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Novelist - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process,_publication_and_profession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process,_publication_and_profession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Process, publication and profession</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process,_publication_and_profession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process, publication and profession subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process,_publication_and_profession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age_and_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_and_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Age and experience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_and_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal experience</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_experience-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal experience subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socio-economic_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-economic_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Socio-economic class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-economic_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_or_place-based_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_or_place-based_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>National or place-based identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_or_place-based_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Gender and sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_and_objective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_and_objective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Role and objective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_and_objective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Novelist</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="روائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B3-soat-ka" title="Sió-soat-ka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sió-soat-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romancier" title="Romancier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Romancier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelista" title="Novelista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Novelista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleberrigile" title="Eleberrigile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eleberrigile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="رماننویس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رماننویس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romancier" title="Romancier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romancier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Arsc%C3%A9ala%C3%AD" title="Úrscéalaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Úrscéalaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noaskeealagh" title="Noaskeealagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Noaskeealagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobhailiche" title="Nobhailiche – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nobhailiche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%84%A4%EA%B0%80" title="소설가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소설가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Վիպասան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիպասան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="उपन्यासकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपन्यासकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanniv%C3%AEs" title="Romannivîs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Romannivîs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कादंबरीकार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कादंबरीकार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89" title="روائى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روائى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AC%E5%AE%B6" title="小説家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="小説家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanforfatter" title="Romanforfatter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romanforfatter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romancista" title="Romancista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Romancista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romancieri" title="Romancieri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Romancieri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ڕۆماننووس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆماننووس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Романописац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Романописац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanf%C3%B6rfattare" title="Romanförfattare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romanförfattare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="புதின எழுத்தாளர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புதின எழுத்தாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneggal" title="Aneggal – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aneggal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ناول نگار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناول نگار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%83u_thuy%E1%BA%BFt_gia" title="Tiểu thuyết gia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiểu thuyết gia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romant%C3%AE" title="Romantî – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Romantî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutsari_wa_tinovhele" title="Mutsari wa tinovhele – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mutsari wa tinovhele" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA%E5%AE%B6" title="小說家 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="小說家" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writer of novels</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Novellist" redirects here. For the English grime MC, see <a href="/wiki/Novelist_(musician)" title="Novelist (musician)">Novelist (musician)</a>. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Novellist_(horse)" title="Novellist (horse)">Novellist (horse)</a>. For the 2013 video game, see <a href="/wiki/The_Novelist" title="The Novelist">The Novelist</a>.</div> <p>A <b>novelist</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a> or <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, though often novelists also write in other <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a>. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a <a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">living</a> writing novels and other fiction, while others aspire to support themselves in this way or write as an <a href="/wiki/Avocation" title="Avocation">avocation</a>. Most novelists struggle to have their <a href="/wiki/Debut_novel" title="Debut novel">debut novel</a> published, but once published they often continue to be published, although very few become literary celebrities, thus gaining prestige or a considerable income from their work. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Tolstoy,_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leo_Tolstoy%2C_portrait.jpg/220px-Leo_Tolstoy%2C_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leo_Tolstoy%2C_portrait.jpg/330px-Leo_Tolstoy%2C_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leo_Tolstoy%2C_portrait.jpg/440px-Leo_Tolstoy%2C_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2467" data-file-height="3362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, most acknowledged Russian novelist </figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Novelists come from a variety of backgrounds and social classes, and frequently this shapes the content of their works. <a href="/wiki/Audience_reception" title="Audience reception">Public reception of a novelist's work</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> commenting on it, and the novelists' incorporation of their own experiences into works and characters can lead to the author's personal life and identity being associated with a novel's fictional content. For this reason, the environment within which a novelist works and the reception of their novels by both the public and publishers can be influenced by their demographics or identity. Similarly, some novelists have creative identities derived from their focus on different <a href="/wiki/Genres_of_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genres of fiction">genres of fiction</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Crime_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime novel">crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novels</a>. </p><p>While many novelists compose fiction to satisfy personal desires, novelists and commentators often ascribe a particular social responsibility or role to novel writers. Many authors use such moral imperatives to justify different approaches to novel writing, including activism or different approaches to representing reality "truthfully." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Novel#Etymology" title="Novel">Novel § Etymology</a></div> <p>Novelist is a term derivative from the term "novel" describing the "writer of novels." The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> recognizes other definitions of novelist, first appearing in the 16th and 17th centuries to refer to either "An innovator (in thought or belief); someone who introduces something new or who favours novelty" or "An inexperienced person; a novice."<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> attributes the primary contemporary meaning of "a writer of novels" as first appearing in the 1633 book "East-India Colation" by C. Farewell citing the passage "It beeing a pleasant observation (at a distance) to note the order of their Coaches and Carriages..As if (presented to a Novelist) it had bin the spoyles of a Tryumph leading Captive, or a preparation to some sad Execution"<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> Ngrams, the term novelist first appears in the Google Books database in 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process,_publication_and_profession"><span id="Process.2C_publication_and_profession"></span>Process, publication and profession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Process, publication and profession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Author#Relationship_between_author_and_publisher" title="Author">Author § Relationship between author and publisher</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheFaulknerPortable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TheFaulknerPortable.jpg/250px-TheFaulknerPortable.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TheFaulknerPortable.jpg/375px-TheFaulknerPortable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/TheFaulknerPortable.jpg/500px-TheFaulknerPortable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>William Faulkner's <a href="/wiki/Underwood_Typewriter_Company" title="Underwood Typewriter Company">Underwood</a> Universal Portable typewriter in his office at <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Oak" title="Rowan Oak">Rowan Oak</a>, which is now maintained by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi" title="Oxford, Mississippi">Oxford</a> as a museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The difference between professional and amateur novelists often is the author's ability to publish. Many people take up novel writing as a hobby, but the difficulties of completing large scale fictional works of quality prevent the completion of novels. Once authors have completed a novel, they often will try to publish it. The publishing industry requires novels to have accessible profitable markets, thus many novelists will <a href="/wiki/Self-publish" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-publish">self-publish</a> to circumvent the editorial control of publishers. <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a> has long been an option for writers, with <a href="/wiki/Vanity_press" title="Vanity press">vanity presses</a> printing bound books for a fee paid by the writer. In these settings, unlike the more traditional publishing industry, activities usually reserved for a publishing house, like the distribution and promotion of the book, become the author's responsibility. The rise of the Internet and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic book">electronic books</a> has made self publishing far less expensive and a realistic way for authors to realize income. </p><p>Novelists apply a number of different methods to writing their novels, relying on a variety of approaches to inspire creativity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some communities actively encourage amateurs to practice writing novels to develop these unique practices, that vary from author to author. For example, the internet-based group, <a href="/wiki/National_Novel_Writing_Month" title="National Novel Writing Month">National Novel Writing Month</a>, encourages people to write 50,000-word novels in the month of November, to give novelists practice completing such works. In the 2010 event, over 200,000 people took part – writing a total of over 2.8 billion words.<sup id="cite_ref-2010stats_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010stats-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_and_experience">Age and experience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Age and experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Debut_novel" title="Debut novel">debut novel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juvenilia" title="Juvenilia">juvenilia</a></div> <p>Novelists do not usually publish their <a href="/wiki/First_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="First novels">first novels</a> until later in life. However, many novelists begin writing at a young age. For example, <a href="/wiki/Iain_Banks" title="Iain Banks">Iain Banks</a> began writing at eleven, and at sixteen completed his first novel, "The Hungarian Lift-Jet", about international arms dealers, "in pencil in a larger-than-foolscap log book".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was thirty before he published his first novel, the highly controversial <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wasp_Factory" title="The Wasp Factory">The Wasp Factory</a></i> in 1984. The success of this novel enabled Banks to become a full-time novelist. Often an important writers' <a href="/wiki/Juvenilia" title="Juvenilia">juvenilia</a>, even if not published, is prized by scholars because it provides insight into an author's biography and approach to writing; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_family" title="Brontë family">Brontë family</a>'s juvenilia that depicts their imaginary world of <a href="/wiki/Gondal_(fictional_country)" title="Gondal (fictional country)">Gondal</a>, currently in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, has provided important information on their development as writers.