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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ainulindalë_and_Valaquenta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ainulindalë_and_Valaquenta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span><i>Ainulindalë</i> and <i>Valaquenta</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ainulindalë_and_Valaquenta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quenta_Silmarillion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quenta_Silmarillion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><i>Quenta Silmarillion</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quenta_Silmarillion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akallabêth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akallabêth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span><i>Akallabêth</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akallabêth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Of_the_Rings_of_Power_and_the_Third_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Of_the_Rings_of_Power_and_the_Third_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span><i>Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Of_the_Rings_of_Power_and_the_Third_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illustrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Illustrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concept_and_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_and_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Concept and creation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concept_and_creation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Concept and creation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concept_and_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Posthumous publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_challenge_to_complete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_challenge_to_complete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>A challenge to complete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_challenge_to_complete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_presented_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_presented_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>A presented collection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_presented_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editorial_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editorial_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Editorial intervention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editorial_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence in music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The Silmarillion</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="The Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="سيلماريليون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيلماريليون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Сільмарыліян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сільмарыліян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Сыльмарыліён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сыльмарыліён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Силмарилион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Силмарилион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarilion" title="Silmarilion – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Silmarilion" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="The Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Silmar%C3%ADl%C2%B7lion" title="El Silmaríl·lion – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="El Silmaríl·lion" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Silmarillion" title="Das Silmarillion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Das Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Το Σιλμαρίλλιον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Το Σιλμαρίλλιον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Silmarillion" title="El Silmarillion – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmariliono" title="Silmariliono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Silmariliono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="سیلماریلیون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیلماریلیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Silmarillion" title="Le Silmarillion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Silmarillion" title="O Silmarillion – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="O Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A8" title="실마릴리온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실마릴리온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Սիլմարիլիոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիլմարիլիոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="The Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Silmarillion" title="Il Silmarillion – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Il Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הסילמריליון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסילמריליון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სილმარილიონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სილმარილიონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmariljonas" title="Silmariljonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Silmariljonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Silmarillion" title="El Silmarillion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="El Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_szilmarilok" title="A szilmarilok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A szilmarilok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Силмарилион – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Силмарилион" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Silmarillion" title="De Silmarillion – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="De Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="シルマリルの物語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シルマリルの物語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Silmarillion" title="Lo Silmarillion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lo Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Silmarillion" title="O Silmarillion – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="O Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Сильмариллион – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сильмариллион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Силмарилион – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Силмарилион" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="The Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="ตำนานแห่งซิลมาริล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตำนานแห่งซิลมาริล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarillion" title="Silmarillion – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Silmarillion" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Сильмариліон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сильмариліон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E9%9D%88%E5%AF%B6%E9%91%BD" title="精靈寶鑽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="精靈寶鑽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Collection of J. R. R. Tolkien's mythopoeic works</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Silmarillion <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.author=%5B%5BJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien%5D%5D&rft.date=15+September+1977&rft.pub=%5B%5BGeorge+Allen+%26+Unwin%5D%5D+%28UK%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=365&rft_id=info:oclcnum/3318634"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Silmarillion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Silmarillion.png/220px-Silmarillion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Silmarillion.png 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="381" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1977 George Allen & Unwin hardback edition. It features <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Tolkien's drawing</a> of one of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAthien_Tin%C3%BAviel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lúthien Tinúviel">Lúthien Tinúviel</a>'s emblems.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gavriel_Kay" title="Guy Gavriel Kay">Guy Gavriel Kay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Illustrator</th><td class="infobox-data">Christopher Tolkien (<a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">maps</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cover artist</th><td class="infobox-data">J. R. R. Tolkien (<a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">device</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Tolkien's legendarium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Allen_%26_Unwin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen & Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a> (UK)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 September 1977<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (hardback & paperback)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">365</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Award</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_Fantasy_Novel" title="Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel">Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel</a> (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-Locus_Awards_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Locus_Awards-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-823139-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-823139-0">978-0-04-823139-0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3318634">3318634</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">823.914</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PZ3.T576 Si PR6039.O32</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a> </i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Silmarillion</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[silmaˈrilːiɔn]</a></span>) is a book consisting of a collection of <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Letters_131,_180_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_131,_180-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stories in varying styles by the English writer <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>. It was edited, partly written, and published posthumously by his son <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> in 1977, assisted by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Gavriel_Kay" title="Guy Gavriel Kay">Guy Gavriel Kay</a>, who became a fantasy author.<sup id="cite_ref-Silf_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It tells of <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Eä">Eä</a>, a fictional universe that includes the Blessed Realm of <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a>, the ill-fated region of <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a>, the island of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a>, and the continent of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>, where Tolkien's most popular works—<i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>—are set. After the success of <i>The Hobbit</i>, Tolkien's publisher, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Unwin_(publisher)" title="Stanley Unwin (publisher)">Stanley Unwin</a>, requested a sequel, and Tolkien offered a draft of the writings that would later become <i>The Silmarillion</i>. Unwin rejected this proposal, calling the draft obscure and "too Celtic", so Tolkien began working on a new story that eventually became <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. </p><p><i>The Silmarillion</i> has five parts. The first, <i><a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a></i>, tells in mythic style of the creation of Eä, the "world that <i>is</i>." The second part, <i><a href="/wiki/Valaquenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Valaquenta">Valaquenta</a></i>, gives a description of the <a href="/wiki/Vala_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vala (Middle-earth)">Valar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maia_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maia (Middle-earth)">Maiar</a>, supernatural powers of Eä. The next section, <i><a href="/wiki/Quenta_Silmarillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenta Silmarillion">Quenta Silmarillion</a></i>, which forms the bulk of the collection, chronicles the history of the events before and during the <a href="/wiki/First_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="First Age">First Age</a>, including the wars over three jewels, the <a href="/wiki/Silmaril" class="mw-redirect" title="Silmaril">Silmarils</a>, that gave the book its title. The fourth part, <i><a href="/wiki/Akallab%C3%AAth" class="mw-redirect" title="Akallabêth">Akallabêth</a></i>, relates the history of the Downfall of Númenor and its people, which takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Age">Second Age</a>. The final part, <i>Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age</i>, tells the history of the rings during the Second and <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">Third Ages</a>, ending with a summary of the events of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. </p><p>The book shows the influence of many sources, including the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a> epic <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i>, Greek mythology in the lost island of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a> (as Númenor) and the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian gods</a> (in the shape of the Valar, though these also resemble the Norse <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a>). </p><p>Because J. R. R. Tolkien died leaving <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">his legendarium</a> unedited, Christopher Tolkien selected and edited materials to tell the story from start to end. In a few cases, this meant that he had to devise completely new material, within the tenor of his father's thought, to resolve gaps and inconsistencies in the narrative,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly Chapter 22, "Of the Ruin of Doriath".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Silmarillion</i> was commercially successful, but received generally poor reviews on publication. Scholars found the work problematic, not least because the book is a construction, not authorised by Tolkien himself,<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">large corpus of documents and drafts</a> also called "The Silmarillion". Scholars have noted that Tolkien intended the work to be <a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">a mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">penned by many hands, and redacted by a fictional editor</a>, whether Ælfwine or <a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo Baggins</a>. As such, <a href="/wiki/Gergely_Nagy_(scholar)" title="Gergely Nagy (scholar)">Gergely Nagy</a> considers that the fact that the work has indeed been edited actually realises Tolkien's intention.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The events described in <i>The Silmarillion</i>, as in <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s extensive <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth writings">Middle-earth writings</a> which the book summarises, were meant to have taken place at some time in Earth's past.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In keeping with this idea, <i>The Silmarillion</i> was <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">supposedly translated</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo</a>'s three-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Translations from the Elvish</a></i>, which he wrote while at <a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BoLTF_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoLTF-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book covers the history of the world, Arda, up to the Third Age, in its five sections: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption><i>The Silmarillion</i> as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda" title="History of Arda">History of Arda</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Age<br /></th> <th>Duration<br /> years</th> <th><i>Silmarillion</i> Section / description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Creation</td> <td>———</td> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a></b></i> (The Music of the Ainur)<br /><i><b>Valaquenta</b></i> (on the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Years_of_the_Lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Years of the Lamps">Years of the Lamps</a></td> <td>33,573</td> <td><i><b>Quenta Silmarillion</b></i><br />   <a href="/wiki/Melkor" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkor">Melkor</a> destroys the Two Lamps<br />   <a href="/wiki/Aman_(J._R._R._Tolkien)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aman (J. R. R. Tolkien)">Aman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> created<br />   The Valar move to Aman </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Years_of_the_Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Years of the Trees">Years of the Trees</a></td> <td>14,373</td> <td><i><b>Quenta Silmarillion</b></i><br />   <a href="/wiki/Yavanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavanna">Yavanna</a> creates the <a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a> to restore light to the world<br />   Awakening of the Elves and start of the First Age<br />   Melkor (Morgoth) steals the <a href="/wiki/Silmaril" class="mw-redirect" title="Silmaril">Silmarils</a><br />   <a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a> destroys the <a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>First Age (cont'd)</td> <td>590</td> <td><i><b>Quenta Silmarillion</b></i><br />   <a href="/wiki/Elves_(Middle-Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves (Middle-Earth)">Elves</a> fight Morgoth in <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a><br />   Beleriand is destroyed </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Age</td> <td>3,441</td> <td><i><b>Akallabêth</b></i>:<br />   <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a> attacks <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a> to gain immortality<br />   Númenor is drowned, <a href="/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arda (Middle-earth)">Arda</a> is remade, Valinor is removed from Arda </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Age</td> <td>3,021</td> <td><i><b>Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age</b></i><br />   (summary of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fourth to Sixth Ages</td> <td>over 6,000</td> <td>(To present day, modern life<sup id="cite_ref-letter211_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter211-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ainulindalë_and_Valaquenta"><span id="Ainulindal.C3.AB_and_Valaquenta"></span><i>Ainulindalë</i> and <i>Valaquenta</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ainulindalë and Valaquenta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a></div> <p><i>Ainulindalë</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a>: "The Music of the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu (Middle-earth)">Ainur</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-SilNameIndex_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SilNameIndex-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) takes the form of a primary creation narrative. Eru ("The One"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also called <a href="/wiki/Eru_Il%C3%BAvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eru Ilúvatar">Ilúvatar</a> ("Father of All"), first created the Ainur, a group of eternal spirits or <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurges</a>, called "the offspring of his thought". Ilúvatar brought the Ainur together and showed them a theme, from which he bade them <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">make a great music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Melkor</a>—whom Ilúvatar had given the "greatest power and knowledge" of all the Ainur—broke from the harmony of the music to develop his own song. Some Ainur joined him, while others continued to follow Ilúvatar, causing discord in the music. This happened three times, with Eru Ilúvatar successfully overpowering his rebellious subordinate with a new theme each time. Ilúvatar then stopped the music and showed them a vision of <a href="/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arda (Middle-earth)">Arda</a> and its peoples. The vision disappeared, and Ilúvatar offered the Ainur the opportunity to enter into Arda and govern the new world. </p><p>Many Ainur accepted, taking physical form and becoming bound to that world. The greater Ainur became the <a href="/wiki/Vala_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vala (Middle-earth)">Valar</a>, while the lesser Ainur became the <a href="/wiki/Maia_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maia (Middle-earth)">Maiar</a>. The Valar attempted to prepare the world for the coming inhabitants (Elves and <a href="/wiki/Men_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Men (Middle-earth)">Men</a>), while Melkor, who wanted Arda for himself, repeatedly destroyed their work; this went on for thousands of years and, through waves of destruction and creation, the world took shape. </p><p><i>Valaquenta</i> ("Account of the Valar"<sup id="cite_ref-SilNameIndex_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SilNameIndex-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) describes Melkor, each of the fourteen Valar, and a few of the Maiar. It tells how Melkor seduced many Maiar—including those who would eventually become <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a>—into his service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quenta_Silmarillion"><i>Quenta Silmarillion</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Quenta Silmarillion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda" title="History of Arda">History of Arda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering of the Elves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg/330px-Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg/495px-Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg/660px-Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arda (Middle-earth)">Arda</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Years_of_the_Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Years of the Trees">Years of the Trees</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Quenta Silmarillion</i> (Quenya: "The History of the Silmarils"<sup id="cite_ref-SilNameIndex_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SilNameIndex-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the bulk of the book in 24 chapters, is a series of interconnected tales set in the First Age that narrate the tragic saga of the three forged jewels, the <a href="/wiki/Silmaril" class="mw-redirect" title="Silmaril">Silmarils</a>. </p><p>The Valar attempted to fashion the world for Elves and Men, but Melkor continually destroyed their handiwork. After he destroyed the two lamps, Illuin and Ormal, that illuminated the world, the Valar moved to <a href="/wiki/Aman_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aman (Middle-earth)">Aman</a>, a continent to the west of Middle-earth, where they established their home, <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a>. Yavanna created the <a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees</a>, Telperion and Laurelin, which illuminated Valinor, leaving Middle-earth to darkness and Melkor's wrath. Aulë, the smith of the Valar, created the Dwarves; Ilúvatar gave them life and free will. Aulë's spouse, Yavanna, was afraid the Dwarves would harm her plants, but Manwë said that spirits would awaken to protect them. Soon, stars created by Varda began to shine, causing the <a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_the_Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Awakening of the Elves">awakening of the Elves</a>. Knowing the danger the Elves were in, the Valar decided to fight Melkor to keep the Elves safe. After defeating and capturing Melkor, they invited the Elves to live in Aman. