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href="#Stage_races"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Stage races</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_races-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Randonneuring_and_ultra-distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Randonneuring_and_ultra-distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Randonneuring and ultra-distance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Randonneuring_and_ultra-distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tactics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drafting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drafting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Drafting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drafting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Breaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrain_and_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrain_and_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Terrain and conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrain_and_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Climbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crosswinds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crosswinds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Crosswinds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crosswinds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gruppetto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gruppetto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Gruppetto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gruppetto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Teams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_riders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_riders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types of riders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_riders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage-race_ranking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage-race_ranking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Stage-race ranking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage-race_ranking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_bicycle_races" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_bicycle_races"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable bicycle races</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_bicycle_races-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable bicycle races subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_bicycle_races-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grand_Tours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Tours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Grand Tours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Tours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UCI_World_Tour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UCI_World_Tour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>UCI World Tour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UCI_World_Tour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympic_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympic_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Olympic Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympic_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris–Rouen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris–Rouen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Paris–Rouen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris–Rouen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_development_and_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_development_and_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>International development and governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_development_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Season" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Season"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Season</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Season-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicycle_championships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicycle_championships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bicycle championships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicycle_championships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Road bicycle racing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82" title="سباق الدراجات على الطريق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سباق الدراجات على الطريق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclismu_en_ruta" title="Ciclismu en ruta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciclismu en ruta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Шашэйны веласпорт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шашэйны веласпорт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Шашэйны роварны спорт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шашэйны роварны спорт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%27hhouarnerezh_war_an_hent" title="Marc'hhouarnerezh war an hent – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marc'hhouarnerezh war an hent" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclisme_de_carretera" title="Ciclisme de carretera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciclisme de carretera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silni%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_cyklistika" title="Silniční cyklistika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Silniční cyklistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landevejscykling" title="Landevejscykling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Landevejscykling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C3%9Fenradsport" title="Straßenradsport – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Straßenradsport" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maantees%C3%B5it" title="Maanteesõit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maanteesõit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclismo_en_carretera" title="Ciclismo en carretera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciclismo en carretera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cosea_biciklista_konkurso" title="Ŝosea biciklista konkurso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝosea biciklista konkurso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errepideko_txirrindularitza" title="Errepideko txirrindularitza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errepideko txirrindularitza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="دوچرخه‌سواری جاده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوچرخه‌سواری جاده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclisme_sur_route" title="Cyclisme sur route – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cyclisme sur route" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9C_%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%84%EA%B1%B0_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B8%B0" title="도로 자전거 경기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도로 자전거 경기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balap_sepeda_jalan_raya" title="Balap sepeda jalan raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Balap sepeda jalan raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclismo_su_strada" title="Ciclismo su strada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciclismo su strada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9_(%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98)" title="אופני כביש (ספורט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופני כביש (ספורט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0osejas_rite%C5%86brauk%C5%A1ana" title="Šosejas riteņbraukšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šosejas riteņbraukšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvira%C4%8Di%C5%B3_plento_lenktyn%C4%97s" title="Dviračių plento lenktynės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dviračių plento lenktynės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsz%C3%A1g%C3%BAtiker%C3%A9kp%C3%A1r-versenyz%C3%A9s" title="Országútikerékpár-versenyzés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Országútikerékpár-versenyzés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Друмски велосипедизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Друмски велосипедизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegwielrennen" title="Wegwielrennen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wegwielrennen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bicycle racing sport</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Road bicycle racing</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89preuve_Cyclisme_Route_Course_Ligne_Masculine_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Rue_Saint_%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_-_Paris_XVIII_(FR75)_-_2024-08-03_-_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%C3%89preuve_Cyclisme_Route_Course_Ligne_Masculine_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Rue_Saint_%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2024-08-03_-_51.jpg/300px-%C3%89preuve_Cyclisme_Route_Course_Ligne_Masculine_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Rue_Saint_%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2024-08-03_-_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%C3%89preuve_Cyclisme_Route_Course_Ligne_Masculine_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Rue_Saint_%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2024-08-03_-_51.jpg/450px-%C3%89preuve_Cyclisme_Route_Course_Ligne_Masculine_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Rue_Saint_%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2024-08-03_-_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%C3%89preuve_Cyclisme_Route_Course_Ligne_Masculine_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Rue_Saint_%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2024-08-03_-_51.jpg/600px-%C3%89preuve_Cyclisme_Route_Course_Ligne_Masculine_Jeux_Olympiques_2024_Rue_Saint_%C3%89leuth%C3%A8re_-_Paris_XVIII_%28FR75%29_-_2024-08-03_-_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Riders during the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale" title="Union Cycliste Internationale">UCI</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No, although bodies do touch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Individuals and teams</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes, separate