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class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Lynching of Leo Frank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lynching_of_Leo_Frank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1920s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Restriction_on_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restriction_on_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Restriction on immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restriction_on_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry_Ford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_Ford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Henry Ford </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_Ford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 1930s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_attitudes_towards_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_attitudes_towards_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 American attitudes towards Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_attitudes_towards_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Father_Charles_Coughlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father_Charles_Coughlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Father Charles Coughlin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father_Charles_Coughlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelley_and_Winrod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelley_and_Winrod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Pelley and Winrod </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelley_and_Winrod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America_First_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America_First_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 America First Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America_First_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_American_Bund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_American_Bund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.5 German American Bund </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_American_Bund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refugees_from_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugees_from_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Refugees from Nazi Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugees_from_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SS_St._Louis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SS_St._Louis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 SS St. Louis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SS_St._Louis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 The Holocaust </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Holocaust-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The Holocaust subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_Government's_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_Government's_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 US Government's policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_Government's_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 1950s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1950s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1950s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberty_Lobby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberty_Lobby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Liberty Lobby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberty_Lobby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Late twentieth century </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_twentieth_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Late twentieth century subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Late_twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African-American_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African-American_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 African-American community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-American_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_manifestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_manifestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Other manifestations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_manifestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 21st century </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 21st century subsection </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 New antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College_campuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_campuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 College campuses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_campuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nation_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nation_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Nation of Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nation_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_attitudes_towards_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_attitudes_towards_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Public attitudes towards Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_attitudes_towards_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hate_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hate_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Hate crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hate_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trump_campaigns_and_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trump_campaigns_and_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Trump campaigns and presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trump_campaigns_and_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanye_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanye_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Kanye West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanye_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elon_Musk_and_Twitter/X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elon_Musk_and_Twitter/X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Elon Musk and Twitter/X </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elon_Musk_and_Twitter/X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion_(DEI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion_(DEI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion_(DEI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_to_Israel,_Hamas_and_the_war_in_Gaza,_2023-Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_to_Israel,_Hamas_and_the_war_in_Gaza,_2023-Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Reactions to Israel, Hamas and the war in Gaza, 2023-Present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_to_Israel,_Hamas_and_the_war_in_Gaza,_2023-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> 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(October 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grant_E.,_Hamilton,_Their_New_Jerusalem,_1892_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1111_01_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Grant_E.%2C_Hamilton%2C_Their_New_Jerusalem%2C_1892_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1111_01_-_Restoration.jpg/400px-Grant_E.%2C_Hamilton%2C_Their_New_Jerusalem%2C_1892_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1111_01_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Grant_E.%2C_Hamilton%2C_Their_New_Jerusalem%2C_1892_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1111_01_-_Restoration.jpg/600px-Grant_E.%2C_Hamilton%2C_Their_New_Jerusalem%2C_1892_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1111_01_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Grant_E.%2C_Hamilton%2C_Their_New_Jerusalem%2C_1892_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1111_01_-_Restoration.jpg/800px-Grant_E.%2C_Hamilton%2C_Their_New_Jerusalem%2C_1892_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1111_01_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4344" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption>Anti-semitic caricature from <a href="/wiki/Judge_(magazine)" title="Judge (magazine)">Judge magazine</a> depicting negative tropes of the Jewish diaspora, 1892.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matar_jud%C3%ADos" title="Matar judíos">Matar judíos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War ('08-'09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war ('23-'24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_world_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Antisemitic publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing (video game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter (William Luther Pierce)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antisemitism on the Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Unz" title="Ron Unz">The Unz Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Today" title="Veterans Today">Veterans Today</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" title="Anti-antisemitism">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Committee_Against_Antisemitism" title="Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism">Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch">UN Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Holocaust_Library" title="Wiener Holocaust Library">Wiener Holocaust Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition of antisemitism</a> (IHRA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds of antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Historians continue to study and debate the extent of antisemitism in American history and how <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">American antisemitism</a> has similarities and distinctions with <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">its European counterpart</a>. Dr. Reena Sigman Friedman notes similarities between the form and substance of European and American antisemitism, and has stated "[t]hough antisemitism appeared in a number of forms during and after the American Civil War, it was amplified by the introduction of race theory in the United States, often linked to nativism, xenophobia and anti-urban sentiment, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasia_Diner" title="Hasia Diner">Hasia Diner</a> provides a similar perspective, stating, "by the 1870s in Europe and the United States, the argument shifts to the Jews as defective. Not Judaism as defective, but the Jew as a particular social type who had defective mental and moral abilities."<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Ford-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Higham_(historian)" title="John Higham (historian)">John Higham</a> noted certain distinctions between European and American antisemitism, suggesting that in the United States "no decisive event, no deep crisis, no powerful social movement, no great individual is associated primarily with, or significant chiefly because of anti-Semitism."<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Historian David A. Gerber stated that antisemitism "has been a distinctly minor feature of the nation's historical development" because historians such as Higham have previously "taken little interest it."<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Historian Britt Tevis recognized this trend, noting "Handlin and Higham's ideas (especially Higham's) remain influential, and many American Jewish historians continue to present antisemitism as largely insignificant, momentary, primarily social.".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Tevis questions this trend, noting that "a major component of this argument is the claim that, unlike in Europe, anti-Semitism in the United States has been an insignificant force—fleeting and more or less harmless. For the most part. . . [r]elatedly, they’ve argued that neither the law nor the state has played a role in perpetuating anti-Jewish sentiments. My research challenges these long held ideas by revealing the ways in which the state condoned and sometimes promoted anti-Jewish animus."<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> One early US governmental incident of anti-Jewish action came during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, when General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> issued <a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (1862)</a> to expel Jews from the portions of Tennessee, Kentucky and Mississippi then under his control. The order was quickly rescinded by President Lincoln. Grant himself later became a supporter of Jews. From the 1870s to the 1940s, Jews were routinely discriminated against and barred from working in some fields of employment, barred from residing certain properties, not accepted as members by elite social clubs, barred from resort areas and limited by quotas in enrolling in elite colleges. Antisemitism reached its peak with the rise of the second <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> in the 1920s, antisemitic publications by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, and incendiary radio speeches by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Father Coughlin</a> in the late 1930s. Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, antisemitic sentiment declined in the United States; nevertheless, there has been an upsurge in the number of antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a> in recent years. Some historians have stated that the recent focus on <a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> government programs facilitates antisemitism by portraying Jews as oppressors, particularly on college campuses. Since the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, there has been a notable surge in antisemitism throughout the US and attacks targeting Jewish individuals, with media often focusing on incidents occurring at anti-Israel protests in and/or around college campuses.<a href="#cite_note-ADL-December2-2023-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_1800">Before 1800</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Before 1800">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colonial_America" title="History of the Jews in Colonial America">History of the Jews in Colonial America</a></div> Jewish settlers made up a small percentage of the population in the colonial and federal periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiss2004-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] At the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">Revolution</a>, one in a thousand Americans were Jewish—about 2,500 people. Most were in families of businessmen based in the port cities of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_York_City" title="History of the Jews in New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="History of the Jews in Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>. They prospered as well-connected traders handling imports and exports inside Britain's Atlantic empire. Nevertheless, antisemitism remained pervasive and state-based beginning at least as early as the mid-1600s, when in 1654, the Governor of New Amsterdam referred to the Jewish people as a "repugnant" and a "deceitful race," and sought to have them expelled from New Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiss2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjewsincolonialam0000reispage102mode2up_102–103]-9">[9]</a> The colonial governments often imposed citizenship restrictions against the Jewish settlers, as they sometimes did with Catholics, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiss2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjewsincolonialam0000reispage102mode2up_102–103]-9">[9]</a> The harassment of Jews by both individuals and governments was typically less violent than in Europe, but was nevertheless frequent and systemic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiss2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjewsincolonialam0000reispage102mode2up_102–103]-9">[9]</a> Business agreements between Christian and Jewish settlers gradually became a relatively accepted practice, although fees and inequitable practices disfavoring the Jewish settlers were common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiss2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjewsincolonialam0000reispage102mode2up_102–103]-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Judaism" title="Interfaith marriage in Judaism">Intermarriage</a> was not prohibited and occasionally occurred. The majority of Jewish settlers supported the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> cause in the Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">History of the Jews in the United States</a></div> Throughout most of the 18th and 19th centuries, anti-semitism in America was common, though not typically to the extent that was <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">endemic in Europe</a> during the same period.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqMIDrggs8TsCqconspiracyantisemitismcapitalismpgPA81_81]-12">[12]</a> Jews were viewed as a race in America as early as 1654, when the Governor of New Amsterdam referred to them as a "deceitful race" in his efforts to expel the Jews from New Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiss2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjewsincolonialam0000reispage102mode2up_102–103]-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (1862)</a></div> On December 17, 1862, Major General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> issued <a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11</a> expelling Jews from areas under his control in <a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">western Tennessee</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarna2012-13">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <blockquote>The Jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury Department</a> and also department orders, are hereby expelled ... within twenty-four hours from the receipt of this order.</blockquote> Grant later issued an order "that no Jews are to be permitted to travel on the road southward." His aide, Colonel John V. DuBois, ordered "all cotton speculators, Jews, and all vagabonds with no honest means of support", to leave the district. "The Israelites especially should be kept out ... they are such an intolerable nuisance." This order was rescinded by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Lincoln</a> but not until it had been enforced in a number of towns.<a href="#cite_note-Perednik-14">[14]</a> According to Jerome Chanes, Lincoln's revocation of Grant's order was based primarily on "constitutional strictures against ... the federal government singling out any group for special treatment." Chanes characterizes General Order No. 11 as "unique in the history of the United States" because it was the only overtly antisemitic official action of the United States government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanes2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidju7U83nRDt8Cq22economicantisemitism2222UnitedStates22pgPA70_70]-15">[15]</a> Grant apologized when he ran for president in 1868, and as president, 1869-1877, he was quite friendly toward Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarna201287-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th_century">Late 19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late 19th century">edit</a>]</div> According to historians Ronald J. Jensen and Stuart Knee, by the 1870s Russian-American relations were strained by the mistreatment of American Jewish visitors in Russia. President Grant quickly responded to American Jewish requests for action to protect visitors.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> By the 1880s, the outbreak of anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia and consequent mass emigration of Jews to New York made relations worse. After 1880, escalating pogroms alienated both elite opinion and public opinion in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1903, the <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_pogrom_(1903)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chișinău pogrom (1903)">Kishinev pogrom</a> killed 47 Jews, injured 400, and left 10,000 homeless and dependent on relief. American Jews began large-scale organized financial help and assisted in emigration from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> More violence in Russia led in 1911 to the United States repealing an 1832 commercial treaty.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_from_Eastern_Europe">Immigration from Eastern Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Immigration from Eastern Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Stranger_at_our_Gate,_by_Frank_Beard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Stranger_at_our_Gate%2C_by_Frank_Beard.jpg/220px-The_Stranger_at_our_Gate%2C_by_Frank_Beard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Stranger_at_our_Gate%2C_by_Frank_Beard.jpg/330px-The_Stranger_at_our_Gate%2C_by_Frank_Beard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Stranger_at_our_Gate%2C_by_Frank_Beard.jpg/440px-The_Stranger_at_our_Gate%2C_by_Frank_Beard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="3470" /></a><figcaption>Antisemitic anti-immigrant cartoon, 1890</figcaption></figure> Between 1881 and 1920, approximately 3 million <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> immigrated to America, many of them fleeing <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">pogroms</a> and the difficult economic conditions which were widespread in much of Eastern Europe during this time. Jews, along with many Eastern and Southern European immigrants, came to work the country's growing mines and factories. Many Americans distrusted these Jewish immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Perednik-14">[14]</a> Between 1900 and 1924, approximately 1.75 million Jews immigrated to America's shores, the bulk from Eastern Europe. Whereas before 1900, American Jews never amounted even to 1 percent of America's total population, by 1930 Jews formed about 3.5 percent. This dramatic increase, combined with the upward mobility of some Jews, contributed to a resurgence of antisemitism. As the European immigration swelled the Jewish population of the United States, there developed a growing sense of Jews as different. Indeed, the United States government's Census Bureau classified Jews as their own race, Hebrews, and a 1909 effort led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wolf" title="Simon Wolf">Simon Wolf</a> to remove Hebrew as a race through a Congressional bill failed.