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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Tennessee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Tennessee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Governor of Tennessee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Tennessee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1844" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1844"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Election of 1844 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_of_1844-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Election of 1844 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1844-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Democratic nomination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 General election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1845–1849)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1845–1849)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Presidency (1845–1849) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1845–1849)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (1845–1849) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1845–1849)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition,_inauguration_and_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition,_inauguration_and_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Transition, inauguration and appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition,_inauguration_and_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Partition_of_Oregon_Country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_of_Oregon_Country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Partition of Oregon Country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_of_Oregon_Country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexation_of_Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_of_Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Annexation of Texas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_of_Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican-American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican-American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Mexican-American War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican-American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road_to_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_to_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3.1 Road to war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_to_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3.2 Course of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace:_the_Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace:_the_Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3.3 Peace: the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace:_the_Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_and_the_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_and_the_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Postwar and the territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_and_the_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Other initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Domestic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiscal_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Fiscal policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Development of the country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Judicial appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Election of 1848 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_and_death_(1849)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_and_death_(1849)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-presidency and death (1849) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_and_death_(1849)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Burials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_historical_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_historical_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy and historical view </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_historical_view-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy and historical view subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_historical_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polk_and_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polk_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Polk and slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polk_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Footnotes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Footnotes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">James K. Polk</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 127 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" > 127 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%84%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5_%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AD" title="ጄምስ ፖልክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጄምስ ፖልክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_K._Polk" title="Iacobus K. Polk – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iacobus K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83" title="جيمس بوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس بوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Noks_Polk" title="Ceyms Noks Polk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Noks Polk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9" title="جئیمز ناکس پولک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جئیمز ناکس پولک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87._%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95" title="জেমস কে. পোক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস কে. পোক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Джэймс Полк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Полк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B7_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Джэймз Нокс Полк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэймз Нокс Полк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Полк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Полк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Нокс Полк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джеймс Нокс Полк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Polk" title="James Polk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Polk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83" title="دجيمس پولك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دجيمس پولك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AD%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%82%DE%AE%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%95%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%B0" title="ޖޭމްސް ކްނޮކްސް ޕޮލްކް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖޭމްސް ކްނޮކްސް ޕޮލްކް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%BE_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BA" title="Τζέιμς Νοξ Πολκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιμς Νοξ Πολκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9" title="جیمز ناکس پولک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز ناکس پولک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_K._%ED%8F%AC%ED%81%AC" title="제임스 K. 포크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 K. 포크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD_%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AF" title="Ջեյմս Նոքս Փոլկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Նոքս Փոլկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स नॉक्स पोल्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स नॉक्स पोल्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7" title="ג'יימס פולק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס פולק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ ნოქს პოლკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ ნოქს პოლკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Нокс Полк – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Нокс Полк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Knox_Polk" title="Iacobus Knox Polk – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_Polks" title="Džeimss Polks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss Polks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ജെയിംസ് പോൾക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെയിംസ് പോൾക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स पोक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेम्स पोक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ ნოქს პოლკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეიმზ ნოქს პოლკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83" title="چيمس بولك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چيمس بولك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9" title="جیمز ناکس پولک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جیمز ناکس پولک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျိမ်းစ် နော့ ပို့ခ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိမ်းစ် နော့ ပို့ခ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Polk" title="James Polk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Polk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="जेम्स के. पोल्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जेम्स के. पोल्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="ジェームズ・ポーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・ポーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87._%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਕੇ. ਪੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਕੇ. ਪੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جیمز کے پوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز کے پوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%90%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="جېمز کې پالک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جېمز کې پالک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Polk" title="James Polk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Polk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Polk" title="James Polk – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="James Polk" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Полк, Джеймс Нокс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полк, Джеймс Нокс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Polk" title="James Polk – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="James Polk" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%DA%A9" title="جەیمز پۆڵک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەیمز پۆڵک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Џејмс Нокс Полк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс Нокс Полк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" title="James Knox Polk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Knox Polk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜேம்ஸ் போக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜேம்ஸ் போக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Җеймс Нокс Полк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җеймс Нокс Полк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84._%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="เจมส์ เค. โพล์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจมส์ เค. โพล์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Ҷеймс Полк – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷеймс Полк" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%BB_%E1%8E%BE._%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%B5%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏥᎻ Ꮎ. ᏉᎵᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏥᎻ Ꮎ. ᏉᎵᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Polk" title="Jon Polk – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Jon Polk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Джеймс Нокс Полк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Нокс Полк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جیمز کے پوک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیمز کے پوک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE%E5%85%8B" title="詹姆斯·波爾克 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="詹姆斯·波爾克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="James K. Polk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="詹姆斯·诺克斯·波尔克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="詹姆斯·诺克斯·波尔克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7" title="זשיימס נאקס פאלק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשיימס נאקס פאלק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until May 29, 2025 at 19:46 UTC, due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1845 to 1849</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"James Polk" redirects here. For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/James_Polk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="James Polk (disambiguation)">James Polk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">James K. Polk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Polk_restored_(cropped)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/James_Polk_restored_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-James_Polk_restored_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/James_Polk_restored_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-James_Polk_restored_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/James_Polk_restored_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-James_Polk_restored_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2126" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1849</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office October 14, 1839 – October 15, 1841</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Newton_Cannon" title="Newton Cannon">Newton Cannon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Jones" title="James C. Jones">James C. Jones</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">13th <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 7, 1835 – March 3, 1839</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1839</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Cocke" title="John Alexander Cocke">John Alexander Cocke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Magee_Watterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Magee Watterson">Harvey Magee Watterson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 6th congressional district">6th district</a> (1825–1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 9th congressional district">9th district</a> (1833–1839)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Knox Polk</div> (1795-11-02)November 2, 1795 <a href="/wiki/Pineville,_North_Carolina" title="Pineville, North Carolina">Pineville, North Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 15, 1849(1849-06-15) (aged 53) <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Capitol" title="Tennessee State Capitol">Tennessee State Capitol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Childress_Polk" title="Sarah Childress Polk">Sarah Childress</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1824)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Polk" title="Samuel Polk">Samuel Polk</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:James_K_Polk_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="James K. Polk's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/James_K_Polk_Signature.svg/128px-James_K_Polk_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/James_K_Polk_Signature.svg/192px-James_K_Polk_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/James_K_Polk_Signature.svg/256px-James_K_Polk_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="64" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Young Hickory</li><li>Napoleon of the Stump</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Guard" title="Tennessee State Guard">Tennessee militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1821–1825</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States)" title="Captain (United States)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">Maury County Cavalry</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:lavender;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Other offices</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1833–1835: Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> James Knox Polk (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/poʊk/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1845 to 1849. A protégé of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, he was an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a> and extending the territory of the United States. Polk led the U.S. into the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, and after winning the war he <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a>. After building a successful law practice in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, Polk was elected to <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Legislature">its state legislature</a> in 1823 and then to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> in 1825, becoming a strong supporter of Jackson. After serving as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Ways and Means Committee</a>, he became <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> in 1835, the only person to serve both as Speaker and U.S. president. Polk left Congress to run for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">governor of Tennessee</a>, winning in 1839 but losing in 1841 and 1843. He was a <a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark-horse</a> candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 presidential election</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> nominee; he entered his party's convention as a potential nominee for vice president but emerged as a compromise to head the ticket when no presidential candidate could gain the necessary two-thirds majority. In the general election, Polk narrowly defeated <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> and pledged to serve only one term. After a negotiation fraught with the risk of war, Polk reached a settlement with <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">disputed Oregon Country</a>, with the territory for the most part divided along the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a>. He oversaw victory in the Mexican–American War, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Mexico</a>'s cession of the entire <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">American Southwest</a>. He secured a substantial reduction of <a href="/wiki/Tariff_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff in United States history">tariff</a> rates with the <a href="/wiki/Walker_tariff" title="Walker tariff">Walker tariff</a> of 1846. The same year, he achieved his other major goal, reestablishment of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent Treasury</a> system. True to his campaign pledge to serve one term (one of the few U.S. presidents to make and keep such a pledge), Polk left office in 1849 and returned to Tennessee, where he died of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> soon afterward. Though he is relatively obscure today, scholars have <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">ranked</a> Polk in the upper tier of American presidents, mostly for his ability to promote and achieve the major items on his presidential agenda. At the same time, he has been criticized for leading the country into a war with Mexico that exacerbated <a href="/wiki/Sectionalism#In_the_United_States" title="Sectionalism">sectional</a> divides. A property owner who used slave labor, he kept a plantation in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> and increased his slave ownership during his presidency. Polk's policy of territorial expansion saw the nation reach the Pacific coast and almost all its contiguous borders. He helped make the U.S. a nation poised to become a world power, but with divisions between <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">free and slave states</a> gravely exacerbated, setting the stage for the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/President_James_K._Polk_Historic_Site" title="President James K. Polk Historic Site">President James K. Polk Historic Site</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_K._Polk_Childhood_Log_Cabin_(Reconstruction).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A log cabin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/James_K._Polk_Childhood_Log_Cabin_%28Reconstruction%29.jpg/220px-James_K._Polk_Childhood_Log_Cabin_%28Reconstruction%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/James_K._Polk_Childhood_Log_Cabin_%28Reconstruction%29.jpg/330px-James_K._Polk_Childhood_Log_Cabin_%28Reconstruction%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/James_K._Polk_Childhood_Log_Cabin_%28Reconstruction%29.jpg/440px-James_K._Polk_Childhood_Log_Cabin_%28Reconstruction%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the log cabin in <a href="/wiki/Pineville,_North_Carolina" title="Pineville, North Carolina">Pineville, North Carolina</a> where Polk was born</figcaption></figure> James Knox Polk was born on November 2, 1795, in a log cabin in <a href="/wiki/Pineville,_North_Carolina" title="Pineville, North Carolina">Pineville, North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman6-2">[2]</a> He was the first of 10 children born into a family of farmers.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> His mother Jane named him after her father, James Knox.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman6-2">[2]</a> His father <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Polk" title="Samuel Polk">Samuel Polk</a> was a farmer, slaveholder, and surveyor of <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a> descent. The Polks had immigrated to America in the late 17th century, settling initially on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland" title="Eastern Shore of Maryland">Eastern Shore of Maryland</a> but later moving to south-central <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and then to the Carolina hill country.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman6-2">[2]</a> The Knox and Polk families were <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>. While Polk's mother remained a devout Presbyterian, his father, whose own father <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Polk" title="Ezekiel Polk">Ezekiel Polk</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deist</a>, rejected dogmatic Presbyterianism. He refused to declare his belief in Christianity at his son's baptism, and the minister refused to baptize young James.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman6-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-haynes2-4">[4]</a> Nevertheless, James' mother "stamped her rigid orthodoxy on James, instilling lifelong Calvinistic traits of self-discipline, hard work, piety, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, and a belief in the imperfection of human nature", according to <a href="/wiki/James_A._Rawley" title="James A. Rawley">James A. Rawley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_National_Biography" title="American National Biography">American National Biography</a> article.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> In 1803, Ezekiel Polk led four of his adult children and their families to the <a href="/wiki/Duck_River_(Tennessee)" title="Duck River (Tennessee)">Duck River</a> area in what is now <a href="/wiki/Maury_County,_Tennessee" title="Maury County, Tennessee">Maury County, Tennessee</a>; Samuel Polk and his family followed in 1806. The Polk clan dominated politics in Maury County and in the new town of <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Tennessee" title="Columbia, Tennessee">Columbia</a>. Samuel became a county judge, and the guests at his home included <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, who had already served as a judge and in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> James learned from the political talk around the dinner table; both Samuel and Ezekiel were strong supporters of President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and opponents of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Polk suffered from frail health as a child, a particular disadvantage in a frontier society. His father took him to see prominent Philadelphia physician Dr. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Syng_Physick" title="Philip Syng Physick">Philip Syng Physick</a> for urinary stones. The journey was broken off by James's severe pain, and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_McDowell" title="Ephraim McDowell">Ephraim McDowell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Kentucky" title="Danville, Kentucky">Danville, Kentucky</a>, operated to remove them. No anesthetic was available except brandy. The operation was successful, but it may have left James impotent or sterile, as he had no children. He recovered quickly and became more robust. His father offered to bring him into one of his businesses, but he wanted an education and enrolled at a Presbyterian academy in 1813.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman8-8">[7]</a> He became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Zion_Presbyterian_Church_(Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zion Presbyterian Church (Tennessee)">Zion Church</a> near his home in 1813 and enrolled in the Zion Church Academy. He then entered Bradley Academy in <a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro, Tennessee</a>, where he proved a promising student.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman13-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-leonard6-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> In January 1816, Polk was admitted into the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> as a second-semester sophomore. The Polk family had connections with the university, then a small school of about 80 students; Samuel was its land agent in Tennessee and his cousin <a href="/wiki/William_Polk_(colonel)" title="William Polk (colonel)">William Polk</a> was a trustee.