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GondalPoems_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GondalPoems-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BLPressRelease_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLPressRelease-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally, novelists publish as early as their teens. For example, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a> published his first novel, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesar:_The_Life_Story_of_a_Panda-Leopard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caesar: The Life Story of a Panda-Leopard (page does not exist)">Caesar: The Life Story of a Panda-Leopard</a></i>, at the age of 15, which brought him considerable critical attention.<sup id="cite_ref-kinglrev_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kinglrev-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Newhall_Follett" title="Barbara Newhall Follett">Barbara Newhall Follett</a>'s <i>The House Without Windows</i>, was accepted and published in 1927 when she was 13 by the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a> publishing house and earned critical acclaim from the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(US_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Review (US magazine)">Saturday Review</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, these works will achieve popular success as well. For example, though <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Paolini" title="Christopher Paolini">Christopher Paolini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Eragon" title="Eragon">Eragon</a></i> (published at age 15) was not a great critical success, its popularity among readers placed it on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Best Seller list"><i>New York Times</i> Children's Books Best Seller list</a> for 121 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-bestchildren1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestchildren1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First-time novelists of any age often are unable to have their works published, because of a number of reasons reflecting the inexperience of the author and the economic realities of publishers. Often authors must find advocates in the publishing industry, usually <a href="/wiki/Literary_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary agents">literary agents</a>, to successfully publish their <a href="/wiki/Debut_novel" title="Debut novel">debut novels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes new novelists will <a href="/wiki/Self-publish" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-publish">self-publish</a>, because publishing houses will not risk the capital needed to market books by an unknown author to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Responding to the difficulty of successfully writing and publishing first novels, especially at a young age, there are a number of awards for young and first time novelists to highlight exceptional works from new and/or young authors (for examples see <a href="/wiki/Category:Literary_awards_honouring_young_writers" title="Category:Literary awards honouring young writers">Category:Literary awards honouring young writers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:First_book_awards" title="Category:First book awards">Category:First book awards</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Patterson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Patterson.jpg/220px-James_Patterson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/James_Patterson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Novelist <a href="/wiki/James_Patterson" title="James Patterson">James Patterson</a>, one of the most monetarily successful contemporary novelists, who made $70 million in 2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income">Income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shawn_Wong_in_San_Francisco,_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shawn_Wong_in_San_Francisco%2C_1976.jpg/220px-Shawn_Wong_in_San_Francisco%2C_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shawn_Wong_in_San_Francisco%2C_1976.jpg/330px-Shawn_Wong_in_San_Francisco%2C_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shawn_Wong_in_San_Francisco%2C_1976.jpg/440px-Shawn_Wong_in_San_Francisco%2C_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Novelist <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Wong" title="Shawn Wong">Shawn Wong</a>, at work on his first novel which was published in 1979. </figcaption></figure> <p>In contemporary British and American publishing markets, most authors receive only a small monetary advance before publication of their debut novel; in the rare exceptions when a large print run and high volume of sales are anticipated, the advance can be larger.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, once an author has established themselves in print, some authors can make steady income as long as they remain productive as writers. Additionally, many novelists, even published ones, will take on outside work, such as <a href="/wiki/Creative_writing#Creative_writing_in_academia" title="Creative writing">teaching creative writing in academic institutions</a>, or leave novel writing as a secondary hobby.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wayne_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wayne-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Author J.K. Rowling reads from Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone at the Easter Egg Roll at White House. Screenshot taken from the official White House video." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg/220px-J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg/330px-J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/J._K._Rowling_04-2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Author J. K. Rowling reads from <i>Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone</i> at the Easter Egg Roll at White House. Screenshot taken from official White House video.</figcaption></figure> <p>Few novelists become literary celebrities or become very wealthy from the sale of their novels alone. Often those authors who are wealthy and successful will produce extremely popular genre fiction. Examples include authors like <a href="/wiki/James_Patterson" title="James Patterson">James Patterson</a>, who was the highest paid author in 2010, making 70 million dollars, topping both other novelists and authors of non-fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other famous literary millionaires include popular successes like <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> series, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Brown" title="Dan Brown">Dan Brown</a> author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code">The Da Vinci Code</a></i>, historical novelist <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell" title="Bernard Cornwell">Bernard Cornwell</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_(Meyer_novel)" title="Twilight (Meyer novel)">Twilight</a></i> author <a href="/wiki/Stephenie_Meyer" title="Stephenie Meyer">Stephenie Meyer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_experience">Personal experience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biography_in_literature" title="Biography in literature">Biography in literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authorial_intent" title="Authorial intent">Authorial intent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_novel" title="Autobiographical novel">autobiographical novel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"[the novelist's] honesty is bound to the vile stake of his megalomania [...] <br /> The novelist is the sole master of his work. He is his work." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kundera_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kundera-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </cite></p> </div> <p>The personal experiences of the novelist will often shape what they write and how readers and critics will interpret their novels. Literary reception has long relied on practices of reading literature through <a href="/wiki/Biographical_criticism" title="Biographical criticism">biographical criticism</a>, in which the author's life is presumed to have influence on the topical and thematic concerns of works.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some veins of criticism use this information about the novelist to derive an understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Authorial_intent" title="Authorial intent">novelist's intentions</a> within his work. However, postmodern literary critics often denounce such an approach; the most notable of these critiques comes from <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a> who argues in his essay "<a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of the Author">Death of the Author</a>" that the author no longer should dictate the reception and meaning derived from their work. </p><p>Other, theoretical approaches to <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> attempt to explore the author's unintentional influence over their work; methods like <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">psychoanalytic theory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>, presume that the work produced by a novelist represents <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">fundamental parts of the author's identity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a> describes the tensions between the novelist's own identity and the work that the author produces in his essay in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> titled "What is a novelist?"; he says that the novelist's "honesty is bound to the vile stake of his megalomania [...]The work is not simply everything a novelist writes-notebooks, diaries, articles. It is the end result of long labor on an aesthetic project[...]The novelist is the sole master of his work. He is his work."<sup id="cite_ref-Kundera_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kundera-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The close intimacy of identity with the novelist's work ensures that particular elements, whether for class, gender, sexuality, nationality, race, or place-based identity, will influence the reception of their work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-economic_class">Socio-economic class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Socio-economic class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_novel" title="Social novel">Social novel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_literature" title="Proletarian literature">Proletarian literature</a></div> <p>Historically, because of the amount of leisure time and education required to write novels, most novelists have come from the upper or the educated middle classes. However, working men and women began publishing novels in the twentieth century. This includes in Britain <a href="/wiki/Walter_Greenwood" title="Walter Greenwood">Walter Greenwood</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Love_on_the_Dole" title="Love on the Dole">Love on the Dole</a></i> (1933), from America <a href="/wiki/B._Traven" title="B. Traven">B. Traven</a>'s, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_Ship" title="The Death Ship">The Death Ship</a></i> (1926) and <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Smedley" title="Agnes Smedley">Agnes Smedley</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daughter_of_Earth" title="Daughter of Earth">Daughter of Earth</a></i> (1929) and from the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ostrovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Ostrovsky">Nikolay Ostrovsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/How_the_Steel_Was_Tempered" title="How the Steel Was Tempered">How the Steel Was Tempered</a></i> (1932). Later, in 1950s Britain, came a group of writers known as the "<a href="/wiki/Angry_young_men" title="Angry young men">Angry young men</a>," which included the novelists <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sillitoe" title="Alan Sillitoe">Alan Sillitoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Amis" title="Kingsley Amis">Kingsley Amis</a>, who came from the working class and who wrote about <a href="/wiki/Working_class_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Working class culture">working class culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesobit_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesobit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some novelists deliberately write for a working class audience for political ends, profiling "the working classes and working-class life; perhaps with the intention of making propaganda".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such literature, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_literature" title="Proletarian literature">proletarian literature</a>, maybe associated with the political agendas of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a> or left wing sympathizers, and seen as a "device of revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the British tradition of working class literature, unlike the Russian and American, was not especially inspired by the Communist Party, but had its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Chartist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartist movement">Chartist movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_or_place-based_identity">National or place-based identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National or place-based identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="National literature">National literature</a></div> <p>Novelists are often classified by their national affiliation, suggesting that novels take on a particular character based on the national identity of the authors. In some literature, national identity shapes the self-definition of many novelists. For example, in <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a>, many novelists set out to create the "<a href="/wiki/Great_American_Novel" title="Great American Novel">Great American Novel</a>", or a novel that defines the American experience in their time. Other novelists engage politically or socially with the identity of other members of their nationality, and thus help define that national identity. For instance, critic Nicola Minott-Ahl describes Victor Hugo's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></i> directly helping in the creation of French political and social identity in mid-nineteenth century France.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some novelists become intimately linked with a particular place or geographic region and therefore receive a <a href="/wiki/Place_identity" title="Place identity">place-based identity</a>. In his discussion of the history of the association of particular novelists with place in <a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">British literature</a>, critic D. C. D. Pocock, described the sense of place not developing in that canon until a century after the novel form first solidified at the beginning of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often such <a href="/wiki/British_regional_literature" title="British regional literature">British regional literature</a> captures the social and local character of a particular region in Britain, focussing on specific features, such as dialect, customs, history, and landscape (also called <a href="/wiki/British_regional_literature" title="British regional literature">local colour</a>): "Such a locale is likely to be rural and/or provincial."