competitions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycle sport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle" title="Road bicycle">Road bicycle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Venue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Paved roads</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country or region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes, men's since the <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Olympics</a> and women's since the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Olympics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/World_championship" title="World championship">World Championships</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes, men's and women's since the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics" title="1984 Summer Paralympics">1984 Paralympics</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Road bicycle racing</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">cycle sport</a> discipline of <a href="/wiki/Road_cycling" title="Road cycling">road cycling</a>, held primarily on <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">paved roads</a>. Road racing is the most popular professional form of bicycle racing, in terms of numbers of competitors, events and spectators. The two most common competition formats are <a href="/wiki/Mass_start" title="Mass start">mass start</a> events, where riders start simultaneously (though sometimes with a <a href="/wiki/Handicapping" title="Handicapping">handicap</a>) and race to a set finish point; and <a href="/wiki/Time_trial" title="Time trial">time trials</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Individual_time_trial" title="Individual time trial">individual riders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Team_time_trial" title="Team time trial">teams</a> race a course alone against the clock. <a href="/wiki/Stage_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage race">Stage races</a> or "tours" take multiple days, and consist of several mass-start or time-trial stages ridden consecutively. </p><p>Professional racing originated in Western Europe, centred in France, Spain, Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. Since the mid-1980s, the sport has diversified, with races held at the professional, semi-professional and amateur levels, worldwide. The sport is governed by the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale" title="Union Cycliste Internationale">Union Cycliste Internationale</a></span></span> (UCI). As well as the UCI's annual <a href="/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Championships" title="UCI Road World Championships">World Championships</a> for men and women, the biggest event is the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a>, a three-week race that can attract over 500,000 roadside supporters a day. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Road racing in its modern form originated in the late 19th century. It began as an organized sport in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-McGurn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGurn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33, 36">: 33, 36 </span></sup> The sport was popular in the western European countries of France, Spain, Belgium, and Italy, and some of those earliest road bicycle races remain among the sport's biggest events. These early races include <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège–Bastogne–Liège">Liège–Bastogne–Liège</a> (established 1892), <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix" title="Paris–Roubaix">Paris–Roubaix</a> (1896), the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> (1903), the <a href="/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93San_Remo" title="Milan–San Remo">Milan–San Remo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giro_di_Lombardia" title="Giro di Lombardia">Giro di Lombardia</a> (1905), the <a href="/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia" title="Giro d'Italia">Giro d'Italia</a> (1909), the <a href="/wiki/Volta_a_Catalunya" title="Volta a Catalunya">Volta a Catalunya</a> (1911), and the <a href="/wiki/Tour_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Tour of Flanders">Tour of Flanders</a> (1913). They provided a template for other races around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cycling has been <a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the Summer Olympics">part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> since the modern sequence started in <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">Athens in 1896</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the most competitive and devoted countries since the beginning of 20th century were Belgium, France and Italy, then road cycling spread in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, Denmark, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, Spain and Switzerland after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. However, as the sport grows in popularity through globalization, countries such as <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, Australia, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Argus_Cycle_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Argus Cycle Race">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom, Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the United States continue to produce world-class cyclists.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first women's road championships were held <a href="/wiki/French_National_Road_Race_Championships#Women" title="French National Road Race Championships">in France in 1951</a>. A women's road race discipline was added to the <a href="/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Championships" title="UCI Road World Championships">UCI Road World Championships</a> at the 31st edition of the World Championships in 1958 in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Road_race_types">Road race types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Road race types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One-day">One-day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: One-day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional single-day race distances may be as long as 180 miles (290 km).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courses may run from place to place or comprise one or more laps of a circuit; some courses combine both, i.e., taking the riders from a starting place and then finishing with several laps of a circuit (usually to ensure a good spectacle for spectators at the finish).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Races over short circuits, often in town or city centres, are known as <a href="/wiki/Criterium" title="Criterium">criteriums</a>. Some races, known as handicaps, are designed to match riders of different abilities and/or ages; groups of slower riders start first, with the fastest riders starting last and so having to race harder and faster to catch other competitors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_trial">Time trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Time trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_trial" title="Time trial">Time trial</a></div> <p>Individual time trial (ITT) is an event in which cyclists race alone against the clock on flat or rolling terrain, or up a mountain road. A team time trial (TTT), including two-man team time trial, is a road-based bicycle race in which teams of cyclists race against the clock. In both team and individual time trials, the cyclists start the race at different times so that each start is fair and equal. Unlike individual time trials where competitors are not permitted to 'draft' (ride in the slipstream) behind each other, in team time trials, riders in each team employ this as their main tactic, each member taking a turn at the front while teammates 'sit in' behind. Race distances vary from a few km (typically a prologue, an individual time trial of usually less than 5 miles (8.0 km) before a stage race, used to determine which rider wears the leader's jersey on the first stage) to between approximately 20 miles (32 km) and 60 miles (97 km). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_races">Stage races</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stage races"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_of_gippsland_final_stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tour_of_gippsland_final_stage.jpg/220px-Tour_of_gippsland_final_stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tour_of_gippsland_final_stage.jpg/330px-Tour_of_gippsland_final_stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tour_of_gippsland_final_stage.jpg/440px-Tour_of_gippsland_final_stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The Tour of Gippsland, a stage race in Australia, climbing through the Omeo Shire</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Race_stage" title="Race stage">Race stage</a></div> <p>Stage races consist of several races, or <a href="/wiki/Race_stage" title="Race stage">stages</a>, ridden consecutively. The competitor with the lowest cumulative time to complete all stages is declared the overall, or <a href="/wiki/General_classification" title="General classification">general classification</a> (GC), winner. Stage races may also have other classifications and awards, such as individual stage winners, the <a href="/wiki/Points_classification" title="Points classification">points classification</a> winner, and the "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Mountains" title="King of the Mountains">King of the Mountains</a>" (or mountains classification) winner. A stage race can also be a series of road races and <a href="/wiki/Individual_time_trial" title="Individual time trial">individual time trials</a> (some events include <a href="/wiki/Team_time_trial" title="Team time trial">team time trials</a>). The stage winner is the first person to cross the finish line that day or the time trial rider (or team) with the lowest time on the course. The overall winner of a stage race is the rider who takes the lowest aggregate time to complete all stages (accordingly, a rider does not have to win all or any of the individual stages to win overall). Three-week stage races are called Grand Tours. The professional road bicycle racing calendar includes three Grand Tours – the Giro d'Italia, the Tour de France, and the Vuelta a España.