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<li id="toc-Roman_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Roman Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main sights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Necropolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Necropolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Necropolis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Necropolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_walls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_walls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>City walls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_walls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villa_of_the_Cryptoporticus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villa_of_the_Cryptoporticus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Villa of the Cryptoporticus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villa_of_the_Cryptoporticus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Arch_of_Publius_Sulpicius_Mundus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Arch_of_Publius_Sulpicius_Mundus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Roman Arch of Publius Sulpicius Mundus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Arch_of_Publius_Sulpicius_Mundus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>The Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Roman_Basilica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Roman_Basilica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Late Roman Basilica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Roman_Basilica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ponte_dell'Abbadia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ponte_dell'Abbadia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ponte dell'Abbadia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ponte_dell'Abbadia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volci" title="Volci – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Volci" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Вульчы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вульчы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Вулци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вулци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volci" title="Volci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Volci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vulci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vulci" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vulci" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vulci" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vulci" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velch" title="Velch – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Velch" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vulci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vulci" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vulci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcos" title="Vulcos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vulcos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Вульчи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вульчи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vulci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vulci" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volci" title="Volci – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Volci" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%96" title="Вульчі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вульчі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E7%88%BE%E5%A5%87" title="武爾奇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="武爾奇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vulci&params=42_25_08_N_11_37_54_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°25′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°37′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.41889°N 11.63167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.41889; 11.63167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Etruscan city near Rome</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Vulci</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulci_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Vulci_site.jpg/220px-Vulci_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Vulci_site.jpg/330px-Vulci_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Vulci_site.jpg/440px-Vulci_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The archaeological site of Vulci</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vulci is located in Italy"><img alt="Vulci is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/250px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/375px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/500px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.166%;left:42.435%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vulci"><img alt="Vulci" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Italy</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Italy</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Lazio_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vulci is located in Lazio"><img alt="Vulci is located in Lazio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Italy_Lazio_location_map.svg/250px-Italy_Lazio_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Italy_Lazio_location_map.svg/375px-Italy_Lazio_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Italy_Lazio_location_map.svg/500px-Italy_Lazio_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="730" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.634%;left:10.156%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vulci"><img alt="Vulci" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Vulci (Lazio)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Lazio</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Volci, Velch, Velx</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Montalto_di_Castro" title="Montalto