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Howard Hathaway Aiken" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aykin" title="Howard Aykin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Howard Aykin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovards_Eikens" title="Hovards Eikens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hovards Eikens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_H._Aiken" title="Howard H. Aiken – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Howard H. Aiken" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Howard Aiken" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA" title="ഹൊവാർഡ് ഐക്കൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൊവാർഡ് ഐക്കൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%86" title="هوارد ايكن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوارد ايكن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Howard Aiken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3" title="ハワード・エイケン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハワード・エイケン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Howard Aiken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Howard Aiken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Howard Aiken" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Howard Aiken" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Эйкен, Говард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эйкен, Говард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_H._Aiken" title="Howard H. Aiken – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Howard H. Aiken" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Howard Aiken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அவார்டு அயிக்கன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அவார்டு அயிக்கன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Говард Ейкен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Говард Ейкен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken" title="Howard Aiken – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Howard Aiken" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%99%E6%B4%BB%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E8%82%AF" title="候活·艾肯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="候活·艾肯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E8%8F%AF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E8%82%AF" title="霍華德·艾肯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霍華德·艾肯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q299723#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Howard Hathaway Aiken</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiken.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aiken.jpeg/220px-Aiken.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aiken.jpeg/330px-Aiken.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aiken.jpeg/440px-Aiken.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="688" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Howard Aiken</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1900-03-08</span>)</span>March 8, 1900<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken, New Jersey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 14, 1973<span style="display:none">(1973-03-14)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (doctorate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculators Harvard Mark I – IV</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Louise Mancill</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1939⁠–⁠1942)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Agnes Montgomery</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1943⁠–⁠1961)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Mary McFarland</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1963⁠–⁠1973)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Goode_Memorial_Award" title="Harry H. Goode Memorial Award">Harry H. Goode Memorial Award</a> (1964)<br /><a href="/wiki/Edison_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison Medal">Edison Medal</a> (1970)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">Applied mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emory_Leon_Chaffee" title="Emory Leon Chaffee">Emory Leon Chaffee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Blaauw" title="Gerrit Blaauw">Gerrit Blaauw</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Oettinger" title="Anthony Oettinger">Anthony Oettinger</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Salton" title="Gerard Salton">Gerard Salton</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Mark_I_Computer_-_Left_Segment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Harvard_Mark_I_Computer_-_Left_Segment.jpg/220px-Harvard_Mark_I_Computer_-_Left_Segment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Harvard_Mark_I_Computer_-_Left_Segment.jpg/330px-Harvard_Mark_I_Computer_-_Left_Segment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Harvard_Mark_I_Computer_-_Left_Segment.jpg/440px-Harvard_Mark_I_Computer_-_Left_Segment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a> / IBM ASCC, left side.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Howard Hathaway Aiken</b> (March 8, 1900 – March 14, 1973) was an American <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">pioneer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>. He was the original conceptual designer behind <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a>, the United States' first <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">programmable</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_H._Aiken&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aiken was born on 8 March 1900, in <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken, New Jersey</a>, to Daniel Aiken, who came from a wealthy and established <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> family, and Margaret Emily Mierisch, whose parents were <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He grew up in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> where he graduated from <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_Technical_High_School" title="Arsenal Technical High School">Arsenal Technical High School</a> in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aiken studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> where he received his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1923. He later obtained his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1937 and 1939, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, he encountered <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equations</a> that he could only solve numerically. Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Difference_engine" title="Difference engine">difference engine</a>, he envisioned an electro-mechanical computing device that could do much of the tedious work for him. This computer was originally called the ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator) and later renamed <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a>. With engineering, construction, and funding from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, the machine was completed and installed at Harvard in February 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Milton_Bloch" title="Richard Milton Bloch">Richard Milton Bloch</a>, Robert Campbell and <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a> joined the project later as programmers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, Aiken completed his work on the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_II" title="Harvard Mark II">Harvard Mark II</a> computer. He continued his work on the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_III" title="Harvard Mark III">Mark III</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_IV" title="Harvard Mark IV">Harvard Mark IV</a>. The Mark III used some electronic components and the Mark IV was all-electronic. The Mark III and Mark IV used <a href="/wiki/Drum_memory" title="Drum memory">magnetic drum</a> memory and the Mark IV also had <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">magnetic-core memory</a>. </p><p>Aiken accumulated <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degrees</a> at the University of Wisconsin, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule,_Darmstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt">Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt</a>. He was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received the University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering Engineers Day Award in 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Goode_Memorial_Award" title="Harry H. Goode Memorial Award">Harry H. Goode Memorial Award</a> in 1964, the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> in 1965,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/John_Price_Wetherill_Medal" title="John Price Wetherill Medal">John Price Wetherill Medal</a> in 1964, and the <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) <a href="/wiki/Edison_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison Medal">Edison Medal</a> in 1970 "For a meritorious career of pioneering contributions to the development and application of large-scale digital computers and important contributions to education in the digital computer field." </p><p>In addition to his work on the Mark series, another important contribution of Aiken's was the introduction of a master's program for computer science at Harvard in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nearly a decade before the programs began to appear in other universities. This became a starting ground to future computer scientists, many of whom did doctoral dissertations under Aiken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_H._Aiken&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Howard Aiken married three times: to Louise Mancill in June 1937, then later to Agnes Montgomery, and lastly to Mary McFarland. He had two children; one with his first wife, and one with his second.