<a href="#cite_note-Price_of_Whiteness-21">[21]</a> Jerome Chanes attributes this perception on the fact that Jews were concentrated in a small number of occupations: they were perceived as being mostly clothing manufacturers, shopkeepers and department store owners. He notes that so-called "German Jews" (who in reality came not just from Germany but from <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and other countries as well) found themselves increasingly segregated by a widespread social antisemitism that became even more prevalent in the twentieth century and which persists in vestigial form even today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanes2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidju7U83nRDt8Cq22economicantisemitism2222UnitedStates22pgPA70_70–71]-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populism">Populism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Populism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_investment_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of investment banking in the United States">History of investment banking in the United States</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18960415_antisemitic_political_cartoon_in_Sound_Money.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/18960415_antisemitic_political_cartoon_in_Sound_Money.jpg/400px-18960415_antisemitic_political_cartoon_in_Sound_Money.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/18960415_antisemitic_political_cartoon_in_Sound_Money.jpg/600px-18960415_antisemitic_political_cartoon_in_Sound_Money.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/18960415_antisemitic_political_cartoon_in_Sound_Money.jpg/800px-18960415_antisemitic_political_cartoon_in_Sound_Money.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>An antisemitic political cartoon in an issue of "Sound Money" magazine which appeared in 1896. "This is the U.S. in the Hands of the Jews", portraying <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> being crucified like Jesus. Two figures labeled "Wall Street Pirates" with caricatured Jewish features poke him with a spear and raise a poisoned sponge to his lips. The tub of poison is labeled "Debt", the poisoned sponge "Interest on Bonds", and the spear "Single Gold Standard". Below, figures labeled "Republicanism" (Caricature of <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>) and "Democracy" (Caricature of <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>) pick Uncle Sam's pockets.</figcaption></figure> In the middle of the 19th century, a number of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jewish</a> immigrants founded investment banking firms which later became mainstays of the industry. Most prominent Jewish banks in the United States were big city <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banks</a>, rather than local <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial banks</a>. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqMIDrggs8TsCqJewsBankingpgPA82_82]-23">[23]</a> Although Jews played only a minor role in the nation's small town banks, system, the prominence of Jewish investment bankers such as the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a> in Europe, and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Schiff" title="Jacob Schiff">Jacob Schiff</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kuhn,_Loeb_%26_Co." title="Kuhn, Loeb & Co.">Kuhn, Loeb & Co.</a> in New York City, made the claims of antisemites believable to some.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Another focus of antisemitic fear was the allegation that Jews were at the center of an <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">international conspiracy</a> to fix the currency and thus the economy to a single <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> One example of allegations of Jewish control of finances during the 1890s is <a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Lease" title="Mary Elizabeth Lease">Mary Elizabeth Lease</a>, a leading Populist from Kansas, who said, "the government, at the bid of Wall Street, repudiated its contracts with the people . . . in the interest of Shylock."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Historians have debated the importance of antisemitic rhetoric in the Populist movement in rural America in the 1890s. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a>, a leading historian, in 1955 argued that the Greenback-Populist tradition was responsible for most of the popular antisemitism in the United States. He notes that there were various forms of anti-Semitism but, "It was chiefly Populist writers who expressed that identification of the Jew with the usurer and the 'international gold ring' which was the central theme of the American anti-Semitism....for many silverites, the Jew was an organic part of the conspiracy theory of history."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Historians no longer agree with Hofstadter. Several prominent Populists did express hostile images, but most did not.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Historian Walter Nugent read through 200 Populist newspapers and pamphlets and found little evidence to support claims of widespread antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Dash_Moore" title="Deborah Dash Moore">Deborah Dash Moore</a>, populist antisemitism used the Jew to symbolize both <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and urbanism so as to personify concepts that were too abstract to serve as satisfactory objects of animosity.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_class_discrimination">Upper class discrimination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Upper class discrimination">edit</a>]</div> In 1877, the rich New York City banker <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Seligman" title="Joseph Seligman">Joseph Seligman</a> and his family were turned away from the elite Grand Union Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Springs,_New_York" title="Saratoga Springs, New York">Saratoga Springs, New York</a>. They had often been guests, but the new owner <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hilton" title="Henry Hilton">Henry Hilton</a> decreed that no Jews be admitted. Hilton and Seligman belonged to rival political factions in New York, and took their cases to the media. Hilton stated his goal was to satisfy his other guests; they did not want to associate with Jews. It was a newsworthy event. Across the Northeast, elite hotels and private clubs began excluding Jews. The exclusion remained legal until the middle 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Jews encountered resistance when they tried to move into higher <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar</a> and professional positions. Banking, insurance, public utilities, medical schools, hospitals, large law firms and faculty positions, restricted the entrance of Jews. In major cities, Jews established their own financial and legal facilities. By the early 20th century, the surge of Jews attending elite colleges was seen as a threat to established traditions; many quietly imposed <a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">quotas</a> to keep the Jewish element under 10 or 20 percent. Less prestigious schools without large endowments relied on tuition and seldom imposed quotas.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Likewise elite medical and law schools established quotas. The quota system ended in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jew_jokes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Jew_jokes.jpg/170px-Jew_jokes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Jew_jokes.jpg/255px-Jew_jokes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Jew_jokes.jpg/340px-Jew_jokes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Cover of Jew Jokes, (Cleveland: Arthur Westbrook Company) 1908</figcaption></figure> In the first half of the 20th century, Jews were discriminated against in employment, access to residential and resort areas, membership in clubs and organizations, and in tightened <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">quotas on Jewish enrollment</a> and teaching positions in colleges and universities. Restaurants, hotels and other establishments that barred Jews from entry were called "restricted".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lynching_of_Leo_Frank">Lynching of Leo Frank</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lynching of Leo Frank">edit</a>]</div> In 1913, a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Atlanta" title="History of the Jews in Atlanta">Jewish American in Atlanta</a> named <a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a> was convicted for the rape and murder of Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old Christian girl who he employed. In the middle of the night on April 27, 1913, Mary Phagan was found dead by a night watchman in the basement of a pencil factory in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Leo Frank, the superintendent of the factory, was the last person to acknowledge seeing her alive earlier that day after paying her weekly wages. Detectives took Frank to the scene of the crime and the morgue to view the body. After further questioning, they concluded that he was most likely not the murderer. In the days following, rumors began to spread amongst the public that the girl had been sexually assaulted prior to her death. This sparked outrage amongst the public which called for immediate action and justice for her murder. On April 29, following Phagan's funeral, public outrage reached its pinnacle.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Under immense pressure to identify a suspect, detectives arrested Leo Frank on the same day. Being a Jewish factory owner, previously from the north, Frank was an easy target for the antisemitic population who already distrusted northern merchants who had come to the south to work following the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leo_Frank_Case-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> During the trial, the primary witness was Jim Conley, a black janitor who worked at the factory. Initially a suspect, Conley became the state's main witness in the trial against Frank.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Prior to the trial, Conely had given four conflicting statements regarding his role in the murder. In court, the Frank's lawyers were unable to disprove Conley's claims that he was forced by Frank to dispose of Phagan's body.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The trial gathered immense attention especially from Atlantans, who gathered in large crowds around the courthouse demanding for a guilty verdict. In addition to this, much of the media coverage at the time took an antisemitic tone and after 25 days, Leo Frank was found guilty of murder on August 25 and sentenced to death by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a> on August 26. The verdict was met with cheers and celebration from the crowd.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following the verdict, Frank's lawyers submitted a total of five appeals to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia Supreme Court</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> claiming that Frank's absence on the day of the verdict and the amount of public pressure and influence swayed the jury.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After this, the case was brought to Georgia governor <a href="/wiki/John_M._Slaton" title="John M. Slaton">John M. Slaton</a>. Despite the public demanding for him to hold the verdict, Slaton changed Frank's verdict from <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Capital punishment in Georgia (U.S. state)">death sentence</a> to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_the_United_States" title="Life imprisonment in the United States">life imprisonment</a>, believing that his innocence would eventually be established and he would be set free.<a href="#cite_note-Leo_Frank_Case-38">[38]</a> This decision was met with immense public outrage, causing riots and even forcing Slaton to declare <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_United_States" title="Martial law in the United States">Martial Law</a> at one point. On August 16, 1915, 25 citizens stormed a prison farm in <a href="/wiki/Milledgeville,_Georgia" title="Milledgeville, Georgia">Milledgeville</a> where Leo Frank was being held. Taking Frank from his cell, they drove him to Marietta, the hometown of Mary Phagan, and hanged him from a tree. Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynch mob</a> would later gather at <a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a> to revive the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In response to the lynching of Leo Frank, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Livingston" title="Sigmund Livingston">Sigmund Livingston</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL) under the sponsorship of <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a>. The ADL became the leading Jewish group fighting antisemitism in the United States. The lynching of Leo Frank coincided with and helped spark the revival of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. The Klan disseminated the view that <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communists</a> and Jews were subverting American values and ideals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> With the <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a>, Jews were targeted by antisemites as "slackers" and "war-profiteers" responsible for many of the ills of the country. For example, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> manual published for war recruits stated that, "The foreign born, and especially Jews, are more apt to malinger than the native-born." When ADL representatives protested about this to President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, he ordered the manual recalled. The ADL also mounted a campaign to give Americans the facts about military and civilian contributions of Jews to the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s">1920s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1920s">edit</a>]</div> Antisemitism in the United States reached its peak during the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Ford-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBS_PERILOUS-41">[41]</a> The attraction of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> in the mid-1920s, the antisemitic works of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, and radio speeches by Father Coughlin in the late 1930s indicated the strength of suspicions about Jews.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One element in American antisemitism during the early 1920s was the identification of Jews with <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> where the concept of Bolshevism was used pejoratively in the country (see article on "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>").[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Immigration legislation enacted in the United States in 1921 and 1924 was interpreted widely as being at least partly anti-Jewish in intent because it strictly limited the immigration quotas of eastern European nations with large Jewish populations, nations from which 3 million Jews had immigrated to the United States by 1920.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restriction_on_immigration">Restriction on immigration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Restriction on immigration">edit</a>]</div> In 1924, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Johnson–Reed Act</a> severely restricting immigration. Although the act did not specifically target Jews, the effect of the legislation was that 86% of the 165,000 permitted entries were from Northern European countries, with Germany, Britain, and Ireland having the highest quotas. The act effectively diminished the flow of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe to a trickle.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Henry_Ford">Henry Ford</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Henry Ford">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19200522_Dearborn_Independent-Intl_Jew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/19200522_Dearborn_Independent-Intl_Jew.jpg/220px-19200522_Dearborn_Independent-Intl_Jew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/19200522_Dearborn_Independent-Intl_Jew.jpg/330px-19200522_Dearborn_Independent-Intl_Jew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/19200522_Dearborn_Independent-Intl_Jew.jpg/440px-19200522_Dearborn_Independent-Intl_Jew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_the_United_States" title="Pacifism in the United States">pacifist</a> who <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">opposed World War I</a>, and he believed that Jews were responsible for starting wars in order to profit from them: "International financiers are behind all war. They are what is called the international Jew: German Jews, French Jews, English Jews, American Jews. I believe that in all those countries except our own the Jewish financier is supreme ... here the Jew is a threat".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Ford believed that Jews were responsible for capitalism, and in their role as financiers, they did not contribute anything of value to society.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] In 1915, during World War I, Ford blamed Jews for instigating the war, saying "I know who caused the war: German-Jewish bankers."<a href="#cite_note-Watts383-44">[44]</a> Later, in 1925, Ford said "What I oppose most is the international Jewish money power that is met in every war. That is what I oppose—a power that has no country and that can order the young men of all countries out to death'". According to author Steven Watts, Ford's antisemitism was partially due to a noble desire for world peace.<a href="#cite_note-Watts383-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin200259-45">[45]</a> Ford became aware of <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a> and believed it to be a legitimate document, and he published portions of it in his weekly magazine sent to Ford dealerships, the <a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">Dearborn Independent.</a> In 1920–21 it carried a series of articles expanding on the themes of financial control by Jews, entitled:<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <ol><li>Jewish Idea in American Monetary Affairs: The remarkable story of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Warburg" title="Paul Warburg">Paul Warburg</a>, who began work on the United States monetary system after three weeks residence in this country</li> <li>Jewish Idea Molded <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a>: What <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Baruch" title="Bernard Baruch">Baruch</a> was in War Material, Paul Warburg was in War Finances; Some Curious revelations of money and politics.</li> <li>Jewish Idea of a <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central Bank</a> for America: The evolution of Paul M. Warburg's idea of Federal Reserve System without government management.</li> <li>How Jewish International Finance Functions: The Warburg family and firm divided the world between them and did amazing things which non-Jews could not do</li> <li>Jewish Power and America's Money Famine: The Warburg Federal Reserve sucks money to New York, leaving productive sections of the country in disastrous need.</li> <li>The Economic Plan of International Jews: An outline of the Protocolists' monetary policy, with notes on the parallel found in Jewish financial practice.</li></ol> One of the articles, "Jewish Power and America's Money Famine", asserted that the power exercised by Jews over the nation's supply of money was insidious by helping deprive farmers and others outside the banking coterie of money when they needed it most. The article asked the question: "Where is the American gold supply? ... It may be in the United States but it does not belong to the United States" and it drew the conclusion that Jews controlled the gold supply and, hence, American money.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Another of the articles, "Jewish Idea Molded Federal Reserve System" was a reflection of Ford's suspicion of the Federal Reserve System and its proponent, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Warburg" title="Paul Warburg">Paul Warburg</a>. Ford believed the Federal Reserve system was secretive and insidious.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> These articles gave rise to claims of antisemitism against Ford,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] and in 1929 he signed a statement apologizing for the articles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin2002213–218-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s">1930s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1930s">edit</a>]</div> Antisemitic activists in the 1930s were led by Father <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Charles Coughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">William Dudley Pelley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a>. Ford's old attacks on Jews continued to be circulated by other people. They promulgated various interrelated conspiracy theories, widely spreading the fear that Jews were working for the destruction or replacement of white Americans and Christianity in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> According to Gilman and Katz, antisemitism increased dramatically in the 1930s with demands being made to exclude American Jews from American social, political and economic life.<a href="#cite_note-GilmanKatz10-53">[53]</a> During the 1930s and 1940s, right-wing demagogues linked the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a> to the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. They attributed the threat of war in Europe to the machinations of an imagined international Jewish conspiracy that was both communist and capitalist. A new twist appeared which accused "the Jews" of dominating Roosevelt's administration, of causing the Great Depression, and of dragging the United States into a war against a new Germany which deserved nothing but admiration. Roosevelt's "<a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>" was derisively referred to as the "Jew Deal".<a href="#cite_note-GilmanKatz10-53">[53]</a> Father <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Charles Coughlin</a>, a Catholic radio preacher increasingly attacked "the Jews" after 1936. <a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Protestant</a> minister, founded the Committee of One Million in 1937, declaring that "Christian character is the basis of all real <a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Americanism</a>." Other antisemitic agitators included <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Fritz Julius Kuhn</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">William Dudley Pelley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a>, and the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Burton_Winrod" title="Gerald Burton Winrod">Gerald Winrod</a> of the Defenders of the Christian Faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley1982269–283-54">[54]</a> In the end, promoters of antisemitism achieved no more than a passing popularity as the threat of Nazi Germany became more and more evident to the American electorate. Steven Roth asserts that there was never a real possibility of a "Jewish question" appearing on the American political agenda as it did in Europe; according to Roth, the resistance to political antisemitism in the United States was due to the heterogeneity of the American political structure.