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>'s (1840–1928) novels can be described as regional because of the way he makes use of these elements in relation to a part of the West of England, that he names <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>. Other British writers that have been characterized as regional novelists, are the <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Brontë sisters">Brontë sisters</a>, and writers like <a href="/wiki/Mary_Webb" title="Mary Webb">Mary Webb</a> (1881–1927), <a href="/wiki/Margiad_Evans" title="Margiad Evans">Margiad Evans</a> (1909–58) and <a href="/wiki/Geraint_Goodwin" title="Geraint Goodwin">Geraint Goodwin</a> (1903–42), who are associate with the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh border">Welsh border</a> region. <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a> (1801–86) on the other hand is particularly associated with the rural English Midlands, whereas <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Bennett" title="Arnold Bennett">Arnold Bennett</a> (1867–1931) is the novelist of the <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Potteries" title="Staffordshire Potteries">Potteries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, or the "Five Towns", (actually six) that now make-up <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a>. Similarly, novelist and poet <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s (1771–1832) contribution in creating a unified identity for <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and were some of the most popular in all of Europe during the subsequent century. Scott's novels were influential in recreating a Scottish identity that the upper-class British society could embrace. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott_Monument_from_St._David_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scott_Monument_from_St._David_Street.jpg/170px-Scott_Monument_from_St._David_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scott_Monument_from_St._David_Street.jpg/255px-Scott_Monument_from_St._David_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scott_Monument_from_St._David_Street.jpg/340px-Scott_Monument_from_St._David_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Scott_Monument" title="Scott Monument">Scott Monument</a> on Edinburgh's <a href="/wiki/Princes_Street" title="Princes Street">Princes Street</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In American fiction, the concept of <a href="/wiki/American_literary_regionalism" title="American literary regionalism">American literary regionalism</a> ensures that many genres of novel associated with particular regions often define the reception of the novelists. For example, in writing <a href="/wiki/Western_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Western novels">Western novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zane_Grey" title="Zane Grey">Zane Grey</a> has been described as a "place-defining novelist", credited for defining the western frontier in America consciousness at the beginning of the 20th century while becoming linked as an individual to his depiction of that space.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, novelist such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a> are often describe as writing within a particular tradition of <a href="/wiki/Southern_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern literature">Southern literature</a>, in which subject matter relevant to the South is associated with their own identities as authors. For example, William Faulkner set many of his short stories and novels in <a href="/wiki/Yoknapatawpha_County" title="Yoknapatawpha County">Yoknapatawpha County</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is based on, and nearly geographically identical to, Lafayette County, of which his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi" title="Oxford, Mississippi">Oxford, Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the geographical component of Southern literature, certain themes have appeared because of the similar histories of the Southern states in regard to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> culture in the South has also produced a strong focus by novelists from there on the significance of family, religion, community, the use of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern dialect</a>, along with a strong sense of place.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">The South</a>'s troubled history with <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial</a> issues has also continually concerned its novelists.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> a literary movement called <a href="/wiki/Criollismo" title="Criollismo">Criollismo</a> or costumbrismo was active from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, which is considered equivalent to American literary regionalism. It used a realist style to portray the scenes, language, customs and manners of the country the writer was from, especially the lower and peasant classes, <i>criollismo</i> led to an original literature based on the continent's natural elements, mostly epic and foundational. It was strongly influenced by the wars of independence from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and also denotes how each country in its own way defines <i><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollo</a></i>, which in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> refers to locally-born people of Spanish ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_and_sexuality">Gender and sexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gender and sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Feminist literary criticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's writing in English">Women's writing in English</a></div> <p>Novelists often will be assessed in contemporary criticism based on their gender or treatment of gender. Largely, this has to do with the impacts of cultural expectations of gender on the literary market, readership and authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a>, especially since the rise of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">feminist theory</a>, pays attention to how women, historically, have experienced a very different set of writing expectations based on their gender; for example, the editors of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminist_Companion_to_Literature_in_English" title="The Feminist Companion to Literature in English">The Feminist Companion to Literature in English</a></i> point out: "Their texts emerge from and intervene in conditions usually very different from those which produced most writing by men."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not a question of the subject matter or political stance of a particular author, but of her <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>: her position as a woman within the literary marketplace. However, the publishing market's orientation to favor the primary reading audience of women may increasingly skew the market towards female novelists; for this reason, novelist <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Wayne" title="Teddy Wayne">Teddy Wayne</a> argued in a 2012 <i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (magazine)">Salon</a></i> article titled "The agony of the male novelist" that midlist male novelists are less likely to find success than midlist female novelist, even though men tend to dominate "literary fiction" spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Wayne_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wayne-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The position of women in the literary marketplace can change public conversation about novelists and their place within popular culture, leading to debates over sexism. For example, in 2013, American female novelist <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Filipacchi" title="Amanda Filipacchi">Amanda Filipacchi</a> wrote a New York Times editorial challenging Wikipedia's categorization of American female novelists <a href="/wiki/Category:American_women_novelists" title="Category:American women novelists">within a distinct category</a>, which precipitated a significant amount of press coverage describing that Wikipedia's approach to categorization as sexism. For her, the public representation of women novelists within another category marginalizes and defines women novelists like herself outside of a field of "American novelists" dominated by men.