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Randonneuring_and_ultra-distance">Randonneuring and ultra-distance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Randonneuring and ultra-distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ultra-distance_cycling" title="Ultra-distance cycling">Ultra-distance cycling</a> races are very long single stage events where the <a href="/wiki/Race_clock" title="Race clock">race clock</a> continuously runs from start to finish. Their sanctioning bodies are usually independent of the UCI. They usually last several days and the riders take breaks on their own schedules, with the winner being the first one to cross the finish line. Among the best-known ultramarathons is the <a href="/wiki/Race_Across_America" title="Race Across America">Race Across America</a> (RAAM), a coast-to-coast non-stop, single-stage race in which riders cover approximately 3,000 miles (4,800 km) in about a week. The race is sanctioned by the UltraMarathon Cycling Association (UMCA). RAAM and similar events allow (and often require) racers to be supported by a team of staff; there are also ultra-distance bicycle races that prohibit all external support, such as the <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_Race" title="Transcontinental Race">Transcontinental Race</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Pacific_Wheel_Race&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Pacific Wheel Race (page does not exist)">Indian Pacific Wheel Race</a>. </p><p>The related activity of <a href="/wiki/Randonneuring" title="Randonneuring">randonneuring</a> is not strictly a form of racing, but involves cycling a pre-determined course within a specified time limit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; clear:right; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> <div style="position:relative; width:220px; height:293px; overflow:hidden; border:solid #ccc 1px; background-color:white;"> <div style="left:0px; top:0px; width:220px; position:absolute"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cycling_kit_full_body.jpg" title="commons:File:Cycling kit full body.jpg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cycling_kit_full_body.jpg/220px-Cycling_kit_full_body.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cycling_kit_full_body.jpg/330px-Cycling_kit_full_body.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cycling_kit_full_body.jpg/440px-Cycling_kit_full_body.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="8064" /></a></span> </div> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:10px; line-height:110%"> <div style="background-color:transparent; color:black"><div id="annotation_58x15" style="position:absolute; left:58px; top:15px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Cycling_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling helmet">helmet</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_58x95" style="position:absolute; left:58px; top:95px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Cycling_jersey" title="Cycling jersey">jersey</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_44x146" style="position:absolute; left:44px; top:146px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Cycling_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling gloves">gloves</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_44x175" style="position:absolute; left:44px; top:175px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Cycling_shorts" title="Cycling shorts">bib shorts</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_66x234" style="position:absolute; left:66px; top:234px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Socks" class="mw-redirect" title="Socks">socks</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_44x256" style="position:absolute; left:44px; top:256px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Cycling_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling shoes">shoes</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="The image above contains clickable links"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div>A road cyclist wearing a summer <a href="/wiki/Cycling_kit" title="Cycling kit">cycling attire</a>.</div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most commonly used bicycle in road races are simply known as <a href="/wiki/Racing_bicycle" title="Racing bicycle">racing bicycles</a>. Their design is strictly regulated by the UCI, the sport's governing body. Specialist <a href="/wiki/Time_trial_bicycle" title="Time trial bicycle">time trial bicycles</a> are used for time trial events. </p><p>Bicycles approved for use under UCI regulations must be made available for commercial sale<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is commonplace for amateur cyclists to own bicycles that are identical to those used to win major races. </p><p>Clothing worn for road racing is designed to improve aerodynamics and improve rider comfort. The rider's shorts contain padding to improve comfort, and materials are chosen to manage rider temperature, manage sweat, and keep the rider as warm and dry as feasible in wet conditions. Cycling jerseys were originally made of wool; modern jerseys are made of synthetic fabrics such as <a href="/wiki/Lycra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycra">lycra</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_helmet" title="Bicycle helmet">Bicycle helmets</a> were made mandatory for professional road racing in 2003, after the death of cyclist <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kivilev" title="Andrey Kivilev">Andrey Kivilev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_cyclists_in_pace_line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Military_cyclists_in_pace_line.jpg/220px-Military_cyclists_in_pace_line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Military_cyclists_in_pace_line.jpg/330px-Military_cyclists_in_pace_line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Military_cyclists_in_pace_line.jpg/440px-Military_cyclists_in_pace_line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption>Cyclists <a href="/wiki/Drafting_(racing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drafting (racing)">drafting</a> behind one another, forming a paceline</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of tactics are employed to reach the objective of a race. This objective is being the first to cross the finish line in the case of a single-stage race, and clocking the least aggregate finish time in the case of a multi-stage race. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drafting">Drafting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Drafting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tactics are based on the aerodynamic benefit of <a href="/wiki/Drafting_(racing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drafting (racing)">drafting</a>, whereby a rider can significantly reduce the required pedal effort by closely following in the <a href="/wiki/Slipstream" title="Slipstream">slipstream</a> of the rider in front. Riding in the main field, or <a href="/wiki/Peloton" title="Peloton">peloton</a>, can save as much as 40% of the energy employed in forward motion when compared to riding alone.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some teams designate a leader, whom the rest of the team is charged with keeping out of the wind and in good position until a critical section of the race. This can be used as a strength or a weakness by competitors; riders can cooperate and draft each other to ride at high speed (a <b>paceline</b> or <b>echelon</b>), or one rider can <b>sit</b> on a competitor's wheel, forcing the other person to do a greater share of the work in maintaining the pace and to potentially tire earlier. Drafting is not permitted in individual time trials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breaks">Breaks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Breaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A group of riders that "breaks away" (a "break") from the peloton has more space and freedom, and can therefore be at an advantage in certain situations. Working together smoothly and efficiently, a small group can potentially maintain a higher speed than the peloton, in which the remaining riders may not be as motivated or organized to chase effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually a rider or group of riders will try to break from the peloton by attacking and riding ahead to reduce the number of contenders for the win. If the break does not succeed and the body of cyclists comes back together, a <a href="/wiki/Cycling_sprinter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling sprinter">sprinter</a> will often win by overpowering competitors in the final stretch.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teamwork between riders, both pre-arranged and ad hoc, is important in many aspects: in preventing or helping a successful break, and sometimes in delivering a sprinter to the front of the field.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrain_and_conditions">Terrain and conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Terrain and conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To make the course more selective, races often feature difficult sections such as tough climbs, fast descents, and sometimes technical surfaces (such as the cobbled <i>pavé</i> used in the <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix" title="Paris–Roubaix">Paris–Roubaix</a> race). The effects of drafting are reduced in these difficult sections, allowing the strongest riders in the conditions to drop weaker riders, reducing the number of direct competitors able to take the win. Weather, particularly wind, is also an important discriminating factor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climbs">Climbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climbs are excellent places for a single rider to try to break away from a bunch, as the lower riding speeds in a climb seriously reduce the drafting advantage of the bunch. The escaping rider can then further capitalize on that rider's position in the descent, as going downhill alone allows for more maneuvering space and therefore higher speeds than when in a bunch. In addition, because the bunch riders are keeping more space between them for safety reasons, their drafting benefits are again reduced. If this action takes place relatively close to the target (e.g. another bunch ahead, or the finish), the ride over flatter terrain after the descent is not long enough to let the drafting effect (which is then working at full power again) make the bunch catch up, making a climb escape even more attractive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crosswinds">Crosswinds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Crosswinds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wind conditions can also make otherwise routine sections of a course potentially selective. Crosswinds, particularly, alter the position of the "shadow" when drafting a rider, usually placing it diagonally behind the lead rider, forming a line of riders called an <a href="/wiki/Echelon_formation" title="Echelon formation">echelon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To take advantage of this, an attacking rider rides at high speed at the front of the peloton, on the opposite side of the road from which the crosswind is blowing. Following riders are unable to fully shelter from the wind. If such tactics are maintained for long enough, a weaker rider somewhere in the line will be unable to keep contact with the rider directly ahead, causing the peloton to split up.