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_attitudes_towards_Jews">American attitudes towards Jews</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: American attitudes towards Jews">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_clientele_Lakeside_Farm_Goshen_Connecticut_1942_advertisement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Christian_clientele_Lakeside_Farm_Goshen_Connecticut_1942_advertisement.jpg/220px-Christian_clientele_Lakeside_Farm_Goshen_Connecticut_1942_advertisement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Christian_clientele_Lakeside_Farm_Goshen_Connecticut_1942_advertisement.jpg/330px-Christian_clientele_Lakeside_Farm_Goshen_Connecticut_1942_advertisement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Christian_clientele_Lakeside_Farm_Goshen_Connecticut_1942_advertisement.jpg/440px-Christian_clientele_Lakeside_Farm_Goshen_Connecticut_1942_advertisement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>A 1942 advertisement for recreational <a href="/wiki/Lodging" title="Lodging">lodging</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goshen,_Connecticut" title="Goshen, Connecticut">Goshen, Connecticut</a> stating that the facility is not a hotel and caters to Christian clientele specifically.</figcaption></figure> In a 1938 poll, approximately 60 percent of the respondents held a low opinion of Jews, labeling them "greedy," "dishonest," and "pushy."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> 41 percent of respondents agreed that Jews had "too much power in the United States," and this figure rose to 58 percent by 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Smitha-57">[57]</a> Several surveys taken from 1940 to 1946 found that Jews were seen as a greater threat to the welfare of the United States than any other national, religious, or racial group.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Father_Charles_Coughlin">Father Charles Coughlin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Father Charles Coughlin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Charles Coughlin</a></div> The main spokesman for antisemitic sentiment was Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest whose weekly radio program drew between 5 and 12 million listeners in the late 1930s. Coughlin's newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_(periodical)" title="Social Justice (periodical)">Social Justice</a>, reached a circulation of 800,000 at its peak in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley1982-59">[59]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] After the <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_elections" title="1936 United States elections">1936 election</a>, Coughlin increasingly expressed sympathy for the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> policies of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>, as an antidote to <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>. Starting in 1938 his weekly radio broadcasts became suffused with overtly antisemitic themes, such as blaming the Great Depression on an international conspiracy of Jewish bankers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley1982270-60">[60]</a> Coughlin began publication of a weekly magazine, Social Justice, during this period, in which he printed antisemitic polemics such as <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Like <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> in Berlin, Coughlin claimed that Marxist atheism in Europe was a Jewish plot. The 5 December 1938 issue of Social Justice included an article by Coughlin which closely resembled a speech made by Goebbels on 13 September 1935 attacking Jews, atheists and communists, with some sections being copied verbatim by Coughlin from an English translation of the Goebbels speech. On November 20, 1938, two weeks after <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>, when thousands of Jews across Germany were attacked, and Jewish businesses, homes and synagogues burned, Coughlin blamed the Jewish victims, saying that "Jewish persecution only followed after Christians first were persecuted."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After this speech, and as his programs became more antisemitic, some radio stations, including those in New York and Chicago, began refusing to air his speeches without pre-approved scripts; in New York, his programs were cancelled by <a href="/wiki/WINS_(AM)" title="WINS (AM)">WINS</a> and <a href="/wiki/WMCA_(AM)" title="WMCA (AM)">WMCA</a>, leaving Coughlin to broadcasting on the Newark part-time station WHBI. This made Coughlin a hero in Germany, where papers ran headlines like: "America is Not Allowed to Hear the Truth."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> On December 18, 1938, two thousand of Coughlin's followers marched in New York protesting potential <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum law</a> changes that would allow more Jews (including refugees from Hitler's persecution) into the US. They chanted "Send Jews back where they came from in leaky boats!" and "Wait until Hitler comes over here!" The protests continued for several months. Donald Warren, using information from the FBI and German government archives, has also argued that Coughlin received indirect funding from Nazi Germany during this period.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> After 1936, Coughlin began supporting an organization called the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Front_(United_States)" title="Christian Front (United States)">Christian Front</a>, which claimed him as an inspiration. In January, 1940, the Christian Front was shut down when the FBI discovered the group was arming itself and "planning to murder Jews, communists, and 'a dozen Congressmen'"<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and eventually establish, in <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>'s words, "a dictatorship, similar to the Hitler dictatorship in Germany." Coughlin publicly stated, after the plot was discovered, that he still did not "disassociate himself from the movement," and though he was never linked directly to the plot, his reputation suffered a fatal decline.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the declaration of war in December 1941, the anti-interventionist movement (such as the America First Committee) sputtered out, and isolationists like Coughlin were seen as being sympathetic to the enemy. In 1942, the new bishop of Detroit ordered Coughlin to stop his controversial political activities and confine himself to his duties as a parish priest.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pelley_and_Winrod">Pelley and Winrod</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pelley and Winrod">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">William Dudley Pelley</a> founded (1933) the antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a>; nine years later he was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Burton_Winrod" title="Gerald Burton Winrod">Gerald Winrod</a>, leader of the Defenders of the Christian Faith, received strong support from the <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> of Kansas. During World war II, he was indicted for conspiracy to cause insubordination in the military, but the charges were dropped.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="America_First_Committee">America First Committee</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: America First Committee">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></div> The avant-garde of the new non-interventionism was the <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a>, which included the aviation hero <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> and many prominent Americans. The <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a> opposed any involvement in the war in Europe. Officially, America First avoided any appearance of antisemitism and voted to drop Henry Ford as a member for his overt antisemitism. In a speech delivered on September 11, 1941, at an <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First</a> rally, Lindbergh claimed that three groups had been "pressing this country toward war": the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">Roosevelt Administration</a>, the British, and the Jews—and complained about what he insisted was the Jews' "large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio and our government."<a href="#cite_note-PBS_PERILOUS-41">[41]</a> In his diary Lindbergh wrote: "We must limit to a reasonable amount the Jewish influence. ... Whenever the Jewish percentage of total population becomes too high, a reaction seems to invariably occur. It is too bad because a few Jews of the right type are, I believe, an asset to any country."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_American_Bund">German American Bund</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: German American Bund">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a> held parades in New York City in the late 1930s which featured <a href="/wiki/Nazi_uniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi uniform">Nazi uniforms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Flag of Nazi Germany">flags</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikas</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flags</a>. Some 20,000 people attended their big rally where Bund leader <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Fritz Julius Kuhn</a> criticized President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and ridiculed him as "Frank D. Rosenfeld", calling his <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> the "Jew Deal", and espousing his belief in the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a>-Jewish conspiracy in America. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refugees_from_Nazi_Germany">Refugees from Nazi Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Refugees from Nazi Germany">edit</a>]</div> In the years before and during World War II the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, the Roosevelt Administration, and public opinion expressed concern about the fate of Jews in Europe but consistently refused to permit immigration of <a href="/wiki/Emigration_of_Jews_from_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Jewish refugees</a>. In a report issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> during the Clinton Administration, Undersecretary of State <a href="/wiki/Stuart_E._Eizenstat" title="Stuart E. Eizenstat">Stuart Eizenstat</a> noted that the United States accepted only 21,000 refugees from Europe and did not significantly raise or even fill its restrictive quotas, accepting far fewer Jews per capita than many of the neutral European countries and fewer in absolute terms than Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> According to David Wyman, "The United States and its Allies were willing to attempt almost nothing to save the Jews."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> There is some debate as to whether U.S. policies were generally targeted against all immigrants or specifically against Jews in particular. Wyman characterized FDR advisor and State Department official in charge of immigration policy <a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_Long" title="Breckinridge Long">Breckinridge Long</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a>, more anti-immigrant than just antisemitic.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SS_St._Louis">SS St. Louis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: SS St. Louis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MS_St._Louis#The_"Voyage_of_the_Damned"" title="MS St. Louis">MS St. Louis § The "Voyage of the Damned"</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/MS_St._Louis" title="MS St. Louis">SS St. Louis</a> sailed out of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in May 1939 carrying one non-Jewish and 936 (mainly German) <a href="/wiki/Jewish_refugees_from_German-occupied_Europe_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Jewish refugees from German-occupied Europe in the United Kingdom">Jewish refugees</a> seeking <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">asylum</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> persecution just before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. On June 4, 1939, having failed to obtain permission to disembark passengers in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Cuba</a>, the St. Louis was also refused permission to unload on orders of President Roosevelt as the ship waited in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> between <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-563-72">[72]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The Holocaust">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States and the Holocaust</a></div> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, antisemitism was a factor that limited American Jewish action during the war, and it also put American Jews in a difficult position. It is clear that antisemitism was a prevalent attitude in the US, and it was even more widespread in <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">America during the Holocaust</a>. In America, antisemitism, which reached high levels in the late 1930s, continued to rise in the 1940s. During the years before the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, over a hundred antisemitic organizations were responsible for pumping hate propaganda to the American public. Furthermore, especially in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, young gangs vandalized <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cemetery" title="Jewish cemetery">Jewish cemeteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, and attacks on Jewish youngsters were common. <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastikas</a> and anti-Jewish slogans, as well as antisemitic literature, were all spread. In 1944, a public opinion poll showed that a quarter of Americans still regarded Jews as a "menace." Antisemitism in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> played a large role in Washington's hesitant response to the plight of European Jews persecuted by Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In a 1943 speech on the floor of Congress quoted in both <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_News_(Detroit)" title="The Jewish News (Detroit)">The Jewish News of Detroit</a><a href="#cite_note-TheJewishNews19430716-74">[74]</a> and the antisemitic magazine <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Defender_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Defender (magazine) (page does not exist)">The Defender of Wichita</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TheDefenderSeptember1943-75">[75]</a> Mississippi Representative <a href="/wiki/John_E._Rankin" title="John E. Rankin">John E. Rankin</a> espoused a conspiracy of "alien-minded" Communist Jews arranging for white women to be raped by <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> men:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">When those communistic Jews—of whom <a href="/wiki/Useful_Jew" title="Useful Jew">the decent Jews</a> are ashamed—go around here and hug and kiss these Negroes, dance with them, intermarry with them, and try to force their way into <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States#Jim_Crow_era" title="Racial segregation in the United States">white restaurants, white hotels and white picture shows</a>, they are not deceiving any red-blooded American, and, above all, they are not deceiving the men in our armed forces—as to who is at the bottom of all this race trouble.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>The better element of the Jews, and especially the old line American Jews throughout the South and West, are not only ashamed of, but they are alarmed at, the activities of these communistic Jews who are stirring this trouble up.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>They have caused the deaths of many good Negroes who never would have got into trouble if they had been left alone, as well as the deaths of many good white people, including many innocent, unprotected white girls, who have been raped and murdered by vicious Negroes, who have been encouraged by those alien-minded Communists to commit such crimes.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_Government's_policy">US Government's policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: US Government's policy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Josiah_E._DuBois_Jr." title="Josiah E. DuBois Jr.">Josiah DuBois</a> wrote the famous "Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews," which Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau, Jr.</a>, used to convince President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to establish the <a href="/wiki/War_Refugee_Board" title="War Refugee Board">War Refugee Board</a> in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Randolph_E._Paul" title="Randolph E. Paul">Randolph Paul</a> was also a principal sponsor of this report, the first contemporaneous Government paper attacking America's dormant complicity in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. Entitled "Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews", the document was an indictment of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a>'s diplomatic, military, and immigration policies. Among other things, the Report narrated the State Department's inaction and in some instances active opposition to the release of funds for the Jews in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">Nazi-occupied Europe</a>, and condemned immigration policies that closed American doors to Jewish refugees from countries then engaged in their systematic slaughter.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The catalyst for the Report was an incident involving 70,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian Jews</a> whose evacuation from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> could have been procured with a $170,000 bribe. The Foreign Funds Control unit of the Treasury, which was within Paul's jurisdiction, authorized the payment of the funds, the release of which both the President and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> supported. From mid-July 1943, when the proposal was made and Treasury approved, through December 1943, a combination of the State Department's bureaucracy and the British Ministry of Economic Warfare interposed various obstacles. The Report was the product of frustration over that event.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On January 16, 1944, Morgenthau and Paul personally delivered the paper to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">President Roosevelt</a>, warning him that Congress would act if he did not. The result was Executive Order 9417,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> creating the <a href="/wiki/War_Refugee_Board" title="War Refugee Board">War Refugee Board</a> composed of the Secretaries of State, Treasury and War. Issued on January 22, 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> declared that "it is the policy of this Government to take all measures within its power to rescue the victims of enemy oppression who are in imminent danger of death and otherwise to afford such victims all possible relief and assistance consistent with the successful prosecution of the war."<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> It has been estimated that 190,000–200,000 Jews could have been saved during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, had it not been for bureaucratic obstacles to immigration deliberately created by <a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_Long" title="Breckinridge Long">Breckinridge Long</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Long-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1950s">1950s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1950s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberty_Lobby">Liberty Lobby</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Liberty Lobby">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Lobby" title="Liberty Lobby">Liberty Lobby</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Lobby" title="Liberty Lobby">Liberty Lobby</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> advocacy organization which was founded in 1955 by <a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Willis Carto</a> in 1955. Liberty Lobby was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> political organization and was known to hold strongly <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> views and to be a devotee of the writings of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Francis Parker Yockey</a>, who was one of a handful of post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> writers who revered <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_twentieth_century">Late twentieth century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Late twentieth century">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">Nixon White House tapes</a> released during the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> reveal that President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> made numerous anti-Semitic remarks during his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-Nixon-82">[82]</a> For example, he repeatedly referred to National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> as "Jew boy", and blamed the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">anti-Vietnam War movement</a> and leaking of the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a> on Jews.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-Nixon-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Antisemitic violence in this era includes the 1977 shootings at <a href="/wiki/Shaare_Zedek_Synagogue_(University_City,_Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaare Zedek Synagogue (University City, Missouri)">Brith Sholom Kneseth Israel</a> synagogue in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, the 1984 murder of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Berg" title="Alan Berg">Alan Berg</a>, the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_Goldmark_family" title="Murder of the Goldmark family">Goldmark murders</a>, and the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Neal_Rosenblum" title="Murder of Neal Rosenblum">murder of Neal Rosenblum</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African-American_community">African-American community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: African-American community">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1977_Washington,_D.C._attack_and_hostage_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Washington, D.C. attack and hostage taking">1977 Washington, D.C. attack and hostage taking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a></div> In 1984, civil rights leader <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jessie Jackson</a> speaking to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> reporter <a href="/wiki/Milton_Coleman" title="Milton Coleman">Milton Coleman</a> referred to Jews as "Hymies" and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> as "Hymietown." He later apologized.