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Polk's roommate was <a href="/wiki/William_Dunn_Moseley" title="William Dunn Moseley">William Dunn Moseley</a>, who became the first Governor of Florida. Polk joined the <a href="/wiki/Dialectic_and_Philanthropic_Societies" title="Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies">Dialectic Society</a> where he took part in debates, became its president, and learned the art of oratory.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman9-13">[12]</a> In one address, he warned that some American leaders were flirting with <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchical</a> ideals, singling out <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, a foe of Jefferson.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Polk graduated with honors in May 1818.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman9-13">[12]</a> After graduation, Polk returned to <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a> to study law under renowned trial attorney <a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Felix Grundy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Borneman10-15">[14]</a> who became his first mentor. On September 20, 1819, he was elected clerk of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee State Senate">Tennessee State Senate</a>, which then sat in Murfreesboro and to which Grundy had been elected.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman11-16">[15]</a> He was re-elected clerk in 1821 without opposition, and continued to serve until 1822. In June 1820, he was admitted to the Tennessee bar, and his first case was to defend his father against a public fighting charge; he secured his release for a one-dollar fine.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman11-16">[15]</a> He opened an office in Maury County<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> and was successful as a lawyer, due largely to the many cases arising from the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a>, a severe depression.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> His law practice subsidized his political career.<a href="#cite_note-leonard5-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tennessee_state_legislator">Tennessee state legislator</h3></div> By the time the legislature adjourned its session in September 1822, Polk was determined to be a candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">Tennessee House of Representatives</a>. The election was in August 1823, almost a year away, allowing him ample time for campaigning.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman14-19">[18]</a> Already involved locally as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masons</a>, he was commissioned in the Tennessee militia as a captain in the cavalry regiment of the 5th Brigade. He was later appointed a colonel on the staff of Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Carroll_(Tennessee_politician)" title="William Carroll (Tennessee politician)">William Carroll</a>, and was afterwards often referred to as "Colonel".<a href="#cite_note-s25-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Although many of the voters were members of the Polk clan, the young politician campaigned energetically. People liked Polk's oratory, which earned him the nickname "Napoleon of the Stump." At the polls, where Polk provided alcoholic refreshments for his voters, he defeated incumbent William Yancey.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman14-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-s25-20">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_K_Polk_and_Sarah_C_Polk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/James_K_Polk_and_Sarah_C_Polk.jpg/170px-James_K_Polk_and_Sarah_C_Polk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/James_K_Polk_and_Sarah_C_Polk.jpg/255px-James_K_Polk_and_Sarah_C_Polk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/James_K_Polk_and_Sarah_C_Polk.jpg/340px-James_K_Polk_and_Sarah_C_Polk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1846–49 <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> of James K. Polk and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Childress_Polk" title="Sarah Childress Polk">Sarah Childress Polk</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></figcaption></figure> Beginning in early 1822, Polk courted <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Childress" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Childress">Sarah Childress</a>—they were engaged the following year<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> and married on January 1, 1824, in Murfreesboro.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman14-19">[18]</a> Educated far better than most women of her time, especially in frontier Tennessee, Sarah Polk was from one of the state's most prominent families.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman14-19">[18]</a> During James's political career Sarah assisted her husband with his speeches, gave him advice on policy matters, and played an active role in his campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-sarah-24">[23]</a> Rawley noted that Sarah Polk's grace, intelligence and charming conversation helped compensate for her husband's often austere manner.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> Polk's first mentor was Grundy, but in the legislature, Polk came increasingly to oppose him on such matters as <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>, and came to support the policies of Andrew Jackson, by then a military hero for his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a> (1815).<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Jackson was a family friend to both the Polks and the Childresses—there is evidence Sarah Polk and her siblings called him "Uncle Andrew"—and James Polk quickly came to support his presidential ambitions for 1824. When the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Legislature">Tennessee Legislature</a> deadlocked on whom to elect as U.S. senator in 1823 (until 1913, legislators, not the people, elected senators), Jackson's name was placed in nomination. Polk broke from his usual allies, casting his vote for Jackson, who won. The Senate seat boosted Jackson's presidential chances by giving him current political experience<a href="#cite_note-26">[b]</a> to match his military accomplishments. This began an alliance<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> that would continue until Jackson's death early in Polk's presidency.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> Polk, through much of his political career, was known as "Young Hickory", based on the nickname for Jackson, "Old Hickory". Polk's political career was as dependent on Jackson as his nickname implied.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesKPolkHome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A two-story brick building with large windows and shrubbery in front of it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/JamesKPolkHome.jpg/220px-JamesKPolkHome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/JamesKPolkHome.jpg/330px-JamesKPolkHome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/JamesKPolkHome.jpg/440px-JamesKPolkHome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="1598" /></a><figcaption>The house where Polk spent his young adult life before his presidency, in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Tennessee" title="Columbia, Tennessee">Columbia, Tennessee</a>, is his only private residence still standing. It is now known as the <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk_Ancestral_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="James K. Polk Ancestral Home">James K. Polk Home</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 United States presidential election</a>, Jackson got the most electoral votes (he also led in the popular vote) but as he did not receive a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>, the election was thrown into the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, which chose Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, who had received the second-most of each. Polk, like other Jackson supporters, believed that Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> had traded his support as fourth-place finisher (the House may only choose from among the top three) to Adams in a <a href="/wiki/Corrupt_bargain#Election_of_1824" title="Corrupt bargain">Corrupt Bargain</a> in exchange for being the new Secretary of State. Polk had in August 1824 declared his candidacy for the following year's election to the House of Representatives from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 6th congressional district">Tennessee's 6th congressional district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman23-29">[27]</a> The district stretched from Maury County south to the Alabama line, and extensive electioneering was expected of the five candidates. Polk campaigned so vigorously that Sarah began to worry about his health. During the campaign, Polk's opponents said that at the age of 29 Polk was too young for the responsibility of a seat in the House, but he won the election with 3,669 votes out of 10,440 and took his seat in Congress later that year.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jackson_disciple">Jackson disciple</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">Presidency of John Quincy Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Presidency of Andrew Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a>, <a href="/wiki/19th_United_States_Congress" title="19th United States Congress">19th United States Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/20th_United_States_Congress" title="20th United States Congress">20th United States Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/21st_United_States_Congress" title="21st United States Congress">21st United States Congress</a>, and <a href="/wiki/22nd_United_States_Congress" title="22nd United States Congress">22nd United States Congress</a></div> When Polk arrived in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> for Congress's regular session in December 1825, he roomed in Benjamin Burch's boarding house with other Tennessee representatives, including <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a>. Polk made his first major speech on March 13, 1826, in which he said that the Electoral College should be abolished and that the president should be elected by popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman24-31">[29]</a> Remaining bitter at the alleged Corrupt Bargain between Adams and Clay, Polk became a vocal critic of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">Adams administration</a>, frequently voting against its policies.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Sarah Polk remained at home in Columbia during her husband's first year in Congress, but accompanied him to Washington beginning in December 1826; she assisted him with his correspondence and came to hear James's speeches.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman26-33">[31]</a> Polk won re-election in 1827 and continued to oppose the Adams administration.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman26-33">[31]</a> He remained in close touch with Jackson, and when Jackson ran for president in <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>, Polk was an advisor on his campaign. Following Jackson's victory over Adams, Polk became one of the new President's most prominent and loyal supporters.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Working on Jackson's behalf, Polk successfully opposed federally-funded "<a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a>" such as a proposed Buffalo-to-New Orleans road, and he was pleased by Jackson's <a href="/wiki/Maysville_Road_veto" title="Maysville Road veto">Maysville Road veto</a> in May 1830, when Jackson blocked a bill to finance a road extension entirely within one state, Kentucky, deeming it unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Jackson opponents alleged that the veto message, which strongly complained about Congress' penchant for passing <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">pork barrel</a> projects, was written by Polk, but he denied this, stating that the message was entirely the President's.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Polk served as Jackson's most prominent House ally in the "<a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a>" that developed over Jackson's opposition to the re-authorization of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merry4243-37">[35]</a> The Second Bank, headed by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Biddle_(banker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Biddle (banker)">Nicholas Biddle</a> of Philadelphia, not only held federal dollars but controlled much of the credit in the United States, as it could present currency issued by local banks for redemption in gold or silver. Some Westerners, including Jackson, opposed the Second Bank, deeming it a monopoly acting in the interest of Easterners.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Polk, as a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_Ways_and_Means_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Ways and Means Committee">House Ways and Means Committee</a>, conducted investigations of the Second Bank, and though the committee voted for a bill to renew the bank's charter (scheduled to expire in 1836), Polk issued a strong minority report condemning the bank. The bill passed Congress in 1832; however, Jackson vetoed it and Congress failed to override the veto. Jackson's action was highly controversial in Washington but had considerable public support, and he <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">won easy re-election in 1832</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Like most Southerners, Polk favored low tariffs on imported goods, and initially sympathized with <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>'s opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of Abominations</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification Crisis</a> of 1832–1833, but came over to Jackson's side as Calhoun moved towards advocating secession. Thereafter, Polk remained loyal to Jackson as the President sought to assert federal authority. Polk condemned secession and supported the <a href="/wiki/Force_Bill" title="Force Bill">Force Bill</a> against South Carolina, which had claimed the authority to nullify federal tariffs. The matter was settled by Congress passing a <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">compromise tariff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ways_and_Means_Chair_and_Speaker_of_the_House">Ways and Means Chair and Speaker of the House</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_K._Polk._Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives,_U.S._-_from_life_%26_on_stone_by_Chas._Fenderich_;_printed_by_P.S._Duval,_Lith.,_Philadelphia._LCCN2012648806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/James_K._Polk._Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives%2C_U.S._-_from_life_%26_on_stone_by_Chas._Fenderich_%3B_printed_by_P.S._Duval%2C_Lith.%2C_Philadelphia._LCCN2012648806.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/James_K._Polk._Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives%2C_U.S._-_from_life_%26_on_stone_by_Chas._Fenderich_%3B_printed_by_P.S._Duval%2C_Lith.%2C_Philadelphia._LCCN2012648806.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/James_K._Polk._Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives%2C_U.S._-_from_life_%26_on_stone_by_Chas._Fenderich_%3B_printed_by_P.S._Duval%2C_Lith.%2C_Philadelphia._LCCN2012648806.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5488" data-file-height="6934" /></a><figcaption>Lithograph of Polk as speaker. </figcaption></figure> In December 1833, after being elected to a fifth consecutive term, Polk, with Jackson's backing, became the chairman of Ways and Means, a powerful position in the House.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman33-41">[39]</a> In that position, Polk supported Jackson's withdrawal of federal funds from the Second Bank. Polk's committee issued a report questioning the Second Bank's finances and another supporting Jackson's actions against it. In April 1834, the Ways and Means Committee reported a bill to regulate state deposit banks, which, when passed, enabled Jackson to deposit funds in <a href="/wiki/Pet_banks" title="Pet banks">pet banks</a>, and Polk got legislation passed to allow the sale of the government's stock in the Second Bank.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> In June 1834, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">Andrew Stevenson</a> resigned from Congress to become <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">Minister to the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman34-43">[41]</a> With Jackson's support, Polk ran for speaker against fellow Tennessean <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a>, Calhoun disciple <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Wilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Henry Wilde">Richard Henry Wilde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joel_Barlow_Sutherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel Barlow Sutherland">Joel Barlow Sutherland</a> of Pennsylvania. After ten ballots, Bell, who had the support of many opponents of the administration, defeated Polk.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Jackson called in political debts to try to get Polk elected Speaker of the House at the start of the next Congress in December 1835, assuring Polk in a letter he meant him to burn that New England would support him for speaker. They were successful; Polk defeated Bell to take the speakership.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman35-45">[43]</a> According to Thomas M. Leonard, "by 1836, while serving as Speaker of the House of Representatives, Polk approached the zenith of his congressional career. He was at the center of Jacksonian Democracy on the House floor, and, with the help of his wife, he ingratiated himself into Washington's social circles."<a href="#cite_note-Leonard23-46">[44]</a> The prestige of the speakership caused them to move from a boarding house to their own residence on Pennsylvania Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard23-46">[44]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 presidential election</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, Jackson's chosen successor, defeated multiple <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> candidates, including Tennessee Senator <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a>. Greater Whig strength in Tennessee helped White carry his state, though Polk's home district went for Van Buren.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Ninety percent of Tennessee voters had supported Jackson in 1832, but many in the state disliked the destruction of the Second Bank, or were unwilling to support Van Buren.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> As Speaker of the House, Polk worked for the policies of Jackson and later Van Buren. Polk appointed committees with Democratic chairs and majorities, including the New York radical <a href="/wiki/Churchill_C._Cambreleng" title="Churchill C. Cambreleng">C. C. Cambreleng</a> as the new Ways and Means chair, although he tried to maintain the speaker's traditional nonpartisan appearance. The two major issues during Polk's speakership were slavery and, after the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>, the economy. Polk firmly enforced the "<a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">gag rule</a>", by which the House of Representatives would not accept or debate citizen petitions regarding slavery.<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler5760-49">[47]</a> This ignited fierce protests from John Quincy Adams, who was by then a congressman from Massachusetts and an abolitionist. Instead of finding a way to silence Adams, Polk frequently engaged in useless shouting matches, leading Jackson to conclude that Polk should have shown better leadership.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Van Buren and Polk faced pressure to rescind the <a href="/wiki/Specie_Circular" title="Specie Circular">Specie Circular</a>, Jackson's 1836 order that payment for government lands be in gold and silver. Some believed this had led to the crash by causing a lack of confidence in paper currency issued by banks. Despite such arguments, with support from Polk and his cabinet, Van Buren chose to back the Specie Circular. Polk and Van Buren attempted to establish an Independent Treasury system that would allow the government to oversee its own deposits (rather than using pet banks), but the bill was defeated in the House.<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler5760-49">[47]</a> It eventually passed in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Using his thorough grasp of the House's rules,<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Polk attempted to bring greater order to its proceedings. Unlike many of his peers, he never challenged anyone to a duel no matter how much they insulted his honor.<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler62-53">[51]</a> The economic downturn cost the Democrats seats, so that when he faced re-election as Speaker of the House in December 1837, he won by only 13 votes, and he foresaw defeat in 1839. Polk by then had presidential ambitions but was well aware that no Speaker of the House had ever become president (Polk is still the only one to have held both offices).<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> After seven terms in the House, two as speaker, he announced that he would not seek re-election, choosing instead to run for Governor of Tennessee in the 1839 election.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesKPolk1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/JamesKPolk1840.jpg/220px-JamesKPolk1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/JamesKPolk1840.jpg/330px-JamesKPolk1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/JamesKPolk1840.jpg/440px-JamesKPolk1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Polk's gubernatorial portrait, painted by <a href="/wiki/Miner_Kilbourne_Kellogg" title="Miner Kilbourne Kellogg">Miner Kellogg</a> </figcaption></figure> In 1835, the Democrats had lost the governorship of Tennessee for the first time in their history, and Polk decided to return home to help the party.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Tennessee was afire for White and Whiggism; the state had reversed its political loyalties since the days of Jacksonian domination. As head of the state Democratic Party, Polk undertook his first statewide campaign, He opposed Whig incumbent <a href="/wiki/Newton_Cannon" title="Newton Cannon">Newton Cannon</a>, who sought a third two-year term as governor.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The fact that Polk was the one called upon to "redeem" Tennessee from the Whigs tacitly acknowledged him as head of the state Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> Polk campaigned on national issues, whereas Cannon stressed state issues. After being bested by Polk in the early debates, the governor retreated to Nashville, the state capital, alleging important official business. Polk made speeches across the state, seeking to become known more widely than just in his native <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee" title="Middle Tennessee">Middle Tennessee</a>. When Cannon came back on the campaign trail in the final days, Polk pursued him, hastening the length of the state to be able to debate the governor again. On Election Day, August 1, 1839, Polk defeated Cannon, 54,102 to 51,396, as the Democrats recaptured the state legislature and won back three congressional seats.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> Tennessee's governor had limited power—there was no gubernatorial veto, and the small size of the state government limited any political patronage. But Polk saw the office as a springboard for his national ambitions, seeking to be nominated as Van Buren's vice presidential running mate at the <a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 Democratic National Convention</a> in Baltimore in May.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Polk hoped to be the replacement if Vice President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard Mentor Johnson</a> was dumped from the ticket; Johnson was disliked by many Southern whites for fathering two daughters by a biracial mistress and attempting to introduce them into white society. Johnson was from Kentucky, so Polk's Tennessee residence would keep the New Yorker Van Buren's ticket balanced. The convention chose to endorse no one for vice president, stating that a choice would be made once the popular vote was cast. Three weeks after the convention, recognizing that Johnson was too popular in the party to be ousted, Polk withdrew his name. The Whig presidential candidate, General <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, conducted <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_presidential_campaign,_1840" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Harrison presidential campaign, 1840">a rollicking campaign</a> with the motto "<a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_and_Tyler_Too" title="Tippecanoe and Tyler Too">Tippecanoe and Tyler Too</a>", easily winning both the national vote and that in Tennessee. Polk campaigned in vain for Van Buren<a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_p._32-60">[58]</a> and was embarrassed by the outcome; Jackson, who had returned to his home, <a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">the Hermitage</a>, near Nashville, was horrified at the prospect of a Whig administration.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman,_pp._46–47-61">[59]</a> In the 1840 election, Polk received one vote from a <a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">faithless elector</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a>'s vote for vice president.