di Castro">Montalto di Castro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Viterbo" title="Province of Viterbo">Province of Viterbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vulci&params=42_25_08_N_11_37_54_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°25′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°37′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.41889°N 11.63167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.41889; 11.63167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">Public</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data">Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell'Etruria Meridionale</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vulci.it/">Vulci Archaeological Naturalistic Park</a><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>-<span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vulci</b> or <b>Volci</b> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation"><span title="This word should have a pronunciation transcription or recording. (September 2024)">pronunciation?</span></a></i>]</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>: <i>Velch</i> or <i>Velx</i>, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> used) was a rich <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> city in what is now northern <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/George_Dennis_(explorer)" title="George Dennis (explorer)">George Dennis</a> wrote, "Vulci is a city whose very name<span class="nowrap"> </span>... was scarcely remembered, but which now, for the enormous treasures of antiquity it has yielded, is exalted above every other city of the ancient world."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vulci was located near the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a> about 80 km northwest of Rome, on the <a href="/wiki/Fiora_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiora River">Fiora River</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Montalto_di_Castro" title="Montalto di Castro">Montalto di Castro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canino" title="Canino">Canino</a>. Remains of the city can be seen today. </p><p>The Vulci, like other Etruscans, became master sculptors in bronze as acknowledged by ancient writers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most large bronzes have been lost, there remain some magnificent examples of Etruscan bronze work such as the <a href="/wiki/Chimera_of_Arezzo" title="Chimera of Arezzo">Chimera of Arezzo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monteleone_chariot" title="Monteleone chariot">Monteleone chariot</a>, possibly made in Vulci.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century thousands of the ancient tombs of Vulci were discovered, and many were so well known and spectacular, such as the Tomb of the Sun and Moon, that they were included on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> of Europe. From these tombs more Attic vases have been found in the Vulci tombs than at any other ancient site<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (at least by the 1850s) and many of these masterpieces as well as Etruscan bronzes have found their way into the major museums of the world where they can be seen today. </p><p>Despite these discoveries most of these tombs were later forgotten and lost. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vulci were a tribe or people who gave their name to their city and were one of the legendary twelve peoples of <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> who later formed the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_cities" title="Etruscan cities">dodecapolis</a> Etruscan League to protect their interests. </p><p>Although the wealth, magnificence and population of Vulci must have been among the first of Etruscan cities, it is mentioned only rarely in ancient literature or potential texts for some periods have been lost; hence the history of Vulci may be reconstructed mainly from archaeology. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Villanovan" class="mw-redirect" title="Villanovan">Villanovan</a> period, the wealth of metal resources in the <a href="/wiki/Colline_Metallifere" title="Colline Metallifere">Colline Metallifere</a> hills was important in the development of trade especially with <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. The most important discovery that testifies to the contact between Etruscans and Sardinians in this period was the <i>Tomb of the Sardinian Bronzes</i> in 1958 in the necropolis of Cavalupo, dated 850–800 BC, of a Sardinian woman of high rank. Among the funeral contents is a magnificent bronze statue of a warrior now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">National Etruscan Museum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia" title="Villa Giulia">Villa Giulia</a>. Numerous Villanovan <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibulas</a> have also been found in Sardinia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottega_di_vulci,_urna_cineraria_a_forma_di_abitazione,_VIII_sec_ac,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bottega_di_vulci%2C_urna_cineraria_a_forma_di_abitazione%2C_VIII_sec_ac%2C_01.jpg/220px-Bottega_di_vulci%2C_urna_cineraria_a_forma_di_abitazione%2C_VIII_sec_ac%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bottega_di_vulci%2C_urna_cineraria_a_forma_di_abitazione%2C_VIII_sec_ac%2C_01.jpg/330px-Bottega_di_vulci%2C_urna_cineraria_a_forma_di_abitazione%2C_VIII_sec_ac%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bottega_di_vulci%2C_urna_cineraria_a_forma_di_abitazione%2C_VIII_sec_ac%2C_01.jpg/440px-Bottega_di_vulci%2C_urna_cineraria_a_forma_di_abitazione%2C_VIII_sec_ac%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption>Cinerary urn in the form of a house, 8th c. BC, Vulci</figcaption></figure> <p>Vulci's expansion in the <a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalising period</a> of the 8th century BC is marked by the start of production of bronze objects such as covered urns in