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">sundering of the Elves</a>; those who accepted and then remained in Aman were the <a href="/wiki/Vanyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanyar">Vanyar</a>; those who went to Aman and later (mostly) returned to Middle-earth were the <a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a>; those who refused were the <a href="/wiki/Teleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleri">Teleri</a>, including those who became the <a href="/wiki/Sindar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindar">Sindar</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Thingol" title="Thingol">Thingol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melian_(Middle-earth)" title="Melian (Middle-earth)">Melian</a>. All the Vanyar and Noldor, and later many of the Teleri, reached Aman. </p><p>In Aman, Melkor, who had been held captive by the Valar, was released after feigning repentance. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Finw%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Finwë">Finwë</a>, King of the Noldor, created the Silmarils, jewels that glowed with the captured light of the Two Trees. Melkor deceived Fëanor into believing that his younger half-brother <a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a> was trying to turn Finwë against him. Fëanor drew his sword and threatened Fingolfin; this led the Valar to banish Fëanor from the city of Tirion, whereupon he created the fortress Formenos, further to the north. Finwë moved there to live with his favourite son. After many years, Fëanor returned at the command of the Valar to attend a festival, where he made peace of a sort with Fingolfin. Meanwhile, Melkor killed the Two Trees with the help of <a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a>, a dark spider spirit. Melkor escaped to Formenos, killed Finwë, stole the Silmarils, and fled to Middle-earth. He attacked the Elvish kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Doriath_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doriath (Middle-earth)">Doriath</a>, ruled by Thingol and Melian. Melkor was defeated in the first of five battles of Beleriand and barricaded himself in his northern fortress of Angband. </p><p>Fëanor swore an oath of vengeance against Melkor and anyone who withheld the Silmarils from him, even the Valar, and made his seven sons do the same. He persuaded most of the Noldor to pursue Melkor, whom Fëanor renamed <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a>, to Middle-earth. Fëanor's sons seized ships from the Teleri, killing many of them, and betrayed others of the Noldor, leaving them to make a perilous passage on foot across the dangerous ice of the Helcaraxë. The elves who did not go to Valinor, the Sindar, settled in Beleriand and traded with the dwarves. The Maia Melian set a magical protection, the Girdle of Melian, around the realm of Doriath. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_Map_of_Beleriand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sketch_Map_of_Beleriand.svg/510px-Sketch_Map_of_Beleriand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="510" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sketch_Map_of_Beleriand.svg/765px-Sketch_Map_of_Beleriand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sketch_Map_of_Beleriand.svg/1020px-Sketch_Map_of_Beleriand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="1426" /></a><figcaption>Sketch map of Beleriand. The <a href="/wiki/Ered_Luin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ered Luin">Ered Luin</a> on the right of the map are on extreme left of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">map of Middle-earth</a>, marking the part of Beleriand not destroyed at the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="First Age">First Age</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon arriving in Middle-earth, the Noldor defeated Melkor's army, though Fëanor was killed by Balrogs. After a period of peace, Melkor attacked the Noldor but was placed in a tight siege, which held for nearly 400 years. </p><p>The Noldor built up kingdoms throughout Beleriand. Fëanor's firstborn <a href="/wiki/Maedhros" class="mw-redirect" title="Maedhros">Maedhros</a> wisely chose to move himself and his brothers to the east, away from the rest of their kin, knowing that they would easily be provoked into war if they lived too close to their kinsmen. Fingolfin and his eldest son Fingon lived in the northwest. Fingolfin's second son Turgon and Turgon's cousin <a href="/wiki/Finrod_Felagund" class="mw-redirect" title="Finrod Felagund">Finrod</a> built hidden kingdoms, after receiving visions from the Vala Ulmo. Finrod hewed cave dwellings which became the realm of Nargothrond, while Turgon discovered a hidden vale surrounded by mountains, and chose that to build the city of Gondolin. Maeglin, grandson of Fingolfin and son of the dark elf Eöl, had a hopeless love for his first cousin <a href="/wiki/Idril_Celebrindal" class="mw-redirect" title="Idril Celebrindal">Idril</a>, whom he could not marry. He moved to Gondolin and became close to Turgon. Because of the secrecy of the Elvish cities of Beleriand, they were more secure from Melkor's armies. Turgon took great care to keep Gondolin secret, and it was one of the last Elven strongholds to fall. </p><p>After the destruction of the Trees and the theft of the Silmarils, the Valar created the moon and the sun; they were carried across the sky in ships. At the same time, Men awoke; some later arrived in Beleriand and allied themselves to the Elves. <a href="/wiki/Beren" class="mw-redirect" title="Beren">Beren</a>, a Man who had survived the latest battle, wandered into Doriath, where he fell in love with the Elf maiden <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAthien" class="mw-redirect" title="Lúthien">Lúthien</a>, daughter of Thingol and Melian. Thingol believed no mere Man was worthy of his daughter, and set a seemingly impossible price for her hand: one of the Silmarils. Undaunted, Beren set out, and Lúthien joined him, though he tried to dissuade her. <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a>, a powerful servant of Melkor, imprisoned Beren, but with Lúthien's help, he escaped. Together, they entered Melkor's fortress and stole a Silmaril from his crown. Amazed, Thingol accepted Beren, and the first union of Man and Elf occurred, though Beren was soon mortally wounded and Lúthien died of grief. Though the fates of Man and Elf after death would sunder them forever, she persuaded the Vala Mandos to make an exception for them. He gave Beren back his life and allowed Lúthien to renounce her immortality and live as a mortal in Middle-earth. Thus, after they died, they would share the same fate. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg/330px-Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg/495px-Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg/660px-Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The Destruction of <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a> as told in <i>Quenta Silmarillion</i>, and the Downfall of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a> and the Changing of the World, as told in <i>Akallabêth</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Noldor, emboldened by the couple's feat, attacked Melkor again, with a great army of Elves, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (Middle-earth)">Dwarves</a>, and Men. But Melkor had secretly corrupted some of the Men, and the Elvish host was utterly defeated in the Fifth Battle. </p><p><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BArin" title="Húrin">Húrin</a> and Huor were brothers; Huor died in battle, but Melkor captured Húrin and cursed him to watch the downfall of his kin. Húrin's son, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin Turambar</a>, was sent to Doriath, leaving his mother and unborn sister behind in his father's kingdom of Dor-lómin (which was overrun by the enemy). Túrin achieved many great deeds of valour, the greatest being the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon (Middle-earth)">dragon</a> Glaurung. Despite his heroism, however, Túrin fell under the curse of Melkor, which led him to unwittingly murder his friend Beleg and marry and impregnate his sister Nienor Níniel, who had lost her memory through Glaurung's enchantment. Before their child was born, the dragon lifted the enchantment. Nienor took her own life, and Túrin threw himself upon his sword. Húrin, a broken man, is finally set free. He hears his wife Morwen crying in a dream, and arrives to find her dead; he buries her. At Nargothrond, he kills the dwarf Mîm and takes the Nauglamír necklace from the dragon <a href="/wiki/Glaurung" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaurung">Glaurung</a>'s hoard. He takes it to Doriath. Húrin leaves, and drowns himself. Fighting between elves and dwarves breaks out over the Nauglamír and the Silmaril. Further fighting amongst the elves causes the ruin of Doriath. </p><p>Huor's son, <a href="/wiki/Tuor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuor">Tuor</a>, became involved in the fate of the hidden kingdom of Gondolin. He married Idril, daughter of Turgon, Lord of <a href="/wiki/Gondolin" title="Gondolin">Gondolin</a> (the second union between Elves and Men). When Gondolin fell, betrayed by the king's nephew Maeglin, Tuor saved many of its inhabitants. All the Elvish kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a> fell, and the refugees fled to a haven by the sea created by Tuor. The son of Tuor and Idril Celebrindal, <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eärendil">Eärendil</a> the <a href="/wiki/Half-elven" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-elven">Half-elven</a>, was betrothed to <a href="/wiki/Elwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Elwing">Elwing</a>, herself descended from Beren and Lúthien. Elwing brought Eärendil Beren's Silmaril; the jewel enabled Eärendil to cross the sea to Aman to seek help from the Valar. They obliged, defeating Melkor and destroying Angband. Eärendil, flying in his ship Vingilot, with the birds, led by the Eagle Thorondor, defeated Melkor's dragons, who were led by <a href="/wiki/Ancalagon_The_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancalagon The Black">Ancalagon The Black</a>. Most of Beleriand sank into the sea; the Valar expelled Melkor from Arda. This ended the First Age of Middle-earth. The last two Silmarils were seized by Fëanor's sons, Maedhros and Maglor. However, because of the evil way the brothers had gained the Silmarils, they were no longer worthy to receive them, and the Silmarils burnt their hands. In anguish, Maedhros killed himself by leaping into a fiery chasm with his Silmaril, while Maglor threw his jewel into the sea and spent the rest of his days wandering along the shores of the world, singing his grief. </p><p>Eärendil and Elwing had two children: <a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a> and Elros. As descendants of immortal elves and mortal men, they had the choice of lineage: Elrond chose to be an Elf, his brother a Man. Elros became the first king of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a>, and lived to be 500 years old. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akallabêth"><span id="Akallab.C3.AAth"></span><i>Akallabêth</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Akallabêth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a></div> <p><i>Akallabêth</i> ("The Downfallen"<sup id="cite_ref-SilNameIndex_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SilNameIndex-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) comprises about 30 pages, and recounts the rise and fall of the island kingdom of Númenor, inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a>. After the defeat of Melkor, the Valar gave the island to the <a href="/wiki/Edain" class="mw-redirect" title="Edain">three loyal houses of Men</a> who had aided the Elves in the war against him. Through the favour of the Valar, the Dúnedain were granted wisdom and power and longer life, beyond that of other Men. Indeed, the isle of Númenor lay closer to Aman than to Middle-earth. The fall of Númenor came about through the influence of the corrupted Maia <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a>, the chief servant of Melkor, who arose during the Second Age and tried to conquer Middle-earth. </p><p>The Númenóreans moved against Sauron. They were so powerful that Sauron perceived that he could not defeat them by force. He surrendered himself to be taken as a prisoner to Númenor. There he quickly enthralled the king, Ar-Pharazôn, urging him to seek the immortality that the Valar had apparently denied him, fanning the envy that many of the Númenóreans had begun to hold against the Elves of the West and the Valar. The people of Númenor strove to avoid death, but this only weakened them and sped the gradual diminishing of their lifespans. Sauron urged them to wage war against the Valar to seize the immortality denied them. Ar-Pharazôn raised the mightiest army and fleet Númenor had ever seen, and sailed against Aman. The Valar and Elves of Aman, stricken with grief over their betrayal, called on Ilúvatar for help. When Ar-Pharazôn landed, Ilúvatar destroyed his forces and sent a great wave to submerge Númenor, killing all but those Númenóreans who had remained loyal to the Valar. The world was remade, and Aman was removed beyond the Uttermost West so that Men could not sail there to threaten it. </p><p>Sauron's physical manifestation was destroyed in the ruin of Númenor. As a Maia, his spirit returned to Middle-earth, though he was no longer able to take the fair form he had once had. The loyal Númenóreans reached the shores of Middle-earth. Among these survivors were <a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a>, their leader and a descendant of Elros, and his sons <a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a> and Anárion, who had saved a seedling from Númenor's white tree, the ancestor of that of Gondor. They founded two kingdoms: Arnor in the north and <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> in the south. Elendil reigned as High King of both kingdoms, but committed the rule of Gondor jointly to Isildur and Anárion. The power of the kingdoms in exile was greatly diminished from that of Númenor, "yet very great it seemed to the wild men of Middle-earth". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Of_the_Rings_of_Power_and_the_Third_Age"><i>Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concluding section of the book, comprising about 20 pages, describes the events that take place in Middle-earth during the Second and <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">Third Ages</a>. In the Second Age, Sauron re-emerged in Middle-earth. The Rings of Power were forged by Elves led by <a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a>, but Sauron secretly forged <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a> to control the others. War broke out between the peoples of Middle-earth and Sauron, culminating in the War of the Last Alliance, in which Elves led by <a href="/wiki/Gil-galad" title="Gil-galad">Gil-galad</a> and the remaining Númenóreans led by <a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a> united to defeat Sauron, bringing the Second Age to an end. The Third Age began with the claiming of the One Ring by Isildur after Sauron's overthrow. Isildur was ambushed by <a href="/wiki/Orc_(Middle-Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orc (Middle-Earth)">orcs</a> and killed at the <a href="/wiki/Gladden_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladden Fields">Gladden Fields</a> shortly afterwards, and the One Ring was lost in the River <a href="/wiki/Anduin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anduin">Anduin</a>. The section gives a brief overview of the events leading up to and taking place in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, including the waning of Gondor, the re-emergence of Sauron, the <a href="/wiki/White_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="White Council">White Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a>'s treachery, and Sauron's final destruction along with the One Ring, which ends the Third Age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illustrations">Illustrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Illustrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrating Tolkien">Illustrating Tolkien</a></div> <p>The inside title page contains an English inscription written in <a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a> script. It reads "The tales of the <a href="/wiki/First_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="First Age">First Age</a> when <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a> dwelt in Middle-earth and the <a href="/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf (Middle-earth)">Elves</a> made war upon him for the recovery of the Silmarils to which are appended the downfall of Númenor and the history of the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> and the Third Age in which these tales come to their end."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inside the back cover is a <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">fold-out map of part of Middle-earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="First Age">First Age</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the writings are Tolkien's, they were published posthumously by his son, Christopher. Christopher selected the most complete stories and compiled them into a single volume, in line with his father's desire to create a body of work that spanned from the Creation of the World to the destruction of the One Ring. Due to this circumstance, the volume sometimes exhibits inconsistencies with "The Lord of the Rings" or "The Hobbit," with varying styles and featuring fully developed stories like Beren and Lúthien, or more loosely outlined ones, such as those dedicated to the War of Wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first edition was brought out in hardback by <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a> in 1977. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> published a paperback edition in 1999, and an illustrated edition with colour plates by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCat_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCat-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has sold over a million copies, far fewer than <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> which have each sold over 100 million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-thestar_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thestar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_600000_hobbit_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_600000_hobbit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its sales were sufficient for it to reach the top of the October 1977 lists. It has since been translated into at least 40 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayley_2022_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayley_2022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept_and_creation">Concept and creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Concept and creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Tolkien's legendarium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Diagram of the documents comprising Tolkien's Legendarium, as interpreted very strictly, strictly, or more broadly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg/370px-Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg/555px-Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg/740px-Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="903" usemap="#ImageMap_53e7b5b30b6e353b" resource="/wiki/File:Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_53e7b5b30b6e353b"><area href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" shape="rect" coords="50,23,101,76" alt="The Hobbit" title="The Hobbit" /><area href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" shape="rect" coords="148,23,214,76" alt="The Lord of the Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings" /><area href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" shape="rect" coords="226,23,292,76" alt="The Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion" /><area href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" shape="rect" coords="300,23,360,76" alt="Unfinished Tales" title="Unfinished Tales" /><area href="/wiki/The_Annotated_Hobbit" shape="rect" coords="13,80,72,131" alt="The Annotated Hobbit" title="The Annotated Hobbit" /><area href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" shape="rect" coords="77,80,135,131" alt="The History of The Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit" /><area href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" shape="rect" coords="147,80,213,131" alt="The History of The Lord of the Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings" /><area href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" shape="rect" coords="101,170,159,230" alt="The Lost Road and Other Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings" /><area href="/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers" shape="rect" coords="171,170,238,230" alt="The Notion Club Papers" title="The Notion Club Papers" /><area href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_explorations_of_time_travel" shape="rect" coords="36,169,244,234" alt="J. R. R. Tolkien's explorations of time travel" title="J. R. R. Tolkien's explorations of time travel" /><area href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" shape="rect" coords="14,273,62,333" alt="The Book of Lost Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales" /><area href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" shape="rect" coords="66,273,113,333" alt="The Lays of Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand" /><area href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" shape="rect" coords="118,273,170,333" alt="The Shaping of Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth" /><area href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" shape="rect" coords="175,273,228,333" alt="The Shaping of Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth" /><area href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" shape="rect" coords="236,273,288,333" alt="Morgoth's Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring" /><area href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" shape="rect" coords="292,273,355,333" alt="The War of the Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels" /><area href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" shape="rect" coords="116,344,246,376" alt="The History of Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth" /><area href="/wiki/Non-narrative_elements_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" shape="rect" coords="22,383,112,400" alt="Non-narrative elements in The Lord of the Rings" title="Non-narrative elements in The Lord of the Rings" /><area href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" shape="rect" coords="113,383,173,400" alt="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien" /><area href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" shape="rect" coords="173,383,222,400" alt="Tolkien's artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork" /><area href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" shape="rect" coords="222,383,295,400" alt="Tolkien's scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts" /><area href="/wiki/Poetry_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" shape="rect" coords="295,383,333,400" alt="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings" title="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings" /><area href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg" shape="rect" coords="4,4,366,400" alt="commons:File:Tolkien's Legendarium.svg" title="commons:File:Tolkien's Legendarium.svg" /></map><figcaption>Navigable diagram of <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Tolkien's legendarium</a>. He created a mass of interlocking stories and supporting materials throughout his life. His son Christopher summarised the stories to form <i>The Silmarillion</i> as published in 1977.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tolkien began working on the stories that would become <i>The Silmarillion</i> in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He intended them to become an English mythology that would explain the origins of English history and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_131,_180_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_131,_180-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this early work was written while Tolkien, then a <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officer returned from France during World War I, was in hospital and on sick leave.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed the first story, "<a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a>", in late 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a> followed in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Pezzini_2024_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pezzini_2024-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He called his collection of nascent stories <i>The Book of Lost Tales</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BoLTF_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoLTF-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became the name for the first two volumes of <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i>, a book series by Christopher Tolkien which include these early texts. The stories employ the narrative <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">framing device</a> of a mariner named Eriol (in later versions, an Anglo-Saxon named <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Ælfwine of England">Ælfwine</a>) who finds the island of Tol Eressëa, where the Elves live, and the Elves tell him their history. In "The Cottage of Lost Play", Tol Eressëa, corresponding to England, or in early versions Kortirion, corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</a>, linked the tales to <a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England's lost mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien never completed <i>The Book of Lost Tales</i>; he left it to compose the poems "<a href="/wiki/The_Lay_of_Leithian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lay of Leithian">The Lay of Leithian</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Lay_of_the_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lay of the Children of Húrin">The Lay of the Children of Húrin</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-BoLTF_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoLTF-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first version of <i>The Silmarillion</i> was the "Sketch of the Mythology" written in 1926<sup id="cite_ref-LoB1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoB1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (later published in Volume IV of <i>The History of Middle-earth</i>). The "Sketch" was a 28-page synopsis written to explain the background of the story of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin" class="mw-redirect" title="Túrin">Túrin</a> to R. W. Reynolds, a friend to whom Tolkien had sent several of the stories.<sup id="cite_ref-LoB1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoB1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the "Sketch", Tolkien developed a fuller narrative version of <i>The Silmarillion</i> called <i>Quenta Noldorinwa</i><sup id="cite_ref-SoMEP_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoMEP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also included in Volume IV). The <i>Quenta Noldorinwa</i> was the last version of <i>The Silmarillion</i> that Tolkien completed.<sup id="cite_ref-SoMEP_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoMEP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, encouraged by the success of <i>The Hobbit</i>, Tolkien submitted to his publisher <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a> an incomplete but more fully developed version of <i>The Silmarillion</i> called <i>Quenta Silmarillion</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-BoLTF_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoLTF-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they rejected the work as being obscure and "too <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Letter19_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter19-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publisher instead asked Tolkien to write a sequel to <i>The Hobbit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter19_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter19-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien began to revise <i>The Silmarillion</i>, but soon turned to the sequel, which became <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He renewed work on <i>The Silmarillion</i> after completing <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-MRF_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRF-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he greatly desired to publish the two works together.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it became clear that would not be possible, Tolkien turned his full attention to preparing <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beleriand_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beleriand-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien wished to make the mythology more believable by bringing it into line with the <a href="/wiki/Round_World_version_of_the_Silmarillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Round World version of the Silmarillion">Round World version</a> of the creation story. He was persuaded not to do this in 1946; later attempts conflicted with the already published texts of <i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittingham_2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittingham_2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1950s, Tolkien returned to <i>The Silmarillion</i>, working mostly with the theological and philosophical underpinnings of the work rather than with the narratives. By this time, he had doubts about fundamental aspects of the work that went back to the earliest versions of the stories, and it seems that he felt the need to resolve these problems before he could attempt a "final" version.<sup id="cite_ref-MRF_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRF-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, he wrote extensively on such topics as the nature of evil in Arda, the origin of <a href="/wiki/Orc_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orc (Middle-earth)">Orcs</a>, the customs of the Elves, the nature and means of Elvish rebirth, <a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology of Middle-earth">the flat world</a> and the story of the Sun and Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-MRF_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRF-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any event, with one or two exceptions, he wrought little change to the narratives during the remaining years of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-MRF_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRF-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_publication">Posthumous publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Posthumous publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For several years after his father's death, Christopher Tolkien worked on a <i>Silmarillion</i> narrative. He tried to use the latest writings of his father's and to keep as much internal consistency (and consistency with <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>) as possible, given the many conflicting drafts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silf_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silf-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enlisted the help of the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Guy_Gavriel_Kay" title="Guy Gavriel Kay">Guy Gavriel Kay</a>, now the author of <a href="/wiki/The_Fionavar_Tapestry" title="The Fionavar Tapestry">a fantasy trilogy</a> inspired by <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a> (the <i>Matter of Britain</i>); Kay, chosen due to family connections, spent a year with him in Oxford editing the materials in secret.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood_2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood_2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As explained in <i>The History of Middle-earth</i>, Christopher Tolkien drew upon numerous sources, relying on post-<i>Lord of the Rings</i> works where possible, ultimately reaching as far back as the 1917 <i>Book of Lost Tales</i> to fill in portions of the narrative that his father had planned to write but never addressed. In one later chapter of <i>Quenta Silmarillion</i>, "Of the Ruin of Doriath", untouched since the early 1930s, he had to construct a narrative practically from scratch.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher Tolkien commented that, had he taken more time and had access to all the texts, he might have produced a substantially different work. In his foreword to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales_1" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Lost Tales 1">The Book of Lost Tales 1</a></i> in 1983, he wrote that<sup id="cite_ref-BLT_Foreword_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLT_Foreword-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>by its posthumous publication nearly a quarter of a century later the natural order of presentation of the whole 'Matter of Middle-earth' was inverted; and it is certainly debatable whether it was wise to publish in 1977 a version of the primary 'legendarium' standing on its own and claiming, as it were, to be self-explanatory. The published work has no 'framework',<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no suggestion of what it is and how (within the imagined world) it came to be. This I now think to have been an error.<sup id="cite_ref-BLT_Foreword_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLT_Foreword-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In October 1996, Christopher Tolkien commissioned the illustrator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a> to create full-page full-colour artwork for the first illustrated edition of <i>The Silmarillion</i>. It was published in 1998, and followed in 2004 by a second edition featuring corrections and additional artwork by Nasmith.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Influences_on_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Influences on J. R. R. Tolkien">Influences on J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div> <p><i>The Silmarillion</i> was influenced by many sources. A major influence was the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a> epic <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i>, especially the tale of <a href="/wiki/Kullervo" title="Kullervo">Kullervo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Influence from Greek mythology</a> is also apparent in the way that the island of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a> recalls <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Vala_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vala (Middle-earth)">Valar</a> borrow many attributes from the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian gods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olympian_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olympian-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Valar, like the Olympians, live in the world, but on a high mountain, separated from mortals.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The correspondences are only approximate; the Valar are also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, with characteristics resembling various of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a>, the gods of <a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, for example, physically the strongest of the gods, can be seen both in <a href="/wiki/Orom%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromë">Oromë</a>, who fights the monsters of Melkor, and in <a href="/wiki/Tulkas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulkas">Tulkas</a>, the physically strongest of the Valar.<sup id="cite_ref-ThorOdin_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThorOdin-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manw%C3%AB_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manwë (Middle-earth)">Manwë</a>, the head of the Valar, exhibits some similarities to Odin, the "Allfather".<sup id="cite_ref-ThorOdin_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThorOdin-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien also said that he saw the Maia <a href="/wiki/Ol%C3%B3rin" class="mw-redirect" title="Olórin">Olórin</a> (Gandalf) as an "Odinic wanderer".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">influence of the Bible</a> is seen in the conflict between Melkor and Eru Ilúvatar, a parallel of <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>'s with God.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the creation and fall of the Elves parallels the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>' fall of Man.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with all of Tolkien's works, <i>The Silmarillion</i> allows room for later Christian history, and one draft even has <a href="/wiki/Finrod_Felagund" class="mw-redirect" title="Finrod Felagund">Finrod</a> speculating on the necessity of Eru's eventual <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a> to save mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Verlyn Flieger</a> sees the influence of medieval Christian cosmology especially in the account of the creation of the universe as the manifestation of a sort of song sung by God with which the <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> harmonise until the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angel</a> introduces discord. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine's</a> writings on music, as well as the extensive medieval tradition of the divine harmony—more familiar to us today in the notion of the "<a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_spheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the spheres">music of the spheres</a>"—served as bases for this telling of creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger2005ch._1_"The_Motives"_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger2005ch._1_"The_Motives"-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic influences</a> were of several kinds. <a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Dimitra Fimi</a> has documented the influence of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a> in the exile of the <a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldorin</a> Elves, borrowing elements from the story of <a href="/wiki/Irish_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish legend">Irish legends</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Celtic_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celtic-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> influence is seen in the Elvish language <a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a>; Tolkien wrote that he gave it "a linguistic character very like (though not identical with) British-Welsh ... because it seems to fit the rather 'Celtic' type of legends and stories told of its speakers".