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Harrison's death after a month in office in 1841 left the presidency to Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, who soon broke with the Whigs.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman,_pp._46–47-61">[59]</a> Polk's three major programs during his governorship; regulating state banks, implementing state internal improvements, and improving education all failed to win the approval of the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler66-65">[63]</a> His only major success as governor was his politicking to secure the replacement of Tennessee's two Whig U.S. senators with Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler66-65">[63]</a> Polk's tenure was hindered by the continuing nationwide economic crisis that had followed the Panic of 1837 and which had caused Van Buren to lose the <a href="/wiki/1840_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1840 U.S. presidential election">1840 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Encouraged by the success of Harrison's campaign, the Whigs ran a freshman legislator from frontier <a href="/wiki/Wilson_County,_Tennessee" title="Wilson County, Tennessee">Wilson County</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_C._Jones" title="James C. Jones">James C. Jones</a> against Polk in 1841. "Lean Jimmy" had proven one of their most effective gadflies against Polk, and his lighthearted tone at campaign debates was very effective against the serious Polk. The two debated the length of Tennessee,<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> and Jones's support of distribution to the states of surplus federal revenues, and of a national bank, struck a chord with Tennessee voters. On election day in August 1841, Polk was defeated by 3,000 votes, the first time he had been beaten at the polls.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_p._32-60">[58]</a> Polk returned to Columbia and the practice of law and prepared for a rematch against Jones in 1843, but though the new governor took less of a joking tone, it made little difference to the outcome, as Polk was beaten again,<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> this time by 3,833 votes.<a href="#cite_note-Borneman_p.64-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler68-70">[68]</a> In the wake of his second statewide defeat in three years, Polk faced an uncertain political future.<a href="#cite_note-Merry4749-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1844">Election of 1844</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk_1844_presidential_campaign" title="James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign">James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_nomination">Democratic nomination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 Democratic National Convention</a></div> Despite his loss, Polk was determined to become the next <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president of the United States</a>, seeing it as a path to the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-Merry_p._43-44-72">[70]</a> Van Buren was the frontrunner for the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a> Democratic nomination, and Polk engaged in a careful campaign to become his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-Merry5053-73">[71]</a> The former president faced opposition from Southerners who feared his views on slavery, while his handling of the Panic of 1837—he had refused to rescind the Specie Circular—aroused opposition from some in the West (today's <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>) who believed his <a href="/wiki/Hard_money_(policy)" title="Hard money (policy)">hard money</a> policies had hurt their section of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Merry5053-73">[71]</a> Many Southerners backed Calhoun's candidacy, Westerners rallied around Senator <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> of Michigan, and former Vice President Johnson also maintained a strong following among Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-Merry5053-73">[71]</a> Jackson assured Van Buren by letter that Polk in his campaigns for governor had "fought the battle well and fought it alone".<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Polk hoped to gain Van Buren's support, hinting in a letter that a Van Buren/Polk ticket could carry Tennessee, but found him unconvinced.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> The biggest political issue in the United States at that time was territorial expansion.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> had <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">successfully revolted</a> against Mexico in 1836. With the republic largely populated by American emigres, those on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)">Sabine River</a> border between the U.S. and Texas deemed it inevitable that Texas would join the United States, but this would anger Mexico, which considered Texas a breakaway province, and threatened war if the United States annexed it. Jackson, as president, had recognized Texas independence, but the initial momentum toward annexation had stalled.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Britain was seeking to expand her influence in Texas: Britain had abolished slavery, and if Texas did the same, it would provide a western haven for runaways to match one in the North.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> A Texas not in the United States would also stand in the way of what was deemed America's <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a> to overspread the continent.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Clay was nominated for president by acclamation at the April <a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">1844 Whig National Convention</a>, with New Jersey's <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Theodore Frelinghuysen</a> his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> A Kentucky slaveholder at a time when opponents of <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a> argued that it would give slavery more room to spread, Clay sought a nuanced position on the issue. Jackson, who strongly supported a Van Buren/Polk ticket, was delighted when Clay issued a letter for publication in the newspapers opposing Texas annexation, only to be devastated when he learned Van Buren had done the same thing.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Van Buren did this because he feared losing his base of support in the Northeast,<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> but his supporters in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Southwest" title="Old Southwest">old Southwest</a> were stunned at his action. Polk, on the other hand, had written a pro-annexation letter that had been published four days before Van Buren's.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> Jackson wrote sadly to Van Buren that no candidate who opposed annexation could be elected, and decided Polk was the best person to head the ticket.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Jackson met with Polk at the Hermitage on May 13, 1844, and explained to his visitor that only an expansionist from the South or Southwest could be elected—and, in his view, Polk had the best chance.<a href="#cite_note-auto-83">[81]</a> Polk was at first startled, calling the plan "utterly abortive", but he agreed to accept it.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Polk immediately wrote to instruct his lieutenants at the convention to work for his nomination as president.<a href="#cite_note-auto-83">[81]</a> Despite Jackson's quiet efforts on his behalf, Polk was skeptical that he could win.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Nevertheless, because of the opposition to Van Buren by expansionists in the West and South, Polk's key lieutenant at the <a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 Democratic National Convention</a> in Baltimore, <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Johnson_Pillow" title="Gideon Johnson Pillow">Gideon Johnson Pillow</a>, believed Polk could emerge as a compromise candidate.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Publicly, Polk, who remained in Columbia during the convention, professed full support for Van Buren's candidacy and was believed to be seeking the vice presidency. Polk was one of the few major Democrats to have declared for the annexation of Texas.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The convention opened on May 27, 1844. A crucial question was whether the nominee needed two-thirds of the delegate vote, as had been the case at previous Democratic conventions, or merely a majority. A vote for two-thirds would doom Van Buren's candidacy due to opposition from southern delegates.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> With the support of the Southern states, the two-thirds rule was passed.<a href="#cite_note-Merry8788-89">[87]</a> Van Buren won a majority on the first presidential ballot but failed to win the necessary two-thirds, and his support slowly faded.<a href="#cite_note-Merry8788-89">[87]</a> Cass, Johnson, Calhoun and <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> also received votes on the first ballot, and Cass took the lead on the fifth.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> After seven ballots, the convention remained deadlocked: Cass could not reach two-thirds, and Van Buren's supporters became discouraged about his chances. Delegates were ready to consider a new candidate who might break the stalemate.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> When the convention adjourned after the seventh ballot, Pillow, who had been waiting for an opportunity to press Polk's name, conferred with <a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a> of Massachusetts, a politician and historian and longtime Polk correspondent, who had planned to nominate Polk for vice president. Bancroft had supported Van Buren's candidacy and was willing to see New York Senator <a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Silas Wright</a> head the ticket, but as a Van Buren loyalist, Wright would not consent. Pillow and Bancroft decided if Polk were nominated for president, Wright might accept the second spot. Before the eighth ballot, former Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Benjamin F. Butler</a>, head of the New York delegation, read a pre-written letter from Van Buren to be used if he could not be nominated, withdrawing in Wright's favor. But Wright (who was in Washington) had also entrusted a pre-written letter to a supporter, in which he refused to be considered as a presidential candidate, and stated in the letter that he agreed with Van Buren's position on Texas. Had Wright's letter not been read he most likely would have been nominated, but without him, Butler began to rally Van Buren supporters for Polk as the best possible candidate, and Bancroft placed Polk's name before the convention. On the eighth ballot, Polk received only 44 votes to Cass's 114 and Van Buren's 104, but the deadlock showed signs of breaking. Butler formally withdrew Van Buren's name, many delegations declared for the Tennessean, and on the ninth ballot, Polk received 233 ballots to Cass's 29, making him the Democratic nominee for president. The nomination was then made unanimous.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> The convention then considered the vice-presidential nomination. Butler advocated for Wright, and the convention agreed, with only four Georgia delegates dissenting. Word of Wright's nomination was sent to him in Washington via <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a>. Having declined by proxy an almost certain presidential nomination, Wright also refused the vice-presidential nomination. Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Robert J. Walker</a> of Mississippi, a close Polk ally, then suggested former senator <a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> of Pennsylvania. Dallas was acceptable enough to all factions and gained the nomination on the third ballot. The delegates passed a platform and adjourned on May 30.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> Many contemporary politicians, including Pillow and Bancroft, later claimed credit for getting Polk the nomination, but <a href="/wiki/Walter_R._Borneman" title="Walter R. Borneman">Walter R. Borneman</a> felt that most of the credit was due to Jackson and Polk, "the two who had done the most were back in Tennessee, one an aging icon ensconced at the Hermitage and the other a shrewd lifelong politician waiting expectantly in Columbia".<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Whigs mocked Polk with the chant "Who is James K. Polk?", affecting never to have heard of him.<a href="#cite_note-Merry9697-96">[94]</a> Though he had experience as Speaker of the House and Governor of Tennessee, all previous presidents had served as vice president, Secretary of State, or as a high-ranking general. Polk has been described as the first "<a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark horse</a>" presidential nominee, although his nomination was less of a surprise than that of future nominees such as <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> or <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Despite his party's gibes, Clay recognized that Polk could unite the Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-Merry9697-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_election">General election</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polk_Dallas_campaign_banner_(edit).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Polk_Dallas_campaign_banner_%28edit%29.jpg/220px-Polk_Dallas_campaign_banner_%28edit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Polk_Dallas_campaign_banner_%28edit%29.jpg/330px-Polk_Dallas_campaign_banner_%28edit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Polk_Dallas_campaign_banner_%28edit%29.jpg/440px-Polk_Dallas_campaign_banner_%28edit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption>1844 campaign banner for the Polk/Dallas ticket, produced by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Currier" title="Nathaniel Currier">Nathaniel Currier</a></figcaption></figure> Rumors of Polk's nomination reached Nashville on June 4, much to Jackson's delight; they were substantiated later that day. The dispatches were sent on to Columbia, arriving the same day, and letters and newspapers describing what had happened at Baltimore were in Polk's hands by June 6. He accepted his nomination by letter dated June 12, alleging that he had never sought the office, and stating his intent to serve only one term.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Wright was embittered by what he called the "foul plot" against Van Buren, and demanded assurances that Polk had played no part; it was only after Polk professed that he had remained loyal to Van Buren that Wright supported his campaign.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Following the custom of the time that presidential candidates avoid electioneering or appearing to seek the office, Polk remained in Columbia and made no speeches. He engaged in extensive correspondence with Democratic Party officials as he managed his campaign. Polk made his views known in his acceptance letter and through responses to questions sent by citizens that were printed in newspapers, often by arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> A potential pitfall for Polk's campaign was the issue of whether the tariff should be for revenue only, or with the intent to protect American industry. Polk finessed the tariff issue in a published letter. Recalling that he had long stated that tariffs should only be sufficient to finance government operations, he maintained that stance but wrote that within that limitation, government could and should offer "fair and just protection" to American interests, including manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> He refused to expand on this stance, acceptable to most Democrats, despite the Whigs pointing out that he had committed himself to nothing. In September, a delegation of Whigs from nearby <a href="/wiki/Giles_County,_Tennessee" title="Giles County, Tennessee">Giles County</a> came to Columbia, armed with specific questions on Polk's views regarding the current tariff, the Whig-passed <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1842" title="Tariff of 1842">Tariff of 1842</a>, and with the stated intent of remaining in Columbia until they got answers. Polk took several days to respond and chose to stand by his earlier statement, provoking an outcry in the Whig papers.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Another concern was the third-party candidacy of President Tyler, which might split the Democratic vote. Tyler had been nominated by a group of loyal officeholders. Under no illusions he could win, he believed he could rally states' rights supporters and populists to hold the balance of power in the election. Only Jackson had the stature to resolve the situation, which he did with two letters to friends in the Cabinet, that he knew would be shown to Tyler, stating that the President's supporters would be welcomed back into the Democratic fold. Jackson wrote that once Tyler withdrew, many Democrats would embrace him for his pro-annexation stance. The former president also used his influence to stop <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis Preston Blair</a> and his Globe newspaper, the semi-official organ of the Democratic Party, from attacking Tyler. These proved enough; Tyler withdrew from the race in August.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Party troubles were a third concern. Polk and Calhoun made peace when a former South Carolina congressman, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Pickens" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Pickens">Francis Pickens</a> visited Tennessee and came to Columbia for two days and to the Hermitage for sessions with the increasingly ill Jackson. Calhoun wanted the Globe dissolved, and that Polk would act against the 1842 tariff and promote Texas annexation. Reassured on these points, Calhoun became a strong supporter.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Polk was aided regarding Texas when Clay, realizing his anti-annexation letter had cost him support, attempted in two subsequent letters to clarify his position. These angered both sides, which attacked Clay as insincere.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Texas also threatened to divide the Democrats sectionally, but Polk managed to appease most Southern party leaders without antagonizing Northern ones.<a href="#cite_note-Merry107108-108">[106]</a> As the election drew closer, it became clear that most of the country favored the annexation of Texas, and some Southern Whig leaders supported Polk's campaign due to Clay's anti-annexation stance.<a href="#cite_note-Merry107108-108">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1844_Electoral_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1844_Electoral_Map.png/220px-1844_Electoral_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1844_Electoral_Map.png/330px-1844_Electoral_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1844_Electoral_Map.png/440px-1844_Electoral_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 1844 presidential election</figcaption></figure> The campaign was vitriolic; both major party candidates were accused of various acts of malfeasance; Polk was accused of being both a duelist and a coward. The most damaging smear was the <a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda#United_States_media" title="Black propaganda">Roorback forgery</a>; in late August an item appeared in an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a> newspaper, part of a book detailing fictional travels through the South of a Baron von Roorback, an imaginary German nobleman. The Ithaca Chronicle printed it without labeling it as fiction, and inserted a sentence alleging that the traveler had seen forty slaves who had been sold by Polk after being branded with his initials. The item was withdrawn by the Chronicle when challenged by the Democrats, but it was widely reprinted. Borneman suggested that the forgery backfired on Polk's opponents as it served to remind voters that Clay too was a slaveholder.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Eisenhower" title="John Eisenhower">John Eisenhower</a>, in his journal article on the election, stated that the smear came too late to be effectively rebutted, and likely cost Polk Ohio. Southern newspapers, on the other hand, went far in defending Polk, one Nashville newspaper alleging that his slaves preferred their bondage to freedom.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Polk himself implied to newspaper correspondents that the only slaves he owned had either been inherited or had been purchased from relatives in financial distress; this paternalistic image was also painted by surrogates like Gideon Pillow. This was not true, though not known at the time; by then he had bought over thirty slaves, both from relatives and others, mainly for the purpose of procuring labor for his Mississippi cotton plantation.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> There was no uniform election day in 1844; states voted between November 1 and 12.<a href="#cite_note-borneman125-112">[110]</a> Polk won the election with 49.5% of the popular vote and 170 of the 275 electoral votes.<a href="#cite_note-Merry109111-113">[111]</a> Becoming the first president elected despite losing his state of residence (Tennessee),<a href="#cite_note-borneman125-112">[110]</a> Polk also lost his birth state, North Carolina. However, he won Pennsylvania and New York, where Clay lost votes to the antislavery Liberty Party candidate <a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>, who got more votes in New York than Polk's margin of victory. Had Clay won New York, he would have been elected president.<a href="#cite_note-Merry109111-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1845–1849)">Presidency (1845–1849)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Presidency of James K. Polk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_House_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white image of the White House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/White_House_1846.jpg/220px-White_House_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/White_House_1846.jpg/330px-White_House_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/White_House_1846.jpg/440px-White_House_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="2751" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, 1846</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolly_MAdison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dolly_MAdison.jpg/203px-Dolly_MAdison.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dolly_MAdison.jpg/305px-Dolly_MAdison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dolly_MAdison.jpg/406px-Dolly_MAdison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>James and Sarah Polk on the portico of the White House alongside Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, and former first lady <a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a>. </figcaption></figure> With a slender victory in the popular vote, but with a greater victory in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> (170–105), Polk proceeded to implement his campaign promises. He presided over a country whose population had doubled every twenty years since the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and which had reached demographic parity with <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merry132133-114">[112]</a> During Polk's tenure, technological advancements persisted, including the continued expansion of railroads and increased use of the telegraph.<a href="#cite_note-Merry132133-114">[112]</a> These improvements in communication encouraged a zest for <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merry131132-115">[113]</a> However, sectional divisions became worse during his tenure. Polk set four clearly defined goals for his administration:<a href="#cite_note-Merry131132-115">[113]</a> <ul><li>Reestablish the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent Treasury System</a> – the Whigs had abolished the one created under Van Buren.</li> <li>Reduce <a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in American history">tariffs</a>.</li> <li>Acquire some or all of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon Country</a>.</li> <li>Acquire California and its harbors from Mexico.</li></ul> While his domestic aims represented continuity with past Democratic policies, successful completion of Polk's foreign policy goals would represent the first major <a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territorial acquisitions">American territorial gains</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> of 1819.<a href="#cite_note-Merry131132-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition,_inauguration_and_appointments">Transition, inauguration and appointments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_K._Polk" title="Inauguration of James K. Polk">Inauguration of James K. Polk</a></div>Polk formed a geographically balanced Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-Merry112113-116">[114]</a> He consulted Jackson and one or two other close allies, and decided that the large states of New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia should have representation in the six-member Cabinet, as should his home state of Tennessee. At a time when an incoming president might retain some or all of his predecessor's department heads, Polk wanted an entirely fresh Cabinet, but this proved delicate. Tyler's final Secretary of State was Calhoun, leader of a considerable faction of the Democratic Party, but, when approached by emissaries, he did not take offense and was willing to step down.<a href="#cite_note-bergeron2325-117">[115]</a> Polk did not want his Cabinet to contain presidential hopefuls, though he chose to nominate <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> of Pennsylvania, whose ambition for the presidency was well-known, as Secretary of State.