the shape of a house or cone, and the first of these products showed up in Greece towards the end of the century. </p><p>The 7th century is represented by the tomb of the Bronze Wagon, and in its later stages valuable and sophisticated products were imported from many Mediterranean markets showing the rise in wealth and culture of Vulci, whilst many Greeks came to live in Vulci as shown by the craftsmanship, manufacture and trade in fine ceramics (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bucchero" title="Bucchero">bucchero</a>), bronze and gold. </p><p>Vulci's golden age of influence and wealth was in the 6th century BC when it ruled over the cities of <a href="/wiki/Orbetello" title="Orbetello">Orbetello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturnia" title="Saturnia">Saturnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovana" title="Sovana">Sovana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castro,_Lazio" title="Castro, Lazio">Castro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitigliano" title="Pitigliano">Pitigliano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsiliana" title="Marsiliana">Marsiliana</a>. It became a centre of imports of refined Attic pottery, precious oriental balm, beautiful jewels of the most unusual shapes to satisfy its wealthy citizens, as is shown by the many masterpieces of Greek and Etruscan art from the tombs in national museums today. In return it exported its treasures throughout the Mediterranean: pottery, bronzes and wine. </p><p>The original port of Vulci was a quay on the river Fiora but the expansion of trade led it to build a larger coastal port at Regisvilla (or Regae)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it became a major maritime power although it was located some miles up the river, like Rome. </p><p>Originally the Etruscans were co-founders of Rome and they continued to dominate it. Vulci had some influence on early Rome, as <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caelius_Vibenna" title="Caelius Vibenna">Vibenna</a> brothers (Caile and Avle Vipinas) were from Vulci. Their names and pictures appear on a fresco in the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tomb" title="François Tomb">François Tomb</a>. After the population of Rome had become predominantly <a href="/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of Italy">Italic</a>, the Etruscan kings were overthrown. </p><p>After a time of crisis in the 2nd half of the 5th century, Vulci seems to have undergone a new expansion in the 4th century when the great tombs were built such as the François tomb. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Etruscan_Wars" title="Roman–Etruscan Wars">Roman–Etruscan Wars</a> lasted many years before the Romans gained control over <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a> and the Etruscans were soundly defeated at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vadimo" title="Lake Vadimo">Lake Vadimo</a> in 310 and 283 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Vulci was strong enough to further resist until <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Coruncanius" title="Tiberius Coruncanius">Tiberius Coruncanius</a> triumphed over Vulci in 280 BC<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cosa" title="Cosa">Cosa</a> was founded in its territory. The Romans took the coast from Vulci, cutting the base of their power which seems to have led to the decline of the city. The Etruscan league splintered apart during the war and the Etruscans were soon assimilated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Period">Roman Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vulci does not seem to have been of great importance in the remaining Roman period, even though the Romans built the <a href="/wiki/Via_Aurelia" title="Via Aurelia">Via Aurelia</a> through it in 240 BC. However, large buildings in the city date to this period. A surviving milestone gives the distance to Rome as 70 <i>milia passuum</i> (miles). The road outside the north gate was repaved probably under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>'s reign (early 2nd century AD), showing that it continued in good repair. </p><p>Later Vulci became an episcopal <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">see</a>. The final abandonment seems to be in the 8th century AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent excavations are discovering much more information on the history and importance of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Necropolis">Necropolis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Necropolis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The former wealth of the town was shown first by the discoveries made in its extensive <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropoli</a> starting from the 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> vases,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bronzes and other remains. From these tombs more Attic vases have been found in Vulci than at any other ancient site. Many of the finds were sold by the excavators and many found their way into the major museums of the world where they can be seen today. </p><p>In the 18th and 19th centuries many of the tombs were so well known and spectacular, such as the Tomb of the Sun and Moon, that they were included on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> of Europe. Despite these discoveries most of these tombs were later forgotten and lost, except for the Cuccumella tomb, the largest <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> mound in the whole of Etruria. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isistomb-BM.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Isistomb-BM.JPG/220px-Isistomb-BM.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Isistomb-BM.JPG/330px-Isistomb-BM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Isistomb-BM.JPG/440px-Isistomb-BM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="3502" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue from the Isis Tomb in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulci_(41).