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other commentators, discussing the controversy also note that by removing such categories as "Women novelist" or "Lesbian writer" from the description of gendered or sexual minorities, the discover-ability of those authors plummet for other people who share that identity.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, because of the conversations brought by feminism, examinations of masculine subjects and an author's performance of "maleness" are a new and increasingly prominent approach critical studies of novels.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, some academics studying <a href="/wiki/Victorian_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian fiction">Victorian fiction</a> spend considerable time examining how masculinity shapes and effects the works, because of its prominence within fiction from the Victorian period.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genre">Genre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Literary_merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary merit">literary merit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">literary fiction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">genre fiction</a></div> <p>Traditionally, the publishing industry has distinguished between "<a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">literary fiction</a>", works lauded as achieving greater <a href="/wiki/Literary_merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary merit">literary merit</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">genre fiction</a>", novels written within the expectations of genres and published as consumer products.<sup id="cite_ref-KWright_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KWright-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, many novelists become slotted as writers of one or the other.<sup id="cite_ref-KWright_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KWright-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novelist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Wright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Wright (page does not exist)">Kim Wright</a>, however, notes that both publishers and traditional literary novelist are turning towards genre fiction because of their potential for financial success and their increasingly positive reception amongst critics.<sup id="cite_ref-KWright_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KWright-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wright gives examples of authors like <a href="/wiki/Justin_Cronin" title="Justin Cronin">Justin Cronin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Perrotta" title="Tom Perrotta">Tom Perrotta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> all making that transition.<sup id="cite_ref-KWright_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KWright-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, publishing genre novels does not always allow novelist to continue writing outside the genre or within their own interests. In describing the place within the industry, novelist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Wright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Wright (page does not exist)">Kim Wright</a> says that many authors, especially authors who usually write literary fiction, worry about "the danger that genre is a cul-de-sac" where publishers will only publish similar genre fiction from that author because of reader expectations, "and that once a writer turns into it, he'll never get out."<sup id="cite_ref-KWright_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KWright-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, very few authors start in genre fiction and move to more "literary" publications; Wright describes novelists like <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a> as the exception rather than the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-KWright_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KWright-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other critics and writers defending the merits of genre fiction often point towards King as an example of bridging the gap between popular genres and literary merit.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_and_objective">Role and objective</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Role and objective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></div> <p>Both literary critics and novelists question what role novelists play in society and within art. For example, <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> writing in 1965 for in her essay "Must the Novelist Crusade?" draws a distinction between novelists who report reality by "taking life as it already exists, not to report it, but to make an object, toward the end that the finished work might contain this life inside it, and offer it to the reader" and journalists, whose role is to act as "crusaders" advocating for particular positions, and using their craft as a political tool.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, writing in the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a> in his essay "Society, Morality, and the Novel", sees the novelist as needing to "re-create reality in the forms which his personal vision assumes as it plays and struggles with the vivid illusory "eidetic-like" imagery left in the mind's eye by the process of social change."<sup id="cite_ref-Ellison_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellison-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ellison also describes novelists of the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>, not taking full advantage of the moral weight and influence available to novelists, pointing to Mark Twain and Herman Melville as better examples.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellison_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellison-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of such essays, such as literary critic <a href="/wiki/Frank_Norris" title="Frank Norris">Frank Norris</a>'s "Responsibilities of a Novelist", highlight such moral and ethical justifications for their approach to both writing novels and criticizing them.<sup id="cite_ref-RespONovelist_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RespONovelist-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When defining her description of the role of the modernist novelist in the essay "<a href="/wiki/Modern_Fiction_(essay)" title="Modern Fiction (essay)">Modern Fiction</a>", <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> argues for a representation of life not interested in the exhaustive specific details represented in <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realism</a> in favor of representing a "myriad of impressions" created in experience life.