<a href="#cite_note-Merry114117-118">[116]</a> Tennessee's <a href="/wiki/Cave_Johnson" title="Cave Johnson">Cave Johnson</a>, a close friend and ally of Polk, was nominated for the position of Postmaster General, with George Bancroft, the historian who had played a crucial role in Polk's nomination, as Navy Secretary. Polk's choices met with the approval of Andrew Jackson, with whom Polk met for the last time in January 1845, as Jackson died that June.<a href="#cite_note-Merry117119-119">[117]</a> Tyler's last Navy Secretary, <a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">John Y. Mason</a> of Virginia, Polk's friend since college days and a longtime political ally, was not on the original list. As Cabinet choices were affected by factional politics and President Tyler's drive to resolve the Texas issue before leaving office, Polk at the last minute chose Mason as Attorney General.<a href="#cite_note-bergeron2325-117">[115]</a> Polk also chose Mississippi Senator Walker as Secretary of the Treasury and New York's <a href="/wiki/William_Marcy" class="mw-redirect" title="William Marcy">William Marcy</a> as Secretary of War. The members worked well together, and few replacements were necessary. One reshuffle was required in 1846 when Bancroft, who wanted a diplomatic posting, became <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">U.S. minister to Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> In his last days in office, President Tyler sought to complete the annexation of Texas. After the Senate had defeated an earlier treaty that required a two-thirds majority, Tyler urged Congress to pass a joint resolution, relying on its constitutional power to admit states.<a href="#cite_note-Merry120124-121">[119]</a> There were disagreements about the terms under which Texas would be admitted and Polk became involved in negotiations to break the impasse. With Polk's help, the annexation resolution narrowly cleared the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-Merry120124-121">[119]</a> Tyler was unsure whether to sign the resolution or leave it for Polk and sent Calhoun to consult with Polk, who declined to give any advice. On his final evening in office, March 3, 1845, Tyler offered annexation to Texas according to the terms of the resolution.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polk_inauguration_Oath_London_News_(edit).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woodcut of Polk taking the oath on the East Portico of the Capitol, with a crowd of people looking on." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polk_inauguration_Oath_London_News_%28edit%29.jpg/220px-Polk_inauguration_Oath_London_News_%28edit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polk_inauguration_Oath_London_News_%28edit%29.jpg/330px-Polk_inauguration_Oath_London_News_%28edit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Polk_inauguration_Oath_London_News_%28edit%29.jpg/440px-Polk_inauguration_Oath_London_News_%28edit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3630" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption>The inauguration of James K. Polk, as shown in the Illustrated London News, v. 6, April 19, 1845</figcaption></figure> Even before his inauguration, Polk wrote to Cave Johnson, "I intend to be myself President of the U.S."<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> He would gain a reputation as a hard worker, spending ten to twelve hours at his desk, and rarely leaving Washington. Polk wrote, "No President who performs his duty faithfully and conscientiously can have any leisure. I prefer to supervise the whole operations of the government myself rather than intrust the public business to subordinates, and this makes my duties very great."<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> When he took office on March 4, 1845, Polk, at 49, became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of presidents of the United States by age">youngest president</a> to that point. Polk's inauguration was the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">inaugural ceremony</a> to be reported by telegraph, and first to be shown in a newspaper illustration (in <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a>).<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> In his inaugural address, delivered in a steady rain, Polk made clear his support for Texas annexation by referring to the 28 states of the U.S., thus including Texas. He proclaimed his fidelity to Jackson's principles by quoting his famous toast, "Every lover of his country must shudder at the thought of the possibility of its dissolution and will be ready to adopt the patriotic sentiment, 'Our Federal Union—it must be preserved.'"<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> He stated his opposition to a national bank, and repeated that the tariff could include incidental protection. Although he did not mention slavery specifically, he alluded to it, decrying those who would tear down an institution protected by the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Polk devoted the second half of his speech to foreign affairs, and specifically to expansion. He applauded the annexation of Texas, warning that Texas was no affair of any other nation, and certainly none of Mexico's. He spoke of the Oregon Country, and of the many who were migrating, pledging to safeguard America's rights there and to protect the settlers.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> As well as appointing Cabinet officers to advise him, Polk made his sister's son, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Knox_Walker" title="Joseph Knox Walker">J. Knox Walker</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Secretary to the President of the United States">personal secretary</a>, an especially important position because, other than his slaves, Polk had no staff at the White House. Walker, who lived at the White House with his growing family (two children were born to him while living there), performed his duties competently through his uncle's presidency. Other Polk relatives visited at the White House, some for extended periods.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State-dining-room-polk-cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/State-dining-room-polk-cabinet.jpg/220px-State-dining-room-polk-cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/State-dining-room-polk-cabinet.jpg/330px-State-dining-room-polk-cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/State-dining-room-polk-cabinet.jpg/440px-State-dining-room-polk-cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>Polk and his cabinet in the White House dining room, 1846. Front row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">John Y. Mason</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a>, James K. Polk, <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Robert J. Walker</a>. Back row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Cave_Johnson" title="Cave Johnson">Cave Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a>. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> is absent. This was the first photograph taken in the White House, and the first of a presidential Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partition_of_Oregon_Country">Partition of Oregon Country</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a></div> Britain and the U.S. each derived claims to the Oregon Country from the voyages of explorers. Russia and Spain had waived their weak claims.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Claims of the indigenous peoples of the region to their traditional lands were not a factor. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oregoncountry2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the undivided Oregon Country" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oregoncountry2.png/220px-Oregoncountry2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oregoncountry2.png/330px-Oregoncountry2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oregoncountry2.png/440px-Oregoncountry2.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> split between the Americans and British at the 49th parallel</figcaption></figure> Rather than war over the distant and unsettled territory, Washington and London negotiated amicably. Previous U.S. administrations had offered to divide the region along the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a>, which was not acceptable to Britain, as it had commercial interests along the Columbia River.<a href="#cite_note-merry168169-132">[130]</a> Britain's preferred partition was unacceptable to Polk, as it would have awarded <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> and all lands north of the Columbia River to Britain, and Britain was unwilling to accept the 49th parallel extended to the Pacific, as it meant the entire opening to Puget Sound would be in American hands, isolating its settlements along the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-merry168169-132">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a>, Tyler's minister in London, had informally proposed dividing the territory at the 49th parallel with the strategic <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> granted to the British, thus allowing an opening to the Pacific. But when the new British minister in Washington, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pakenham" title="Richard Pakenham">Richard Pakenham</a> arrived in 1844 prepared to follow up, he found that many Americans desired the entire territory, which extended north to 54 degrees, 40 minutes north latitude.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Oregon had not been a major issue in the 1844 election, but the heavy influx of settlers, mostly American, to the Oregon Country in 1845, and the rising spirit of expansionism in the U.S. as Texas and Oregon seized the public's eye, made a treaty with Britain more urgent.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Many Democrats believed the U.S. should span from coast to coast, a philosophy called <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> Though both sides sought an acceptable compromise, each also saw the territory as an important geopolitical asset that would play a large part in determining the dominant power in North America.<a href="#cite_note-merry168169-132">[130]</a> In his inaugural address, Polk announced that he viewed the U.S. claim to the land as "clear and unquestionable", provoking threats of war from British leaders should Polk attempt to take control of the entire territory.<a href="#cite_note-merry170171-135">[133]</a> Polk had refrained in his address from asserting a claim to the entire territory, although the Democratic Party platform called for such a claim.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Despite Polk's hawkish rhetoric, he viewed war over Oregon as unwise, and Polk and Buchanan began negotiations with the British.<a href="#cite_note-merry173175-137">[135]</a> Like his predecessors, Polk again proposed a division along the 49th parallel, which Pakenham immediately rejected.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Buchanan was wary of a two-front war with Mexico and Britain, but Polk was willing to risk war with both countries in pursuit of a favorable settlement.<a href="#cite_note-merry190191-139">[137]</a> In his annual message to Congress in December 1845, Polk requested approval of giving Britain a one-year notice (as required in the Treaty of 1818) of his intention to terminate the joint occupancy of Oregon.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> In that message, he quoted from the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> to denote America's intention of keeping European powers out, the first significant use of it since its origin in 1823.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> After much debate, Congress passed the resolution in April 1846, attaching its hope that the dispute would be settled amicably.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> When the British Foreign Secretary, <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Lord Aberdeen</a>, learned of the proposal Pakenham rejected, Aberdeen asked the U.S. to reopen negotiations, but Polk was unwilling unless the British made a proposal.<a href="#cite_note-merry196197-143">[141]</a> With Britain moving toward free trade with the <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_the_Corn_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal of the Corn Laws">repeal of the Corn Laws</a>, good trade relations with the U.S. were more important to Aberdeen than a distant territory.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> In February 1846, <a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a>, the American minister in London, was told that Washington would look favorably on a British proposal to divide the continent at the 49th parallel.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> In June 1846, Pakenham presented an offer calling for a boundary line at the 49th parallel, with the exception that Britain would retain all of Vancouver Island, and there would be limited navigation rights for British subjects on the Columbia River until the expiration of the charter of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Polk and most of his Cabinet were prepared to accept the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> The Senate ratified the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> in a 41–14 vote.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Polk's willingness to risk war with Britain had frightened many, but his tough negotiation tactics may have gained concessions from the British (particularly regarding the Columbia River) that a more conciliatory president might not have won.<a href="#cite_note-merry266267-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annexation_of_Texas">Annexation of Texas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Texas_Annexation" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Annexation">Texas Annexation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_Mexico_1845.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mapa_de_Mexico_1845.PNG/220px-Mapa_de_Mexico_1845.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mapa_de_Mexico_1845.PNG/330px-Mapa_de_Mexico_1845.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mapa_de_Mexico_1845.PNG/440px-Mapa_de_Mexico_1845.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>Map of Mexico in 1845, with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Republic of Yucatán">Republic of Yucatán</a> and the disputed territory between Mexico and Texas in red. Mexico claimed to own all of Texas.</figcaption></figure> The annexation resolution signed by Tyler gave the president the choice of asking Texas to approve annexation, or reopening negotiations; Tyler immediately sent a messenger with the first option. Polk allowed the messenger to continue.<a href="#cite_note-Merry136137-150">[148]</a> He also sent assurance that the United States would defend Texas, and would fix its southern border at the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, as claimed by Texas, rather than at the <a href="/wiki/Nueces_River" title="Nueces River">Nueces River</a>, as claimed by Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merry148151-152">[150]</a> Public sentiment in Texas favored annexation. In July 1845, a Texas convention ratified annexation, and thereafter voters approved it.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> In December 1845, Texas became the 28th state.<a href="#cite_note-merry211212-154">[152]</a> However Mexico had broken diplomatic relations with the United States on passage of the joint resolution in March 1845; now annexation escalated tensions as Mexico had never recognized Texan independence.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexican-American_War">Mexican-American War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Road_to_war">Road to war</h5></div> Following annexation in 1845, Polk began preparations for a potential war, sending an army to Texas, led by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merry188189-156">[154]</a> American land and naval forces were both ordered to respond to any Mexican aggression but to avoid provoking a war. Polk thought Mexico would give in under duress.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polk_proclamation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Polk_proclamation.gif/170px-Polk_proclamation.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Polk_proclamation.gif/255px-Polk_proclamation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Polk_proclamation.gif/340px-Polk_proclamation.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>Polk's presidential proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">war against Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> Polk hoped that a show of force would lead to negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-Merry188189-156">[154]</a> In late 1845, He sent <a href="/wiki/John_Slidell" title="John Slidell">John Slidell</a> to Mexico to purchase New Mexico and California for $30 million, as well as securing Mexico's agreement to a Rio Grande border.<a href="#cite_note-merry193194-158">[156]</a> Mexican opinion was hostile and President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a> refused to receive Slidell. Herrera soon was deposed by a military coup led by General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> a hard-liner who pledged to take back Texas.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Dispatches from Slidell warned Washington that war was near.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Polk regarded the treatment of Slidell as an insult and an "ample cause of war", and he prepared to ask Congress to declare it.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Meanwhile, in late March, General Taylor had reached the Rio Grande, and his army camped across the river from <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros, Tamaulipas</a>. In April, after Mexican general <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ampudia" title="Pedro de Ampudia">Pedro de Ampudia</a> demanded that Taylor return to the Nueces River, Taylor began a blockade of Matamoros. A skirmish on the northern side of the Rio Grande on April 25 ended in the death or capture of dozens of American soldiers and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Affair" title="Thornton Affair">Thornton Affair</a>. Word reached Washington on May 9, and Polk sent a war message to Congress on the ground that Mexico had, "shed American blood on the American soil".<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-lee2-164">[162]</a> The House overwhelmingly approved a resolution declaring war and authorizing the president to accept 50,000 volunteers into the military.<a href="#cite_note-merry244246-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> In the Senate, war opponents led by Calhoun questioned Polk's version of events. Nonetheless, the House resolution passed the Senate in a 40–2 vote, with Calhoun abstaining, marking the beginning of the Mexican–American War.<a href="#cite_note-merry246247-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_(without_Scott%27s_Campaign)-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the southwestern United States, including Texas, and also displaying Mexico, with the movements of the forces in the war marked on it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg/220px-Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg/330px-Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg/440px-Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Overview map of the war <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Disputed territory</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  United States territory, 1848</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Mexican territory, 1848</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  After treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</div></figcaption></figure> After the initial skirmishes, Taylor and much of his army marched away from the river to secure the supply line, leaving a makeshift base, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Texas">Fort Texas</a>. On the way back to the Rio Grande, Mexican forces under General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Arista" title="Mariano Arista">Mariano Arista</a> attempted to block Taylor's way as other troops <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Texas" title="Siege of Fort Texas">laid siege to Fort Texas</a>, forcing the U.S. Army general to the attack if he hoped to relieve the fort. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Alto" title="Battle of Palo Alto">Battle of Palo Alto</a>, the first major engagement of the war, Taylor's troops forced Arista's from the field, suffering only four dead to hundreds for the Mexicans. The next day, Taylor led the army to victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Battle of Resaca de la Palma</a>, putting the Mexican Army to rout.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> The early successes boosted support for the war, which despite the lopsided votes in Congress, had deeply divided the nation.<a href="#cite_note-L164-169">[167]</a> Many Northern Whigs opposed the war, as did others; they felt Polk had used patriotism to manipulate the nation into fighting a war, the goal of which was to give slavery room to expand.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> Polk distrusted the two senior officers, <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> and Taylor, as both were Whigs. Polk would have replaced them with Democrats, but felt Congress would not approve it. He offered Scott the position of top commander in the war, which the general accepted. Polk and Scott already knew and disliked each other: the President made the appointment despite the fact that Scott had sought his party's presidential nomination for the 1840 election.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-s134-172">[170]</a> Polk came to believe that Scott was too slow in getting himself and his army away from Washington and to the Rio Grande, and was outraged to learn Scott was using his influence in Congress to defeat the administration's plan to expand the number of generals.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The news of Taylor's victory at Resaca de la Palma arrived then, and Polk decided to have Taylor take command in the field, and Scott to remain in Washington. Polk also ordered Commodore Conner to allow <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> to return to Mexico from his exile in Havana, thinking that he would negotiate a treaty ceding territory to the U.S. for a price. Polk sent representatives to Cuba for talks with Santa Anna. Polk sent an army expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Kearny" title="Stephen W. Kearny">Stephen W. Kearny</a> towards Santa Fe, to territory beyond the original claims in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> In 1845, Polk, fearful of French or British intervention, had sent Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Archibald_H._Gillespie" title="Archibald H. Gillespie">Archibald H. Gillespie</a> to California with orders to foment a pro-American rebellion that could be used to justify annexation of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-merry295296-175">[173]</a> After meeting with Gillespie, Army captain <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> led settlers in northern California to overthrow the Mexican garrison in <a href="/wiki/Sonoma,_California" title="Sonoma, California">Sonoma</a> in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/California_Republic" title="California Republic">Bear Flag Revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-merry302304-176">[174]</a> In August 1846, American forces under Kearny captured Santa Fe, capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">New Mexico</a>, without firing a shot.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Almost simultaneously, Commodore <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles</a> and proclaimed the capture of California.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> After American forces put down a revolt, the United States held effective control of New Mexico and California.<a href="#cite_note-merry304306-179">[177]</a> Nevertheless, the Western theater of the war would prove to be a political headache for Polk, since a dispute between Frémont and Kearny led to a break between Polk and the powerful Missouri senator (and father-in-law of Frémont), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-merry396397-180">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_News_from_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting, showing people gathered on a porch around one who is reading from a newspaper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/War_News_from_Mexico.jpg/220px-War_News_from_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/War_News_from_Mexico.jpg/330px-War_News_from_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/War_News_from_Mexico.jpg/440px-War_News_from_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption>War News from Mexico, 1848 painting by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Caton_Woodville" title="Richard Caton Woodville">Richard Caton Woodville</a></figcaption></figure> The initial public euphoria over the victories at the start of the war slowly dissipated.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> In August 1846, Polk asked Congress to appropriate $2 million (~$60.7 million in 2023) as a down payment for the potential purchase of Mexican lands. Polk's request ignited opposition, as he had never before made public his desire to annex parts of Mexico (aside from lands claimed by Texas). It was unclear whether such newly acquired lands would be slave or free, and there was fierce and acrimonious sectional debate. A freshman Democratic Congressman, <a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot" title="David Wilmot">David Wilmot</a> of Pennsylvania, previously a firm supporter of Polk's administration, offered an amendment to the bill, the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, that would ban slavery in any land acquired using the money. The appropriation bill, with the Wilmot Proviso attached, passed the House, but died in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> This discord cost Polk's party, with Democrats losing control of the House in the <a href="/wiki/1846_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1846 United States House of Representatives elections">1846 elections</a>. In early 1847, though, Polk was successful in passing a bill raising further regiments, and he also finally won approval for the appropriation.