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a>, marchers proceeded carrying antisemitic signs and an <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">Israeli flag</a> was burned.<a href="#cite_note-Forward_08-19-11-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro06-87">[87]</a> Ultimately, Black and Jewish leaders developed an outreach program between their communities to help calm and possibly improve racial relations in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a> over the next decade.<a href="#cite_note-Beep-88">[88]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> surveys begun in 1964, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> are significantly more likely than white Americans to hold antisemitic beliefs, although there is a strong correlation between education level and the rejection of antisemitic stereotypes for all races. However, Black Americans of all education levels are nevertheless significantly more likely than whites of the same education level to be antisemitic. In a 1998 survey, Black Americans (34%) were found to be nearly four times as likely as white Americans (9%) to be antisemitic. Among Black people with no college education, 43% fell into the most antisemitic group (vs. 18% for the general population), which fell to 27% among Black people with some college education, and 18% among Black people with a four-year college degree (vs. 5% for the general population).<a href="#cite_note-ADL-1998-Survey-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_manifestations">Other manifestations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other manifestations">edit</a>]</div> During the early 1980s, <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">isolationists</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">far right</a> made overtures to <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a> activists on the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> in the United States in an attempt to join forces and protest against government policies in areas where they shared concerns.<a href="#cite_note-berletzog-90">[90]</a> This was mainly in the area of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a>, opposition to <a href="/wiki/United_States_military_interventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military interventions">United States military intervention</a> overseas and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">US support for Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-berletwoos-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[a]</a> As they interacted, some of the classic right-wing antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoating</a> conspiracy theories began to seep into progressive circles,<a href="#cite_note-berletwoos-91">[91]</a> including stories about how a "<a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a>", also called the "Shadow Government" or "The Octopus",<a href="#cite_note-berletzog-90">[90]</a> was manipulating world governments. Antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracies</a> was "peddled aggressively" by right-wing groups.<a href="#cite_note-berletwoos-91">[91]</a> Some on the left adopted the rhetoric, which was made possible by their lack of knowledge about the history of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and its use of "<a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">scapegoating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionist</a> and simplistic solutions, <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagoguery</a>, and a conspiracy theory of history."<a href="#cite_note-berletwoos-91">[91]</a> Towards the end of 1990, as the movement against the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> began to build, a number of <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> and antisemitic groups sought out alliances with left-wing anti-war coalitions, who began to speak openly about a "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a>" that was encouraging the United States to invade <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a>. This idea evolved into conspiracy theories about a "<a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Zionist-occupied government</a>" (ZOG), which has been seen as equivalent to the early-20th century antisemitic hoax,<a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-berletzog-90">[90]</a> The anti-war movement as a whole rejected these overtures by the political right.<a href="#cite_note-berletwoos-91">[91]</a> In the context of the first US-Iraq war, on September 15, 1990, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> appeared on <a href="/wiki/The_McLaughlin_Group" title="The McLaughlin Group">The McLaughlin Group</a> and said that "there are only two groups that are beating the drums for war in the Middle East – the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Defense (Israel)">Israeli defense ministry</a> and its 'amen corner' in the United States." He also said: "The Israelis want this war desperately since they want the United States to destroy the Iraqi war machine. They want us to finish them off. They don't care about our relations with the Arab world."<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism in the United States</a></div> Research has shown a rising level of antisemitism since the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> According to the ADL, there were 8,873 antisemitic incidents across the United States in 2023, a 140% bump from the 3,698 incidents in 2022 and the highest since 1979. Compared to 2022, assaults, vandalism and harassment rose by 45%, 69% and 184% respectively in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The ADL reported a 200% increase in antisemitic incidents from October 7, 2023 to September 24, 2024, vis-à-vis 2022-23. They explained that the increase was due partly to their new methodology,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> which was disputed by some current and former staff disagreeing with the ADL's methodology, e.g. <a href="/wiki/IHRA_definition" class="mw-redirect" title="IHRA definition">definition</a> of antisemitism being used.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>'s 2023 statistics, antisemitic incidents accounted for 68% of all religion-based hate crimes, a 63% bump vis-à-vis 2022. The <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a> (AJC) said that it was likely much lower than the actual number as hate crimes had been widely underreported across the country.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Scholars claimed the rise signaled a shift in the nature and prevalence of antisemitism in United States that portended a return to the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">era</a> of explicit and pervasive antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-Wright-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> According to an August 2024 survey by the Combat Antisemitism Movement, 3.5 million Jews in America have experienced antisemitism since the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>. Of the 1,075 American Jews interviewed, 28% claimed to have heard "Jews care too much about money", 25% heard "Jews control the world", 14% heard "American Jews care more about Israel than about the US", and 13% heard "the Holocaust did not happen" or its severity has been "exaggerated".<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_antisemitism">New antisemitism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: New antisemitism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_DNC_day_2_protest_(2802518292).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2008_DNC_day_2_protest_%282802518292%29.jpg/220px-2008_DNC_day_2_protest_%282802518292%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2008_DNC_day_2_protest_%282802518292%29.jpg/330px-2008_DNC_day_2_protest_%282802518292%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2008_DNC_day_2_protest_%282802518292%29.jpg/440px-2008_DNC_day_2_protest_%282802518292%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Antisemitic sign at a protest in 2008</figcaption></figure> In recent years some scholars have advanced the concept of New antisemitism, coming simultaneously from the <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far right</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a>, which tends to focus on opposition to the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Jewish homeland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a>, and argue that the language of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Israeli_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Israeli government">criticism of Israel</a> are used to attack the Jews more broadly. In this view, the proponents of the new concept believe that <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">criticisms of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionism</a> are often disproportionate in degree and unique in kind, and attribute this to antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In October 2014 the controversial opera <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Klinghoffer" title="The Death of Klinghoffer">The Death of Klinghoffer</a> was staged in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in New-York. The opera tells the story of the <a href="/wiki/Achille_Lauro_hijacking" title="Achille Lauro hijacking">1985 hijacking of the Achille Lauro cruise ship</a> by <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian terrorists</a>, and the killing of Jewish passenger <a href="/wiki/Leon_Klinghoffer" title="Leon Klinghoffer">Leon Klinghoffer</a>. Some of the criticism opposed to the opera claimed it's partly antisemitic and glorifies the killers,<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> as American writer and feminist <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Chesler" title="Phyllis Chesler">Phyllis Chesler</a>, an opera aficionado, wrote: <blockquote>The Death of Klinghoffer also demonizes Israel—which is what anti-Semitism is partly about today. It incorporates lethal Islamic (and now universal) pseudo-histories about Israel and Jews. It beatifies terrorism, both musically and in the libretto.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College_campuses">College campuses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: College campuses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities and antisemitism</a></div> On April 3, 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">U.S. Commission on Civil Rights</a> announced its finding that incidents of antisemitism are a "serious problem" on college campuses throughout the United States.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Norwood" title="Stephen H. Norwood">Stephen H. Norwood</a> compares the Antisemitism in contemporary American University to the antisemitism in campuses during the Nazi era.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> His article shows how the support in Anti-Zionist opinions encourages antisemitism inside American campus. Norwood describes in his article: "In 2002, Muslim student groups at <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University" title="San Francisco State University">San Francisco State University</a> similarly invoked the medieval <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>, distributing fliers showing a can with a picture of a dead baby beneath a large drop of blood and two <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">Israeli flags</a>, captioned: "Made in Israel. Palestinian Children Meat. Slaughtered According to Jewish Rites Under American License." On that campus a mob menaced Jewish students with taunts of "Hitler did not finish the job" and "Go back to Russia." The transfer between the criticism on Israel to pure antisemitism is significant. During April 2014 there were at least 3 incidents of swastika drawings on Jewish property in University dormitories. At <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida" title="University of Central Florida">UCF</a> for example, a Jewish student found 9 swastikas carved into walls of her apartment.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> On the beginning of September 2014 there were two cases of antisemitism in College campuses: two students from <a href="/wiki/East_Carolina_University" title="East Carolina University">East Carolina University</a> sprayed swastika on the apartment door of a Jewish student,<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> while on the same day, a Jewish student from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte" title="University of North Carolina at Charlotte">University of North Carolina at Charlotte</a> was told "to go burn in an oven." The student had also told the media she is "hunted" because of her support in Israel: "I have been called a terrorist, baby killer, woman killer, [told that] I use blood to make matzah and other foods, Christ killer, occupier, and much more."<a href="#cite_note-Truth_Revolt-112">[111]</a> In October 2014 fliers were handed out in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California in Santa Barbara</a> that claimed "9/11 Was an Outside Job" with a large blue Star of David. The fliers contained links to several websites that accused Israel of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-The_Jerusalem_Post-113">[112]</a> A few days later antisemitic graffiti was found on a Jewish fraternity house in <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-WSB-TV_Atlanta-114">[113]</a> Another graffiti incident occurred in <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a>, where swastikas drawn on flyers for a school event.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> A survey published in February 2015 by <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Connecticut)" title="Trinity College (Connecticut)">Trinity College</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Louis_D._Brandeis_Center_for_Human_Rights_Under_Law" title="Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law">Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law</a> found out that 54 percent of the participants had been subject to or witnessing antisemitism on their campus. The survey included 1,157 self-identified Jewish students at 55 campuses nationwide. The most significant origin for antisemitism, according to the survey was "from an individual student" (29 percent). Other origins were: in clubs/ societies, in lecture/ class, in student union, etc. The findings of the research compared to a parallel study conducted in United kingdom, and the results were similar.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> In October 2015, it was reported that a few cars in the parking lot of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">UC Davis</a> were vandalized and scratched with antisemitic slurs and swastika sketches.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> A few days later, antisemitic slurs were found on a chalkboard in a center of the campus at <a href="/wiki/Towson_University" title="Towson University">Towson University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nation_of_Islam">Nation of Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Nation of Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam and antisemitism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_American%E2%80%93Jewish_relations#Nation_of_Islam" title="African American–Jewish relations">African American–Jewish relations § Nation of Islam</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> by several organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> They claim that the Nation of Islam has engaged in revisionist and antisemitic interpretations of the Holocaust and exaggerates the role of Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL) alleges that Nation of Islam Health Minister, Dr. Abdul Alim Muhammad, has accused Jewish doctors of injecting Blacks with the <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">human immunodeficiency virus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_attitudes_towards_Jews">Public attitudes towards Jews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Public attitudes towards Jews">edit</a>]</div> According to a 2005 <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL) survey, 14 percent of U.S. residents had antisemitic views. It found "35 percent of foreign-born <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanics</a>" and "36 percent of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-Americans</a> hold strong antisemitic beliefs, four times more than the 9 percent for whites".<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The 2005 <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> survey includes data on <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> attitudes, with 29% being most antisemitic (vs. 9% for whites and 36% for blacks); being born in the United States helped alleviate this attitude: 35% of foreign-born Hispanics, but only 19% of those born in the US.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The ADL's 2011 Survey of American Attitudes Toward Jews in America, found that the recent <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">world economic recession</a> increased the expression of some antisemitic viewpoints among Americans. Most of the people who were surveyed expressed <a href="/wiki/Philo-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo-Semitism">pro-Jewish sentiments</a>, with 64% of them believing that Jewish people have contributed much to U.S. social culture. Yet the polling also found that 19% of Americans answered "probably true" to the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">antisemitic trope</a> that "Jews have too much control/influence on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>" (see <a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic antisemitism</a>) while 15% of Americans concurred with the related statement that Jews seem "more willing to use shady practices" in business than other people do. Reflecting on the lingering antisemitism of about one in five Americans, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_H._Foxman" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham H. Foxman">Abraham H. Foxman</a>, the ADL's national director, has argued, "It is disturbing that with all of the strides we have made in becoming a more tolerant society, anti-Semitic beliefs continue to hold a vice-grip on a small but not insubstantial segment of the American public."<a href="#cite_note-adl-poll-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hate_crimes">Hate crimes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Hate crimes">edit</a>]</div> Escalating <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a> which targeted Jews and members of other minority groups prompted the passage of the federal <a href="/wiki/Hate_Crime_Statistics_Act" title="Hate Crime Statistics Act">Hate Crimes Statistics Act</a> in 1990. On April 1, 2014, <a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Frazier Glenn Miller</a>, a former member of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> arrived at the Jewish center of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overland_Park_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting">murdered 3 people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> After his capture, the suspect was heard saying "<a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Heil Hitler</a>".<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In April 2014, the Anti-Defamation League published its 2013 audit of antisemitic incidents, the audit pointed out a decline of 19 percent in the number of reported antisemitic incidents. The total number of antisemitic attacks across the U.S. was 751, including 31 physical assaults, 315 incidents of vandalism and 405 cases of harassment.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The Vassar <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Justice_in_Palestine" title="Students for Justice in Palestine">Students for Justice in Palestine</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany#At_war_(1939–1945)" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi World War II propaganda</a> poster in May 2014. The poster displayed Jews as part of a <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monster</a> who tries to destroy the world. Vassar College president <a href="/wiki/Catharine_Bond_Hill" title="Catharine Bond Hill">Catharine Hill</a> denounced the poster.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> A few months later, a physical attack occurred in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, when a Jewish student on the campus of Temple University was assaulted and punched in the face by a member of the organization <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Justice_in_Palestine" title="Students for Justice in Palestine">Students for Justice in Palestine</a>, who called him an antisemitic slur.<a href="#cite_note-antisemitism.org.il-130">[129]</a> In May 2014, a Jewish mother from <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> accused a group of students at her eighth-grade son's school of <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> and antisemitism. They used the <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multi-player video game</a> <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Clans" title="Clash of Clans">Clash of Clans</a> to create a group called "Jews Incinerator" and described themselves by stating: "we are a friendly group of racists with one goal- put all Jews into an army camp until they are disposed of. Sieg! Heil!" Two students wrote apology letters.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> In June 2014, there were several antisemitic hate crimes. A swastika and other antisemitic graffiti were scrawled onto a streetside directional sign in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> More graffiti was found at the Sanctuary Lofts Apartments, where graffiti artists drew antisemitic, satanic and racist symbols inside the apartment complex.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Towards the end of the month a young Jewish boy was attacked while he was leaving his home in Brooklyn. The suspect, who was on a bike, opened his hand while passing and struck the victim in the face, then yelled antisemitic slurs.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In July 2014, during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a>, there was an increase in the occurrence of antisemitic incidents. In the beginning of the month an antisemitic banner was flown above <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach" title="Brighton Beach">Brighton Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a>. The banner contained symbols that meant "peace plus swastika equals love". The word "PROSWASTIKA" also appeared on the banner.