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed">Speed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as exceptional fitness, successful riders must develop excellent bike handling skills to ride at high speeds in close quarters with other riders. Individual riders can reach speeds of 110 km/h (68 mph) while descending winding mountain roads and may reach 60–80 km/h (37–50 mph) level speeds during the final sprint to the finish line. Across a long stage race, such as a Grand Tour, the winner's average speed is usually near 40 km/h. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gruppetto">Gruppetto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gruppetto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In more organized races, a SAG wagon ("support and gear") or <a href="/wiki/Broom_wagon" title="Broom wagon">broom wagon</a> follows the race to pick up stragglers. In professional stage racing riders who are not in a position to win the race or assist a teammate, will usually attempt to ride to the finish within a specified percentage of the winner's finishing time, to be permitted to start the next day's stage. Often, riders in this situation band together to minimize the effort required to finish within the time limit; this group of riders is known as the <i>gruppetto</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Autobus_(cycling)" title="Autobus (cycling)">autobus</a></i>. In one-day racing, professionals who no longer have any chance to affect the race outcome will routinely withdraw, even if they are uninjured and capable of riding to the finish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teams">Teams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Teams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the principle remains that the winner is the first to cross the line, many riders are grouped together in teams, usually with commercial sponsors. On professional and semi-professional teams, team names are typically synonymous with the primary sponsors. As an example, some prominent professional teams of the last 30 years have been <a href="/wiki/HTC%E2%80%93Highroad" title="HTC–Highroad">Team Telekom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)" title="Visma–Lease a Bike (men's team)">Rabobank</a>, <a href="/wiki/ONCE_(cycling_team)" title="ONCE (cycling team)">ONCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapei_(cycling_team)" title="Mapei (cycling team)">Mapei</a> and <a href="/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates" title="UAE Team Emirates">Lampre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the team varies, from three in an amateur event for club riders to eight in professional races. Team riders decide between themselves, before and during the race, who has the best chance of winning. The choice will depend on hills, the chances that the whole field will finish together in a sprint, and other factors. The other riders on the team, or <a href="/wiki/Domestique" title="Domestique">domestiques</a>, will devote themselves to promoting the leader's chances, taking turns in the wind for him, refusing to chase with the peloton when he or she escapes, and so on. The goal is usually to allow the leader to have enough energy to take off at the critical point of the race and go on to victory. However, there can be many alternative scenarios depending on the strength of teams and the race situation. </p><p>One example of team tactics involves placing a strong domestique in a breakaway (rather than the designated team leader). If the domestique is a good chance to win if the breakaway is not brought back, it places the onus on other teams with favoured riders to expend energy chasing the breakaway, impeding their efforts to assist their leader in the final stages of the race. For instance, in the <a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_individual_road_race" title="Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's individual road race">2012 London Olympics men's road race</a> the outright favourite was sprinter <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cavendish" title="Mark Cavendish">Mark Cavendish</a> riding for the team of Great Britain. Another favoured rider was <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goss" title="Matthew Goss">Matthew Goss</a> riding for the Australian team. By placing <a href="/wiki/Stuart_O%27Grady" title="Stuart O'Grady">Stuart O'Grady</a> in the breakaway, the Australian team was able to force the British team to take primary responsibility for the chase and absolve themselves of the responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In professional races, team coordination is often performed by radio communication between the riders and the team director, who travels in a team car behind the race and monitors the overall situation. The influence of radios on race tactics is a topic of discussion among the cycling community, with some arguing that the introduction of radios in the 1990s has devalued the tactical knowledge of individual riders and has led to less exciting racing.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2009, the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale" title="Union Cycliste Internationale">Union Cycliste Internationale</a></span></span> (UCI), the governing body of pro cycling, voted to phase in a ban on the use of team radios in men's elite road racing.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after protests from teams, the ban introduced in 2011 excluded races on the top-level men's and women's circuits (the <a href="/wiki/UCI_World_Tour" title="UCI World Tour">UCI World Tour</a> and <a href="/wiki/UCI_Women%27s_Road_World_Cup" title="UCI Women's Road World Cup">UCI Women's Road World Cup</a>) and in 2015 the UCI reversed its stance, allowing race radios to be used in <a href="/wiki/UCI_race_classifications" title="UCI race classifications">class HC and class 1 events</a> from the 2016 season.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_riders">Types of riders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Types of riders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the discipline of road racing, from young age different cyclists have different (relative) strengths and weaknesses.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on these, riders tend to prefer different events over particular courses, and perform different tactical roles within a team. </p><p>The main specialities in road bicycle racing are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_specialist" title="Climbing specialist">Climber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puncheur" title="Puncheur">Puncheur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakaway_specialist" title="Breakaway specialist">Breakaway specialist</a>, or <i>baroudeur</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_trialist" title="Time trialist">Time trialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouleur" title="Rouleur">Rouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_sprinter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling sprinter">Sprinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_domestique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling domestique">Domestique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_terminology#all-rounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycling terminology">All-rounder</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stage-race_ranking">Stage-race ranking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stage-race ranking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a stage race a <i>stage ranking</i> is drawn up at the end of each stage, showing for each participating rider the completion time of the stage. The one with the lowest completion time wins the stage. At the same time a <i>general ranking</i> shows the cumulative finishing times of all prior stages for each participating rider. A rider who does not complete any of the stages within its respective time limit is disqualified. The one with the lowest total cumulative time is the general leader. The general leader typically wears a distinctive jersey (yellow in the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a>) and generally maintains a position near the head of the main mass of riders (the peloton), surrounded by team members, whose job it is to protect the leader.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contenders for the general lead may stage "attacks" to distance themselves from the leader in "breakaways". The general leader's vulnerability to breakaways is higher when the escaping rider(s) trail by a small time difference in the general ranking, and as number of remaining stages diminishes. Riders, who finish in the stage ranking behind the general leader, increase their cumulative time disadvantage. Whereas those who finish ahead of the general leader decrease their time disadvantage and may even gain sufficient time to unseat the general leader. After each stage, the racer with the lowest cumulative time becomes (or remains) the general leader. </p><p>The general leader does not generally react to breakaways by riders who trail substantially in cumulative time. Such escapes usually achieve other goals, such as winning the stage, collecting sprinting or mountain points, or just creating air time for their team sponsors as a dedicated camera bike typically accompanies the escape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_bicycle_races">Notable bicycle races</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable bicycle races"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Tours">Grand Tours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Grand Tours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1991_Giro_d%27Italia_Stage_13_Savigliano-Sestriere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1991_Giro_d%27Italia_Stage_13_Savigliano-Sestriere.jpg/200px-1991_Giro_d%27Italia_Stage_13_Savigliano-Sestriere.