<a href="#cite_note-merry343349-183">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santaannain1847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Santaannain1847.jpg/280px-Santaannain1847.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Santaannain1847.jpg/420px-Santaannain1847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Santaannain1847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Antonio López de Santa Anna, 1847</figcaption></figure> To try to bring the war to a quick end, in July 1846, Polk considered supporting a potential coup led by the exiled Mexican former president, General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a>, with the hope that Santa Anna would sell parts of California.<a href="#cite_note-merry238240-184">[182]</a> Santa Anna was in exile in Cuba, still a colony of Spain. Polk sent an envoy to have secret talks with Santa Anna. The U.S. Consul in Havana, R.B. Campbell, began seeking a way to engage with Santa Anna. A U.S. citizen of Spanish birth, Col. Alejandro José Atocha, knew Santa Anna and acted initially as an intermediary. Polk noted his contacts with Atocha in his diary, who said that Santa Anna was interested in concluding a treaty with the U.S. gaining territory while Mexico received payment that would include settling its debts. Polk decided that Atocha was untrustworthy and sent his own representative, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Slidell_Mackenzie" title="Alexander Slidell Mackenzie">Alexander Slidell Mackenzie</a>, (a relative of John Slidell) to meet with Santa Anna. Mackenzie told Santa Anna that Polk wished to see him in power and that if they came to an agreement that the U.S. naval blockade would be lifted briefly to allow Santa Anna to return to Mexico. Polk requested $2 million from Congress to be used to negotiate a treaty with Mexico or payment to Mexico before a treaty was signed. The blockade was indeed briefly lifted and Santa Anna returned to Mexico, not to head a government that would negotiate a treaty with the U.S., but rather to organize a military defense of his homeland. Santa Anna gloated over Polk's naïveté;<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> Polk had been "snookered" by Santa Anna.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Instead of coming to a negotiated settlement with the U.S., Santa Anna mounted a defense of Mexico and fought to the bitter end. "His actions would prolong the war for at least a year, and more than any other single person, it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of short war."<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesKnoxPolk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JamesKnoxPolk.jpg/220px-JamesKnoxPolk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JamesKnoxPolk.jpg/330px-JamesKnoxPolk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JamesKnoxPolk.jpg/440px-JamesKnoxPolk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Oil on canvas portrait by <a href="/wiki/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy" title="George Peter Alexander Healy">George Peter Alexander Healy</a></figcaption></figure> This caused Polk to harden his position on Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> and he ordered an American landing at <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>, the most important Mexican port on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. From there, troops were to march through Mexico's heartland to Mexico City, which it was hoped would end the war.<a href="#cite_note-merry309310-189">[187]</a> Continuing to advance in northeast Mexico, Taylor defeated a Mexican army led by Ampudia in the September 1846 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey" title="Battle of Monterrey">Battle of Monterrey</a>, but allowed Ampudia's forces to withdraw from the town, much to Polk's consternation.<a href="#cite_note-merry311313-190">[188]</a> Polk believed Taylor had not aggressively pursued the enemy and offered command of the Veracruz expedition to Scott.<a href="#cite_note-leonard174-191">[189]</a> The lack of trust Polk had in Taylor was returned by the Whig general, who feared the partisan president was trying to destroy him. Accordingly, Taylor disobeyed orders to remain near Monterrey.<a href="#cite_note-s134-172">[170]</a> In March 1847, Polk learned that Taylor had continued to march south, capturing the northern Mexican town of <a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Continuing beyond Saltillo, Taylor's army fought a larger Mexican force, led by Santa Anna, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buena_Vista" title="Battle of Buena Vista">Battle of Buena Vista</a>. Initial reports gave the victory to Mexico, with great rejoicing, but Santa Anna retreated. Mexican casualties were five times that of the Americans, and the victory made Taylor even more of a military hero in the American public's eyes, though Polk preferred to credit the bravery of the soldiers rather than the Whig general.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> The U.S. changed the course of the war with its invasion of Mexico's heartland through Veracruz and ultimately the capture of Mexico City, following hard fighting. In March 1847, Scott landed in Veracruz, and quickly <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">won control</a> of the city.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> The Mexicans expected that yellow fever and other tropical diseases would weaken the U.S. forces. With the capture of Veracruz, Polk dispatched <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Trist" title="Nicholas Trist">Nicholas Trist</a>, Buchanan's chief clerk, to accompany Scott's army and negotiate a peace treaty with Mexican leaders.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Trist was instructed to seek the cession of Alta California, New Mexico, and <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Peninsula">Baja California</a>, recognition of the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas, and U.S. access across the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-merry360361-196">[194]</a> Trist was authorized to make a payment of up to $30 million in exchange for these concessions.<a href="#cite_note-merry360361-196">[194]</a> In August 1847, as he advanced towards Mexico City, Scott defeated Santa Anna at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Battle of Contreras</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Battle of Churubusco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-merry381382-197">[195]</a> With the Americans at the gates of Mexico City, Trist negotiated with commissioners, but the Mexicans were willing to give up little.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Scott prepared <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">to take Mexico City</a>, which he did in mid-September.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> In the United States, a heated political debate emerged regarding how much of Mexico the United States should seek to annex, Whigs such as Henry Clay arguing that the United States should only seek to settle the Texas border question, and some expansionists arguing for the <a href="/wiki/All_of_Mexico_Movement" title="All of Mexico Movement">annexation of all of Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-merry394397-200">[198]</a> War opponents were also active; Whig Congressman <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> of Illinois introduced the "exact spot" resolutions, calling on Polk to state exactly where American blood had been shed on American soil to start the war, but the House refused to consider them.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Peace:_the_Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo">Peace: the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo.png/220px-Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a> (in red) was acquired through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a> (in orange) was acquired through purchase after Polk left office.</figcaption></figure> Frustrated by a lack of progress in negotiations, Polk ordered Trist to return to Washington, but the diplomat, when the notice of recall arrived in mid-November 1847, ignored the order, deciding to remain and writing a lengthy letter to Polk the following month to justify his decision. Polk considered having Butler, designated as Scott's replacement, forcibly remove him from Mexico City.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Though outraged by Trist's defiance, Polk decided to allow him some time to negotiate a treaty.<a href="#cite_note-merry420421-203">[201]</a> Throughout January 1848, Trist regularly met with officials in Mexico City, though at the request of the Mexicans, the treaty signing took place in Guadalupe Hidalgo, a small town near Mexico City. Trist was willing to allow Mexico to keep Baja California, as his instructions allowed, but successfully haggled for the inclusion of the important harbor of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> in a cession of Alta California. Provisions included the Rio Grande border and a $15 million payment to Mexico. On February 2, 1848, Trist and the Mexican delegation signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>. Polk received the document on February 19,<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> and, after the Cabinet met on the 20th, decided he had no choice but to accept it. If he turned it down, with the House by then controlled by the Whigs, there was no assurance Congress would vote funding to continue the war. Both Buchanan and Walker dissented, wanting more land from Mexico, a position with which the President was sympathetic, though he considered Buchanan's view motivated by his ambition.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Some senators opposed the treaty because they wanted to take no Mexican territory; others hesitated because of the irregular nature of Trist's negotiations. Polk waited in suspense for two weeks as the Senate considered it, sometimes hearing that it would likely be defeated and that Buchanan and Walker were working against it. He was relieved when the two Cabinet officers lobbied on behalf of the treaty. On March 10, the Senate ratified the treaty in a 38–14 vote, a vote that cut across partisan and geographic lines.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> The Senate made some modifications to the treaty before ratification, and Polk worried that the Mexican government would reject them. On June 7, Polk learned that Mexico had ratified the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-merry448450-208">[206]</a> Polk declared the treaty in effect as of July 4, 1848, thus ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_p._180-209">[207]</a> With the acquisition of California, Polk had accomplished all four of his major presidential goals.<a href="#cite_note-merry448450-208">[206]</a> With the exception of the territory acquired by the 1853 <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a>, and some later minor adjustments, the territorial acquisitions under Polk established the modern borders of the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_p._180-209">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postwar_and_the_territories">Postwar and the territories</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_1845-03-1845-12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/United_States_1845-03-1845-12.png/220px-United_States_1845-03-1845-12.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/United_States_1845-03-1845-12.png/330px-United_States_1845-03-1845-12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/United_States_1845-03-1845-12.png/440px-United_States_1845-03-1845-12.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>United States states and territories when Polk entered office</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_1849-1850.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/United_States_1849-1850.png/220px-United_States_1849-1850.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/United_States_1849-1850.png/330px-United_States_1849-1850.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/United_States_1849-1850.png/440px-United_States_1849-1850.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>United States states and territories when Polk left office</figcaption></figure> Polk was anxious to establish a territorial government for Oregon but the matter became embroiled in the arguments over slavery, though few thought Oregon suitable for it. Bills to establish a territorial government passed the House twice but died in the Senate. By the time Congress met again in December, California and New Mexico were in U.S. hands, and Polk in his annual message urged the establishment of territorial governments in all three.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> had settled the issue of the geographic reach of slavery within the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> by prohibiting slavery in states north of 36°30′ latitude, and Polk sought to extend this line into the newly acquired territory.<a href="#cite_note-merry452453-211">[209]</a> This would have made slavery illegal in Oregon and San Francisco but allowed it in Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Such an extension of slavery was defeated in the House by a bipartisan alliance of Northerners.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> In 1848 Polk signed a bill to establish the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Territory of Oregon</a> and prohibit slavery in it.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> In December 1848, Polk sought to establish territorial governments in California and New Mexico, a task made especially urgent by the onset of the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> The divisive issue of slavery blocked the idea. Finally in the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> the issue was resolved.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Polk had misgivings about a bill creating the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> (March 3, 1849). He feared the federal government usurping power over public lands from the states. Nevertheless, he signed the bill.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_initiatives">Other initiatives</h4></div> Polk's ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Alden_Bidlack" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Alden Bidlack">Benjamin Alden Bidlack</a>, negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Mallarino%E2%80%93Bidlack_Treaty" title="Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty">Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Conniff1-218">[216]</a> Though Washington had initially only sought to remove tariffs on American goods, Bidlack and New Granadan's Foreign Minister negotiated a broad agreement that deepened military and trade ties. A U.S. guarantee of New Granada's sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> was also included.<a href="#cite_note-Conniff1-218">[216]</a> The treaty was ratified in 1848 and in the long run it facilitated the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, built in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-randall1-219">[217]</a> It also allowed for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Railway" title="Panama Canal Railway">Panama Railway</a>, which opened in 1855. The railway, built and operated by Americans and protected by the U.S. military, gave a quicker, safer journey to California and Oregon. The agreement was the only alliance Washington made in the 19th century. It established a strong American role in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and was a counterweight to British influence there.<a href="#cite_note-Conniff1-218">[216]</a> In mid-1848, President Polk authorized his ambassador to Spain, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Mitchell_Saunders" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Mitchell Saunders">Romulus Mitchell Saunders</a>, to negotiate the purchase of Cuba and offer Spain up to $100 million, a large sum at the time for one territory, equal to $3.52 billion in present-day terms.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-220">[218]</a> Cuba was close to the United States and had slavery, so the idea appealed to Southerners but was unwelcome in the North. However, Spain was still making profits in Cuba (notably in sugar, molasses, rum and tobacco), and thus the Spanish government rejected Saunders's overtures.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Though Polk was eager to acquire Cuba, he refused to support the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">filibuster</a> expedition of <a href="/wiki/Narciso_L%C3%B3pez" title="Narciso López">Narciso López</a>, who sought to invade and take over the island as a prelude to annexation.<a href="#cite_note-tchaffin1-222">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiscal_policy">Fiscal policy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Knox_Polk_by_GPA_Healy,_1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/James_Knox_Polk_by_GPA_Healy%2C_1858.jpg/200px-James_Knox_Polk_by_GPA_Healy%2C_1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/James_Knox_Polk_by_GPA_Healy%2C_1858.jpg/300px-James_Knox_Polk_by_GPA_Healy%2C_1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/James_Knox_Polk_by_GPA_Healy%2C_1858.jpg/400px-James_Knox_Polk_by_GPA_Healy%2C_1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2275" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Polk's official White House portrait, by <a href="/wiki/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy" title="George Peter Alexander Healy">George Peter Alexander Healy</a>, 1858</figcaption></figure> In his inaugural address, Polk called upon Congress to re-establish the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent Treasury</a> System under which government funds were held in the Treasury and not in banks or other financial institutions.<a href="#cite_note-merry206207-223">[221]</a> President Van Buren had previously established a similar system, but it had been abolished during the Tyler administration.<a href="#cite_note-sieg121122-224">[222]</a> Polk made clear his opposition to a national bank in his inaugural address, and in his first annual message to Congress in December 1845, he called for the government to keep its funds itself. Congress was slow to act; the House passed a bill in April 1846 and the Senate in August, both without a single Whig vote.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Polk signed the Independent Treasury Act into law on August 6, 1846.<a href="#cite_note-Merry273-226">[224]</a> The act provided that the public revenues were to be retained in the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Building_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)">Treasury building</a> and in sub-treasuries in various cities, separate from private or state banks.<a href="#cite_note-Merry273-226">[224]</a> The system would remain in place until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-Merry276-277-227">[225]</a> Polk's other major domestic initiative was the lowering of the tariff.<a href="#cite_note-merry206207-223">[221]</a> Polk directed Secretary of the Treasury Robert Walker to draft a new and lower tariff, which Polk submitted to Congress.<a href="#cite_note-sieg113114-228">[226]</a> After intense lobbying by both sides, the bill passed the House and, in a close vote that required Vice President Dallas to <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by vice presidents of the United States">break a tie</a>, the Senate in July 1846.<a href="#cite_note-sieg115116-229">[227]</a> Dallas, although from protectionist Pennsylvania, voted for the bill, having decided his best political prospects lay in supporting the administration.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Polk signed the <a href="/wiki/Walker_tariff" title="Walker tariff">Walker Tariff</a> into law, substantially reducing the rates that had been set by the Tariff of 1842.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> The reduction of tariffs in the United States and the repeal of the Corn Laws in Great Britain led to a boom in Anglo-American trade.<a href="#cite_note-Merry276-277-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development_of_the_country">Development of the country</h4></div> Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Bill" title="Rivers and Harbors Bill">Rivers and Harbors Bill</a> in 1846 to provide $500,000 to improve port facilities, but Polk vetoed it. Polk believed that the bill was unconstitutional because it unfairly favored particular areas, including ports that had no foreign trade. Polk considered internal improvements to be matters for the states, and feared that passing the bill would encourage legislators to compete for favors for their home district—a type of <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> that he felt would spell doom to the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">virtue of the republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> In this regard he followed his hero Jackson, who had vetoed the <a href="/wiki/Maysville_Road_veto" title="Maysville Road veto">Maysville Road Bill</a> in 1830 on similar grounds.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> Opposed by conviction to Federal funding for internal improvements, Polk stood strongly against all such bills.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> Congress, in 1847, passed another internal improvements bill; he <a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">pocket vetoed</a> it and sent Congress a full veto message when it met in December. Similar bills continued to advance in Congress in 1848, though none reached his desk.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> When he came to the Capitol to sign bills on March 3, 1849, the last day of the congressional session and his final full day in office, he feared that an internal improvements bill would pass Congress, and he brought with him a draft veto message. The bill did not pass, so it was not needed, but feeling the draft had been ably written, he had it preserved among his papers.<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Clipper_500_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a print advertisement, showing a mining camp and a sailing ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/California_Clipper_500_%28edited%29.jpg/220px-California_Clipper_500_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/California_Clipper_500_%28edited%29.jpg/330px-California_Clipper_500_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/California_Clipper_500_%28edited%29.jpg/440px-California_Clipper_500_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3887" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> began in Polk's last days in office.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polkcabinet1849edited.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Polkcabinet1849edited.png/220px-Polkcabinet1849edited.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Polkcabinet1849edited.png/330px-Polkcabinet1849edited.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Polkcabinet1849edited.png/440px-Polkcabinet1849edited.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Polk's cabinet in 1849</figcaption></figure> Authoritative word of the discovery of gold in California did not arrive in Washington until after the 1848 election, by which time Polk was a lame duck. Polk's political adversaries had claimed California was too far away to be useful and was not worth the price paid to Mexico. The President was delighted by the news, seeing it as validation of his stance on expansion, and referred to the discovery several times in his final annual message to Congress that December. Shortly thereafter, actual samples of the California gold arrived, and Polk sent a special message to Congress on the subject. The message, confirming less authoritative reports, caused large numbers of people to move to California, both from the U.S. and abroad, thus helping to spark the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_K._Polk" title="List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk">List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk</a></div> Polk appointed the following justices to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>: <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Justice</th> <th>Position</th> <th>Began active service</th> <th>Ended active service </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a></td> <td>Seat 2</td> <td data-sort-value="18450920">September 20, 1845<a href="#cite_note-236">[c]</a></td> <td data-sort-value="18510904">September 4, 1851 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Robert Cooper Grier</a></td> <td>Seat 3</td> <td data-sort-value="18460804">August 4, 1846</td> <td data-sort-value="18700131">January 31, 1870 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JdgLWoodbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/JdgLWoodbury.jpg/175px-JdgLWoodbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/JdgLWoodbury.jpg/263px-JdgLWoodbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/JdgLWoodbury.jpg/350px-JdgLWoodbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Associate Justice Levi Woodbury (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Cooper_Grier_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Robert_Cooper_Grier_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/170px-Robert_Cooper_Grier_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Robert_Cooper_Grier_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/255px-Robert_Cooper_Grier_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Robert_Cooper_Grier_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/340px-Robert_Cooper_Grier_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3144" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Grier" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Grier">Robert C. Grier</a>, one of President Polk's two appointees to the Supreme Court</figcaption></figure> The 1844 death of Justice <a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Henry Baldwin</a> left a vacant place on the Supreme Court, but Tyler had been unable to get the Senate to confirm a nominee. At the time, it was the custom to have a geographic balance on the Supreme Court, and Baldwin had been from Pennsylvania. Polk's efforts to fill Baldwin's seat became embroiled in Pennsylvania politics and the efforts of factional leaders to secure the lucrative post of Collector of Customs for the Port of Philadelphia. As Polk attempted to find his way through the minefield of Pennsylvania politics, a second position on the high court became vacant with the death, in September 1845, of Justice <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a>; his replacement was expected to come from his native New England. Because Story's death had occurred while the Senate was not in session, Polk was able to make a <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a>, choosing Senator <a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a> of New Hampshire, and when the Senate reconvened in December 1845, Woodbury was confirmed. Polk's initial nominee for Baldwin's seat, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Woodward" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Woodward">George W. Woodward</a>, was rejected by the Senate in January 1846, in large part due to the opposition of Buchanan and Pennsylvania Senator <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> Despite Polk's anger at Buchanan, he eventually offered the Secretary of State the seat, but Buchanan, after some indecision, turned it down. Polk subsequently nominated <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Robert Cooper Grier</a> of Pittsburgh, who won confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> Justice Woodbury died in 1851,<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> but Grier served until 1870 and in the slavery case of <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857) wrote an opinion stating that slaves were property and could not sue.