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vulci_%2841%29.jpg/220px-Vulci_%2841%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vulci_%2841%29.jpg/330px-Vulci_%2841%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vulci_%2841%29.jpg/440px-Vulci_%2841%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption>Gold earrings from a tomb.</figcaption></figure> <p>The astounding <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tomb" title="François Tomb">François Tomb</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discovered in 1857, illustrating Greek and Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myths</a>, are considered some of the most celebrated of the Etruscans<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are now in the private <a href="/wiki/Villa_Albani" title="Villa Albani">Villa Albani</a> museum in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Another important burial chamber, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Isis_Tomb,_Vulci" title="Isis Tomb, Vulci">Isis Tomb</a>, proved to be a rich source of finds, most of which are now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frescoes of the Hellenistic Tomb of the Bell-Ringers are preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Museum of Florence">Archaeological Museum of Florence</a>. </p><p>Recent excavations have brought to light more large and spectacular tombs such as the Tomb of the Silver Hands.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_walls">City walls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: City walls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulci_(33).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vulci_%2833%29.jpg/220px-Vulci_%2833%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vulci_%2833%29.jpg/330px-Vulci_%2833%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vulci_%2833%29.jpg/440px-Vulci_%2833%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Etruscan city walls</figcaption></figure> <p>The walls were built in the first half of the 4th c. BC before the wars with the Romans and are about 6.5 km in circumference. Several sections can be seen. </p><p>Three impressive and strong defensive gates of the five originals are now exposed. The remains of the north gate show an imposing defensive structure. On its west external side a votive ditch was discovered which was rich in materials documenting a cult linked to fertility dating from the Hellenistic era until the end of the first century AD. Near the ditch are tombs carved into a rocky bank. Not far away you can see the facing cross-linked by a building still to be explored. </p><p>The West Gate is the starting point of the <a href="/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus Maximus">Decumanus Maximus</a>, the well-preserved east-west road of the city, paved with volcanic stone. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulci_(26).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vulci_%2826%29.jpg/220px-Vulci_%2826%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vulci_%2826%29.jpg/330px-Vulci_%2826%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vulci_%2826%29.jpg/440px-Vulci_%2826%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4536" data-file-height="2970" /></a><figcaption>Cryptoporticus of the Villa</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villa_of_the_Cryptoporticus">Villa of the Cryptoporticus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Villa of the Cryptoporticus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along the decumanus is an area occupied by a large residential complex. The first building, a large domus north of the decumanus, is preceded by a series of small rectangular rooms, perhaps workshops (tabernae), overlooking the main street. Among these open the two entrances of the Villa (or <a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">Domus</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Cryptoporticus" title="Cryptoporticus">Cryptoporticus</a>, so named for its unusual and impressive underground rooms (cryptoporticus literally means covered porch, partly underground and was used in Roman architecture to build terraces or a covered market). It is a large and sumptuous private residence built in the classical style of noble Roman houses (domus with atrium and peristyle). Its earliest phase was the late 2nd and early 1st century BC and underwent numerous renovations in the Augustan period. Further changes were made between the Flavian and <a href="/wiki/Hadrianic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrianic">Hadrianic</a> periods, while in late antiquity parts of the domus were partially reused. Later the area was abandoned and used as a cemetery from the discovery of tombs in the cellar. </p><p>The large main entrance leads into a vast atrium, around which are arranged various rooms, divided into bedrooms (<a href="/wiki/Cubicula" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubicula">cubicula</a>) and living quarters (<a href="/wiki/Triclinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Triclinia">triclinia</a>). A second entrance leads to a courtyard with a fountain in the centre, the result of the transformation of an original small lobby, probably in the late 1st century AD. This leads to the main lobby and then the rectangular peristyle surrounded by columns on all four sides. At the north-eastern corner of the peristyle are stairs giving access to the upper storey which is lost. The rich floor mosaic which dates from the first phase of the domus is still preserved; the mosaics of the two rooms that open onto the porch are dated to the Augustan age. The porch overlooks an apsidal <a href="/wiki/Nympheum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nympheum">nympheum</a> which includes a swimming pool probably built in Imperial times. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulci_(16).