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1991_Giro_d%27Italia_Stage_13_Savigliano-Sestriere.jpg/300px-1991_Giro_d%27Italia_Stage_13_Savigliano-Sestriere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1991_Giro_d%27Italia_Stage_13_Savigliano-Sestriere.jpg/400px-1991_Giro_d%27Italia_Stage_13_Savigliano-Sestriere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1991_Giro_d%27Italia" title="1991 Giro d'Italia">1991 Giro d'Italia</a>. The Giro is one of three <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)" title="Grand Tour (cycling)">Grand Tours</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Notable cycling races include the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a>, a three-week stage race principally through France and ending in Paris, the <a href="/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia" title="Giro d'Italia">Giro d'Italia</a> in Italy, and the <a href="/wiki/Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Vuelta a España">Vuelta a España</a> in Spain. Each of these races is considered a "<a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)" title="Grand Tour (cycling)">Grand Tour</a>". </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UCI_World_Tour">UCI World Tour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: UCI World Tour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional racing is governed by the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale" title="Union Cycliste Internationale">Union Cycliste Internationale</a></span></span>. In 2005 it instituted the <a href="/wiki/UCI_ProTour" title="UCI ProTour">UCI ProTour</a> (renamed <a href="/wiki/UCI_World_Tour" title="UCI World Tour">UCI World Tour</a> in 2011) to replace the <a href="/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Cup" title="UCI Road World Cup">UCI Road World Cup</a> series. While the World Cup contained only one-day races, the World Tour includes the Grand Tours and other large stage races such as <a href="/wiki/Crit%C3%A9rium_du_Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Critérium du Dauphiné">Critérium du Dauphiné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Nice" title="Paris–Nice">Paris–Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_Suisse" title="Tour de Suisse">Tour de Suisse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volta_a_Catalunya" title="Volta a Catalunya">Volta a Catalunya</a>. </p><p>The former <a href="/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Cup" title="UCI Road World Cup">UCI Road World Cup</a> one-day <a href="/wiki/Classic_cycle_races" title="Classic cycle races">classic cycle races</a> – which include all five "<a href="/wiki/Cycling_monument" title="Cycling monument">Monuments</a>" – were also part of the ProTour: <a href="/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93San_Remo" title="Milan–San Remo">Milan–San Remo</a> (Italy), <a href="/wiki/Tour_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Tour of Flanders">Tour of Flanders</a> (Belgium), <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix" title="Paris–Roubaix">Paris–Roubaix</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège–Bastogne–Liège">Liège–Bastogne–Liège</a> (Belgium) and <a href="/wiki/Amstel_Gold_Race" title="Amstel Gold Race">Amstel Gold Race</a> (Netherlands) in the spring, and <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1sica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Clásica de San Sebastián">Clásica de San Sebastián</a> (Spain), <a href="/wiki/HEW_Cyclassics" class="mw-redirect" title="HEW Cyclassics">HEW Cyclassics</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCri-Metzgete" title="Züri-Metzgete">Züri-Metzgete</a> (Switzerland, until 2006), <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Tours" title="Paris–Tours">Paris–Tours</a> (France, until 2007) and <a href="/wiki/Giro_di_Lombardia" title="Giro di Lombardia">Giro di Lombardia</a> (Italy) in the autumn season. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olympic_Games">Olympic Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Olympic Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Vinokourov_2,_London_2012_Time_Trial_-_Aug_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alexander_Vinokourov_2%2C_London_2012_Time_Trial_-_Aug_2012.jpg/200px-Alexander_Vinokourov_2%2C_London_2012_Time_Trial_-_Aug_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alexander_Vinokourov_2%2C_London_2012_Time_Trial_-_Aug_2012.jpg/300px-Alexander_Vinokourov_2%2C_London_2012_Time_Trial_-_Aug_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Alexander_Vinokourov_2%2C_London_2012_Time_Trial_-_Aug_2012.jpg/400px-Alexander_Vinokourov_2%2C_London_2012_Time_Trial_-_Aug_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4974" data-file-height="3732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_road_time_trial" title="Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's road time trial">2012 London Olympics Time Trial</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the Summer Olympics">Cycling</a> has been a discipline in the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">summer Olympics</a> ever since the birth of the modern Olympic movement. Cycling activist, co-organizer of <a href="/wiki/Peace_Race" title="Peace Race">Peace Race</a>, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Go%C5%82%C4%99biewski" class="extiw" title="pl:Włodzimierz Gołębiewski">Włodzimierz Gołębiewski</a> said: "Cycling has become a major event on the Olympic programme ... Like many other sports it has undergone several changes over the years. Just as there used to be track and field events such as the standing <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">high jump</a> or <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">throwing the javelin</a> with both hands, cyclists, too, used to compete for medals in events which today have been forgotten; for example in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> in 1896, they attempted a 12-hour race, and in London, in 1908, one of the events was a <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(cycling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprint (cycling)">sprint</a> for 603.49 metres (659.98 yards)."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Olympic Games has never been as important in road cycling as in other sports. Until the distinction ended, the best riders were professionals rather than amateurs and so did not take part.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Law enforcement always escort the athletes to ensure they are kept safe during the cycling events, especially the road races. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris–Rouen"><span id="Paris.E2.80.93Rouen"></span>Paris–Rouen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Paris–Rouen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The success of the races in the Parc de St-Cloud inspired the Compagnie Parisienne and the magazine <i>Le Vélocipède Illustré</i> to run a race from the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> in Paris to the cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> on 7 November 1869. It was the world's first long-distance road race and also won by Moore, who took 10 hours and 25 minutes to cover 134 km. The runners-up were the Count André Castéra, who had come second to Moore at St-Cloud, and Jean Bobillier, riding a farm bike that weighed 35 kg. The only woman to finish within 24 hours was the self-styled <a href="/wiki/Miss_America" title="Miss America">Miss America</a>, in reality an unknown English woman who, like several in the field, had preferred not to compete under her real name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_development_and_governance">International development and governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: International development and governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increase in organised cycle racing led to the development of national administrative bodies, in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> in 1878, France 1881, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> 1883, Germany 1884 and Sweden 1900. Sometimes, as in Great Britain, cycling was originally administered as part of <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>, since cyclists often used the tracks used by <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">runners</a>. This, according to historian James McGurn, led to disputes within countries and internationally. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Bicycle Union [of Britain], having quarrelled with the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur Athletic Association">Amateur Athletic Association</a> over cycle race jurisdiction on AAA premises, took issue with the Union Vélocipèdique de France over the French body's willingness to allow its "<a href="/wiki/Amateurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurs">amateurs</a>" to compete for prizes of up to 2,000 francs, the equivalent of about sixteen months' pay for a French manual worker.<sup id="cite_ref-McGurn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGurn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The first international body was the <a href="/wiki/International_Cycling_Association" title="International Cycling Association">International Cycling Association</a> (ICA), established by an English schoolteacher named <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sturmey_(1857%E2%80%931930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Sturmey (1857–1930)">Henry Sturmey</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Sturmey-Archer" title="Sturmey-Archer">Sturmey-Archer</a>. It opened in 1893 and held its first world championship in Chicago, United States, the same year. A new organisation, the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale" title="Union Cycliste Internationale">Union Cycliste Internationale</a></span></span> (UCI), was set up on 15 April 1900 during the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in Paris, by several European countries and the United States. Great Britain was not initially a member, but joined in 1903. The UCI, based in Switzerland, has run the sport ever since. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Season">Season</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Season"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its home in Europe and in the United States, cycle racing on the road is a summer sport, although the season can start in early spring and end in autumn. The months of the season depend on the hemisphere. A racing year is divided between lesser races, single-day <a href="/wiki/Classic_cycle_races" title="Classic cycle races">classics</a> and stage races. The classics include the <a href="/wiki/Tour_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Tour of Flanders">Tour of Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Roubaix" title="Paris–Roubaix">Paris–Roubaix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan%E2%80%93San_Remo" title="Milan–San Remo">Milan–San Remo</a>. The other important one-day race is the <a href="/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Championships" title="UCI Road World Championships">World Championships</a>. Unlike other classics, the World Championships is held on a different course each year and ridden by national rather than sponsored teams. The winner wears a white jersey with colored bands (often called "rainbow bands") around the chest.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia, due to the relatively mild winters and hot summers, the amateur road racing season runs from autumn to spring, through the winter months, while <a href="/wiki/Criterium" title="Criterium">criterium</a> races are held in the mornings or late afternoons during the summer. Some professional events, including the <a href="/wiki/Tour_Down_Under" title="Tour Down Under">Tour Down Under</a>, are held in the southern summer, mainly to avoid clashing with the major northern hemisphere races and allowing top professionals to compete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bicycle_championships">Bicycle championships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bicycle championships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cycling_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Cycling Championship">World Cycling Championship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cycling" title="Outline of cycling">Outline of cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_cycling_events" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important cycling events">List of important cycling events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling" title="Glossary of cycling">Glossary of cycling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_bicycle_racing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McGurn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGurn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGurn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcGurn1987" class="citation book cs1">McGurn, James (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onyourbicycleill0000mcgu_u1u3"><i>On Your Bicycle: An Illustrated History of Cycling</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray (publishing house)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-071954378-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-071954378-4"><bdi>978-071954378-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.backroads.com&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Road+Cycling+%7C+Backroads&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.backroads.com%2Fpro-tips%2Fbiking%2Fa-brief-history-of-road-cycling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+bicycle+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theracingbicycle.com/Early_History.html">"Early History of the Racing Bicycle"</a>. <i>www.theracingbicycle.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sport-en-spelen.nl/wielrennen.html">"Wielrennen – Uitleg over wegwielrennen binnen de wielersport"</a>. <i>www.sport-en-spelen.nl</i> (in Dutch). 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sport-en-spelen.nl&rft.atitle=Wielrennen+%E2%80%93+Uitleg+over+wegwielrennen+binnen+de+wielersport&rft.date=2022-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sport-en-spelen.nl%2Fwielrennen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+bicycle+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div 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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Road_bicycle_racing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_bicycle_racing" title="Template:Road bicycle racing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_bicycle_racing" title="Template talk:Road bicycle racing"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)" title="Grand Tour (cycling)">Grand Tour</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia" title="Giro d'Italia">Giro d'Italia</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Vuelta a España">Vuelta a España</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_cycle_races" title="Classic cycle races">Classic races</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cycling_monument" title="Cycling monument">Monuments</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cobbled_classics" title="Cobbled classics">Cobbled classics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ardennes_classics" title="Ardennes classics">Ardennes classics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flanders_Classics" title="Flanders Classics">Flanders Classics</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_World_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="UCI World Ranking">UCI World Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_ProSeries" title="UCI ProSeries">UCI ProSeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Continental_Circuits" title="UCI Continental Circuits">UCI Continental Circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Women%27s_World_Tour" title="UCI Women's World Tour">UCI Women's World Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_ProSeries_(women)" title="UCI ProSeries (women)">UCI Women's ProSeries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Cycling at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Cycling at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Cycling at the Asian Games">Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe" title="Games of the Small States of Europe">Games of the Small States of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Games" title="Island Games">Island Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Cycling at the Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Central American and Caribbean Games">Central American and Caribbean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Friendship_Games" title="Cycling at the Friendship Games">Friendship Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Summer_Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling at the Summer Universiade">Universiade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Championships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Championships" title="UCI Road World Championships">UCI Road World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_University_Cycling_Championship" title="World University Cycling Championship">World University Cycling Championship</a></li> <li>Continental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Road_Championships" title="African Road Championships">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Cycling_Championships" title="Asian Cycling Championships">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Road_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="European Road Championships">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Road_Cycling_Championships" title="Oceania Road Cycling Championships">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Road_Championships" title="Pan American Road Championships">Pan American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_road_cycling_championships" title="National road cycling championships">National road cycling championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UCI cycling teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UCI_WorldTeam" title="UCI WorldTeam">WorldTeams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Professional_Continental_team" class="mw-redirect" title="UCI Professional Continental team">Professional Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Continental_team" class="mw-redirect" title="UCI Continental team">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Women%27s_Team" title="UCI Women's Team">Women's Teams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_stage" title="Race stage">Race stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterium" title="Criterium">Criterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_time_trial" title="Individual time trial">Individual time trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_time_trial" title="Team time trial">Team time trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Road_bicycle_racing_top-level_season-long_rankings,_tours_and_series" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_bicycle_racing_season-long_competitions" title="Template:Road bicycle racing season-long competitions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_bicycle_racing_season-long_competitions" title="Template talk:Road bicycle racing season-long competitions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_bicycle_racing_season-long_competitions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road bicycle racing season-long competitions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_bicycle_racing_top-level_season-long_rankings,_tours_and_series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Road bicycle racing</a> top-level season-long rankings, tours and series</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_men%27s_road_bicycle_races" title="List of men's road bicycle races">Men</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Challenge_Desgrange-Colombo" title="Challenge Desgrange-Colombo">Challenge Desgrange-Colombo</a> (1948–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Prestige_Pernod" title="Super Prestige Pernod">Super Prestige Pernod</a> (1958–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Rankings" title="UCI Road World Rankings">UCI Road World Rankings</a> (1984–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Cup" title="UCI Road World Cup">UCI Road World Cup</a> (1989–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_ProTour" title="UCI ProTour">UCI ProTour</a> (2005–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Men%27s_road_racing_world_ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="UCI Men's road racing world ranking">UCI Men's road racing world ranking</a> (2009-2010·2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_World_Tour" title="UCI World Tour">UCI World Tour</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_road_bicycle_races" title="List of women's road bicycle races">Women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Women%27s_Road_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="UCI Women's Road World Rankings">UCI Women's Road World Rankings</a> (1994–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Women%27s_Road_World_Cup" title="UCI Women's Road World Cup">UCI Women's Road World