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Howard Aiken was also a Commander in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Navy Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After he retired at age 60 to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="Fort Lauderdale, Florida">Fort Lauderdale, Florida</a>, Aiken continued his contributions to technology. He founded Howard Aiken Industries Incorporated, which was a consulting firm that helped failing businesses recover. During his years in Florida, he joined the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a> as a Distinguished Professor of Information. In addition, Aiken became a consultant for companies such as <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a>. On the morning of March 14, 1973, Aiken died in his sleep during a consulting trip to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His widow, Mary, died in 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_H._Aiken&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiken_code" title="Aiken code">Aiken code</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_H._Aiken&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harvardmagazine.com/node/44648">"At Harvard, Howard Aiken's computing machine hums briefly back to life | Harvard Magazine"</a>. <i>www.harvardmagazine.com</i>. April 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.harvardmagazine.com&rft.atitle=At+Harvard%2C+Howard+Aiken%27s+computing+machine+hums+briefly+back+to+life+%7C+Harvard+Magazine&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardmagazine.com%2Fnode%2F44648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+H.+Aiken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The original concept was certainly Aiken's. There is no doubt about that," stated Robert V. D. Campbell <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/display.phtml?id=35">Oral history interview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020812090752/http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/display.phtml?id=35">Archived</a> August 12, 2002, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, I. Bernard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld7TgLeQXs4C&pg=PA9"><i>Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53179-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53179-5"><bdi>978-0-262-53179-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Howard+Aiken%3A+Portrait+of+a+Computer+Pioneer&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-262-53179-5&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=I.+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLd7TgLeQXs4C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+H.+Aiken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardison2018" class="citation web cs1">Hardison, Erica (April 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/profiles/howard-aiken/">"Howard H. Aiken"</a>. <i>IEEE Computer Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.atitle=Howard+H.+Aiken&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft.aulast=Hardison&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fprofiles%2Fhoward-aiken%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+H.+Aiken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, I. Bernard (1999). <i>Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer</i>. MIT Press. pp.73–114. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-03262-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-03262-7">0-262-03262-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Kathleen Broome (2004). <i>Grace, Admiral of the Cyber Sea</i>. Naval Institute Press. p.31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-952-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-952-2">1-55750-952-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+A&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+H.+Aiken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23science-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+H.+Aiken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/11/a-toolkit-in-0s-and-1s">"A tookit of 0s and 1s"</a>. October 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+tookit+of+0s+and+1s&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharvardmagazine.com%2F2013%2F11%2Fa-toolkit-in-0s-and-1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+H.+Aiken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aiken.html">"Howard Aiken (1900-1973)"</a>. <i>mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Howard+Aiken+%281900-1973%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAiken.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+H.+Aiken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/16/archives/howard-h-aiken-built-computer-developer-of-the-mark-i-dieswas.html">"Howard H. Aiken, Built Computer. The developer of the Mark I Dies. Was Harvard Professor. Taught Until 1961"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. March 16, 1973<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Howard+H.+Aiken%2C+Built+Computer.+The+developer+of+the+Mark+I+Dies.+Was+Harvard+Professor.+Taught+Until+1961.&rft.date=1973-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F03%2F16%2Farchives%2Fhoward-h-aiken-built-computer-developer-of-the-mark-i-dieswas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+H.+Aiken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1973/3/16/former-professor-howard-aiken-dies-invented/">"Former Professor Howard Aiken Dies; Invented Large-Scale Digital Computer | News | The Harvard Crimson"</a>. <i>www.thecrimson.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecrimson.com&rft.atitle=Former+Professor+Howard+Aiken+Dies%3B+Invented+Large-Scale+Digital+Computer+%7C+News+%7C+The+Harvard+Crimson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F1973%2F3%2F16%2Fformer-professor-howard-aiken-dies-invented%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+H.+Aiken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_H._Aiken&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Howard_H._Aiken" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Howard H. Aiken">Howard H. Aiken</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=18953">Howard Aiken</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aiken.html">"Howard H. Aiken"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Howard+H.+Aiken&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAiken.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+H.+Aiken" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018130448/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1999/4/1999_4_56.shtml">Father of the computer age</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121164933/http://www.engr.wisc.edu/eday/eday1958.html">UW–Madison College of Engineering Engineers' Day 1958 Award Recipients – Howard Aiken</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107348">Oral history interview with Robert Hawkins</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Hawkins discusses the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard-IBM Mark I</a> project that he worked on at Harvard University as a technician as well as Howard Aiken's leadership of the project.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107123">Oral history interview with Richard M. Bloch</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Bloch describes his work at the Harvard Computation Laboratory for Howard Aiken on the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107210">Oral history interview with Robert V. D. Campbell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Campbell discusses the contributions of Harvard and IBM to the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a> project.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Howard_Aiken">IEEE Biography</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Kouwenhoven">William B. Kouwenhoven</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_C._Monteith" title="Alexander C. Monteith">Alexander C. Monteith</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Lee_Cisler" title="Walker Lee Cisler">Walker Lee Cisler</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmer_L._Barrow" title="Wilmer L. Barrow">Wilmer L. Barrow</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harold_Brown" title="George Harold Brown">George Harold Brown</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Avila" title="Charles F. Avila">Charles F. Avila</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Wade_Bode" title="Hendrik Wade Bode">Hendrik Wade Bode</a> (1969)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Howard H. Aiken</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wistar_Simpson" title="John Wistar Simpson">John Wistar Simpson</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pickering_(rocket_scientist)" title="Bill Pickering (rocket scientist)">William Hayward Pickering</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_D._H._Tellegen" title="Bernard D. H. Tellegen">Bernard D. H. Tellegen</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_A._Rajchman" title="Jan A. Rajchman">Jan A. Rajchman</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Darlington" title="Sidney Darlington">Sidney Darlington</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q299723#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/314235">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121366367.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/121366367">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/158454391">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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