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> Polk appointed eight other federal judges, one to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Circuit_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia">United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia</a>, and seven to various <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1848">Election of 1848</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1848_Electoral_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1848_Electoral_Map.png/220px-1848_Electoral_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1848_Electoral_Map.png/330px-1848_Electoral_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1848_Electoral_Map.png/440px-1848_Electoral_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 1848 presidential election</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polk_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Polk_crop.jpg/220px-Polk_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Polk_crop.jpg/330px-Polk_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Polk_crop.jpg/440px-Polk_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Polk in 1849</figcaption></figure> Honoring his pledge to serve only one term, Polk declined to seek re-election. At the <a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 Democratic National Convention</a>, Lewis Cass was nominated. The <a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848 Whig National Convention</a> nominated Zachary Taylor for president and former congressman <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> of New York for vice president.<a href="#cite_note-merry447-448-243">[240]</a> Martin Van Buren led a breakaway Free Soil group from the Democrats. Polk was surprised and disappointed by his former ally's political conversion and worried about the divisiveness of a sectional party devoted to abolition.<a href="#cite_note-merry455456-244">[241]</a> Polk did not give speeches for Cass, remaining at his desk at the White House. He did remove some Van Buren supporters from federal office during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> Taylor won the three-way election with a plurality of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote. Polk was disappointed by the outcome as he had a low opinion of Taylor, seeing the general as someone with poor judgment and few opinions on important public matters.<a href="#cite_note-merry462-463-246">[243]</a> Nevertheless, Polk observed tradition and welcomed President-elect Taylor to Washington, hosting him at a gala White House dinner. Polk departed the White House on March 3, leaving behind him a clean desk, though he worked from his hotel or the Capitol on last-minute appointments and bill signings. He attended Taylor's inauguration on March 5 (March 4, the presidential inauguration day until 1937, fell on a Sunday, and thus the ceremony was postponed a day), and though he was unimpressed with the new president, wished him the best.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_and_death_(1849)">Post-presidency and death (1849)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Polk_Grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A marble tomb, with four columns supporting a roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/James_Polk_Grave.jpg/220px-James_Polk_Grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/James_Polk_Grave.jpg/330px-James_Polk_Grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/James_Polk_Grave.jpg/440px-James_Polk_Grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>James K. Polk's tomb lies on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Capitol" title="Tennessee State Capitol">Tennessee State Capitol</a></figcaption></figure> Polk's time in the White House took its toll on his health. Full of enthusiasm and vigor when he entered office, Polk left the presidency exhausted by his years of public service.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> He left Washington on March 6 for a pre-arranged triumphal tour of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, to end in Nashville.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> Polk had two years previously arranged to buy a house there, afterwards dubbed <a href="/wiki/Polk_Place" title="Polk Place">Polk Place</a>, that had once belonged to his mentor, Felix Grundy.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> James and Sarah Polk progressed down the Atlantic coast, and then westward through the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>. He was enthusiastically received and banqueted. By the time the Polks reached Alabama, he was suffering from a bad cold, and soon became concerned by reports of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>—a passenger on Polk's <a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">riverboat</a> died of it, and it was rumored to be common in New Orleans, but it was too late to change plans. Worried about his health, he would have departed the city quickly but was overwhelmed by Louisiana hospitality. Several passengers on the riverboat up the Mississippi died of the disease, and Polk felt so ill that he went ashore for four days, staying in a hotel. A doctor assured him he did not have cholera, and Polk arrived in Nashville on April 2 to a huge reception.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PolkPlace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large mansion. Polk's roofed tomb is seen on the right, near the street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PolkPlace.jpg/220px-PolkPlace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PolkPlace.jpg/330px-PolkPlace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PolkPlace.jpg/440px-PolkPlace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polk_Place" title="Polk Place">Polk Place</a>, briefly James Polk's home and long that of his widow</figcaption></figure> After a visit to James's mother in Columbia, the Polks settled into Polk Place.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> The exhausted former president seemed to gain new life, but in early June, he fell ill again, by most accounts of cholera. Attended by several doctors, he lingered for several days and chose to be baptized into the Methodist Church, which he had long admired, though his mother arrived from Columbia with her Presbyterian clergyman, and his wife was also a devout Presbyterian. On the afternoon of Friday, June 15, Polk died at his Polk Place home in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 53.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> According to traditional accounts, his last words before he died were "I love you, Sarah, for all eternity, I love you." Borneman noted that whether or not they were spoken, there was nothing in Polk's life that would make the sentiment false.<a href="#cite_note-b344-254">[251]</a> Polk's funeral was held at the McKendree Methodist Church in Nashville.<a href="#cite_note-b344-254">[251]</a> Following his death, Sarah Polk lived at Polk Place for 42 years and died on August 14, 1891, at the age of 87.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> Their house, Polk Place, was demolished in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burials">Burials</h2></div> Polk's remains have been moved twice.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> After his death, he was buried in what is now <a href="/wiki/Nashville_City_Cemetery" title="Nashville City Cemetery">Nashville City Cemetery</a> due to a legal requirement related to his infectious disease death. Polk was then moved to a tomb on the grounds of Polk Place (as specified in his will) in 1850.<a href="#cite_note-Burke2017-258">[255]</a> Then, in 1893, the bodies of James and Sarah Polk were relocated to their current resting place on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Capitol" title="Tennessee State Capitol">Tennessee State Capitol</a> in Nashville. In March 2017, the Tennessee Senate approved a resolution considered a "first step" toward relocating the Polks' remains to <a href="/wiki/President_James_K._Polk_Home_%26_Museum" title="President James K. Polk Home & Museum">the family home</a> in Columbia. Such a move would require approval by state lawmakers, the courts, and the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Historical_Commission" title="Tennessee Historical Commission">Tennessee Historical Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burke2017-258">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> A year later, a renewed plan to reinter Polk was defeated by Tennessee lawmakers before being taken up again and approved, and allowed to go through by the non-signature of Tennessee governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haslam" title="Bill Haslam">Bill Haslam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> The state's Capitol Commission heard arguments over the issue in November 2018, during which the THC reiterated its opposition to the tomb relocation, and a vote was delayed indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_historical_view">Legacy and historical view</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Knox_Polk_Statue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/James_Knox_Polk_Statue.JPG/170px-James_Knox_Polk_Statue.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/James_Knox_Polk_Statue.JPG/255px-James_Knox_Polk_Statue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/James_Knox_Polk_Statue.JPG/340px-James_Knox_Polk_Statue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="2201" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Polk at the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Capitol" title="North Carolina State Capitol">North Carolina State Capitol</a></figcaption></figure> Polk's historic reputation was initially formed by the attacks made on him in his own time. Whig politicians claimed that he was drawn from well-deserved obscurity. <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> is said to have observed that Polk, a teetotaler, was "a victim of the use of water as a beverage".<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Little was published about him, but two biographies were released in the wake of his death. Polk was not again the subject of a major biography until 1922 when Eugene I. McCormac published James K. Polk: A Political Biography. McCormac relied heavily on Polk's presidential diary, first published in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> When historians began ranking the presidents in 1948, Polk ranked tenth in <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Sr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.</a>'s poll, and has subsequently ranked eighth in Schlesinger's 1962 poll, tenth in a 1982 <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> poll,<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> ninth in <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a>'s 1996 poll,<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> and 14th in the 2017 survey by <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2017_C-SPAN-267">[264]</a> James Polk is today widely seen as a successful president; he is regarded as a man of destiny and a political chess master, who, through extraordinary diligence, worked to <a href="/wiki/Democracy_promotion_by_the_United_States" title="Democracy promotion by the United States">promote American democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> Borneman deemed Polk the most effective president prior to the Civil War and noted that Polk expanded the power of the presidency, especially in its power as commander in chief and its oversight over the Executive Branch.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_G._Calabresi" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven G. Calabresi">Steven G. Calabresi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_S._Yoo" title="Christopher S. Yoo">Christopher S. Yoo</a>, in their history of presidential power, praised Polk's conduct of the Mexican War, "it seems unquestionable that his management of state affairs during this conflict was one of the strongest examples since Jackson of the use of presidential power to direct specifically the conduct of subordinate officers."<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> Historian John C. Pinheiro, analyzing Polk's impact and legacy, wrote that:<a href="#cite_note-Pinheiro-274">[271]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Polk accomplished nearly everything that he said he wanted to accomplish as President and everything he had promised in his party's platform: acquisition of the Oregon Territory, California, and the Territory of New Mexico; the positive settlement of the Texas border dispute; lower tariff rates; the establishment of a new federal depository system; and the strengthening of the executive office. He masterfully kept open lines of communication with Congress, established the Department of the Interior, built up an administrative press, and conducted himself as a representative of the whole people. Polk came into the presidency with a focused political agenda and a clear set of convictions. He left office the most successful President since George Washington in the accomplishment of his goals.<a href="#cite_note-Pinheiro-274">[271]</a></blockquote> Bergeron noted that the matters that Polk settled, he settled for his time. The questions of the banking system, and of the tariff, which Polk had made two of the main issues of his presidency, were not significantly revised until the 1860s. Similarly, the Gadsden Purchase, and <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">that of Alaska</a> (1867), were the only major U.S. expansions until the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-bergeron261-275">[272]</a> Paul H. Bergeron wrote in his study of Polk's presidency: "Virtually everyone remembers Polk and his expansionist successes. He produced a new map of the United States, which fulfilled a continent-wide vision."<a href="#cite_note-bergeron261-275">[272]</a> "To look at that map," <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Merry" title="Robert W. Merry">Robert W. Merry</a> concluded, "and to take in the western and southwestern expanse included in it, is to see the magnitude of Polk's presidential accomplishments."<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Greenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Amy Greenberg">Amy Greenberg</a>, in her history of the Mexican War, found Polk's legacy to be more than territorial, "during a single brilliant term, he accomplished a feat that earlier presidents would have considered impossible. With the help of his wife, Sarah, he masterminded, provoked and successfully prosecuted a war that turned the United States into a world power."<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> Borneman noted that in securing this expansion, Polk did not consider the likely effect on Mexicans and Native Americans, "That ignorance may well be debated on moral grounds, but it cannot take away Polk's stunning political achievement."<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_A._Rawley" title="James A. Rawley">James A. Rawley</a> wrote in his <a href="/wiki/American_National_Biography" title="American National Biography">American National Biography</a> piece on Polk, "he added extensive territory to the United States, including Upper California and its valuable ports, and bequeathed a legacy of a nation poised on the Pacific rim prepared to emerge as a superpower in future generations".<a href="#cite_note-a-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:24em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> To the retrospective eye of the historian Polk's alarums and excursions present an astonishing spectacle. Impelled by his conviction that successful diplomacy could rest only on a threat of force, he made his way, step by step, down the path to war. Then, viewing the war as a mere extension of his diplomatic scheme, he proceeded as confidently as a sleepwalker through a maze of obstacles and hazards to the peace settlement he had intended from the beginning. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/David_M._Pletcher" title="David M. Pletcher">David M. Pletcher</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a></cite> </div> Historians have criticized Polk for not perceiving that his territorial gains set the table for civil war. Pletcher stated that Polk, like others of his time, failed "to understand that sectionalism and expansion had formed a new, explosive compound".<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> Fred I. Greenstein, in his journal article on Polk, noted that Polk "lacked a far-seeing awareness of the problems that were bound to arise over the status of slavery in the territory acquired from Mexico"<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> William Dusinberre, in his volume on Polk as slave owner, suggested "that Polk's deep personal involvement in the plantation slavery system ... colored his stance on slavery-related issues".<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> Greenberg noted that Polk's war served as the training ground for that later conflict: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The conflict Polk engineered became the transformative event of the era. It not only changed the nation but also created a new generation of leaders, for good and for ill. In the military, <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> all first experienced military command in Mexico. It was there that they learned the basis of the strategy and tactics that dominated the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polk_and_slavery">Polk and slavery</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elias_Polk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elias Polk as illustrated in the Daily American newspaper, published in Nashville, Tennessee, on December 31, 1886." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Elias_Polk.jpg/170px-Elias_Polk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Elias_Polk.jpg/255px-Elias_Polk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Elias_Polk.jpg/340px-Elias_Polk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elias_Polk" title="Elias Polk">Elias Polk</a> depicted later in life was a valet to James Polk, being the only known image of a person domestically enslaved by the Polks. </figcaption></figure> Polk owned slaves for most of his adult life. His father left Polk more than 8,000 acres (32 km2) of land and divided about 53 enslaved people among his widow and children in his will. James inherited twenty slaves, either directly or from deceased brothers. In 1831, he became an absentee cotton planter, sending enslaved people to clear <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a> land that his father had left him near <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Tennessee" title="Somerville, Tennessee">Somerville, Tennessee</a>. Four years later, Polk sold his Somerville plantation and, together with his brother-in-law, bought 920 acres (3.7 km2) of land, a cotton plantation near <a href="/wiki/Coffeeville,_Mississippi" title="Coffeeville, Mississippi">Coffeeville, Mississippi</a>, hoping to increase his income. The land in Mississippi was richer than that in Somerville, and Polk transferred slaves there, taking care to conceal from them that they were to be sent south. From the start of 1839, Polk, having bought out his brother-in-law, owned all of the Mississippi plantations, and ran it on a mostly absentee basis for the rest of his life. He occasionally visited;<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> for example, he spent much of April 1844 on his Mississippi plantation, right before the Democratic convention.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> Adding to the inherited slaves, in 1831, Polk purchased five more, mostly buying them in Kentucky, and expending $1,870 (~$62,988 in 2023); the youngest had a recorded age of 11. As older children sold for a higher price, slave-sellers routinely lied about age. Between 1834 and 1835, he bought five more, aged from 2 to 37, the youngest a granddaughter of the oldest. The amount expended was $2,250 (~$70,180 in 2023). In 1839, he bought eight slaves from his brother William at a cost of $5,600 (~$156,327 in 2023). This represented three young adults and most of a family, though not including the father, whom James Polk had previously owned, and who had been sold to a slave trader as he had repeatedly tried to escape his enslavement.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> The expenses of four campaigns (three for governor, one for the presidency) in six years kept Polk from making more slave purchases until after he was living in the White House.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> In an era when the presidential salary was expected to cover wages for the White House servants, Polk replaced them with slaves from his home in Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> Polk did not purchase enslaved people with his presidential salary, likely for political reasons. Instead, he reinvested earnings from his plantation in the purchase of slaves, enjoining secrecy on his agent: "that as my private business does not concern the public, you will keep it to yourself".<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> Polk saw the plantation as his route to a comfortable existence after his presidency for himself and his wife; he did not intend to return to the practice of law. Hoping the increased labor force would increase his retirement income, he purchased seven slaves in 1846, through an agent, aged roughly between 12 and 17. The 17-year-old and one of the 12-year-olds were purchased together at an <a href="/wiki/Estate_sale" title="Estate sale">estate sale</a>; the agent within weeks resold the younger boy to Polk's profit. The year 1847 saw the purchase of nine more. Three he purchased from <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Pillow" class="mw-redirect" title="Gideon Pillow">Gideon Pillow</a>, and his agent purchased six enslaved people aged between 10 and 20. By the time of the purchase from Pillow, the Mexican War had begun and Polk sent payment with the letter in which he offered Pillow a commission in the Army. The purchase from Pillow was a man Polk had previously owned and had sold for being a disruption, and his wife and child. None of the other enslaved people Polk purchased as president, all younger than 20, came with a parent, and as only in the one case were two slaves bought together, most likely none had an accompanying sibling as each faced life on Polk's plantation.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> Discipline for those owned by Polk varied over time. At the Tennessee plantation, he employed an <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South#Overseer" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">overseer</a> named Herbert Biles, who was said to be relatively indulgent. Biles's illness in 1833 resulted in Polk replacing him with Ephraim Beanland, who tightened discipline and increased work. Polk backed his overseer, returning escapees who complained of beatings and other harsh treatment, "even though every report suggested that the overseer was a heartless brute".<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> Beanland was hired for the Mississippi plantation but was soon dismissed by Polk's partner, who deemed Beanland too harsh as the slaves undertook the arduous task of clearing the timber from the new plantation so it could be used for cotton farming. His replacement was discharged after a year for being too indulgent; the next died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> in 1839. Others followed, and it was not until 1845 that Polk found a satisfactory overseer, John Mairs, who was still working at the plantation for Sarah Polk in 1860 when the widow sold a half-share in many of her slaves. There had been a constant stream of runaways under Mairs' predecessors, many seeking protection at the plantation of Polk relatives or friends; only one ran away between the time of Mairs' hiring and the end of 1847, but the overseer had to report three absconded slaves (including the one who had fled earlier) to Polk in 1848 and 1849.