Cup</a> (1998–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Women%27s_World_Tour" title="UCI Women's World Tour">UCI Women's World Tour</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Years_in_road_bicycle_racing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_road_cycling" title="Template:Years in road cycling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_road_cycling" title="Template talk:Years in road cycling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_road_cycling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in road cycling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_in_road_bicycle_racing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Years in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">road bicycle racing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"><div> <ul><li>List of road bicycle races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_men%27s_road_bicycle_races" title="List of men's road bicycle races">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_road_bicycle_races" title="List of women's road bicycle races">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A9A9A9;;width:1%">Men's</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>... <a href="/wiki/2004_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2004 in men's road cycling">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2005 in men's road cycling">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2006 in men's road cycling">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2007 in men's road cycling">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2008 in men's road cycling">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2009 in men's road cycling">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2010 in men's road cycling">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2011 in men's road cycling">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2012 in men's road cycling">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2013 in men's road cycling">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2014 in men's road cycling">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2015 in men's road cycling">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2016 in men's road cycling">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2017 in men's road cycling">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2018 in men's road cycling">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2019 in men's road cycling">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2020 in men's road cycling">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2021 in men's road cycling">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_men%27s_road_cycling" title="2022 in men's road cycling">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2023_in_men%27s_road_cycling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2023 in men's road cycling (page does not exist)">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#A9A9A9;;width:1%">Women's</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>... <a href="/wiki/2004_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2004 in women's road cycling">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2005 in women's road cycling">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2006 in women's road cycling">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2007 in women's road cycling">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2008 in women's road cycling">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2009 in women's road cycling">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2010 in women's road cycling">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2011 in women's road cycling">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2012 in women's road cycling">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2013 in women's road cycling">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2014 in women's road cycling">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2015 in women's road cycling">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2016 in women's road cycling">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2017 in women's road cycling">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2018 in women's road cycling">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2019 in women's road cycling">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2020 in women's road cycling">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2021 in women's road cycling">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2022 in women's road cycling">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_women%27s_road_cycling" title="2023 in women's road cycling">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cycling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cycling" title="Template:Cycling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cycling" title="Template talk:Cycling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cycling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cycling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cycling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Cycling</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling" title="Glossary of cycling">Glossary</a></li> <li>Outlines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_bicycles" title="Outline of bicycles">Bicycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cycling" title="Outline of cycling">Cycling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General and technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_culture" title="Bicycle culture">Bicycle culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_and_motorcycle_dynamics" title="Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics">Bicycle dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_and_motorcycle_geometry" title="Bicycle and motorcycle geometry">Bicycle geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_performance" title="Bicycle performance">Bicycle performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_bicycle" title="History of the bicycle">History of the bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cycling_infrastructure" title="History of cycling infrastructure">History of cycling infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_bike" title="Balance bike">Balance bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_bicycle" title="Tandem bicycle">Tandem bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">Tricycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicycle" title="Unicycle">Unicycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utility and slow<br /> recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_commuting" title="Bicycle commuting">Bicycle commuting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_messenger" title="Bicycle messenger">Bicycle messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_rental" title="Bike rental">Bicycle rental/hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">Bicycle touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_bike" title="Cargo bike">Cargo bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenge_riding" title="Challenge riding">Challenge riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_biking" title="Cold-weather biking">Cold-weather biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_cycling" title="Indoor cycling">Indoor cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_trail" title="Rail trail">Rail trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randonneuring" title="Randonneuring">Randonneuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_cycling" title="Road cycling">Road cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_bicycle" title="Utility bicycle">Utility bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_cycling" title="Utility cycling">Utility cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_cycling" title="Vehicular cycling">Vehicular cycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports-related cycling and<br /> fast-paced recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_cycling" title="Artistic cycling">Artistic cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMX" title="BMX">BMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_cycling" title="Cross-country cycling">Cross-country cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_speedway" title="Cycle speedway">Cycle speedway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycle sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo-cross" title="Cyclo-cross">Cyclo-cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosportive" title="Cyclosportive">Cyclosportive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatbike" title="Fatbike">Fatbiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeride_(mountain_biking)" title="Freeride (mountain biking)">Freeride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsprint" title="Goldsprint">Goldsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_cycling" title="Gravel cycling">Gravel cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_mountain_biking" title="Downhill mountain biking">Downhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_trials" title="Mountain bike trials">Trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_track" title="Pump track">Pump track</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Road bicycle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicycle_hockey" title="Unicycle hockey">Unicycle hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicycle_trials" title="Unicycle trials">Unicycle trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health, safety and<br /> infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_mobility" title="Active mobility">Active mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">Bicycle-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_law" title="Bicycle law">Bicycle law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_parking" title="Bicycle parking">Bicycle parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_poverty_reduction" title="Bicycle poverty reduction">Bicycle poverty reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_rodeo" title="Bicycle rodeo">Bicycle rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_safety" title="Bicycle safety">Bicycle safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_transportation_planning_and_engineering" title="Bicycle transportation planning and engineering">Bicycle transportation planning and engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_rage" title="Bike rage">Bike rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_registry" title="Bike