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Additionally, there were more than 5 incidents of antisemitic graffiti across the country. In <a href="/wiki/Borough_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Borough Park, Brooklyn">Borough Park, Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, three man were arrested for vandalizing <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a> property and a nearby house in the Jewish neighborhood by spraying swastikas and inscriptions such as "you don't belong here".<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Later that month swastika drawings were found on mailboxes near a national Jewish fraternity house in <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene, Oregon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> In another case, swastikas and the phrase 'kill Jews' were found on a playground floor in <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale, Bronx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> There were also two incidents of graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Tennessee" title="Clarksville, Tennessee">Clarksville, Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Some vandalism incidents occurred on a cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> and in country club in <a href="/wiki/Frontenac,_Missouri" title="Frontenac, Missouri">Frontenac, Missouri</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Toward the end of the month there were two places were the word '<a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>' was scribbled on Jewish property and on a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> In addition, anti-Jewish leaflets were found on cars in the Jewish neighborhood in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. The leaflets threatened violence if Israel did not pull out of Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> In August 2014, there were two incidents in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> where people passed out leaflets of posters from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles" title="Westwood, Los Angeles">Westwood</a> near <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>, a Jewish store owner got swastika-marked leaflets which contained threatens and warnings.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> A few days earlier, during a pro-Palestinian rally in Chicago, antisemitic leaflets were handed out to people. There were more than six<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> incidents of graffiti and vandalism aimed at the Jewish populations in various cities in the United States. Some of the graffiti compared Israel to Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> There was also an antisemitic attack on four <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish</a> teens in <a href="/wiki/Borough_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Borough Park, Brooklyn">Borough Park, Brooklyn</a> towards the mid-month.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Another physical attack occurred in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, when a Jewish student on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> was assaulted and punched in the face by a violent member of Students for Justice in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-antisemitism.org.il-130">[129]</a> In the beginning of September 2014, there were more than 6 incidents of antisemitic graffiti across the country,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> three of them outside religious buildings such as a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Most of the drawings included <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> inscriptions, and one of them had the words "Murder the Jew tenant".<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Later that month, another antisemitic graffiti was found on the Jewish Community Center in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Then, a few days later a violent attack occurred in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a> during <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, where a man drove near a Jewish school shot three man after shouting "Jews, Jews, Jews".<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Towards the end of the month, a rabbi was thrown out of a Greek restaurant when the owner found out he was Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Besides the above, Robert Ransdell, a write-in candidate for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> used the slogan "With Jews we lose" for his running.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Another incident occurred in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte" title="University of North Carolina at Charlotte">University of North Carolina at Charlotte</a>, when a Jewish student was told "to go burn in an oven." The student had also told the media she is "hunted" because of her support in Israel: "I have been called a terrorist, baby killer, woman killer, [told that] I <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">use blood to make matzah</a> and other foods, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Christ killer</a>, occupier, and much more."<a href="#cite_note-Truth_Revolt-112">[111]</a> In October 2014, a coffee shop owner in <a href="/wiki/Bushwick,_Brooklyn" title="Bushwick, Brooklyn">Bushwick</a> wrote on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> that "greedy infiltrators" Jewish people came to buy a house near his business.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Later that month, two synagogues were desecrated in <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>. One of them was sprayed with swastika graffiti<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> and the other one was damaged by vandalism.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> During the month there was also a physical attack, when the head of a Hebrew association was beaten outside <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Center" title="Barclays Center">Barclays Center</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Nets" title="Brooklyn Nets">Nets</a>-<a href="/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C." title="Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.">Maccabi Tel Aviv</a> basketball game. The attacker was a participant in a pro-Palestinian demonstration outside the hall.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> During another incident in October, fliers were handed out in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> that claimed "<a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 Was an Outside Job</a>" with a large blue <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a>. The fliers contained links to several websites that accusing Israel of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-The_Jerusalem_Post-113">[112]</a> A few days later, antisemitic graffiti was found on Jewish fraternity house in <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-WSB-TV_Atlanta-114">[113]</a> During December 2014 an <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jewish</a> young man was stabbed in his neck while standing outside of <a href="/wiki/770_Eastern_Parkway" title="770 Eastern Parkway">the Chabad-Lubavitch building</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Another antisemitic incident in New York occurred when a threatening photo was sent to a <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Jewish</a> lawmaker. The photo showed his head pasted on the body of a person beheaded by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Besides those incidents, several antisemitic graffiti found across the country,<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> and a couple of synagogues were vandalized in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Ocala,_Florida" title="Ocala, Florida">Ocala, Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#A6CEE3; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 93.906250581749px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:12.53332335643px 99.211470131448px 0 0; border-top-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 137.63819204712px 100px 0; border-right-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 25.675636036773px 100px 0; border-right-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:1.7712749271311px; border-width:0 0 98.228725072869px 18.738131458572px; border-bottom-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Private residence (22%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  College Campus (7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Jewish Institution / School (11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Non-Jewish School (12%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Public area (35%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Private Building / Area (12%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Cemetery (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> January 2015 started with some antisemitic graffiti throughout the country, such as racist writing on a car<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> and on an elevator's button.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> In February, there were more incidents of antisemitic graffiti and harassment. In <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">Israeli flags</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> were hung out of a house. An <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flag</a> with a swastika on it was also taped to the house's door.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Earlier that month there were two incidents of antisemitic graffiti outside and inside the Jewish fraternity house at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">UC Davis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lakewood_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Lakewood Township, New Jersey">Lakewood, NJ</a> a Jewish-owned store was targeted with graffiti. That followed several other antisemitic messages found spray-painted and carved around town.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> An incident at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> on February 10, 2015, where a Jewish student was questioned by a student council regarding whether being active in a Jewish organization constituted a "conflict of interest", illustrated the existing confusion among some students on this point.<a href="#cite_note-NYT03515-172">[171]</a> In April 2015 the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> published its 2014 audit of antisemitic incidents. It counted 912 antisemitic incidents across the U.S during 2014, constituting a 21% increase from the year before. Most of the incidents belonged to the category of "harassments, threats and events". The audit shows that most of the vandalism incidents occurred in public areas (35%). A review of the results shows that during <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">Operation Protective Edge</a>, there was a significant increase in the number of antisemitic incidents, compares to the rest of the year. In all of these states, more antisemitic incidents were counted in 2014 than in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> On January 2, 2018, a gay Jewish man named <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Blaze_Bernstein" title="Murder of Blaze Bernstein">Blaze Bernstein</a> was murdered by Samuel Woodward, who is a member of a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> terrorist organization called <a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> On October 27, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">11 people were murdered</a> in an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_%E2%80%93_Or_L%27Simcha_Congregation" title="Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation">Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha</a> synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. The shooting was committed by <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting#Suspect" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Robert Bowers</a>, a prolific user of the <a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">alt-tech</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> service <a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a> where he promoted antisemitic tropes and conspiracy theories as well as the white nationalist doctrine of <a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">white genocide</a>, which is claimed to be a Jewish conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-175">[174]</a> On April 27, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Chabad_of_Poway" title="Chabad of Poway">Chabad of Poway</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> <a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">was attacked by a 19 year old gunman</a> who killed 1 and injured 3. The shooter in question, John T. Earnest, had written an open letter which he posted on <a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a>'s /pol/ messageboard specifically blaming Jews for white genocide and other ills.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> On December 10, 2019, <a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">a mass-shooting attack took place</a> against a kosher grocery store in <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a>, killing six (including both perpetrators). The attackers invoked tenets of an extremist version of <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelite</a> philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> In December 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in New York City">Jewish community of New York</a> suffered a number of antisemitic attacks, including a <a href="/wiki/Monsey_Hanukkah_stabbing" title="Monsey Hanukkah stabbing">mass stabbing in Monsey on the 28th</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> In May 2021 there was an upsurge of antisemitic actions in the United States at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">clashes between Israel and Hamas in Gaza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> On January 15, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Colleyville_synagogue_hostage_crisis" title="Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis">four people were taken hostage by a gunman</a> at a synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Colleyville,_Texas" title="Colleyville, Texas">Colleyville, Texas</a>. After a standoff with the police, the gunman, a <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">British Pakistani</a>, was killed and the hostages freed.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Later in 2022, right-wing political commentator <a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a> blamed Jewish people themselves for antisemitic actions being carried out against the Jewish community. He further claimed that such actions would only get worse if "the Jews" did not support "people like us". Due to comments like these, Fuentes is regarded as an antisemite.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trump_campaigns_and_presidency">Trump campaigns and presidency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Trump campaigns and presidency">edit</a>]</div> During his <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> was repeatedly criticized for antisemitism. Jewish journalist <a href="/wiki/Julia_Ioffe" title="Julia Ioffe">Julia Ioffe</a> received antisemitic death threats in 2016 after writing a profile of <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> which revealed Melania Trump had a half-brother she was not in contact with. Neo-Nazi website <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a> denounced Ioffe as a "filthy Russian <a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">kike</a>", while other Trump supporters made memes of Ioffe being executed in the Holocaust. Ioffe received an anonymous phone call from a person who played a Hitler speech. Melania Trump was critical of Ioffe for researching her relatives. When asked about Ioffe's antisemitic death threats, Melania Trump replied "I don't control my fans, but I don't agree with what they're doing. I understand what you mean, but there are people out there who maybe went too far. [Ioffe] provoked them."<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> In July 2016, Donald Trump tweeted an image of <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> over a stack of dollar bills with a <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">six-pointed star</a>, saying "most corrupt candidate ever!" After being criticized by many Jewish communal leaders, his staff took down the tweet, replaced the star with a circle, and then reposted it. However, Trump regretted the decision to take down the star, remarking, "I would have rather defended it — just leave it up and say: No, that's not a Star of David. That's just a star."<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">2017 inaugural speech</a>, Trump stated, "from this day forward, it's only going to be <a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America first</a>. America first." This slogan was criticized for antisemitism because it referenced the <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">"America First" policy</a> taken by many American Nazi sympathizers during the second World War. Despite its history with antisemitism, this slogan has been continually used by <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trump supporters</a> to this day.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> When questioned about his antisemitism, Trump responded by saying he is the "least antisemitic person you've ever seen in your entire life."<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>, who was the CEO of Trump's 2016 campaign and later served in the Trump administration, was alleged by his ex-wife to have made antisemitic remarks in private.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> When Bannon was chief editor of <a href="/wiki/Breitbart" class="mw-redirect" title="Breitbart">Breitbart</a>, he said that Breitbart was "the platform for the alt-right." Bannon employed alt-right author <a href="/wiki/Milo_Yiannopoulos" title="Milo Yiannopoulos">Milo Yiannopoulos</a> at Breitbart and pushed him to make public appearances and speeches. Yiannopoulos was privately friendly with neo-Nazis and white supremacists, and surreptitiously promoted their ideas in his Breitbart articles before his ties to antisemitic alt-right figures, including <a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(livestreamer)" title="Baked Alaska (livestreamer)">Baked Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Andrew Auernheimer</a>, were exposed in October 2017. During the 2016 presidential election, antisemitic personalities on the alt-right saw the Trump campaign as an opportunity to promote their views.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Jewish commentator <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Ben Shapiro</a>, who resigned from Breitbart in 2016, accused Bannon of "making common cause with the racist, anti-Semitic alt-right." Yiannapoulos launched a series of personal attacks against Shapiro after his resignation, which coincided with Shapiro receiving a wave of anti-semitic abuse.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> When <a href="/wiki/2017_Berkeley_protests" title="2017 Berkeley protests">protests against a planned speech by Yiannapoulos in February 2017</a> turned violent, President Trump threatened to pull funding from <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>, tweeting that "If U.C. Berkeley does not allow free speech and practices violence on innocent people with a different point of view - NO FEDERAL FUNDS?"<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> In August 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>. During the rally, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazis</a> chanted antisemitic slogans such as "Jews will not replace us!" and "Blood and soil!" The rally quickly turned violent and 30 protestors were injured on the first day. On the second day, a white supremacist ran his car into a crowd of counterprotestors, killing Heather Heyer and injuring 35 people.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Trump sparked national outrage by claiming there were "very fine people on both sides."<a href="#cite_note-Gray-194">[193]</a> After his statement initiated national outcry, he stated, "racism is evil" and specifically condemned the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gray-194">[193]</a> During the Trump presidency, the <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon conspiracy theory</a> became popular. The theory claims that a powerful cabal of <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child molesters</a> are conspiring against Trump. Believers think Trump is secretly fighting this cabal of pedophiles. They also believe that this cabal harvests <a href="/wiki/Adrenochrome_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenochrome (conspiracy theory)">adrenochrome</a> from children they kill, which is directly related to traditional antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a> conspiracy theories. QAnoners also believe that Jewish billionaire <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a> and infamous Jewish banking family <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">The Rothschilds</a> are implicated in this conspiracy theory. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">The Anti-Defamation League</a> has stated that QAnon has had a massive impact on American politics, saying "...the damage has already been done. Many of QAnon’s most notable claims have already made it into the mainstream, where its toxic impact on our national politics will be felt for decades to come."<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Academic <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stanton" title="Gregory Stanton">Gregory Stanton</a> has called QAnon "a rebranded version of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and called QAnon a "Nazi cult".<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> A supporter of QAnon was initially scheduled to speak at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 Republican National Convention</a>, but was disinvited after she endorsed an antisemitic Twitter thread which falsely claimed the Protocols of the Elders of Zion is an authentic document.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Qualtrics" title="Qualtrics">Qualtrics</a> survey found that supporters of QAnon tend to hold antisemitic beliefs. Numerous believers in QAnon participated in the storming of the U.S Capitol on January 6.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> While Donald Trump said in 2020 he was unfamiliar with the tenets of QAnon, he said that believers in QAnon are "people that love our country" and that he appreciated their support.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Media_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Matters">Media Matters</a>, Trump amplified QAnon-supporting accounts on Twitter at least 315 times.