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEANOR_AND_FINGOLFIN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/FEANOR_AND_FINGOLFIN.jpg/220px-FEANOR_AND_FINGOLFIN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/FEANOR_AND_FINGOLFIN.jpg/330px-FEANOR_AND_FINGOLFIN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/FEANOR_AND_FINGOLFIN.jpg/440px-FEANOR_AND_FINGOLFIN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrating Tolkien">Artistic response to <i>The Silmarillion</i></a>: <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a> threatens <a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a>, 2007 </figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of release, reviews of <i>The Silmarillion</i> were generally negative.<sup id="cite_ref-Birzer2014_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birzer2014-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Wayne G. Hammond</a> records that the book's publisher, <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Rayner Unwin</a>, called the reviews "among the most unfair he had ever seen".<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_1996_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond_1996-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was a commercial success, topping <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> Fiction Best Seller list in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Fiction_Best_Sellers_of_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers of 1977">October 1977</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Bestseller_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Bestseller-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It won the <a href="/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_Fantasy_Novel" title="Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel">Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-Locus_Awards_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Locus_Awards-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Silmarillion</i> was criticised for being too serious, lacking the light-hearted moments that were found in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> and especially <i>The Hobbit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTBR_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTBR-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SLJ_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLJ-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> magazine lamented that there was "no single, unifying quest and, above all, no band of brothers for the reader to identify with".<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other criticisms included difficult-to-read archaic language<sup id="cite_ref-NYRB_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYRB-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many difficult and hard-to-remember names.<sup id="cite_ref-NYRB_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYRB-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Adams_(literary_scholar)" title="Robert M. Adams (literary scholar)">Robert M. Adams</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i> called <i>The Silmarillion</i> "an empty and pompous bore" and "not a literary event of any magnitude". He suggested that the main reason for its "enormous sales" was the "Tolkien cult" created by the popularity of <i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, and predicted that more people would buy <i>The Silmarillion</i> than would ever read it.<sup id="cite_ref-NYRB_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYRB-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/School_Library_Journal" title="School Library Journal">School Library Journal</a></i> called it "only a stillborn postscript" to Tolkien's earlier works.<sup id="cite_ref-SLJ_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLJ-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Conrad_(academic)" title="Peter Conrad (academic)">Peter Conrad</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i> stated that "Tolkien can't actually write" and was deficient in imagination.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few reviewers praised the scope of Tolkien's creation. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a></i> acknowledged that "what is finally most moving is ... the eccentric heroism of Tolkien's attempt".<sup id="cite_ref-NYTBR_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTBR-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Time</i> described <i>The Silmarillion</i> as "majestic, a work held so long and so powerfully in the writer's imagination that it overwhelms the reader".<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Horn_Book_Magazine" title="The Horn Book Magazine">The Horn Book Magazine</a></i> lauded the "remarkable set of legends conceived with imaginative might and told in beautiful language".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin_Batchelor" class="mw-redirect" title="John Calvin Batchelor">John Calvin Batchelor</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>, lauded the book as a "difficult but incontestable masterwork of fantasy" and praised the characterisation of Melkor, describing him as "a stunning bad guy" whose "chief weapon against goodness is his ability to corrupt men by offering them trappings for their vanity".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(British_writer)" title="Adam Roberts (British writer)">Adam Roberts</a> wrote a parody of the book, <i>The Sellamillion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2019 article, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> called <i>The Silmarillion</i> a "cornerstone of Tolkien's imagination" and "the book by J. R. R. Tolkien that rules them all".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_challenge_to_complete">A challenge to complete</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: A challenge to complete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></div> <p>Academic criticism of Christopher Tolkien's 1977 text concentrated on his father's intention to complete the work: Since he did not do so, his plans for the overall narrative, out of the large collection of draft texts, were not clearly discernible. That in turn meant, argued the Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Charles_Noad" title="Charles Noad">Charles Noad</a>, that <i>Silmarillion</i> criticism ought first to "evolve approaches to this textual complex as it [was], including Christopher Tolkien's 1977 <i>Silmarillion</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Noad_2000_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noad_2000-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gergely_Nagy_(scholar)" title="Gergely Nagy (scholar)">Gergely Nagy</a> writes that <i>The Silmarillion</i> is long both <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda" title="History of Arda">in Middle-earth time</a> and in years of Tolkien's life; and it provides the <a href="/wiki/Impression_of_depth_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings">impression of depth</a> for both <i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. It is however in his view "immensely problematic"<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is not a "work" as usually understood: "The Silmarillion" (in <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman</a>) is the enormous <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">corpus of documents and drafts</a> that J. R. R. Tolkien built up throughout his creative life, while "<i>The Silmarillion</i>" (in <i>italics</i>) is the 1977 book that Christopher Tolkien edited. The corpus is now published in the twelve volumes of Christopher Tolkien's <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolkien1983–1996_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1983–1996-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corpus is not a single work but many versions of many works, while the book "is often regarded as not an authentic 'Tolkien text'".<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien did not authorise the 1977 text; he did not even write all of it; and he did not define the frame in which it was to be presented.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nagy notes that in 2009, Douglas Charles Kane published a "hugely important resource", his <i>Arda Reconstructed</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kane_2009_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane_2009-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which defines "exactly from what sources, variants, and with what methods" Christopher Tolkien constructed the 1977 book.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth#Light" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity in Middle-earth § Light</a></div> <p><i>The Silmarillion</i> is thematically complex. One key theme is its nature as a mythology, with multiple interrelated texts in differing styles;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger200555–77,_and_throughout_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger200555–77,_and_throughout-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Bratman" title="David Bratman">David Bratman</a> has named these as "Annalistic", "Antique" and "Appendical".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these are far from the approachable novelistic styles of <i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, lacking a single narrative thread, and without the benefit of Hobbits as guides, as Tolkien noted in a letter.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_#182_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_#182-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another major theme is sensitively<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analysed by Flieger in her 2002 book <i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger1983_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger1983-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Nagy notes was the first full monograph on <i>The Silmarillion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flieger shows that a central theme of Tolkien's writing is the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth#Light" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">progressive fragmentation of the light</a> from the moment of the creation; light symbolises both the divine creation and the author's <a href="/wiki/Subcreation" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcreation">subcreation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198344–49_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger198344–49-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key symbols including the <a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a>, the Silmarils themselves, the transformation of <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eärendil">Eärendil</a> the Mariner and his ship Vingilot into the <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Morning Star</a>, and the White Tree of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a> all embody the light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger19836–61,_89–90,_144-145_and_passim_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger19836–61,_89–90,_144-145_and_passim-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien scholar">Tolkien scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a> writes that <i>The Silmarillion</i> is most obviously a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (whereas <a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">the Shire</a> is <a href="/wiki/A_calque_upon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="A calque upon England">a calque upon England</a>). Shippey quotes Tolkien's friend <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, who stated that even Satan was created good;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005267–268_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005267–268-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien has the character <a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a> in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> say "For nothing is evil in the beginning. Even [the Dark Lord] Sauron was not so."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosebury2008113_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosebury2008113-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shippey concludes that the reader is free to assume "that the exploit of Morgoth of which the Eldar [Elves] never learnt was the traditional seduction of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> by the [Satanic] <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">serpent</a>", while the Men in the story are Adam's descendants "flying from <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a> and subject to the curse of <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Babel</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005267–268_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005267–268-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Shippey's analysis of <i>The Silmarillion</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005267–268_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005267–268-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Silmarillion element</th> <th>Biblical element </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Il%C3%BAvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilúvatar">Ilúvatar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">The One God</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Melkor/Morgoth</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a></td> <td>Men </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quenta Silmarillion</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A further theme is that of secondary creation or <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">mythopoeia</a>, linking Tolkien's beliefs about mythology, language and art, including music with his Catholicism: the fictional "Secondary World" can be beautiful because it <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">mirrors God's creation</a>. The <i>Ainulindalë</i> directly describes the creation of Arda as an artistic process, the Music of the Ainur having its own beauty but also awakening the world into being.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_presented_collection">A presented collection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: A presented collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Book_of_Mazarbul,_first_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/The_Book_of_Mazarbul%2C_first_page.jpg/170px-The_Book_of_Mazarbul%2C_first_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/The_Book_of_Mazarbul%2C_first_page.jpg/255px-The_Book_of_Mazarbul%2C_first_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0e/The_Book_of_Mazarbul%2C_first_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien went to great lengths to present his work as a collection of documents "within the fictional world",<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including preparing facsimile pages from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mazarbul" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Mazarbul">The Book of Mazarbul</a></i> to support the story and bring readers into his fantasy.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_#141_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_#141-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Tolkien's frame stories</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Verlyn Flieger</a> analyses at length Tolkien's way of thinking of his own mythology as a presented collection, with a <a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">frame story</a> that changed over the years, first with a seafarer called Eriol or <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_(Tolkien)" title="Ælfwine (Tolkien)">Ælfwine</a> who records the sayings of the "fairies" or translates the "Golden Book" of the sages Rumil or Pengoloð; later, he decided that the Hobbit <a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo Baggins</a> collected the stories into the <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a></i>, translating Elvish documents in <a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger200587–118_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger200587–118-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nagy observes that this means that Tolkien "thought of his works <i>as texts within the fictional world</i>" (his emphasis), and that the overlapping of different accounts was central to his desired effect. Nagy notes that Tolkien went so far with <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">his artwork</a> as to create facsimile pages from the Dwarves' <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mazarbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mazarbul">Book of Mazarbul</a></i> that is found by the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_Ring_(characters)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship of the Ring (characters)">Fellowship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moria_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moria (Middle-earth)">Moria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, Tolkien was a <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a>; Nagy comments that Tolkien may have been intentionally imitating the philological style of <a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a>, compiler of the Finnish epic, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i>; or of <a href="/wiki/St_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St Jerome">St Jerome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturlusson" class="mw-redirect" title="Snorri Sturlusson">Snorri Sturlusson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a>, or Nikolai Gruntvig, all of whom Tolkien saw as exemplars of a professional and creative philology.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was, Nagy believes, what Tolkien thought essential if he was to present <a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">a mythology for England</a>, since such a thing had to have been written by many hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, writes Nagy, Christopher Tolkien "inserted himself in the functional place of Bilbo" as editor and collator, in his view "reinforcing the mythopoeic effect" that his father had wanted to achieve, making the published book do what Bilbo's book was meant to do, and so realising his father's intention.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editorial_intervention">Editorial intervention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Editorial intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a></div> <p>Tolkien failed to bring <i>The Silmarillion</i> to publication in his lifetime. His son and literary executor Christopher decided to construct "a single text, selecting and arranging in such a way as seemed to me to produce the most coherent and internally self-consistent narrative."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the difficulties was that the legendarium was conceived as a set of documents of different types. For instance, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i> records that in the late 1930s, the Silmarillion consisted of:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Qenta Silmarillion</i> (narrative) <dl><dd>The houses of the princes of Men and Elves (fictional <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Genealogies</a>)</dd> <dd>The tale of years (fictional <a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">annals</a>)</dd> <dd>The tale of battles (fictional history)</dd></dl></dd> <dd><i>The Annals of <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a></i> (annals from Aman, far from Middle-earth)</dd> <dd><i>The Annals of <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a></i> (annals from a region destroyed at the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="First Age">First Age</a>)</dd> <dd><i>The <a href="/wiki/Lhammas" title="Lhammas">Lhammas</a></i> or Account of Tongues (fictional <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a>)</dd></dl> <p>As if this were not complicated enough, Tolkien continually changed the structure and content of the Silmarillion throughout his life, so that the text was "a creation of unceasing fluidity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some documents were complete and highly polished. Others were hasty drafts or sketchy outlines, begun but never completed, superseded as soon as written. Further, Tolkien experimented with names, sometimes changing them mid-document; a character could go through multiple names before the author settled on <a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">one that sounded right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHostetter2022129–144_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHostetter2022129–144-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His father had accordingly foreseen that the stories would have to be "worked over", "made consistent", and "given some progressive shape" to make them into a readable book.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result is certainly unlike the mass of overlapping documents of the legendarium; it differs, too, in style and rhythm; and Christopher was obliged to invent story elements, both to fill gaps in the narrative, and to connect threads that simply did not fit together as they stood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Randel_Helms" title="Randel Helms">Randel Helms</a> stated in terms in 1981 that "<i>The Silmarillion</i> in the shape that we have it [a single-volume narrative] is the invention of the son not the father".