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> Polk's will, dated February 28, 1849, contained the nonbinding expectation that his slaves were to be freed when both he and Sarah Polk were dead. The Mississippi plantation was expected to support Sarah Polk during her widowhood. Sarah Polk lived until 1891, but the slaves were freed in 1865 by the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a>, which abolished slavery in the United States. By selling a half-interest in the slaves in 1860, Sarah Polk had given up the sole power to free them, and it is unlikely that her new partner, having paid $28,500 (~$788,393 in 2023) for a half-interest in the plantation and its slaves, would have allowed the laborers to go free had she died while slavery was legal.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> Like Jackson, Polk saw the politics of slavery as a side issue compared to territorial expansion and economic policy.<a href="#cite_note-Merry129130-294">[291]</a> The issue of slavery became increasingly polarizing during the 1840s, and Polk's expansionary successes redoubled its divisiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Merry129130-294">[291]</a> During his presidency, many abolitionists harshly criticized him as an instrument of the "<a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>", and claimed that spreading slavery was the reason he supported Texas Annexation and later war with Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> Polk did support the expansion of slavery's realm, with his views informed by his own family's experience of settling Tennessee, bringing slaves with them.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> He believed in Southern rights, meaning both the right of slave states not to have that institution interfered with by the Federal government and the right of individual Southerners to bring their slaves with them into the new territory.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> Though Polk opposed the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, he also condemned southern agitation on the issue, and he accused both northern and southern leaders of attempting to use the slavery issue for political gain.<a href="#cite_note-merry356358-298">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Samuel Polk died in 1827; his widow lived until 1852, surviving her oldest son by three years. See Dusinberre, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Jackson had served in both houses of Congress in the 1790s. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> A <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a>; formally nominated on December 23, 1845, confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on January 3, 1846, and received commission on January 3, 1846. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/polk">"Polk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Borneman6-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borneman6_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borneman6_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borneman6_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borneman6_2-3">d</a> Borneman, pp. 4–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-a-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_3-15">p</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRawley2000" class="citation journal cs1">Rawley, James A. 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Retrieved April 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=James+K.+Polk%3A+Impact+and+Legacy&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Pinheiro&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fpolk%2Fimpact-and-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bergeron261-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bergeron261_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bergeron261_275-1">b</a> Bergeron, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Merry, p. 477 </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Greenberg, p. 268 </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Borneman, p. 357 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Pletcher, p. 602 </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Pletcher, pp. 606–607 </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Greenstein, p. 732 </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Dusinberre, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Greenberg, p. 269 </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Dusinberre, pp. 13–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Greenberg, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Dusinberre, pp. 15–17, 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Dusinberre, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Greenberg, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Dusinberre, pp. 17–18, 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> Dusinberre, pp. 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Dusinberre, pp. 28–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Dusinberre, pp. 32–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Dusinberre, pp. 77–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-Merry129130-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merry129130_294-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merry129130_294-1">b</a> Merry, pp. 129–130 </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Haynes, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Dusinberre, pp. 132–133 </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Dusinberre, p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-merry356358-298"><a href="#cite_ref-merry356358_298-0">^</a> Merry, pp. 356–358 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergeron1986" class="citation book cs1">Bergeron, Paul H. (1986). The Presidency of James K. Polk. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0319-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0319-0"><bdi>978-0-7006-0319-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+James+K.+Polk&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0319-0&rft.aulast=Bergeron&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_R._Borneman" title="Walter R. Borneman">Borneman, Walter R.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polkmanwhotransf00born">Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6560-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6560-8"><bdi>978-1-4000-6560-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polk%3A+The+Man+Who+Transformed+the+Presidency+and+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6560-8&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolkmanwhotransf00born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988">; also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bestpresidentialbios.com/2014/01/12/review-of-polk-the-man-who-transformed-the-presidency-and-america-by-walter-borneman/">online book review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalabresiYoo2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_G._Calabresi" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven G. Calabresi">Calabresi, Steven G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_S._Yoo" title="Christopher S. Yoo">Yoo, Christopher S.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4sJhrLROSc8C">The Unitary Executive: Presidential Power from Washington to Bush</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19139-4"><bdi>978-0-300-19139-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unitary+Executive%3A+Presidential+Power+from+Washington+to+Bush&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19139-4&rft.aulast=Calabresi&rft.aufirst=Steven+G.&rft.au=Yoo%2C+Christopher+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4sJhrLROSc8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaffin1995" class="citation journal cs1">Chaffin, Tom (1995). ""Sons of Washington": Narciso López, Filibustering, and U.S. Nationalism, 1848–1851". Journal of the Early Republic. 15 (1). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press: 79–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3124384">10.2307/3124384</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-1275">0275-1275</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3124384">3124384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=%22Sons+of+Washington%22%3A+Narciso+L%C3%B3pez%2C+Filibustering%2C+and+U.S.+Nationalism%2C+1848%E2%80%931851&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-108&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0275-1275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3124384%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3124384&rft.aulast=Chaffin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConniff2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Conniff" title="Michael Conniff">Conniff, Michael L.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q67loLxB-eYC">Panama and the United States: The Forced Alliance</a>. Athens: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2348-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2348-0"><bdi>978-0-8203-2348-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panama+and+the+United+States%3A+The+Forced+Alliance&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2348-0&rft.aulast=Conniff&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ67loLxB-eYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDusinberre2003" class="citation book cs1">Dusinberre, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavemasterpresi00dusi_0">Slavemaster President: The Double Career of James Polk</a>. New York: Oxford University Press USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515735-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515735-2"><bdi>978-0-19-515735-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavemaster+President%3A+The+Double+Career+of+James+Polk&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515735-2&rft.aulast=Dusinberre&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavemasterpresi00dusi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Eisenhower" title="John Eisenhower">Eisenhower, John S. D.</a> (1994). "The Election of James K. Polk, 1844". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 53 (2): 74–87. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-3261">0040-3261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Election+of+James+K.+Polk%2C+1844&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=74-87&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0040-3261&rft.aulast=Eisenhower&rft.aufirst=John+S.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy_S._Greenberg" title="Amy S. Greenberg">Greenberg, Amy S.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4a1sAAAAQBAJ">A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59269-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59269-9"><bdi>978-0-307-59269-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Wicked+War%3A+Polk%2C+Clay%2C+Lincoln%2C+and+the+1846+U.S.+Invasion+of+Mexico&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59269-9&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Amy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4a1sAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenstein2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_I._Greenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred I. Greenstein">Greenstein, Fred I.</a> (2010). "The Policy-Driven Leadership of James K. Polk: Making the Most of a Weak Presidency". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 40 (4): 725–733. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2010.03808.x">10.1111/j.1741-5705.2010.03808.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23044848">23044848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Policy-Driven+Leadership+of+James+K.+Polk%3A+Making+the+Most+of+a+Weak+Presidency&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=725-733&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2010.03808.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23044848%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Greenstein&rft.aufirst=Fred+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes1997" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, Sam W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jameskpolkexpans00hayn">James K. Polk and the Expansionist Impulse</a>. New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-673-99001-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-673-99001-3"><bdi>978-0-673-99001-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+K.+Polk+and+the+Expansionist+Impulse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-673-99001-3&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Sam+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjameskpolkexpans00hayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Ronald C. Jr. (2002). "Justifying Empire: Pericles, Polk, and a Dilemma of Democratic Leadership". Polity. 34 (4): 503–531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FPOLv34n4ms3235415">10.1086/POLv34n4ms3235415</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3235415">3235415</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157742804">157742804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polity&rft.atitle=Justifying+Empire%3A+Pericles%2C+Polk%2C+and+a+Dilemma+of+Democratic+Leadership&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=503-531&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157742804%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3235415%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2FPOLv34n4ms3235415&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ronald+C.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2000" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Thomas M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQugPgduF0kC">James K. Polk: A Clear and Unquestionable Destiny</a>. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2647-5"><bdi>978-0-8420-2647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+K.+Polk%3A+A+Clear+and+Unquestionable+Destiny&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Delaware&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2647-5&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQugPgduF0kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Merry" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Merry" title="Robert W. Merry">Merry, Robert W.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FvvccDDEwMgC">A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9743-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9743-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-9743-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Country+of+Vast+Designs%3A+James+K.+Polk%2C+the+Mexican+War%2C+and+the+Conquest+of+the+American+Continent&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-9743-1&rft.aulast=Merry&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvvccDDEwMgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPletcher1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Pletcher" title="David M. Pletcher">Pletcher, David M.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomacyofannex00davi">The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War</a>. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-0135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-0135-5"><bdi>978-0-8262-0135-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+of+Annexation%3A+Texas%2C+Oregon%2C+and+the+Mexican+War&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-0135-5&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiplomacyofannex00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Randall_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Randall (political scientist)">Randall, Stephen J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWiHAInapZQC">Colombia and the United States: Hegemony and Interdependence</a>. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1402-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1402-0"><bdi>978-0-8203-1402-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colombia+and+the+United+States%3A+Hegemony+and+Interdependence&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1402-0&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFWiHAInapZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Remini, Robert V.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFYXfKlPhLkC">Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845</a>. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5913-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-5913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Course+of+American+Democracy%2C+1833%E2%80%931845&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5913-7&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGFYXfKlPhLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeigenthaler2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Seigenthaler_Sr" class="mw-redirect" title="John Seigenthaler Sr">Seigenthaler, John</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jameskpolk0000seig">James K. Polk</a>. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6942-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6942-6"><bdi>978-0-8050-6942-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+K.+Polk&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6942-6&rft.aulast=Seigenthaler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjameskpolk0000seig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988">, short popular biography.</li> <li>Williams, Frank J. "James K. Polk." in The Presidents and the Constitution, Volume One (New York University Press, 2020). 149–158. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9781479802098.003.0014/html?lang=en">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodworth2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_E._Woodworth" title="Steven E. Woodworth">Woodworth, Steven E.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YE_KdW27HagC">Manifest Destinies: America's Westward Expansion and the Road to the Civil War</a>. New York: Albert A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26524-1"><bdi>978-0-307-26524-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+Destinies%3A+America%27s+Westward+Expansion+and+the+Road+to+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Albert+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26524-1&rft.aulast=Woodworth&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYE_KdW27HagC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <ul><li>Bergeron, Paul H. "President Polk and economic legislation." Presidential Studies Quarterly (1985): 782–795. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27550277">online</a></li> <li>Chaffin, Tom. Met His Every Goal? James K. Polk and the Legends of Manifest Destiny (University of Tennessee Press; 2014) 124 pages.</li> <li>Cheathem, Mark R. Who Is James K. Polk? The Presidential Election of 1844. University Press of Kansas, 2023.</li> <li>Currie, David P., and Emily E. Kadens. "President Polk on Internal Improvements: The Undelivered Veto." Green Bag 2 (2002): 5+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greenbag.org/v8n1/v8n1_from_the_bag_currie_and_kadens.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_DeVoto" title="Bernard DeVoto">De Voto, Bernard</a>. The Year of Decision: 1846. Houghton Mifflin, 1943. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearofdecision1800devo">online</a></li> <li>Dusinberre, William. "President Polk and the Politics of Slavery". American Nineteenth Century History 3.1 (2002): 1–16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1466-4658">1466-4658</a>. Argues he misrepresented the strength of abolitionism, grossly exaggerated likelihood of slaves' massacring white families and seemed to condone secession.</li> <li>Goodpasture, Albert V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42637461.pdf">"The Boyhood of President Polk."</a> Tennessee Historical Magazine 7.1 (1921): 36–50.</li> <li>Greenberg, Amy S. Lady First: The World of Mrs. James K. Polk (Knopf, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-KCDwAAQBAJ&dq=james+k+polk++++&pg=PR11">online</a>.</li> <li>Kornblith, Gary J. "Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: a Counterfactual Exercise". Journal of American History 90.1 (2003): 76–105. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0021-8723">0021-8723</a>. Asks what if Polk had not gone to war with Mexico.</li> <li>McCormac, Eugene Irving. James K. Polk: A Political Biography to the End of a Career, 1845–1849. Univ. of California Press, 1922. (1995 reprint has <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945707-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945707-10-3">978-0-945707-10-3</a>.) hostile to Jacksonians.</li> <li>Morrison, Michael A. "Martin Van Buren, the Democracy, and the Partisan Politics of Texas Annexation". Journal of Southern History 61.4 (1995): 695–724. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-4642">0022-4642</a>. Discusses the election of 1844. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54440370">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524182017/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54440370">Archived</a> May 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Moten, Matthew. "Polk against His Generals." in Presidents and Their Generals (Harvard University Press, 2014) pp. 97–123.</li> <li>Nelson, Anna Kasten. Secret agents: President Polk and the search for peace with Mexico (Taylor & Francis, 1988).</li> <li>Pinheiro, John C. Manifest Ambition: James K. Polk and Civil-Military Relations during the Mexican War. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.</li> <li>Rumsch, BreAnn. James K. Polk (ABDO, 2016) for middle schools. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk3PDAAAQBAJ&dq=james+k+polk++++&pg=PP1">online</a>.</li> <li>Schoenbeck, Henry Fred. "The economic views of James K. Polk as expressed in the course of his political career" (PhD dissertation, The University of Nebraska - Lincoln; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1951. DP13923).</li> <li>Sellers, Charles. James K. Polk, Jacksonian, 1795–1843 (1957) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb00748.0001.001">vol 1 online</a>; and James K. Polk, Continentalist, 1843–1846. (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb00748.0002.001">vol 2 online</a>; long scholarly biography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilbey,_Joel_H.2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_H._Silbey" title="Joel H. Silbey">Silbey, Joel H.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgCJAgAAQBAJ">A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861</a>. Wiley. pp. 195–290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-60929-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-60929-3"><bdi>978-1-118-60929-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Antebellum+Presidents+1837%E2%80%931861&rft.pages=195-290&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-60929-3&rft.au=Silbey%2C+Joel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgCJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Smith, Justin Harvey. The War with Mexico, Vol 1. (2 vol 1919), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warwithmexico04smitgoog">full text online</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Justin Harvey. The War with Mexico, Vol. 2. (2 vol 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warwithmexico02smitgoog">full text online</a>; Pulitzer prize; still a standard source.</li> <li>Stenberg, Richard R. "President Polk and the Annexation of Texas." Southwestern Social Science Quarterly (1934): 333–356. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42864918">online</a></li> <li>Winders, Richard Bruce. Mr. Polk's army: the American military experience in the Mexican war. (Texas A&M University Press, 2001).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4></div> Material that may be of interest but constitute <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>. <ul><li>Cutler, Wayne, et al. Correspondence of James K. Polk. 1972–2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-304-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-304-8">978-1-57233-304-8</a>. Fourteen volume. scholarly edition of the complete correspondence to and from Polk. <ul><li>Polk, James Knox. Correspondence of James K. Polk: Digital Edition (University of Virginia Press, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/POLK.html#:~:text=This%20digital%20edition%20of%20Polk's,Civil%20War%2C%20and%20Reconstruction%20collection.">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polk, James K. Polk: The Diary of a President, 1845–1849: Covering the Mexican War, the Acquisition of Oregon, and the Conquest of California and the Southwest. Vol. 296. Capricorn Books, 1952.</li> <li>Polk, James K. The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845–1849 edited by Milo Milton Quaife, 4 vols. 1910. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3453762">Abridged version by Allan Nevins. 1929, online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524183312/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3453762">Archived</a> May 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_links">External links</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/James_Knox_Polk" class="extiw" title="commons:James Knox Polk">James Knox Polk</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/James_K._Polk" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:James_Knox_Polk" class="extiw" title="s:Author:James Knox Polk">James K. Polk</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/people/president/james-k-polk">James K. Polk Presidential Papers Collection, The American Presidency Project</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressP000409" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000409">"James K. Polk (id: P000409)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=James+K.+Polk+%28id%3A+P000409%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DP000409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+K.