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> After being banned from Twitter in 2021, Trump continued to amplify QAnon content on <a href="/wiki/Truth_Social" title="Truth Social">Truth Social</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> In December 2019, Trump signed the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_on_Combating_Anti-Semitism" title="Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism">Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism</a>, which uses the <a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition of antisemitism</a>. Early reports of the executive order claimed the order defined Judaism as a nationality, sparking criticism and fear amongst the Jewish criticism for its similarities to Nazi-era policies. However, this turned out to not be the case.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> The order has sparked controversy amongst <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">antizionist</a> activists for appearing to combat speech against <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> rather than antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Trump has repeatedly criticized the majority of Jewish-American voters who support the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. In 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024, Trump made a series of comments disparaging Jewish Democrats as "disloyal", claiming they were insufficiently appreciative of his administration's support for Israel. Trump suggested Jewish Democrats were betraying Israel by supporting the Democratic Party's alleged hostility towards Israel. Trump has declared that "Any Jewish person that votes for Democrats <a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">hates their religion</a>." and that Jewish Democrats "hate Israel." <a href="/wiki/Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden administration">Biden administration</a> officials have condemned Trump's rhetoric as antisemitic.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Trump has also praised several people who have made antisemitic comments, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Malkin" title="Michelle Malkin">Michelle Malkin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nehlen" title="Paul Nehlen">Paul Nehlen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Jack Posobiec</a>,<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Ann Coulter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nugent" title="Ted Nugent">Ted Nugent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> he has also shared posts from multiple antisemitic social media accounts.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> In 2017, Trump endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a>, telling <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> he was doing an "unbelievable job on the drug problem."<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Duterte had compared the drug war to the Holocaust in 2016, saying he wished to kill millions of drug users just as Hitler killed millions of Jews.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> According to Trump's former <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Staff">Chief of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kelly" title="John F. Kelly">John F. Kelly</a>, Trump made favorable remarks about Adolf Hitler in private, saying that "Hitler did some good things."<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> Numerous participants in the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a> wore clothing with antisemitic slogans or had a history of expressing antisemitic sentiment. Members of the antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a> participated in the attack.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Antisemitic activist <a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(livestreamer)" title="Baked Alaska (livestreamer)">Baked Alaska</a> pleaded guilty to participating in the riot.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Riley Williams, who was sentenced to prison for stealing Nancy Pelosi's laptop during the attack, was a self-identified "<a href="/wiki/Groyper" class="mw-redirect" title="Groyper">Groyper</a>" and supporter of white supremacist Nick Fuentes.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Fuentes himself and his supporters were present outside the Capitol on January 6.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> Neo-Nazi Timothy Hale-Cusanelli was sentenced to prison for his participation in the attack. In 2022, Hale-Cusanelli's aunt spoke at a Pennsylvania rally headlined by Donald Trump and called for her nephew's release from prison.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> The Proud Boys were founded by <a href="/wiki/Gavin_McInnes" title="Gavin McInnes">Gavin McInnes</a>, who once released a video entitled “10 things I hate about the Jews.”<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> Numerous members of the Proud Boys have ties to racist and antisemitic groups, including former member <a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Jason Kessler</a>, organizer of the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> The Proud Boys have collaborated with Republican Party organizations in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Trump adviser <a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Roger Stone</a> is a member of the Proud Boys.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">2020 United States presidential debates</a> Joe Biden asked Donald Trump to condemn the Proud Boys, to which Trump replied "Proud Boys, stand back and stand by." The comment was interpreted by members of the Proud Boys as a gesture of support for the organization by Trump.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> Trump has suggested he would pardon <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Enrique Tarrio</a>, leader of the Proud Boys, who was sentenced to twenty two years in prison for his involvement in the January 6 Capitol attack.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> In 2022, four elected officials- Representatives <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Marjorie Taylor Greene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gosar" title="Paul Gosar">Paul Gosar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Idaho" title="Lieutenant Governor of Idaho">Lieutenant Governor of Idaho</a> <a href="/wiki/Janice_McGeachin" title="Janice McGeachin">Janice McGeachin</a>, and state senator <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Rogers_(politician)" title="Wendy Rogers (politician)">Wendy Rogers</a>- attended the <a href="/wiki/America_First_Political_Action_Conference" title="America First Political Action Conference">America First Political Action Conference</a>, which was hosted by Nick Fuentes and is associated with the antisemitic Groyper movement.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Greene, Gosar, and Rogers have all been accused of antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> All three politicians were endorsed in their re-election campaigns by Donald Trump,<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> while Trump also endorsed McGeachin's candidacy for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Idaho">Governor of Idaho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> Another candidate Trump endorsed in 2022, Pennsylvania gubernatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/Doug_Mastriano" title="Doug Mastriano">Doug Mastriano</a>, supported antisemitic social media website <a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a> and attacked his opponent, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Shapiro" title="Josh Shapiro">Josh Shapiro</a>, for sending his children to a Jewish private school.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> During the 2022 midterms, QAnon supporter and Republican nominee for <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada Secretary of State">Nevada Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Marchant" title="Jim Marchant">Jim Marchant</a> organized the <a href="/wiki/America_First_Secretary_of_State_Coalition" title="America First Secretary of State Coalition">America First Secretary of State Coalition</a>, a slate of Trump-supporting Republican candidates for state secretaries of state in fourteen states who supported the false theory that the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a> was stolen. The coalition also endorsed Mastriano and Arizona gubernatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/Kari_Lake" title="Kari Lake">Kari Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> In 2024, Marchant endorsed an antisemitic conspiracy theory about a secretive Jewish cabal controlling America's financial system.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> In 2022 congressional candidate <a href="/wiki/Carl_Paladino" title="Carl Paladino">Carl Paladino</a>, who called Hitler "the kind of leader we need today", received the endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Elise Stefanik</a>, chair of the <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Republican Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kanye_West">Kanye West</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Kanye West">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Views_of_Kanye_West#Race_and_antisemitism" title="Views of Kanye West">Views of Kanye West § Race and antisemitism</a></div> In late 2022, the American rapper <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> stirred up a national controversy over his continuous antisemitic remarks. On October 3, 2022, West showed off a <a href="/wiki/White_Lives_Matter" title="White Lives Matter">"white lives matter"</a> shirt, a slogan which is commonly used by <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacists</a>. On October 6, 2022, West conducted an interview with <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> commentator <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a>, in which he made various antisemitic and otherwise conspiratorial statements.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> On October 7, 2022, he implied in an Instagram post that <a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Puff Daddy</a> was <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">being controlled by Jews</a>. The next day, after being banned from <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, West tweeted out that he was going to go "death con 3 on Jewish people" and that he can't be antisemitic because <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">"Black people are the real Jews</a>."<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> Multiple celebrities, such as <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Curtis" title="Jamie Lee Curtis">Jamie Lee Curtis</a>, publicly condemned his antisemitic rant. A few days later, an episode of <a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a>' show, The Shop: Uninterrupted, was cut from the air due to West's antisemitic comments. When news broke about West's recently public antisemitic remarks, Van Lathan, a former <a href="/wiki/TMZ" title="TMZ">TMZ</a> staffer and host of the Higher Learning podcast, wrote that he was unsurprised about Kanye's comments and that an episode of his podcast had previously been unaired due to West remarking that he "loved <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a>."<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> As a result of his antisemitic rampages, multiple companies and celebrities publicly denounced and cut ties from West. On October 21, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Balenciaga" title="Balenciaga">Balenciaga</a> publicly cut their ties with West.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> A few days later, West's ex-wife, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Kardashian" title="Kim Kardashian">Kim Kardashian</a> spoke out, saying, "Hate speech is never OK or excusable. I stand together with the Jewish community and call on the terrible violence and hateful rhetoric towards them to come to an immediate end."<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> On that same day, <a href="/wiki/MRC_(company)" title="MRC (company)">MRC</a> announced that it would not release a finished documentary on West as he "has now helped mainstream" antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> On October 25, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a> announced that they were cutting their ties from West.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> West was also dropped by <a href="/wiki/Foot_Locker" title="Foot Locker">Foot Locker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/TJ_Maxx" title="TJ Maxx">TJ Maxx</a>,<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> and more. On November 22, 2022, West dined with the former President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a>, stirring up even more controversy around the country. Trump wrote on his social media platform that he "never knew and knew nothing about" Fuentes and, of West, "...we got along great, he expressed no anti-Semitism, & I appreciated all of the nice things he said about me on '<a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a>.'"<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> On December 1st, 2022, West went on <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones's</a> show <a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a>. On this show, West claimed that he saw "good things about <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>."<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> In response to West's comments on the show, President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> tweeted, "I just want to make a few things clear: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> happened. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> was a demonic figure. And instead of giving it a platform, our political leaders should be calling out and rejecting antisemitism wherever it hides. Silence is complicity."<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> West had previously received support from congressional Republicans when the Twitter account of the House Judiciary Committee posted "Kanye. Elon. Trump." after West was photographed wearing a "White Lives Matter" t-shirt. The tweet was deleted after West praised Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> On December 26, 2023, months after his very long antisemitic outburst, West wrote a public apology to the Jewish community in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> on Instagram.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elon_Musk_and_Twitter/X">Elon Musk and Twitter/X</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Elon Musk and Twitter/X">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> has been repeatedly criticized for antisemitic tweets and for allowing a massive surge in antisemitism on his social media platform, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a> (formerly known as Twitter). Studies have shown that right after Musk bought the social media, antisemitic tweets immediately increased dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> After Musk bought Twitter, the website restored several accounts previously banned for extremism, including multiple accounts belonging to neo-Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> has repeatedly expressed concerns about Musk's personal antisemitism and the persistence of antisemitism on the platform. In response to these concerns, Musk tweeted, "Since the acquisition, The @ADL has been trying to kill this platform by falsely accusing it & me of being anti-Semitic. Our US advertising revenue is still down 60%, primarily due to pressure on advertisers by @ADL (that’s what advertisers tell us), so they almost succeeded in killing X/Twitter! If this continues, we will have no choice but to file a defamation suit against, ironically, the ‘Anti-Defamation’ League."<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> After Musk tweeted this, a campaign called #BanTheADL trended on X/Twitter. Musk liked a tweet by Keith O'Brien, who once called himself "a raging antisemite", endorsing the #BanTheADL campaign.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> On November 17, 2023, Musk endorsed a tweet claiming that Jews are pushing "hatred of whites" and "hordes of minorities" into the Western world, causing him to be widely condemned by the Jewish community for antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> Importantly, this was during a massive uptick in antisemitism that began during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> only a month prior. After being widely condemned, Musk agreed to visit <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> in January 2024. During the visit, he expressed that he had been "naive" on antisemitism, yet insisted that he sees "no antisemitism" in his circles on X.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> In 2024, Musk declared his opposition to the prosecution of far-right European politicians, including <a href="/wiki/Dries_Van_Langenhove" title="Dries Van Langenhove">Dries Van Langenhove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Bjorn Hocke</a>, who had been criminally charged for espousing Nazi rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> In 2024, X intervened to remove numerous posts which revealed the identity of neo-Nazi cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Stonetoss" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonetoss">Stonetoss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion_(DEI)">Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> (DEI) programs on college campuses have been accused of ignoring or even contributing to antisemitism. In general they do not include antisemitism as an evil to be fought, and do not include Jews as an oppressed group. They sometimes include Jews as an oppressor group.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> According to Andria Spindel, of the Canadian Antisemitism Education Foundation, antisemitism has been largely ignored in the DEI curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> The relationship between DEI and campus antisemitism came under further scrunity after the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas attack on Israel">2023 Hamas attack on Israel</a>, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">war in Gaza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cjo-281">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> Tabia Lee, a former DEI director at <a href="/wiki/De_Anza_College" title="De Anza College">De Anza College</a> in California turned critic, has claimed that DEI frameworks foster antisemitism due to its "oppressors and the oppressed" dichotomy where "Jews are categorically placed in the oppressor category",<a href="#cite_note-ocpa-283">[282]</a> and described as "white oppressors".<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> She has claimed that her attempts to include Jews under the "DEI" umbrella was resisted.<a href="#cite_note-sfc-285">[284]</a> When her critics asked the college trustees to oust her from her role, one counselor explicitly referenced her attempts to place Jewish students "on the same footing as marginalized groups".<a href="#cite_note-sfc-285">[284]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandeis Center">Brandeis Center</a> likewise notes how the DEI committee at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> alleged that "Jews, unlike other minority group[s], possess privilege and power, Jews and victims of Jew-hatred do not merit or necessitate the attention of the DEI committee", after two students complained about antisemitic incidents on campus.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> Following a wake of antisemitic incidents on American campuses in 2023, several Republican congressmen laid the blame at DEI, with <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Owens" title="Burgess Owens">Burgess Owens</a> stating DEI programs "are anything but inclusive for Jews".<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> DEI's lack of inclusion for Jews, and contribution to fueling antisemitism, was similarly criticized by businessman <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ackman" title="Bill Ackman">Bill Ackman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> and columnist <a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Heather Mac Donald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> Following the anti-semitism controversy at the University of Pennsylvania, one donor pulled a $100 million donation "because he thought the school was prioritizing D.E.I. over enhancing the business school's academic excellence."<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_to_Israel,_Hamas_and_the_war_in_Gaza,_2023-Present">Reactions to Israel, Hamas and the war in Gaza, 2023-Present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Reactions to Israel, Hamas and the war in Gaza, 2023-Present">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war#United_States" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war § United States</a></div>Throughout the United States, there has been a massive uptick in antisemitism. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL) has reported a 337% increase in antisemitism since the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.<a href="#cite_note-ADL-December2-2023-7">[7]</a> However, these numbers have been viewed as controversial by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">antizionists</a> because the ADL has claimed that protests led by Jewish organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Voice_for_Peace" title="Jewish Voice for Peace">Jewish Voice for Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/IfNotNow" title="IfNotNow">IfNotNow</a> are antisemitic.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> Some chants which have been shouted by supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Pro-Palestine movement</a>, such as "<a href="/wiki/From_the_river_to_the_sea" title="From the river to the sea">From the river to the sea</a>" have been deemed antisemitic by institutions such as the ADL.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> In response to an increase in antisemitism, particularly on <a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">college campuses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">US Congress</a> passed House Resolution 894 on December 12, 2023, claiming that <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">antizionism</a> is antisemitism and urging world leaders to fight against antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> Under intense pressure at a Congressional hearing, the presidents of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> gave weak answers to the allegations of antisemitism on their Ivy League campuses. President <a href="/wiki/Claudine_Gay" title="Claudine Gay">Claudine Gay</a> of Harvard and President <a href="/wiki/Liz_Magill" title="Liz Magill">Liz Magill</a> of Pennsylvania were forced to resign in January 2024.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> In February, Representative <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Foxx" title="Virginia Foxx">Virginia Foxx</a>, a North Carolina Republican and chair of the House education committee, attacked Harvard. Foxx stated that its "Jewish students continue to endure the firestorm of antisemitism that has engulfed its campus....Congress will not tolerate antisemitic hate in its classrooms or on campus."