<sup id="cite_ref-Helms_1981_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helms_1981-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christopher admitted in 1983 that the wisdom of publishing <i>The Silmarillion</i> with no <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">frame story (whereas the legendarium and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> each have their own)</a>, "no suggestion of what it is and how (within the imagined world) it came to be", was "certainly debatable". He added "This I now think to have been an error."<sup id="cite_ref-BOLT1_Foreword_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOLT1_Foreword-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 402px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Editorial_framing_of_The_Monsters_and_The_Critics.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Editorial framing of The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays by Christopher Tolkien presents it as a set of scholarly texts.[50]"><img alt="Editorial framing of The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays by Christopher Tolkien presents it as a set of scholarly texts.[50]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Editorial_framing_of_The_Monsters_and_The_Critics.svg/600px-Editorial_framing_of_The_Monsters_and_The_Critics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Editorial_framing_of_The_Monsters_and_The_Critics.svg/900px-Editorial_framing_of_The_Monsters_and_The_Critics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Editorial_framing_of_The_Monsters_and_The_Critics.svg/1200px-Editorial_framing_of_The_Monsters_and_The_Critics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Editorial framing of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monsters_and_the_Critics,_and_Other_Essays" title="The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays">The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays</a></i> by Christopher Tolkien presents it as a set of scholarly texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 402px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Editorial_framing_of_The_History_of_Middle-earth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Editorial framing of the 12 volumes of The History of Middle-earth by Christopher Tolkien presents his father's legendarium, and the books derived from it, as a set of historic texts, analogous to the presentation of genuine scholarly works like The Monsters and The Critics; and it creates a narrative voice throughout the series, a figure of Christopher Tolkien himself.[50]"><img alt="Editorial framing of the 12 volumes of The History of Middle-earth by Christopher Tolkien presents his father's legendarium, and the books derived from it, as a set of historic texts, analogous to the presentation of genuine scholarly works like The Monsters and The Critics; and it creates a narrative voice throughout the series, a figure of Christopher Tolkien himself.[50]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Editorial_framing_of_The_History_of_Middle-earth.svg/600px-Editorial_framing_of_The_History_of_Middle-earth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Editorial_framing_of_The_History_of_Middle-earth.svg/900px-Editorial_framing_of_The_History_of_Middle-earth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Editorial_framing_of_The_History_of_Middle-earth.svg/1200px-Editorial_framing_of_The_History_of_Middle-earth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Editorial framing of the 12 volumes of <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i> by Christopher Tolkien presents <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">his father's legendarium</a>, and the books derived from it, as a set of historic texts, analogous to the presentation of genuine scholarly works like <i>The Monsters and The Critics</i>; and it creates a <a href="/wiki/Narrative_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative voice">narrative voice</a> throughout the series, a figure of Christopher Tolkien himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_in_music">Influence in music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Influence in music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music of Middle-earth</a></div> <p>In 1998, the German power metal band <a href="/wiki/Blind_Guardian" title="Blind Guardian">Blind Guardian</a> released a concept album about the events in the book titled <i><a href="/wiki/Nightfall_in_Middle-Earth" title="Nightfall in Middle-Earth">Nightfall in Middle-Earth</a></i>. All 25 of its tracks detail events from <i>The Silmarillion</i>, and have titles that allude to those events. For example, track 7 is titled "The Curse of Fëanor".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norwegian classical composer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Romberg" title="Martin Romberg">Martin Romberg</a> has written three full-scale symphonic poems, "Quendi" (2008), "Telperion et Laurelin" (2014), and "Fëanor" (2017), inspired by passages from <i>The Silmarillion</i>. The works were premiered by orchestras in <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a> between 2009 and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British rock band <a href="/wiki/Marillion" title="Marillion">Marillion</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the French <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a> band Hirilorn (later, <a href="/wiki/Deathspell_Omega" title="Deathspell Omega">Deathspell Omega</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took their names from the book, as did the Swedish death metal band <a href="/wiki/Amon_Amarth" title="Amon Amarth">Amon Amarth</a>, Sindarin for "Mountain of Doom".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolkien is widely agreed by scholars to have conducted <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a>, the creation of myths. See that article, and e.g. Nagy's book cited here.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In contrast to the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Editorial_framing_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Editorial framing of The Lord of the Rings">Editorial framing of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a>, constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Additional 1977 criticisms can be read in <a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Wayne G. Hammond</a>'s summary "The Critical Response to Tolkien's Fiction".<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_1996_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond_1996-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Letters_131,_180-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_131,_180_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_131,_180_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #131 to Milton Waldman, late 1951, #180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silf-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silf_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silf_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, Foreword</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #165 to <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Co.">Houghton Mifflin Co.</a>, 1955, #211 to Rhona Beare, 14 October 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoLTF-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BoLTF_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoLTF_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoLTF_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoLTF_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1984">Tolkien 1984</a>, Foreword</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letter211-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-letter211_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #211 to Rhona Beare, 14 October 1958, last footnote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SilNameIndex-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SilNameIndex_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SilNameIndex_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SilNameIndex_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SilNameIndex_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, Index of Names</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, pp. 15, 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #115 to Katherine Farrer, 15 June 1948</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #165 to <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Co.">Houghton Mifflin Co.</a>, 1955, #180 to Mr Thompson, 14 January 1956, #282 to <a href="/wiki/Clyde_S._Kilby" title="Clyde S. Kilby">Clyde S. Kilby</a>, 18 December 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #163 to <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, 7 June 1955, #165 to <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Co.">Houghton Mifflin Co.</a>, 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1984">Tolkien 1984</a>, ch. 1 "The Cottage of Lost Play"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoB1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoB1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoB1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1985">Tolkien 1985</a>, ch. 1 "The Lay of the Children of Húrin"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoMEP-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SoMEP_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoMEP_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1986">Tolkien 1986</a>, Preface</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter19-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter19_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter19_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #19 to <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Unwin_(publisher)" title="Stanley Unwin (publisher)">Stanley Unwin</a>, 16 December 1937</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1987">Tolkien 1987</a>, Part 2, ch. 6 "Quenta Silmarillion"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MRF-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MRF_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRF_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRF_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRF_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1993">Tolkien 1993</a> Foreword</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #124 to <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Unwin_(publisher)" title="Stanley Unwin (publisher)">Sir Stanley Unwin</a>, 24 February 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #133 to <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Rayner Unwin</a>, 22 June 1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beleriand-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beleriand_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1984">Tolkien 1984</a>, pp. 433–434</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1980">Tolkien 1980</a>, "Introduction"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1994">Tolkien 1994</a>, Part 3, ch. 5 "The Tale of Years"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLT_Foreword-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLT_Foreword_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLT_Foreword_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1984">Tolkien 1984</a>, "Foreword"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/241016297"><i>The Silmarillion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a>. 2008. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/241016297">241016297</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silmarillion&rft.pub=WorldCat&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F241016297&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F241016297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #154 to <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Mitchison" title="Naomi Mitchison">Naomi Mitchison</a>, 25 September 1954, #227 to Mrs E. C. Ossen Drijver, 5 January 1961</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #107 to <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Unwin_(publisher)" title="Stanley Unwin (publisher)">Sir Stanley Unwin</a>, 7 December 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1993">Tolkien 1993</a>, "Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #144 to <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Mitchison" title="Naomi Mitchison">Naomi Mitchison</a>, 25 April 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_#182-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_#182_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #182 to Anne Barrett of <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>, 1956</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954a">Tolkien 1954a</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_#141-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_#141_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #141 to Allen & Unwin, 9 October 1953</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1987">Tolkien 1987</a>, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #247 to Colonel Worksett, 20 September 1963</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Rayner Unwin</a> (1978), in <i>Amon Hen</i>, bulletin of <a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">the Tolkien Society</a>, no. 32 p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Locus_Awards-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Locus_Awards_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Locus_Awards_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201034720/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/LocusWinsByCategory.html#nvlf">"The Locus Index to SF Awards"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/LocusWinsByCategory.html#nvlf#nvlf">the original</a> on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Locus+Index+to+SF+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2FSFAwards%2FDb%2FLocusWinsByCategory.html%23nvlf%23nvlf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagy_2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_2020_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagy2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gergely_Nagy_(scholar)" title="Gergely Nagy (scholar)">Nagy, Gergely</a> (2020) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vsPXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">"<i>The Silmarillion</i>: Tolkien's Theory of Myth, Text, and Culture"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Lee, Stuart D.</a> (ed.). <i>A Companion to J. R. R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tolkien%27s+Hobbit+fetches+%C2%A360%2C000&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F7302101.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayley_2022-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bayley_2022_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayley2022" class="citation web cs1">Bayley, Sian (25 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/harpercollins-to-publish-new-edition-of-the-silmarillion-illustrated-by-tolkien">"HarperCollins to publish new edition of The Silmarillion illustrated by Tolkien"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bookseller" title="The Bookseller">The Bookseller</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bookseller&rft.atitle=HarperCollins+to+publish+new+edition+of+The+Silmarillion+illustrated+by+Tolkien&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft.aulast=Bayley&rft.aufirst=Sian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebookseller.com%2Frights%2Fharpercollins-to-publish-new-edition-of-the-silmarillion-illustrated-by-tolkien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pezzini_2024-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pezzini_2024_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPezzini2024" class="citation journal cs1">Pezzini, Giuseppe (2024). "Richard Ovenden and Catherine McIlwaine (eds), The Great Tales Never End: Essays in Memory of Christopher Tolkien". <i>Journal of Inklings Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 103–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fink.2024.0224">10.3366/ink.2024.0224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-8797">2045-8797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inklings+Studies&rft.atitle=Richard+Ovenden+and+Catherine+McIlwaine+%28eds%29%2C+The+Great+Tales+Never+End%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Christopher+Tolkien&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-106&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fink.2024.0224&rft.issn=2045-8797&rft.aulast=Pezzini&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittingham_2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whittingham_2008_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittingham2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Whittingham" title="Elizabeth Whittingham">Whittingham, Elizabeth</a> (2008). <i>The Evolution of Tolkien's Mythology: a Study of The History of Middle-earth</i>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. pp. 117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3281-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3281-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-3281-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/152581042">152581042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Tolkien%27s+Mythology%3A+a+Study+of+The+History+of+Middle-earth&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F152581042&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3281-3&rft.aulast=Whittingham&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood_2014-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flood_2014_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2014" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (29 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/29/guy-gavriel-kay-jrr-tolkien-interview-fionovar-tapesty-the-summer-tree">"Guy Gavriel Kay: 'I learned a lot about false starts from JRR Tolkien'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Guy+Gavriel+Kay%3A+%27I+learned+a+lot+about+false+starts+from+JRR+Tolkien%27&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2014%2Foct%2F29%2Fguy-gavriel-kay-jrr-tolkien-interview-fionovar-tapesty-the-summer-tree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olympian-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olympian_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurtill2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Purtill" title="Richard Purtill">Purtill, Richard L.</a> (2003). <i>J. R. R. Tolkien: Myth, Morality, and Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. pp. 52, 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-948-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-948-3"><bdi>978-0-89870-948-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Myth%2C+Morality%2C+and+Religion&rft.pages=52%2C+131&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-948-3&rft.aulast=Purtill&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2001" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Michael (2001). <i>Hobbits, Elves, and Wizards: Exploring the Wonders and Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6025-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-6025-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hobbits%2C+Elves%2C+and+Wizards%3A+Exploring+the+Wonders+and+Worlds+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6025-2&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarth2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">Garth, John</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War:_The_Threshold_of_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth">Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Great+War%3A+The+Threshold+of+Middle-earth&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Garth&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThorOdin-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ThorOdin_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThorOdin_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChance2004">Chance 2004</a>, p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChance2001">Chance 2001</a>, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramlett2003" class="citation book cs1">Bramlett, Perry (2003). <i>I Am in Fact a Hobbit: An Introduction to the Life and Works of J. R. R. Tolkien</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mercer_University_Press" title="Mercer University Press">Mercer University Press</a>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-851-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-851-X"><bdi>0-86554-851-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Am+in+Fact+a+Hobbit%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Life+and+Works+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-86554-851-X&rft.aulast=Bramlett&rft.aufirst=Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger2005ch._1_"The_Motives"-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger2005ch._1_"The_Motives"_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlieger2005">Flieger 2005</a>, ch. 1 "The Motives".