+Polk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070721035700/http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/polk">Extensive essay on James K. Polk and short essays on his presidency</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Polk%2C%20James%20Knox%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Polk%2C%20James%20K%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Polk%2C%20J%2E%20K%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Knox%20Polk%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20K%2E%20Polk%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20K%2E%20Polk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Knox%20Polk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20K%2E%20Polk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20K%2E%20Polk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Knox%20Polk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Polk%2C%20James%20Knox%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Polk%2C%20James%20K%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Polk%2C%20J%2E%20K%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Polk%2C%20J%2E%20Knox%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Knox%20Polk%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20K%2E%20Polk%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20K%2E%20Polk%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Knox%20Polk%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20K%2E%20Polk%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20K%2E%20Polk%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Polk%2C%20James%20Knox%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Polk%2C%20James%20K%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221795-1849%22%20AND%20Polk%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about James K. Polk</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11285">Works by James K. Polk</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/polk/">James K. Polk: A Resource Guide</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Polk-James-K">James K. Polk's Personal Correspondence</a> Shapell Manuscript Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/polk.asp">Inaugural Address of James K. Polk</a> from The Avalon Project at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116212357/http://www.nchistoricsites.org/polk/polk.htm">President James K. Polk State Historic Site, Pineville, North Carolina</a> from a <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">State of North Carolina</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?123943-1/life-portrait-james-k-polk">"Life Portrait of James K. Polk"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a>, May 28, 1999</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_K._Polk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_K._Polk" title="Template:James K. Polk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_K._Polk" title="Template talk:James K. Polk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_K._Polk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James K. Polk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_K._Polk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James K. Polk</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">11th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of governors of Tennessee">9th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a> (1839–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">13th</a> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 9th congressional district">TN–9</a> (1833–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 6th congressional district">TN–6</a> (1825–1833)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Circular" title="Specie Circular">Specie Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk_1844_presidential_campaign" title="James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign">James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">Dark horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_Place" title="Polk Place">Polk Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Capitol" title="Tennessee State Capitol">Tennessee State Capitol</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Polk_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Polk_crop.jpg/100px-Polk_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Polk_crop.jpg/150px-Polk_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Polk_crop.jpg/200px-Polk_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="1700" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_K._Polk" title="Inauguration of James K. Polk">Inauguration of James K. Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Affair" title="Thornton Affair">Thornton Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_of_Mexico_Movement" title="All of Mexico Movement">All of Mexico Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_tariff" title="Walker tariff">Walker tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Bill" title="Rivers and Harbors Bill">Rivers and Harbors Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_K._Polk" title="List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk">List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_James_K._Polk_Historic_Site" title="President James K. Polk Historic Site">President James K. Polk Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_James_K._Polk_Home_%26_Museum" title="President James K. Polk Home & Museum">President James K. Polk Home & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_K._Polk" title="List of memorials to James K. Polk">List of memorials to James K. Polk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Childress_Polk" title="Sarah Childress Polk">Sarah Childress Polk</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Polk" title="Ezekiel Polk">Ezekiel Polk</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Polk" title="Samuel Polk">Samuel Polk</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hawkins_Polk" title="William Hawkins Polk">William Hawkins Polk</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">← John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_K._Polk" title="Category:James K. Polk">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Cocke" title="John Alexander Cocke">John Cocke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 6th congressional district">Tennessee's 6th congressional district</a> 1825–1833 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Balie_Peyton" title="Balie Peyton">Balie Peyton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Fitzgerald_(Tennessee_politician)" title="William Fitzgerald (Tennessee politician)">William Fitzgerald</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 9th congressional district">Tennessee's 9th congressional district</a> 1833–1839 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Magee_Watterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Magee Watterson">Harvey Watterson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gulian_C._Verplanck" title="Gulian C. Verplanck">Gulian Verplanck</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a> 1833–1835 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Churchill_C._Cambreleng" title="Churchill C. Cambreleng">Churchill Cambreleng</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives</a> 1835–1839 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer_Taliaferro_Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter">Robert Hunter</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Newton_Cannon" title="Newton Cannon">Newton Cannon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a> 1839–1841 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Jones" title="James C. Jones">James Jones</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> 1845–1849 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Armstrong_(Tennessee_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Armstrong (Tennessee politician) (page does not exist)">Robert Armstrong</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a> 1839, 1841, 1843 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_V._Brown" title="Aaron V. Brown">Aaron V. Brown</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_James_K._Polk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_James_K._Polk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to James K. Polk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential tickets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/None</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and territorial parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governor_of_Tennessee_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Tennessee" title="Template:Governors of Tennessee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Tennessee" title="Template talk:Governors of Tennessee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Tennessee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Tennessee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governor_of_Tennessee_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of governors of Tennessee">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Sevier" title="John Sevier">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Roane" title="Archibald Roane">Roane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sevier" title="John Sevier">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Blount" title="Willie Blount">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McMinn" title="Joseph McMinn">McMinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carroll_(Tennessee_politician)" title="William Carroll (Tennessee politician)">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hall_(governor)" title="William Hall (governor)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carroll_(Tennessee_politician)" title="William Carroll (Tennessee politician)">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Cannon" title="Newton Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Jones" title="James C. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_V._Brown" title="Aaron V. Brown">A. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neill_S._Brown" title="Neill S. Brown">N. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trousdale" title="William Trousdale">Trousdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Campbell" title="William B. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._East" title="Edward H. East">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson_Brownlow" title="Parson Brownlow">Brownlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewitt_Clinton_Senter" title="Dewitt Clinton Senter">Senter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Brown" title="John C. Brown">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Porter" title="James D. Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Marks" title="Albert S. Marks">Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hawkins" title="Alvin Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bate" title="William B. Bate">Bate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love_Taylor" title="Robert Love Taylor">R. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Buchanan" title="John P. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Turney" title="Peter Turney">Turney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love_Taylor" title="Robert Love Taylor">R. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_McMillin" title="Benton McMillin">McMillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Frazier" title="James B. Frazier">Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I._Cox" title="John I. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_R._Patterson" title="Malcolm R. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_W._Hooper" title="Ben W. Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarke_Rye" title="Thomas Clarke Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_H._Roberts" title="Albert H. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Taylor" title="Alfred A. Taylor">A. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Peay" title="Austin Peay">Peay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hollis_Horton" title="Henry Hollis Horton">Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_McAlister" title="Hill McAlister">McAlister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Browning" title="Gordon Browning">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentice_Cooper" title="Prentice Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nance_McCord" title="Jim Nance McCord">McCord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Browning" title="Gordon Browning">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Clement" title="Frank G. Clement">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buford_Ellington" title="Buford Ellington">Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Clement" title="Frank G. Clement">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buford_Ellington" title="Buford Ellington">Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Dunn" title="Winfield Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Blanton" title="Ray Blanton">Blanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_McWherter" title="Ned McWherter">McWherter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Sundquist" title="Don Sundquist">Sundquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Bredesen" title="Phil Bredesen">Bredesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haslam" title="Bill Haslam">Haslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Lee_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)">Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_Tennessee.svg/85px-Seal_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_Tennessee.svg/128px-Seal_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_Tennessee.svg/170px-Seal_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="718" /></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_Tennessee" title="Category:Governors of Tennessee">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of governors of Tennessee">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Speakers_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_speakers" title="Template:US House speakers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_speakers" title="Template talk:US House speakers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_speakers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House speakers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Speakers_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers of the U.S. House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a> (1789–1791)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Trumbull_Jr." title="Jonathan Trumbull Jr.">Trumbull</a> (1791–1793)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a> (1793–1795)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Dayton</a> (1795–1799)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a> (1799–1801)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a> (1801–1807)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Cheves</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a> (1815–1820)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">Taylor</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1821–1823)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a> (1823–1825)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">Taylor</a> (1825–1827)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li>▌▌ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1839–1841)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/John_White_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John White (Kentucky politician)">White</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a> (1847–1849)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a> (1856–1857)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1931–1933)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1947)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1955–1961)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2007–2011)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2011–2015)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2023)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McHenry" title="Patrick McHenry">McHenry</a> (2023, pro tempore)</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="501" /></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li>▌ Pro-Administration</li> <li>▌ Anti-Administration</li> <li>▌ Federalist</li> <li>▌ Democratic-Republican</li> <li>▌ National Republican</li> <li>▌ Jacksonian</li> <li>▌ Democratic</li> <li>▌ Whig</li> <li>▌ Know Nothing</li> <li>▌ Republican</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:Speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Ways_and_Means_chairs" title="Template:US House Ways and Means chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Ways_and_Means_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Ways and Means chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Ways_and_Means_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Ways and Means chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Chairmen of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Fitzsimons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Loughton_Smith" title="William Loughton Smith">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Goodloe_Harper" title="Robert Goodloe Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griswold" title="Roger Griswold">Griswold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Clay" title="Joseph Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">G. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Bacon" title="Ezekiel Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Cheves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowndes_(congressman)" title="William Lowndes (congressman)">Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McDuffie" title="George McDuffie">McDuffie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulian_C._Verplanck" title="Gulian C. Verplanck">Verplanck</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_C._Cambreleng" title="Churchill C. Cambreleng">Cambreleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iver_McKay" class="mw-redirect" title="James Iver McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Finley_Vinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Finley Vinton">Vinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Bayly" title="Thomas H. Bayly">Bayly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_D._Campbell" title="Lewis D. Campbell">L. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu_Glancy_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehu Glancy Jones">J. G. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Phelps" title="John S. Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralls_Morrison" title="William Ralls Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Wood" title="Fernando Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_Tucker_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Randolph Tucker (politician)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Kelley" title="William D. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralls_Morrison" title="William Ralls Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Q._Mills" title="Roger Q. Mills">R. Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKendree_Springer" title="William McKendree Springer">Springer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne_Wilson" title="William Lyne Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Dingley_Jr." title="Nelson Dingley Jr.">Dingley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Fordney" title="Joseph W. Fordney">Fordney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Green" title="William R. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_C._Hawley" title="Willis C. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Collier_(politician)" title="James Collier (politician)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Doughton" title="Robert L. Doughton">Doughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Knutson" title="Harold Knutson">Knutson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Doughton" title="Robert L. Doughton">Doughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Reed_(politician)" title="Daniel A. Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jere_Cooper" title="Jere Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Mills" title="Wilbur Mills">W. Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ullman" title="Al Ullman">Ullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">Rostenkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Gibbons" title="Sam Gibbons">Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Archer" title="Bill Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Thomas" title="Bill Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">Rangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Johnson" title="Sam Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brady" title="Kevin Brady">Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Jason Smith (American politician)">J. Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicates acting chairman</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_James_K._Polk_(1845–1849)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polk_cabinet" title="Template:Polk cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polk_cabinet" title="Template talk:Polk cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polk_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polk cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_James_K._Polk_(1845–1849)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">James K. Polk</a> (1845–1849)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (1845–1849)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Polkpolk.jpg/100px-Polkpolk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Polkpolk.jpg/150px-Polkpolk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Polkpolk.jpg/200px-Polkpolk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="597" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Robert J. Walker</a> (1845–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a> (1845–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">John Y. Mason</a> (1845–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Nathan Clifford</a> (1846–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Isaac Toucey</a> (1848–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Johnson" title="Cave Johnson">Cave Johnson</a> (1845–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a> (1845–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">John Y. Mason</a> (1846–1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1840)_1844_United_States_presidential_election_(1848_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1844 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1844 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1844 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1840)_1844_United_States_presidential_election_(1848_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">← 1840</a>) <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">James K. Polk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk_1844_presidential_campaign" title="James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Theodore Frelinghuysen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>for Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">John Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">John Sargeant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00DDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(Ohio_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)">Thomas Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 silver;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Mormon)" title="Reform Party (Mormon)">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <s><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></s> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_1844_presidential_campaign" title="Joseph Smith 1844 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1844 elections: <a href="/wiki/1844_and_1845_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_and_1845_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11891#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11891#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11891#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121433348">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/90717491">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/63709/">FAST</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/449690/">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxqDvDkbkfmbdTWhJdQq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118792733">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80145740">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12069387k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12069387k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35427167">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0105902&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1343266">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06961251X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1100776">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=153833">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khw03xv33d7xft3">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810665488805606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279102805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14464436">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05178553?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000409">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/948704">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118792733.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118792733">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028968255">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569778">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6096vcg">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rn36cr">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_K._Polk&oldid=1256942439">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_K._Polk&oldid=1256942439</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:James_K._Polk" title="Category:James K. 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