<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> In an op-ed about rising antisemitism on campuses, <a href="/wiki/Dara_Horn" title="Dara Horn">Dara Horn</a> wrote, "The through line of <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">anti-Semitism for thousands of years</a> has been the denial of truth and the promotion of lies. These lies range in scope from <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Antisemitism" title="List of conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> to <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a> to the currently popular claims that <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, that Jews are <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonialists</a>, and that <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish civilization</a> isn’t <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">indigenous to the land of Israel</a>. These lies are all part of the foundational <a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">big lie</a>: that anti-Semitism itself is a righteous act of resistance against <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, because Jews are collectively evil and have no right to exist. Today, the big lie is winning."<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> Throughout the United States, there have been many instances of posters of <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_hostage_crisis" title="Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis">hostages</a> being ripped down,<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> Jewish people being assaulted,<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> antisemitic graffiti and vandalism,<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> and bomb threats against Jewish community centers.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> Additionally, there has been an increase in <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">denial of the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>, which has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> As a result of this uptick in antisemitism, many Jewish people have reported feeling unsafe in the US. Recent studies by the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a> have reported that 78% of American Jews felt unsafe upon hearing about the Hamas-led attack, with 46% claiming that they have altered their behavior out of fear of antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic trope</a>, false allegations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a>, attacking the state of Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography of antisemitism#United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History of antisemitism</a>, worldwide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">History of the Jews in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_antisemitic_incidents_in_the_United_States" title="List of antisemitic incidents in the United States">List of antisemitic incidents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_Jewish_institutions_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of attacks on Jewish institutions in the United States">List of attacks on Jewish institutions in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Religious discrimination in the United States">Religious discrimination in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="African American–Jewish relations">African American–Jewish relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> The right-wing use of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionism</a> as a cover for antisemitism can be seen in a 1981 issue of Spotlight, published by the neo-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Lobby" title="Liberty Lobby">Liberty Lobby</a>: "A brazen attempt by influential "Israel-firsters" in the policy echelons of the Reagan administration to extend their control to the day-to-day espionage and covert-action operations of the CIA was the hidden source of the controversy and scandals that shook the U.S. intelligence establishment this summer. The dual loyalists ... have long wanted to grab a hand in the on-the-spot "field control" of the CIA's worldwide clandestine services. They want this control, not just for themselves, but on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a>, Israel's terrorist secret police.<a href="#cite_note-berletwoos-91">[91]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2021" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Reena Sigman (March 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evolve.reconstructingjudaism.org/anti-semitism-europe-history/">"Antisemitism in Europe and America in the Modern Period: Historical Perspectives"</a>. 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Anti-Semitism in American History. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Anti-Semitism+in+American+History&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Tevis (2021), p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTevis2021" class="citation web cs1">Tevis, Britt (April 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katz.sas.upenn.edu/resources/blog/katz-center-fellow-britt-tevis-mythical-jewish-arsonists-and-anti-jewish">"Katz Center Fellow Britt Tevis on "Mythical Jewish Arsonists" and Anti-Jewish Discrimination in U.S. History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Katz+Center+Fellow+Britt+Tevis+on+%22Mythical+Jewish+Arsonists%22+and+Anti-Jewish+Discrimination+in+U.S.+History&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft.aulast=Tevis&rft.aufirst=Britt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkatz.sas.upenn.edu%2Fresources%2Fblog%2Fkatz-center-fellow-britt-tevis-mythical-jewish-arsonists-and-anti-jewish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADL-December2-2023-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADL-December2-2023_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADL-December2-2023_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/adl-reports-unprecedented-rise-antisemitic-incidents-post-oct-7">"ADL Reports Unprecedented Rise in Antisemitic Incidents Post-Oct. 7"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>. 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September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024. <q>With the FBI reporting that hate crimes against Jews increased a staggering 63% year over year, from 1,124 in 2022 to 1,832 in 2023, AJC recognizes that the actual numbers of incidents is likely greater, as hate crimes are widely underreported across the country. Despite Jews only accounting for 2% of the U.S. population, the community was the target of 68% of religiously motivated hate crimes committed in 2023.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+Committee&rft.atitle=AJC+Warns%3A+Staggering+FBI+Hate+Crimes+Data+Likely+Represents+Under-Reporting+of+Anti-Jewish+Hate+Crimes&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.org%2Fnews%2Fajc-warns-staggering-fbi-hate-crimes-data-likely-represents-under-reporting-of-anti-jewish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/new-fbi-data-reflects-record-high-number-anti-jewish-hate-crimes">"New FBI Data Reflects Record-High Number of Anti-Jewish Hate Crimes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>. 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Retrieved October 10, 2024. <q>Although Jews only make up around 2 percent of the U.S. population, reported single-bias anti-Jewish hate crimes comprised 15 percent of all hate crimes and 68 percent of all reported religion-based hate crimes in 2023, which is consistent with patterns from prior years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.atitle=New+FBI+Data+Reflects+Record-High+Number+of+Anti-Jewish+Hate+Crimes&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Fresources%2Fpress-release%2Fnew-fbi-data-reflects-record-high-number-anti-jewish-hate-crimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/antisemitic-hate-crimes-in-us-surged-63-in-2023-to-all-time-high-of-1832-fbi">"Antisemitic hate crimes in US surged 63% in 2023, to all-time high of 1,832 – FBI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. 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Retrieved October 10, 2024. <q>Antisemitic incidents were 15% of all hate crimes in 2023, and 68% of all religion-based hate crimes, according to the data — even though Jews only make up some 2% of the US population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Antisemitic+hate+crimes+in+US+surged+63%25+in+2023%2C+to+all-time+high+of+1%2C832+%E2%80%93+FBI&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fantisemitic-hate-crimes-in-us-surged-63-in-2023-to-all-time-high-of-1832-fbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishinsider.com/2024/09/fbi-reports-record-high-antisemitic-hate-crimes-in-2023-up-63-from-2022">"FBI reports record-high antisemitic hate crimes in 2023, up 63% from 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Insider" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Insider">Jewish Insider</a>. 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Retrieved October 6, 2024. <q>The FBI reported 1,832 anti-Jewish hate crimes in 2023, the second-largest category of hate crimes reported last year</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Insider&rft.atitle=FBI+reports+record-high+antisemitic+hate+crimes+in+2023%2C+up+63%25+from+2022&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishinsider.com%2F2024%2F09%2Ffbi-reports-record-high-antisemitic-hate-crimes-in-2023-up-63-from-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Graham (February 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7883958">"Trends in Jewish Young Adult Experiences and Perceptions of Antisemitism in America from 2017 to 2019"</a>. 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Retrieved February 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+The+Most+Educated+People+In+America+Fall+For+The+Most+Anti-Semitic+Lies&rft.date=2024-02-15&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Dara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2024%2F02%2Fjewish-anti-semitism-harvard-claudine-gay-zionism%2F677454%2F%23selection-661.0-661.66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosman2023" class="citation news cs1">Rosman, Katherine (October 31, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/nyregion/israel-gaza-kidnapped-poster-fight.html">"How Posters of Kidnapped Israelis Ignited a Firestorm on American Sidewalks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Posters+of+Kidnapped+Israelis+Ignited+a+Firestorm+on+American+Sidewalks&rft.date=2023-10-31&rft.aulast=Rosman&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F10%2F31%2Fnyregion%2Fisrael-gaza-kidnapped-poster-fight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiefert2023" class="citation news cs1">Siefert, Katie (November 11, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wpde.com/news/nation-world/punched-because-they-were-jewish-college-students-recovering-after-alleged-anti-semitic-attack-ohio-state-university-broken-nose-jaw-injuries-hate-crime-racial-slur-antisemitism">"'Punched because they were Jewish': College students recovering after alleged anti-Semitic attack"</a>. 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Retrieved February 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Antisemitic+vandalism+rattles+Jewish+communities+amid+growing+tension+in+the+US&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft.aulast=Boyette&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F11%2F01%2Fus%2Fjewish-communities-antisemitism-israel-hamas-war%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLybrandCampbellMillerSchulman2023" class="citation news cs1">Lybrand, Holmes; Campbell, Josh; Miller, John; Schulman, Sabrina (December 18, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/18/us/jewish-facilities-bomb-threats/index.html">"More than 400 Jewish facilities received false bomb threats this weekend, non-profit says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved February 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=More+than+400+Jewish+facilities+received+false+bomb+threats+this+weekend%2C+non-profit+says&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft.aulast=Lybrand&rft.aufirst=Holmes&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Josh&rft.au=Miller%2C+John&rft.au=Schulman%2C+Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F12%2F18%2Fus%2Fjewish-facilities-bomb-threats%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwoskin2024" class="citation news cs1">Dwoskin, Elizabeth (January 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/01/21/hamas-attack-october-7-conspiracy-israel/">"Growing Oct. 7 'truther' groups say Hamas massacre was a false flag"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Growing+Oct.+7+%27truther%27+groups+say+Hamas+massacre+was+a+false+flag&rft.date=2024-01-21&rft.aulast=Dwoskin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2F2024%2F01%2F21%2Fhamas-attack-october-7-conspiracy-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.org/AntisemitismReport2023#prioritybox">"The State of Antisemitism in America 2023"</a>. American Jewish Committee. December 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+Committee&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Antisemitism+in+America+2023&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.org%2FAntisemitismReport2023%23prioritybox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Baldwin_(writer)" title="Neil Baldwin (writer)">Baldwin, Neil</a> (2002). Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate. PublicAffairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Ford+and+the+Jews%3A+The+Mass+Production+of+Hate&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley1982" class="citation book cs1">Brinkley, Alan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brinkley-alan-voices-of-protest-huey-long-father-coughlin-and_202211/page/269/mode/1up?view=theater">"The Question of Anti-Semitism and the Problem of Fascism"</a>. Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, & the Great Depression. pp. 269–283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+Anti-Semitism+and+the+Problem+of+Fascism&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Protest%3A+Huey+Long%2C+Father+Coughlin%2C+%26+the+Great+Depression&rft.pages=269-283&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrinkley-alan-voices-of-protest-huey-long-father-coughlin-and_202211%2Fpage%2F269%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanes2004" class="citation book cs1">Chanes, Jerome A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ju7U83nRDt8C">Antisemitism: a reference handbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-209-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-209-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+a+reference+handbook&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-209-7&rft.aulast=Chanes&rft.aufirst=Jerome+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dju7U83nRDt8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2003" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC">Conspiracy theories in American history: an encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-812-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-812-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-812-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+theories+in+American+history%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-812-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqMIDrggs8TsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiss2004" class="citation book cs1">Reiss, Oscar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsincolonialam0000reis/">The Jews in colonial America</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1730-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1730-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-1730-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+colonial+America&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1730-8&rft.aulast=Reiss&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewsincolonialam0000reis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarna2012" class="citation book cs1">Sarna, Jonathan D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0GLlNrxhlQC">When General Grant Expelled the Jews</a>. Nextbook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4279-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4279-9"><bdi>978-0-8052-4279-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+General+Grant+Expelled+the+Jews&rft.pub=Nextbook&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-4279-9&rft.aulast=Sarna&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0GLlNrxhlQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+antisemitism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States#Further_reading" title="History of the Jews in the United States">History of the Jews in the United States § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Cohen, Naomi W. Encounter with Emancipation: The German Jews in the United States, 1830-1914 (1984).</li> <li>Dinnerstein, Leonard. Antisemitism in America (Oxford UP, 1994), a standard scholarly history</li> <li>Dinnerstein, Leonard. Uneasy at Home: Antisemitism and the American Jewish Experience (Columbia UP, 1987.</li> <li>Dobkowski, Michael N. The Tarnished Dream: The Basis of American Anti-Semitism (Greenwood, 1979), a major scholarly study <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarnisheddreamba0000dobk">online</a></li> <li>Dunn, Susan. 1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler—the election amid the storm (Yale Up, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZUniR1uQcUC&dq=Lindbergh+Jews&pg=PP8">online</a></li> <li>Gerteis, Joseph, and Nir Rotem. "Connecting the 'Others': White Anti-Semitic and Anti-Muslim Views in America." Sociological Quarterly (2022): 1-21.</li> <li>Goldstein, Judith S. The Politics of Ethnic Pressure: The American Jewish Committee Fight against Immigration Restriction, 1906–1917 (Routledge, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003049531/politics-ethnic-pressure-judith-goldstein">online</a>.</li> <li>Halperin, Edward C. "Why did the United States medical school admissions quota for Jews end?" American Journal of the Medical Sciences 358.5 (2019): 317-325.</li> <li>Handlin, Oscar, and Mary F. Handlin. Danger in Discord: Origins of Anti-Semitism in the United States (Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1948), highly influential short study by a leading historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dudeman5685_yahoo_DD">online</a></li> <li>Handlin, Oscar, and Mary F. Handlin. "The Acquisition of Political and Social Rights by the Jews in the United States." The American Jewish Year Book (1955): 43-98. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23604871">online</a></li> <li>Handlin, Oscar. “American Views of the Jew at the Opening of the Twentieth Century.” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 40#4, 1951, pp. 323–44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43059793">online</a> <ul><li>Pollack, Norman. "Handlin on Anti-Semitism: A Critique of 'American Views of the Jew'." Journal of American History 51.3 (1964): 391-403. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1894892">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Haworth, Jason Theodore. "Anti-Semitism and Kansas populism" (MA thesis, University of Missouri - Kansas City; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2006. 1434954.</li> <li>Higham, John. Strangers in the land: Patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925 (1955) a famous classic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28land%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28higham%29">online</a></li> <li>Higham, John. Send these to me: immigrants in urban America (2nd ed. 1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sendthesetomeimm0000high">online</a>, extensive coverage of anti-semitism</li> <li>Higham, John. "Social discrimination against Jews in America, 1830-1930." Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 47.1 (1957): 1-33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43059004">online</a></li> <li>Jaher, Frederic Cople. A Scapegoat in the Wilderness: The Origins and Rise of Anti-Semitism in America (Harvard UP, 1994), a standard scholarly history.</li> <li>Jacobs, Steven Leonard. "Antisemitism in the American Religious Landscape: The Present Twenty-First Century Moment." Socio-Historical Examination of Religion and Ministry 3.2 (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/85608294/Jacobs_Steve_SHERM_Vol._3_No._2.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍].</li> <li>Levinger, Lee J. Anti-Semitism in the United States: Its History and Causes (1925). outdated</li> <li>Levy, Richard S., ed. Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution (2 vol, Abc-clio, 2005), worldwide coverage by experts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Antisemitism-Historical-Encyclopedia-Prejudice-Persecution/dp/1851094393/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Livney, Lee, "Let Us Now Praise Self-Made Men: A Reexamination of the Hilton-Seligman Affair." New York History 75.1 (1994): 66-98.</li> <li>Marinari, Maddalena. Unwanted: Italian and Jewish mobilization against restrictive immigration laws, 1882–1965 (UNC Press Books, 2019).</li> <li>Martire, Gregory and Ruth Clark. Anti-Semitism in the United States: A Study of Prejudice in the 1980s (New York, N.Y.: Praeger, 1982).</li> <li>Rausch, David A. Fundamentalist-evangelicals and Anti-semitism (Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1993).</li> <li>Rosenfeld, Alvin H. "Antisemitism in Today’s America." in An End to Antisemitism! (2021): 367+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/51864/9783110671995.pdf?sequence=1#page=380">online</a>.</li> <li>Scholnick, Myron I. The New Deal and Anti-Semitism in America (New York: Garland Pub., 1990).</li> <li>Selzer, Michael, ed. 'Kike!:' A Documentary History of Anti-Semitism in America (New York, World Pub. 1972).</li> <li>Thernstrom, Stephan, Ann Orlov, and Oscar Handlin, eds. Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups (Harvard UP) (1980); scholarly coverage of every major ethnic group</li> <li>Valbousquet, Nina. "'Un-American' Antisemitism?: The American Jewish Committee's Response to Global Antisemitism in the Interwar Period." American Jewish History 105.1 (2021): 77-102. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/804149/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li>Volkman, Ernest. A Legacy of Hate: Anti-Semitism in America (New York: F. Watts, 1982); popular history.</li> <li>Wechsler, Harold S., and Steven J. Diner. Unwelcome guests: a history of access to American higher education ( JHU Press, 2022), a major scholarly study. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DBNEEAAAQBAJ&dq=Wechsler+Diner+unwelcome&pg=PP1">online</a></li> <li>Weiner, Deborah R. "Insiders and Outsiders: Jewish-Gentile Relations in Baltimore during the Interwar Era' Maryland Historical Magazine 110#4 (2015) pp. 463-488 in 19203 and 1930s</li> <li>Ziege, Eva-Maria. "Patterns within Prejudice: Antisemitism in the United States in the 1940s." Patterns of Prejudice 46.2 (2012): 93-127.