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Celtic-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Celtic_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFimi2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Fimi, Dimitra</a> (August 2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mad' Elves and 'Elusive Beauty': Some Celtic Strands of Tolkien's Mythology". <i><a href="/wiki/Folklore_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore (journal)">Folklore</a></i>. <b>117</b> (2): 156–170. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30035484">30035484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=%27Mad%27+Elves+and+%27Elusive+Beauty%27%3A+Some+Celtic+Strands+of+Tolkien%27s+Mythology&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=156-170&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30035484%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fimi&rft.aufirst=Dimitra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birzer2014-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birzer2014_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirzer2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bradley_J._Birzer" title="Bradley J. Birzer">Birzer, Bradley J.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TyKDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>J. R. R. Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth: Understanding Middle-earth</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">Intercollegiate Studies Institute</a> (ORD). p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-4891-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-4891-3"><bdi>978-1-4976-4891-3</bdi></a>. <q>Christopher Tolkien did mention the negative criticism, though, in his foreword to <i>The Book of Lost Tales</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+Sanctifying+Myth%3A+Understanding+Middle-earth&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Intercollegiate+Studies+Institute+%28ORD%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4976-4891-3&rft.aulast=Birzer&rft.aufirst=Bradley+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTyKDAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond_1996-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_1996_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_1996_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. 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Sue (December 1977). "The Silmarillion (Book Review)". <i><a href="/wiki/School_Library_Journal" title="School Library Journal">School Library Journal</a></i>. <b>24</b> (4): 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=School+Library+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Silmarillion+%28Book+Review%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1977-12&rft.aulast=Hurwitz&rft.aufirst=K.+Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYRB-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYRB_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYRB_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYRB_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1977" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Robert M. 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Tolkien: six decades of criticism</i> (1986), p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad1977" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Conrad_(academic)" title="Peter Conrad (academic)">Conrad, Peter</a> (23 September 1977). "The Babbit". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>. 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R. R. Tolkien qui les gouverne tous"</a> ['The Silmarillion': On the origins of the book by J. R. R. Tolkien that rules them all]. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=%27Le+Silmarillion%27+%3A+aux+origines+du+livre+de+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+qui+les+gouverne+tous&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft.aulast=Th%C3%A9venet&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fpixels%2Farticle%2F2019%2F10%2F28%2Fle-silmarillion-aux-origines-du-livre-de-j-r-r-tolkien-qui-les-gouverne-tous_6017163_4408996.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noad_2000-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noad_2000_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoad2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Noad" title="Charles Noad">Noad, Charles</a> (2000). "On the Construction of The Silmarillion". In <a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Hostetter, Carl F.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium:_Essays_on_The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth">Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. 31–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30530-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30530-6"><bdi>978-0-313-30530-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41315400">41315400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Construction+of+The+Silmarillion&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Legendarium%3A+Essays+on+The+History+of+Middle-earth&rft.pages=31-68&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41315400&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30530-6&rft.aulast=Noad&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1983–1996-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolkien1983–1996_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1983–1996">Tolkien 1983–1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kane_2009-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kane_2009_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2009" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Douglas Charles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ii-2skNmDgYC"><i>Arda Reconstructed: The Creation of the Published Silmarillion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University_Press" title="Lehigh University Press">Lehigh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9801496-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9801496-3-0"><bdi>978-0-9801496-3-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arda+Reconstructed%3A+The+Creation+of+the+Published+Silmarillion&rft.pub=Lehigh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9801496-3-0&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIi-2skNmDgYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger200555–77,_and_throughout-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger200555–77,_and_throughout_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlieger2005">Flieger 2005</a>, pp. 55–77, and throughout.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratman2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bratman" title="David Bratman">Bratman, David</a> (2000). "The Literary Value of <i>The History of Middle-earth</i>". In <a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Hostetter, Carl F.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium:_Essays_on_The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth">Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. 69–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30530-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30530-6"><bdi>978-0-313-30530-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41315400">41315400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Literary+Value+of+The+History+of+Middle-earth&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Legendarium%3A+Essays+on+The+History+of+Middle-earth&rft.pages=69-91&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41315400&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30530-6&rft.aulast=Bratman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger1983-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger1983_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlieger1983">Flieger 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger198344–49-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198344–49_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlieger1983">Flieger 1983</a>, pp. 44–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger19836–61,_89–90,_144-145_and_passim-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger19836–61,_89–90,_144-145_and_passim_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlieger1983">Flieger 1983</a>, pp. 6–61, 89–90, 144-145 and passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005267–268-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005267–268_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005267–268_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005267–268_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 267–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosebury2008113-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosebury2008113_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosebury2008">Rosebury 2008</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger200587–118-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger200587–118_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlieger2005">Flieger 2005</a>, pp. 87–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerré202253–69_83-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerré2022">Ferré 2022</a>, pp. 53–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHostetter2022129–144-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHostetter2022129–144_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHostetter2022">Hostetter 2022</a>, pp. 129–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helms_1981-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Helms_1981_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Randel_Helms" title="Randel Helms">Helms, Randel</a> (1981). <i>Tolkien and the Silmarils</i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29469-7"><bdi>978-0-395-29469-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Silmarils&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-395-29469-7&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=Randel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOLT1_Foreword-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BOLT1_Foreword_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1984">Tolkien 1984</a>, pp. 5–7 "Foreword"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Eden" title="Bradford Lee Eden">Eden, Bradford Lee</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AOS74uZTasYC&pg=PA134"><i>Middle-earth Minstrel: Essays on Music in Tolkien</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786456604" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786456604"><bdi>978-0786456604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle-earth+Minstrel%3A+Essays+on+Music+in+Tolkien&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0786456604&rft.aulast=Eden&rft.aufirst=Bradford+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAOS74uZTasYC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/alpes-maritimes/nice/orchestre-philharmonique-nice-fete-ses-70-ans-1337143.html">"Concert Review Orchestre Philharmonique de Nice 2017, Fëanor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_3" title="France 3">France 3</a>. 29 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concert+Review+Orchestre+Philharmonique+de+Nice+2017%2C+F%C3%ABanor&rft.pub=France+3&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrance3-regions.francetvinfo.fr%2Fprovence-alpes-cote-d-azur%2Falpes-maritimes%2Fnice%2Forchestre-philharmonique-nice-fete-ses-70-ans-1337143.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032312/http://www.orchestre-avignon.com/artistes/martin-romberg/">"Martin Romberg at Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence"</a>. Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orchestre-avignon.com/artistes/martin-romberg/">the original</a> on 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Romberg+at+Orchestre+r%C3%A9gional+Avignon-Provence&rft.pub=Orchestre+r%C3%A9gional+Avignon-Provence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orchestre-avignon.com%2Fartistes%2Fmartin-romberg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilveyra2002" class="citation web cs1">Silveyra, Marcelo (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080604002321/http://www.progfreaks.com/Marillion/Biography/Chapter1.htm">"Chapter 1 – Writing Down The Script"</a>. <i>Progfreaks</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.progfreaks.com/Marillion/Biography/Chapter1.htm">the original</a> on 4 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Progfreaks&rft.atitle=Chapter+1+%E2%80%93+Writing+Down+The+Script&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Silveyra&rft.aufirst=Marcelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.progfreaks.com%2FMarillion%2FBiography%2FChapter1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.wizards.com/2018/dnd/dragon/22/DRA22_Dra198_Grave.pdf">"Hirilorn"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Metal-Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Hasjarl and Shaxul teamed up in Deathspell Omega after the split of Hirilorn in 1999. "Hirilorn" was a large beech tree used as a prison for the princess Luthien in JRR Tolkien's Silmarillion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metal-Archives&rft.atitle=Hirilorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.wizards.com%2F2018%2Fdnd%2Fdragon%2F22%2FDRA22_Dra198_Grave.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casadoestudo.com/tolkien-biografia/">"Tolkien: Quem Foi, Biografia, Frases, Livros e Pensamento"</a>. <i>casadoestudo.com</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=casadoestudo.com&rft.atitle=Tolkien%3A+Quem+Foi%2C+Biografia%2C+Frases%2C+Livros+e+Pensamento&rft.date=2023-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcasadoestudo.com%2Ftolkien-biografia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a>, ed. (2023) [1981]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a>: Revised and Expanded Edition</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper Collins">Harper Collins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4"><bdi>978-0-35-865298-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-35-865298-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_A_%27Mythology_for_England%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's Art: A 'Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: A 'Mythology for England'</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9020-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9020-4"><bdi>978-0-8131-9020-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Art%3A+A+%27Mythology+for+England%27&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-9020-4&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth"><i>Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-2301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Invention+of+Myth%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2301-1&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerré2022" class="citation book cs1">Ferré, Vincent (2022). "The Son Behind the Father: Christopher Tolkien as a Writer". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ovenden" title="Richard Ovenden">Ovenden, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_McIlwaine" title="Catherine McIlwaine">McIlwaine, Catherine</a> (eds.). <i>The Great Tales Never End: Essays in Memory of Christopher Tolkien</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodleian Library Publishing">Bodleian Library Publishing</a>. pp. 53–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8512-4565-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8512-4565-9"><bdi>978-1-8512-4565-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Son+Behind+the+Father%3A+Christopher+Tolkien+as+a+Writer&rft.btitle=The+Great+Tales+Never+End%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Christopher+Tolkien&rft.pages=53-69&rft.pub=Bodleian+Library+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-8512-4565-9&rft.aulast=Ferr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlieger1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a> (1983). <a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light"><i>Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1955-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1955-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-1955-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splintered+Light%3A+Logos+and+Language+in+Tolkien%27s+World&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-1955-0&rft.aulast=Flieger&rft.aufirst=Verlyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlieger2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a> (2005). <i>Interrupted Music: The Making Of Tolkien's Mythology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-824-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-824-5"><bdi>978-0-87338-824-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interrupted+Music%3A+The+Making+Of+Tolkien%27s+Mythology&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-824-5&rft.aulast=Flieger&rft.aufirst=Verlyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHostetter2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hostetter" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Hostetter">Hostetter, Carl</a> (2022). "Editing the Tolkienian Manuscript". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ovenden" title="Richard Ovenden">Ovenden, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_McIlwaine" title="Catherine McIlwaine">McIlwaine, Catherine</a> (eds.). <i>The Great Tales Never End: Essays in Memory of Christopher Tolkien</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodleian Library Publishing">Bodleian Library Publishing</a>. pp. 129–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8512-4565-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8512-4565-9"><bdi>978-1-8512-4565-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Editing+the+Tolkienian+Manuscript&rft.btitle=The+Great+Tales+Never+End%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Christopher+Tolkien&rft.pages=129-144&rft.pub=Bodleian+Library+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-8512-4565-9&rft.aulast=Hostetter&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosebury2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Rosebury" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Rosebury">Rosebury, Brian</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsJ645BbokAC&pg=PA115">"Tolkien in the History of Ideas"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a> (ed.). <i>J.R.R. Tolkien</i>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-146-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-146-8"><bdi>978-1-60413-146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tolkien+in+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-146-8&rft.aulast=Rosebury&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsJ645BbokAC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2005) [1982]. <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth"><i>The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology</i></a> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0"><bdi>978-0-261-10275-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-Earth%3A+How+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Created+a+New+Mythology&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10275-0&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1954a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1954a). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942">9552942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fellowship+of+the+Ring&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9552942&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1977). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Silmarillion</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2"><bdi>978-0-395-25730-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silmarillion&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-395-25730-2&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29917-3"><bdi>978-0-395-29917-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unfinished+Tales&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-395-29917-3&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1983–1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1983–1996). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth"><i>The History of Middle-earth</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-825984-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-825984-6"><bdi>978-0-00-825984-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Middle-earth&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1983%2F1996&rft.isbn=978-0-00-825984-6&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1984). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i>. Vol. 1. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-35439-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-35439-0"><bdi>0-395-35439-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Lost+Tales&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-395-35439-0&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1985). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-39429-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-39429-5"><bdi>0-395-39429-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lays+of+Beleriand&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-395-39429-5&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1986). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-42501-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-42501-5"><bdi>978-0-395-42501-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+Middle-earth&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-395-42501-5&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1987). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-45519-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-45519-7"><bdi>0-395-45519-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Road+and+Other+Writings&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-395-45519-7&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1993). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-68092-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-68092-1"><bdi>0-395-68092-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morgoth%27s+Ring&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-395-68092-1&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-71041-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-71041-3"><bdi>0-395-71041-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Jewels&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-395-71041-3&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Silmarillion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Template talk:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Special:EditPage/Template:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="J._R._R._Tolkien" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Poetry<br />and songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_for_the_Philologists" title="Songs for the Philologists">Songs for the Philologists</a></i> (1936) <ul><li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Bagme_Bloma" title="Bagme Bloma">Bagme Bloma</a></i>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Homecoming_of_Beorhtnoth_Beorhthelm%27s_Son" title="The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son">The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son</a></i> (1953)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Walking_Song" title="A Walking Song">A Walking Song</a>" (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> (1962) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Errantry" title="Errantry">Errantry</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fastitocalon_(poem)" title="Fastitocalon (poem)">Fastitocalon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sea-Bell" title="The Sea-Bell">The Sea-Bell</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Stayed_Up_Too_Late" title="The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late">The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sigurd_and_Gudr%C3%BAn" title="The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún">The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Arthur" title="The Fall of Arthur">The Fall of Arthur</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tolkien%27s_alliterative_verse" title="List of Tolkien's alliterative verse">List of Tolkien's alliterative verse</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkien_monogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/50px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/75px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/100px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="43" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Leaf_by_Niggle" title="Leaf by Niggle">Leaf by Niggle</a>" (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lay_of_Aotrou_and_Itroun" title="The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun">The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham" title="Farmer Giles of Ham">Farmer Giles of Ham</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> (1955)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tree_and_Leaf" title="Tree and Leaf">Tree and Leaf</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Reader" title="The Tolkien Reader">The Tolkien Reader</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_of_Wootton_Major" title="Smith of Wootton Major">Smith of Wootton Major</a></i> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous <br /> fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Father_Christmas_Letters" title="The Father Christmas Letters">The Father Christmas Letters</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Silmarillion</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Bliss" title="Mr. Bliss">Mr. Bliss</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i> (1983–1996) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roverandom" title="Roverandom">Roverandom</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kullervo" title="The Story of Kullervo">The Story of Kullervo</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic<br />works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a></i> (Middle English text, 1925) </span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Coach_Horses" title="The Devil's Coach Horses">The Devil's Coach Horses</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Wisse_and_Hali_Mei%C3%B0had" title="Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad">Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad</a>" (1929)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sigelwara_Land" title="Sigelwara Land">Sigelwara Land</a>" (1932–34)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Chaucer_as_a_Philologist:_The_Reeve%27s_Tale" title="Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale">Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale</a>" (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics"><i>Beowulf</i>: The Monsters and the Critics</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Fairy-Stories" title="On Fairy-Stories">On Fairy-Stories</a>" (1939) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Beowulf" title="On Translating Beowulf">On Translating <i>Beowulf</i></a><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Wisse" title="Ancrene Wisse">Ancrene Wisse</a></i> (1962)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/English_and_Welsh" title="English and Welsh">English and Welsh</a>" (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a></i> (as translator and lexicographer, 1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous <br /> academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_(poem)" title="Pearl (poem)">Pearl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a></i> (translations, 1975) </span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(poem)" title="Exodus (poem)">Exodus</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monsters_and_the_Critics,_and_Other_Essays" title="The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays">The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf and the Critics">Beowulf and the Critics</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_A_Translation_and_Commentary" title="Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary">Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary</a></i> with "<a href="/wiki/Sellic_Spell" title="Sellic Spell">Sellic Spell</a>" (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Humphrey Carpenter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Biography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography</a></i> (1977, authorized biography)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">John Garth</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McIlwaine" title="Catherine McIlwaine">Catherine McIlwaine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moseley_(writer)" title="Charles Moseley (writer)">Charles Moseley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Caldecott" title="Stratford Caldecott">Stratford Caldecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_T._Dickerson" title="Matthew T. Dickerson">Matthew T. Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duriez" title="Colin Duriez">Colin Duriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Ordway" title="Holly Ordway">Holly Ordway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Joseph Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_Rutledge" title="Fleming Rutledge">Fleming Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_C._Wood" title="Ralph C. Wood">Ralph C. Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Literary<br />critics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Anderson" title="Douglas A. Anderson">Douglas A. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Birns" title="Nicholas Birns">Nicholas Birns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_J._Birzer" title="Bradley J. Birzer">Bradley J. Birzer</a></li> <li>Janice Bogstad & Philip Kaveny <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bratman" title="David Bratman">David Bratman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Brennan_Croft" title="Janet Brennan Croft">Janet Brennan Croft</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_on_Film" title="Tolkien on Film">Tolkien on Film</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Curry" title="Patrick Curry">Patrick Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Eden" title="Bradford Lee Eden">Bradford Lee Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Dimitra Fimi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Fisher" title="Jason Fisher">Jason Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Verlyn Flieger</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foster_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Foster (Tolkien scholar)">Michael Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Groom" title="Nick Groom">Nick Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Wayne G. Hammond</a> & <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Christina Scull</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Descriptive_Bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Artist_and_Illustrator" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator">J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randel_Helms" title="Randel Helms">Randel Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Honegger" title="Thomas Honegger">Thomas Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Huttar" title="Charles A. Huttar">Charles A. Huttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Paul H. Kocher</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Stuart D. Lee</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keys_of_Middle-earth" title="The Keys of Middle-earth">The Keys of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Lobdell" title="Jared Lobdell">Jared Lobdell</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Anne_Reid" title="Robin Anne Reid">Robin Anne Reid</a></li> <li>Brian Rosebury <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Cultural_Phenomenon" title="Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon">Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_H._Sturgis" title="Amy H. Sturgis">Amy H. Sturgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Vaninskaya" title="Anna Vaninskaya">Anna Vaninskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._West" title="Richard C. West">Richard C. West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Whittingham" title="Elizabeth Whittingham">Elizabeth Whittingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Zimbardo" title="Rose Zimbardo">Rose Zimbardo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Understanding The Lord of the Rings">Understanding The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Linguists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Appleyard" title="Anthony Appleyard">Anthony Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Fauskanger" title="Helge Fauskanger">Helge Fauskanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Salo" title="David Salo">David Salo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arden_R._Smith" title="Arden R. Smith">Arden R. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Turner" title="Allan Turner">Allan Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medievalists</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classicists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Marjorie Burns</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Jane Chance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Michael D. C. Drout</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Evans_(scholar)" title="Jonathan Evans (scholar)">Jonathan Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Vincent Ferré">Vincent Ferré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergely_Nagy_(scholar)" title="Gergely Nagy (scholar)">Gergely Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Elizabeth Solopova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar" title="Sandra Ballif Straubhaar">Sandra Ballif Straubhaar</a></li> <li>Hamish Williams <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Classical_World_(book)" title="Tolkien and the Classical World (book)">Tolkien and the Classical World</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Popular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Lin Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">Robert Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_GoodKnight" title="Glen GoodKnight">Glen GoodKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Martinez_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Martinez (Tolkien scholar)">Michael Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Noad" title="Charles Noad">Charles Noad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tyler" title="Tony Tyler">J. E. A. Tyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_family" title="Tolkien family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Morgan" title="Francis Xavier Morgan">Francis Xavier Morgan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages constructed by Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_Linguistic_Fellowship" title="Elvish Linguistic Fellowship">Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Tolkien and the modernists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Estate" title="Tolkien Estate">Tolkien Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Tolkien fan fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Society_Awards" title="Tolkien Society Awards">Awards</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Studies" title="Tolkien Studies">Tolkien Studies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Tolkien research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_(film)" title="Tolkien (film)">Tolkien</a></i> (biographical film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></i> (album)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language_and_Human_Nature" title="Language and Human Nature">Language and Human Nature</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle-earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle-earth" title="Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle-earth" title="Template talk:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle-earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_canon" title="Middle-earth canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Legendarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Middle-earth" title="Outline of Middle-earth">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Tolkien's<br />lifetime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1954-55) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Silmarillion</a></i> (1977) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i> (1990)</li> <li>The three "Great Tales" <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i> (2018)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of<br />composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">History of<br />Middle-earth</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[1–2] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i> (1983–84) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_(Tolkien)" title="Ælfwine (Tolkien)">Ælfwine</a></li></ul></li> <li>[3] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i> (1985)</li> <li>[4] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i> (1986)</li> <li>[5] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i> (1987) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Etymologies_(Tolkien)" title="The Etymologies (Tolkien)">The Etymologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhammas" title="Lhammas">Lhammas</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[6–9] <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1988–92) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers" title="The Notion Club Papers">The Notion Club Papers</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[10] <i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i> (1993)</li> <li>[11] <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i> (1994)</li> <li>[12] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i> (2007)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i> (2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda" title="History of Arda">Fictional<br />universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainur_in_Middle-earth" title="Ainur in Middle-earth">Ainur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Middle-earth" title="Dragons in Middle-earth">Dragons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancalagon_the_Black" title="Ancalagon the Black">Ancalagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle-earth_characters" title="List of Middle-earth characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil_and_Elwing" title="Eärendil and Elwing">Eärendil and Elwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel" title="Finwë and Míriel">Finwë and Míriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil-galad" title="Gil-galad">Gil-galad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BArin" title="Húrin">Húrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAthien_and_Beren" title="Lúthien and Beren">Lúthien and Beren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melian_(Middle-earth)" title="Melian (Middle-earth)">Melian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingol" title="Thingol">Thingol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuor_and_Idril" title="Tuor and Idril">Tuor and Idril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin Turambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esgaroth" title="Esgaroth">Esgaroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_Mountain" title="Lonely Mountain">Lonely Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantír</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silmarils" title="Silmarils">Silmarils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Tolkien's poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_round_world_dilemma" title="Tolkien's round world dilemma">Round World dilemma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_light_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Christian light in Tolkien's legendarium">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Straight_Road" title="Old Straight Road">Old Straight Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Middle-earth" title="Paganism in Middle-earth">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Finnish language and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth" title="The Atlas of Middle-earth">The Atlas of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journeys_of_Frodo" title="Journeys of Frodo">Journeys of Frodo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations,<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_Blok" title="Cor Blok">Cor Blok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anke_Ei%C3%9Fmann" title="Anke Eißmann">Anke Eißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hildebrandt" title="Brothers Hildebrandt">Brothers Hildebrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Dolfen" title="Jenny Dolfen">Jenny Dolfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fairburn" title="Mary Fairburn">Mary Fairburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_Giancola" title="Donato Giancola">Donato Giancola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korotich" title="Alexander Korotich">Alexander Korotich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Hansson" title="Bo Hansson">Bo Hansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Meij" title="Johan de Meij">Johan de Meij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Hobbit_film_series" title="Music of The Hobbit film series">Music of <i>The Hobbit</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">Music of <i>The Rings of Power</i> TV series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Guardian" title="Blind Guardian">Blind Guardian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nightfall_in_Middle-Earth" title="Nightfall in Middle-Earth">Nightfall in Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Swann" title="Donald Swann">Donald Swann</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Ensemble" title="The Tolkien Ensemble">The Tolkien Ensemble</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_in_Rivendell" title="An Evening in Rivendell">An Evening in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_Rivendell" title="A Night in Rivendell">A Night in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Dawn_in_Rivendell" title="At Dawn in Rivendell">At Dawn in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Rivendell" title="Leaving Rivendell">Leaving Rivendell</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Enterprises" title="Middle-earth Enterprises">Middle-earth Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Calendars" title="Tolkien Calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Things named after Tolkien and his works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary<br />criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">The