registry">Bike registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike-to-Work_Day" title="Bike-to-Work Day">Bike-to-Work Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_Week_(cycling)" title="Bike Week (cycling)">Bike Week (Bicycle Week)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclability" title="Cyclability">Cyclability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_advocacy" title="Cycling advocacy">Cycling advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_signals" title="Hand signals">Hand signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_stop" title="Idaho stop">Idaho stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_splitting" title="Lane splitting">Lane splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegelijk_groen" title="Tegelijk groen">Tegelijk groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_cycling" title="Vehicular cycling">Vehicular cycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_collecting" title="Bicycle collecting">Bicycle collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_kit" title="Cycling kit">Cycling kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentacycle" title="Pentacycle">Pentacycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Quadracycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bicycle_types" title="List of bicycle types">List of bicycle types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bicycle_brands_and_manufacturing_companies" title="List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies">List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BMX_bicycle_manufacturers" title="List of BMX bicycle manufacturers">List of BMX bicycle manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bicycle-sharing_systems" title="List of bicycle-sharing systems">List of bicycle-sharing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cyclists" title="List of cyclists">List of cyclists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_bicycles_and_cycling" title="List of films about bicycles and cycling">List of films about bicycles and cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_cycling" title="List of doping cases in cycling">List of doping cases in cycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cycling" title="Category:Cycling">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template talk:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mandatory sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic sports">Aquatics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Marathon Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sprint" title="Canoe sprint">Canoe sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Road cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">Artistic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">Modern pentathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Sport climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach volleyball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discretionary sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty20" title="Twenty20">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_sixes" title="Lacrosse sixes">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympic sports">Winter Olympic sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racing" title="Template:Racing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racing" title="Template talk:Racing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">Racing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">Middle-distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Long-distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">Relay race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">Hurdling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">Steeplechase</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/80px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/120px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/160px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1107" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">Road running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half_marathon" title="Half marathon">Half marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultramarathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiden" title="Ekiden">Ekiden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Off-road running</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">Cross country running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_running" title="Mountain running">Mountain running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_running" title="Trail running">Trail running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tower_running" title="Tower running">Tower running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">Racewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backward_running" title="Backward running">Backward running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_running" title="Snowshoe running">Snowshoe running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foot_orienteering" title="Foot orienteering">Foot orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_orienteering" title="Mountain bike orienteering">Mountain bike orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">Ski orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_orienteering" title="Trail orienteering">Trail orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_direction_finding" title="Amateur radio direction finding">Radio orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_orienteering" title="Canoe orienteering">Canoe orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogaining" title="Rogaining">Rogaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_marathon" title="Mountain marathon">Mountain marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_orienteering" title="Car orienteering">Car orienteering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Bicycle racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Road bicycle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo-cross" title="Cyclo-cross">Cyclo-cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravel racing">Gravel racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain bike racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Keirin" title="Keirin">Keirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_speedway" title="Cycle speedway">Cycle speedway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animal racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">Camel racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">Greyhound racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog_racing" title="Sled dog racing">Sled dog racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Open water swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_swimming" title="Marathon swimming">Marathon swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic swimming">Paralympic swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">Speed climbing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motor racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">Drag racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_racing" title="Formula racing">Formula racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing" title="Kart racing">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-road_racing" title="Off-road racing">Off-road racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck_racing" title="Pickup truck racing">Pickup truck racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">Sports car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing" title="Stock car racing">Stock car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Touring car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_racing" title="Truck racing">Truck racing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/80px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/120px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/160px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1745" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_racing" title="Motorcycle racing">Motorcycle racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_racing" title="Beach racing">Beach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">Motocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_chariot_racing" title="Motorcycle chariot racing">Motorcycle chariot racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_raid" title="Rally raid">Rally raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_racing" title="Track racing">Track racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boat_racing#Motorboat_racing" title="Boat racing">Motorboat racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_boat_racing" title="Drag boat racing">Drag boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroplane_racing" title="Hydroplane racing">Hydroplane racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetsprint" title="Jetsprint">Jet sprint boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_powerboat_racing" title="Inshore powerboat racing">Inshore powerboat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_powerboat_racing" title="Offshore powerboat racing">Offshore powerboat racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_racing" title="Air racing">Air racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_car" title="Radio-controlled car">Radio-controlled car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_car_racing" title="Slot car racing">Slot car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_racing" title="Street racing">Street racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">Longboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">Sandboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slalom_skateboarding" title="Slalom skateboarding">Slalom skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winter racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">Alpine skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">Cross-country skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard_cross" title="Snowboard cross">Snowboard cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">Speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">Sledding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duathlon" title="Duathlon">Duathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon" title="Aquathlon">Aquathlon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_racing" title="List of forms of racing">List of forms of racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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