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Historiography and memory">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Baigell, Matthew. The Implacable Urge to Defame: Cartoon Jews in the American Press, 1877-1935 (Syracuse UP, 2017).</li> <li>Cohen, Naomi W. "Antisemitism in the gilded age: The Jewish view." Jewish Social Studies 41.3/4 (1979): 187-210. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/63389872/Naomi_W._Cohen_-_Antisemitism_in_the_Gilded_Age_-_The_Jewish_View20200521-113584-19dq4ks.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Dobkowski, Michael N. “American Anti-Semitism: A Reinterpretation.” American Quarterly 29#2, (1977), pp. 166–81. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2712357">10.2307/2712357</a>; emphasis on popular stereotypes</li> <li>Dobkowski, Michael N. "American antisemitism and American historians: A critique." Patterns of Prejudice 14.2 (1980): 33-43. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.1980.9969566">10.1080/0031322X.1980.9969566</a> excerpt.</li> <li>Gordan, Rachel. "The 1940s as the Decade of the Anti-Antisemitism Novel." Religion and American Culture 31.1 (2021): 33-81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/67861027/the_1940s_as_the_decade_of_the_anti_antisemitism_novel.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Koffman, David S., et al. "Roundtable on Anti-Semitism in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era." <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Gilded_Age_and_Progressive_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era">Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</a> 19.3 (2020): 473-505.</li> <li>Kranson, Rachel. "Rethinking the Historiography of American Antisemitism in the Wake of the Pittsburgh Shooting." American Jewish History 105.1 (2021): 247-253. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/804162/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li>MacDonald, Kevin. "Jewish involvement in shaping American immigration policy, 1881–1965: A historical review." Population and Environment 19.4 (1998): 295-356.</li> <li>Pollack, Norman. "The Myth of Populist Anti-Semitism." American Historical Review 68.1 (1962): 76-80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2204624">online</a></li> <li>Rockaway, Robert, and Arnon Gutfeld. "Demonic images of the Jew in the nineteenth century United States." American Jewish History 89.4 (2001): 355-381. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23886447">23886447</a></li> <li>Rockaway, Robert. "Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate." American Jewish History 89.4 (2001): 467-469. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/674/summary">summary</a></li> <li>Stember, Charles, ed. Jews in the Mind of America (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsinmindofamer00stem">online</a></li> <li>Tevis, Britt P. "Trends in the Study of Antisemitism in United States History." American Jewish History 105.1 (2021): 255-284. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/804163/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li>Varat, Deborah. " 'Their New Jerusalem': Representations of Jewish Immigrants in the American Popular Press, 1880–1903." <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Gilded_Age_and_Progressive_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era">Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</a> 20.2 (2021): 277-300.</li> <li>Winston, Andrew S. "'Jews will not replace us!': Antisemitism, Interbreeding and Immigration in Historical Context." American Jewish History 105.1 (2021): 1-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/804146/summary">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/h-antisemitism">H-Antisemitism, the H-Net Network on the history and current trends of antisemitism</a> free discussion list for academics and students; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/ZZ-about-antisemitism-ZZ">overview</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_studies" title="Antisemitism studies">Antisemitism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century">19th <abbr title="Century">C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_English" title="Mein Kampf in English">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_imprints_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Contemporary imprints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponization_of_antisemitism" title="Weaponization of antisemitism">Weaponization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Catholic Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_curse" title="Blood curse">Blood curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Antisemitic laws, policies and government actions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Pogroms in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Zionist_League" title="Jewish Anti-Zionist League">Jewish Anti-Zionist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank trial (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus Affair (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Beilis trial (Russian Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud (Iraq)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_League_in_Iraq" title="Anti-Zionist League in Iraq">Anti-Zionist League (Iraq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism on the internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Believers" title="Bible Believers">Bible Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cobb" title="Craig Cobb">Podblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Islam" title="Radio Islam">Radio Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations working against antisemitism</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League (ADL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Holocaust_Oral_History_Project" title="Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project">Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_British_Labour_Party" title="Antisemitism in the British Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Mexico" title="Antisemitism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestinian Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Antisemitism in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Antisemitism in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Part of</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism in the United States</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_antisemitic_incidents_in_the_United_States" title="List of antisemitic incidents in the United States">List of incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_American_Jews" title="Lynching of American Jews">Lynchings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bierfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Bierfield">Samuel Bierfield</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a> (1915)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Lazarus_Averbuch" title="Death of Lazarus Averbuch">Death of Lazarus Averbuch</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massena_blood_libel" title="Massena blood libel">Massena blood libel</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Nazi_rally_at_Madison_Square_Garden" title="1939 Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden">1939 Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker_Case" title="Knickerbocker Case">Knickerbocker Case</a> (1945–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Jew_count" title="Nixon Jew count">Nixon Jew count</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Neal_Rosenblum" title="Murder of Neal Rosenblum">Murder of Neal Rosenblum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Brooklyn_Bridge_shooting" title="1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting">1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Empire_State_Building_shooting" title="1997 Empire State Building shooting">1997 Empire State Building shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Los_Angeles_International_Airport_shooting" title="2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting">2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ariel_Sellouk" title="Murder of Ariel Sellouk">Murder of Ariel Sellouk</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Los_Angeles_bomb_plot" title="2005 Los Angeles bomb plot">2005 Los Angeles bomb plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Manhattan_terrorism_plot" title="2011 Manhattan terrorism plot">2011 Manhattan terrorism plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jewish_Community_Center_bomb_threats" title="2017 Jewish Community Center bomb threats">2017 Jewish Community Center bomb threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Bergen_County_eruv_controversy" title="2017–2018 Bergen County eruv controversy">2017–18 Bergen County eruv controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Blaze_Bernstein" title="Murder of Blaze Bernstein">Murder of Blaze Bernstein</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">Poway synagogue shooting</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">2019 Jersey City shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsey_Hanukkah_stabbing" title="Monsey Hanukkah stabbing">Monsey Hanukkah stabbing</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maugham_Elementary_School_Adolf_Hitler_assignment_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maugham Elementary School Adolf Hitler assignment controversy">Maugham Elementary School Adolf Hitler assignment controversy</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Joseph_Borgen" title="Attack on Joseph Borgen">Attack on Joseph Borgen</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_synagogue_arson" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin synagogue arson">Austin synagogue arson</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Matt_Greenman" title="Attack on Matt Greenman">Attack on Matt Greenman</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_US_higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in US higher education">Higher education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quotas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish quotas">Jewish quotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_United_States_Congress_hearing_on_antisemitism" title="2023 United States Congress hearing on antisemitism">2023 Congressional hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Columbia_University_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation">Israel-Hamas war encampments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_at_Columbia_University" title="Antisemitism at Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism_on_Campus" title="Anti-Zionism on Campus">Anti-Zionism on Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Believer_(2001_film)" title="The Believer (2001 film)">The Believer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_36" title="Berlin 36">Berlin 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Line_2:_The_New_Face_of_Anti-Semitism_on_Campus" title="Crossing the Line 2: The New Face of Anti-Semitism on Campus">Crossing the Line 2: The New Face of Anti-Semitism on Campus</a></li> <li>Gentlemen's Agreement (<a href="/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Agreement_(novel)" title="Gentleman's Agreement (novel)">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Agreement" title="Gentleman's Agreement">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocols_of_Zion_(film)" title="Protocols of Zion (film)">Protocols of Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_studies" title="Antisemitism studies">Academic study</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_Antisemitism" title="Journal for the Study of Antisemitism">Journal for the Study of Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Antisemitism" title="Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism">Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Global_Antisemitism_and_Policy" title="Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy">Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Program_for_the_Study_of_Antisemitism" title="Yale Program for the Study of Antisemitism">Yale Program for the Study of Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMCHA_Initiative" title="AMCHA Initiative">AMCHA Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Catholics_to_Fight_Anti-Semitism" title="Committee of Catholics to Fight Anti-Semitism">Committee of Catholics to Fight Anti-Semitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagin_the_Jew" title="Fagin the Jew">Fagin the Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAS" title="HIAS">HIAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Anti-Nazi_League" title="Hollywood Anti-Nazi League">Hollywood Anti-Nazi League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StopAntisemitism" title="StopAntisemitism">StopAntisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_on_Combating_Anti-Semitism" title="Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism">Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Envoy_to_Monitor_and_Combat_Antisemitism" title="Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism">Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Nazism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By jurisdiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Connecticut" title="Antisemitism in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Florida" title="Antisemitism in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Maryland" title="Antisemitism in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Jersey" title="Antisemitism in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Virginia" title="Antisemitism in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Antisemitism in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&oldid=1257293440">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States&oldid=1257293440</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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[\"CITEREFBevis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumenthalNicholson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowenbank2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyette2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewster2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinkley1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrodd2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalamur2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatelain2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChotiner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleary2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenCohen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConcepcion2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreech2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuza2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDailey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelfs2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelrealZauzmer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinnerstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinnerstein1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDjupe2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDollinger2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuster2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwoskin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEizenstat1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrise2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrosch2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGambino2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrity2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeisst2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGentry2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerber1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermano2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmanKatz1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlueck2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldfarb2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraff2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraziosi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreear2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuirola2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuyerPerkins2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanna2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayden2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHershRoyden2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigham1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofstadter1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonderich2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorn2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIoanes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaher2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKampeas2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKampeas2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKavilanz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessel2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlepperSwenson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnee1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnee1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnott2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosminKeysar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrefetz1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeBlanc2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeight2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeloupAudureau2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemaMogato2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemireSuperville2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLestch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLima-Strong2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittle2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittle2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivney1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLybrandCampbellMillerSchulman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMac_Donald2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMael\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazzeiFeuer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCollum2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGraw2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerica2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerlan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerColvinSeitz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontellaro2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontellaroMcGrawOtterbein2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorse1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphyCaulfield2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagourney2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNorwood\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorword2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;SullivanCohenPolantz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPengelly2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerednik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPesca2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilkington2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlanas2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollack1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuilantan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajamani2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiss2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRight_Wing_Watch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRod\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRod2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonayneKunzelman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRooks2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenthal1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothenberg_Gritz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSales2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSarna2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarna2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaul2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenberg1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherry2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShugerman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuham2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShveda2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiefert2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSleem2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlomovitz1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmitha\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSokoloff1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthern_Poverty_Law_Center2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpindel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarcevic2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinacher2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStember1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStracqualursiLeBlancKlein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSynnott2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamezAnastasioPerliger2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTevis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVakil2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViet2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldRoth2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWechslerDiner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinrod1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinston2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinstonThompson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodsLand\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightVolodarskyHechtSaxe2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuCheney2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2024\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Antisemitism\"] = 1,\n [\"Antisemitism in the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Antisemitism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 4,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 129,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 92,\n [\"Cn\"] = 16,\n [\"Creative Commons text attribution notice\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:History Of Antisemitism In The United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Further\"] = 7,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lead rewrite\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 2,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 17,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","14.6"],["?","280","13.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","10.7"],["recursiveClone 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