Complete Guide to Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien">A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Look_Behind_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings">Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium:_Essays_on_The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth">Tolkien's Legendarium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Locus_Award_for_Best_Fantasy_Novel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Locus_Award_Best_Fantasy_Novel" title="Template:Locus Award Best Fantasy Novel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Locus_Award_Best_Fantasy_Novel" title="Template talk:Locus Award Best Fantasy Novel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Locus_Award_Best_Fantasy_Novel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Locus Award Best Fantasy Novel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Locus_Award_for_Best_Fantasy_Novel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_Fantasy_Novel" title="Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel">Best Fantasy Novel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s and 1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Silmarillion</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harpist_in_the_Wind" title="Harpist in the Wind">Harpist in the Wind</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Patricia_A._McKillip" title="Patricia A. McKillip">Patricia A. McKillip</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majipoor_series" title="Majipoor series">Lord Valentine's Castle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Claw_of_the_Conciliator" title="The Claw of the Conciliator">The Claw of the Conciliator</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Wolfe" title="Gene Wolfe">Gene Wolfe</a> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_the_Lictor" title="The Sword of the Lictor">The Sword of the Lictor</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Wolfe" title="Gene Wolfe">Gene Wolfe</a> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mists_of_Avalon" title="The Mists of Avalon">The Mists of Avalon</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Job:_A_Comedy_of_Justice" title="Job: A Comedy of Justice">Job: A Comedy of Justice</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trumps_of_Doom" title="Trumps of Doom">Trumps of Doom</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soldier_of_the_Mist" title="Soldier of the Mist">Soldier of the Mist</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Wolfe" title="Gene Wolfe">Gene Wolfe</a> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Son_(novel)" title="Seventh Son (novel)">Seventh Son</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Prophet" title="Red Prophet">Red Prophet</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prentice_Alvin" title="Prentice Alvin">Prentice Alvin</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehanu" title="Tehanu">Tehanu</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (1991)</li> <li><i>Beauty</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sheri_S._Tepper" title="Sheri S. Tepper">Sheri S. Tepper</a> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Call_(novel)" title="Last Call (novel)">Last Call</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Powers" title="Tim Powers">Tim Powers</a> (1993)</li> <li><i>The Innkeeper's Song</i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_S._Beagle" title="Peter S. Beagle">Peter S. Beagle</a> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brittle_Innings" title="Brittle Innings">Brittle Innings</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bishop_(author)" title="Michael Bishop (author)">Michael Bishop</a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Journeyman" title="Alvin Journeyman">Alvin Journeyman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones" title="A Game of Thrones">A Game of Thrones</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Weather_(novel)" title="Earthquake Weather (novel)">Earthquake Weather</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Powers" title="Tim Powers">Tim Powers</a> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Clash_of_Kings" title="A Clash of Kings">A Clash of Kings</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban">Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Storm_of_Swords" title="A Storm of Swords">A Storm of Swords</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Gods" title="American Gods">American Gods</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scar_(novel)" title="The Scar (novel)">The Scar</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/China_Mi%C3%A9ville" title="China Miéville">China Miéville</a> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paladin_of_Souls" title="Paladin of Souls">Paladin of Souls</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Council" title="Iron Council">Iron Council</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/China_Mi%C3%A9ville" title="China Miéville">China Miéville</a> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anansi_Boys" title="Anansi Boys">Anansi Boys</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Privilege_of_the_Sword" title="The Privilege of the Sword">The Privilege of the Sword</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Kushner" title="Ellen Kushner">Ellen Kushner</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_Money" title="Making Money">Making Money</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_(novel)" title="Lavinia (novel)">Lavinia</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_City_%26_the_City" title="The City & the City">The City & the City</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/China_Mi%C3%A9ville" title="China Miéville">China Miéville</a> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kraken_(novel)" title="Kraken (novel)">Kraken</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/China_Mi%C3%A9ville" title="China Miéville">China Miéville</a> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dance_with_Dragons" title="A Dance with Dragons">A Dance with Dragons</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apocalypse_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="The Apocalypse Codex">The Apocalypse Codex</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ocean_at_the_End_of_the_Lane" title="The Ocean at the End of the Lane">The Ocean at the End of the Lane</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Goblin_Emperor" title="The Goblin Emperor">The Goblin Emperor</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Monette" title="Sarah Monette">Katherine Addison</a> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uprooted_(novel)" title="Uprooted (novel)">Uprooted</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Novik" title="Naomi Novik">Naomi Novik</a> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Birds_in_the_Sky" title="All the Birds in the Sky">All the Birds in the Sky</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Jane_Anders" title="Charlie Jane Anders">Charlie Jane Anders</a> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Sky" title="The Stone Sky">The Stone Sky</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/N._K._Jemisin" title="N. K. Jemisin">N. K. Jemisin</a> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinning_Silver" title="Spinning Silver">Spinning Silver</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Novik" title="Naomi Novik">Naomi Novik</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middlegame" title="Middlegame">Middlegame</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Seanan_McGuire" title="Seanan McGuire">Seanan McGuire</a> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_City_We_Became" title="The City We Became">The City We Became</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/N._K._Jemisin" title="N. K. Jemisin">N. K. Jemisin</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jade_Legacy" title="Jade Legacy">Jade Legacy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fonda_Lee" title="Fonda Lee">Fonda Lee</a> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babel,_or_the_Necessity_of_Violence" title="Babel, or the Necessity of Violence">Babel, or the Necessity of Violence</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/R._F._Kuang" title="R. F. Kuang">R. F. Kuang</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witch_King_(novel)" title="Witch King (novel)">Witch King</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wells" title="Martha Wells">Martha Wells</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Locus Award for Best Novel">Best Novel</a> (1971–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Best SF Novel</a> (1980–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_Fantasy_Novel" title="Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel">Best Fantasy Novel</a> (1978–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_First_Novel" title="Locus Award for Best First Novel">Best First Novel</a> (1981–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_Horror_Novel" title="Locus Award for Best Horror Novel">Best Horror Novel</a> (1989–1997, 1999, 2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_Young_Adult_Book" title="Locus Award for Best Young Adult Book">Best Young Adult Book</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_Novella" title="Locus Award for Best Novella">Best Novella</a> (1973–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_Novelette" title="Locus Award for Best Novelette">Best Novelette</a> (1975–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award_for_Best_Short_Story" title="Locus Award for Best Short Story">Best Short Story</a> (1971–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Runonlaulajan_kädet_-merkki_The_Kalevala_25px&#124;Runonlaulajan_kädet_-merkki" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kalevala" title="Template:Kalevala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kalevala" title="Template talk:Kalevala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kalevala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kalevala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Runonlaulajan_kädet_-merkki_The_Kalevala_25px&#124;Runonlaulajan_kädet_-merkki" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Runonlaulajan kädet -merkki"><img alt="Runonlaulajan kädet -merkki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg/25px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg/38px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg/50px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="325" /></a></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">The Kalevala</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det,_peilikuva.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Runonlaulajan kädet -merkki"><img alt="Runonlaulajan kädet -merkki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg/25px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg/38px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg/50px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahti" title="Ahti">Ahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmatar" title="Ilmatar">Ilmatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loviatar" title="Loviatar">Loviatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4iv%C3%A4t%C3%A4r" title="Päivätär">Päivätär</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuutar" title="Kuutar">Kuutar</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surma_(Finnish_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surma (Finnish mythology)">Surma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapio_(spirit)" title="Tapio (spirit)">Tapio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuippana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuippana">Kuippana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuonetar" title="Tuonetar">Tuonetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoni" title="Tuoni">Tuoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukko" title="Ukko">Ukko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumala" title="Jumala">Jumala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauni_(deity)" title="Rauni (deity)">Rauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Untamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Untamo (page does not exist)">Untamo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vammatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vammatar (page does not exist)">Vammatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellamo" title="Vellamo">Vellamo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilmarinen" title="Ilmarinen">Ilmarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullervo" title="Kullervo">Kullervo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen" title="Lemminkäinen">Lemminkäinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen" title="Väinämöinen">Väinämöinen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lempo" title="Lempo">Lempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi">Hiisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joukahainen" title="Joukahainen">Joukahainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louhi" title="Louhi">Louhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aino_(mythology)" title="Aino (mythology)">Aino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antero_Vipunen" title="Antero Vipunen">Antero Vipunen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iku-Turso_(creature)" title="Iku-Turso (creature)">Iku-Turso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mielikki" title="Mielikki">Mielikki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tellervo" title="Tellervo">Tellervo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyyrikki" title="Nyyrikki">Nyyrikki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otso" title="Otso">Otso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampsa_Pellervoinen" title="Sampsa Pellervoinen">Sampsa Pellervoinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C3%B6j%C3%A4t%C3%A4r" title="Syöjätär">Syöjätär</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtola_(Kalevala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahtola (Kalevala) (page does not exist)">Ahtola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metsola_(Kalevala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metsola (Kalevala) (page does not exist)">Metsola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohjola" title="Pohjola">Pohjola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuonela" title="Tuonela">Tuonela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4in%C3%B6l%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Väinölä (page does not exist)">Väinölä</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Things</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">Kantele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo" title="Sampo">Sampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_(mead)" title="Sima (mead)">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turja_(Kalevala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turja (Kalevala) (page does not exist)">Turja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukonvasara" title="Ukonvasara">Ukonvasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Vuoksi" class="mw-redirect" title="River Vuoksi">Vuoksi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works inspired by the <i>Kalevala</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Mon_and_Man" title="The Children of Mon and Man">The Children of Mon and Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Silmarillion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_(Kernaghan_novel)" title="The Snow Queen (Kernaghan novel)">The Snow Queen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Hiawatha" title="The Song of Hiawatha">The Song of Hiawatha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tomten_in_%C3%85bo_Castle" title="The Tomten in Åbo Castle">The Tomten in Åbo Castle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_of_Serpents" title="The Wall of Serpents">The Wall of Serpents</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_(film)" title="Sampo (film)"><i>Sampo</i> (film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventurers_of_the_North:_Kalevala_Heroes" title="Adventurers of the North: Kalevala Heroes">Adventurers of the North: Kalevala Heroes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elric_of_Melnibon%C3%A9" title="Elric of Melniboné">Elric of Melniboné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish neopaganism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Influences on Tolkien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Danger" title="Iron Danger">Iron Danger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jade_Warrior_(film)" title="Jade Warrior (film)">Jade Warrior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Kalewainen_in_Pochjola" title="Die Kalewainen in Pochjola">Die Kalewainen in Pochjola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala:_The_New_Era" title="Kalevala: The New Era">Kalevala: The New Era</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala_Day" title="Kalevala Day">Kalevala Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala_House" title="Kalevala House">Kalevala House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kalevala_translations" title="List of Kalevala translations">Kalevala translations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanteletar" title="Kanteletar">Kanteletar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noita_(video_game)" title="Noita (video game)"><i>Noita</i> (video game)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prinsessan_av_Cypern_(Pacius)" title="Prinsessan av Cypern (Pacius)">The Princess of Cyprus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Kalevala" title="The Quest for Kalevala">The Quest for Kalevala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kullervo" title="The Story of Kullervo">The Story of Kullervo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala,_Russia" title="Kalevala, Russia">Uhtua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79762#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79762#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79762#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/183065413">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4436473-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79102638">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11957451k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11957451k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2006373560&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX2206994">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007599613905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/120277859">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/f34c6cbb-1178-45da-9f94-0d20f42b27ba">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/18px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/28px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/37px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Masked_man.svg/21px-Masked_man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Masked_man.svg/32px-Masked_man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Masked_man.svg/42px-Masked_man.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="255" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Smiley_Face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/19px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/29px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/38px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1970s" title="Portal:1970s">1970s</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&oldid=1248293741">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Silmarillion&oldid=1248293741</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Silmarillion" title="Category:The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mythopoeia" title="Category:Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle-earth_books" title="Category:Middle-earth books">Middle-earth books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1977_short_story_collections" title="Category:1977 short story collections">1977 short story collections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_published_posthumously" title="Category:Books published posthumously">Books published posthumously</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1977_fantasy_novels" title="Category:1977 fantasy novels">1977 fantasy novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Allen_%26_Unwin_books" title="Category:Allen & Unwin books">Allen & Unwin books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prequel_novels" title="Category:Prequel novels">Prequel novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_based_on_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Category:Works based on the Book of Genesis">Works based on the Book of Genesis</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)" title="Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)">CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use British English from June 2024">Use British English from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_undetermined_IPA" title="Category:Pages with undetermined IPA">Pages with undetermined IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 September 2024, at 18:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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