<sup id="cite_ref-Woolf_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woolf-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her definition made in this essay, and developed in others, helped define the literary movement of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">modernist literature</a>. She argues that the novelist should represent "not a series of gig-lamps symmetrically arranged; [rather] life is luminous halo, a semitransparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of the conscious to the end. Is it not the task of the novelist to convey this varying, this unknown and uncircumscribed spirit, whatever aberration or complexity it may display, with as little mixture of the alien and external as possible?"<sup id="cite_ref-Woolf_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woolf-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/20px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/30px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/41px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature" title="Portal:Children's literature">Children's literature portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novelists" title="Category:Novelists">Category:Novelists</a>, a category containing all Wikipedia articles about novelists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">Imagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novelists_by_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="List of novelists by genre">List of novelists by genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novelists_by_nationality" title="List of novelists by nationality">List of novelists by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Of_the_Novelists_https://philpapers.org/rec/PAKOTN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Of the Novelists https://philpapers.org/rec/PAKOTN (page does not exist)">Of the Novelists https://philpapers.org/rec/PAKOTN</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/128768?redirectedFrom=Novelist&">"novelist, n."</a> <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=novelist%2C+n.&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F128768%3FredirectedFrom%3DNovelist%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovelist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Novelist&case_insensitive=on&year_start=1500&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t4%3B%2CNovelist%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bnovelist%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BNovelist%3B%2Cc0">"Google Ngrams "Novelist" 1680-2014"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=A+Defense+of+Stephen+King%2C+Master+of+the+Decisive+Moment&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2012%2F07%2Fa-defense-of-stephen-king-master-of-the-decisive-moment%2F260187%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovelist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelty1965" class="citation web cs1">Welty, Eudora (1965) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/americancollection/ponder/tg_crusade.html">"Must the Novelist Crusade?"</a>. PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Must+the+Novelist+Crusade%3F&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Welty&rft.aufirst=Eudora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fmasterpiece%2Famericancollection%2Fponder%2Ftg_crusade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovelist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellison-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellison_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellison_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllison2003" class="citation book cs1">Ellison, Ralph (2003) [1957]. "Society, Morality and the Novel"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In John F. 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The Modern Library. pp. 698–729.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Society%2C+Morality+and+the+Novel%22&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Essays+of+Ralph+Ellison&rft.pages=698-729&rft.pub=The+Modern+Library&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovelist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RespONovelist-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RespONovelist_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davies, Jude (20 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=7569">"The Responsibilities of the Novelist"</a>. <i>The Literary Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Responsibilities+of+the+Novelist&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2001-10-20&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Jude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fsworks.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D7569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovelist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woolf-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woolf_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woolf_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2004" class="citation book cs1">Woolf, Virginia (2004-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91c/complete.html">"Modern Fiction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(text)</span>. <i>The Common Reader</i>. EBooks @ Adelaide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+Fiction&rft.btitle=The+Common+Reader&rft.pub=EBooks+%40+Adelaide&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fw%2Fwoolf%2Fvirginia%2Fw91c%2Fcomplete.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovelist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelist&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKundera2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kundera, Milan (October 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/09/061009fa_fact_kundera">"What is a Novelist?"</a>. <i>The New Yorker (Life and Letters Section)</i>: 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker+%28Life+and+Letters+Section%29&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Novelist%3F&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2006-10-09&rft.aulast=Kundera&rft.aufirst=Milan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2006%2F10%2F09%2F061009fa_fact_kundera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovelist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Conner" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">O'Conner, Flannery</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=9114">"Novelist and Believer"</a>. CatholicCulture.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novelist+and+Believer&rft.pub=CatholicCulture.org&rft.aulast=O%27Conner&rft.aufirst=Flannery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Frecnum%3D9114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovelist" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6625963#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6625963#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Novelists"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1039684/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Romancier"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4124076-5">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Romanschriftstellerin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4178446-7">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Novelists"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85092863">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Romanciers"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119763504">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Romanciers"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119763504">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572288">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536202905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641197">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7556f8b5dd‐jnpnn Cached time: 20241122153029 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.766 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