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vulci_%2816%29.jpg/220px-Vulci_%2816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vulci_%2816%29.jpg/330px-Vulci_%2816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vulci_%2816%29.jpg/440px-Vulci_%2816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Roman Villa of the Cryptoporticus</figcaption></figure> <p>In the north-western part are thermal baths that were reduced from four to three rooms in the restructuring of the Augustan age. They are composed of a dressing room (<a href="/wiki/Apodyterium" title="Apodyterium">apodyterium</a>), a Turkish bath (<a href="/wiki/Laconicum" title="Laconicum">laconicum</a>) and a room for hot water bath (<a href="/wiki/Calidarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Calidarium">calidarium</a>), covered with intact mosaic floors supported on columns of bricks to allow the circulation of hot air. Areas immediately south of the baths were a general sector for services directly connected with the decumanus by a narrow private road. </p><p>The underground part of the house, the cryptoporticus, is accessed via a corridor to the east of the peristyle covered by a well preserved barrel vault. The underground environment was ventilated and lit from 18 windows that open at the level of the garden above. The function of the underground complex was especially the preservation of products such as wine and oil that needed a suitable environment. </p><p>Next to the north-western side of the domus is a series of rooms built probably in the Hellenistic age. It is a complex of two or more buildings of still uncertain date and use. They are characterised by the presence of works of canalisation and different types of paving, using brickwork, tiles and local stone. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulci_(12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vulci_%2812%29.jpg/220px-Vulci_%2812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vulci_%2812%29.jpg/330px-Vulci_%2812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vulci_%2812%29.jpg/440px-Vulci_%2812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="2930" /></a><figcaption>Roman arch of Publius Sulpicius Mundus (c.100 BC)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Arch_of_Publius_Sulpicius_Mundus">Roman Arch of Publius Sulpicius Mundus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roman Arch of Publius Sulpicius Mundus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003 the foundations of a triumphal arch were discovered on the Decumanus at the west side of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a>. Many fragments were found which allowed reconstruction of the arch, and a long inscription was also found which dedicated it to Publius Sulpicius Mundus who was a Roman senator in around 100 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Temple">The Temple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temple has an imposing base of sides 36.5 x 24.5 m. The temple had a continuous colonnade on all four sides, doubled on the front by four additional columns; it is preceded by a projection with a central staircase. The temple reveals at least two construction phases; the oldest (late 6th century BC) had numerous architectural terracottas with <a href="/wiki/Ionic_columns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic columns">Ionic columns</a>. In the early Roman Imperial age the temple was rebuilt, which involved the replacement of the wooden elements of the elevation with travertine structures and <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">opus caementicium</a></i>. Among the many elements of the elevation which have collapsed and are visible around the monument, a fragment of the architrave with inscription can be seen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Roman_Basilica">Late Roman Basilica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late Roman Basilica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the south side of the Decumanus is an apsidal rectangular building, believed to be a late Roman <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>. Originally with a gabled roof, it has a small apse and shows a combination of building techniques in the walls (especially in the east), such as <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_reticulatum" title="Opus reticulatum">opus reticulatum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_incertum" title="Opus incertum">opus incertum</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ponte_dell'Abbadia"><span id="Ponte_dell.27Abbadia"></span>Ponte dell'Abbadia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ponte dell'Abbadia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiora_Bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fiora_Bridge.JPG/220px-Fiora_Bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fiora_Bridge.JPG/330px-Fiora_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fiora_Bridge.JPG/440px-Fiora_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Ponte dell'Abbadia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ponte dell'Abbadia<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the Fiora is a Roman bridge with a main arch of 20 m span and 30 m above the stream and was built upon an Etruscan bridge. (The <a href="/wiki/Tufo,_Campania" title="Tufo, Campania">Tufo</a> buttresses are very probably Etruscan, for they are evidently the piers of the original bridge.) It carried the ancient road and the Romans, unusually, incorporated an <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">aqueduct</a> on it leading to Vulci about 1.5 km away. The overflow of the aqueduct after it fell into disrepair caused the "curtain of stalactites". </p><p>The waters still flow from an aqueduct into the gardens of the adjoining Castello dell'Abbadia. </p><p>The site also houses a <a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">mithraeum</a>. </p><p>The site was described by George Dennis as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is verily a magnificent structure, bestriding the rocky abyss like a colossus, with the Fiora fretting and foaming at a vast depth beneath. But what means this extraordinary curtain of stalactites which overhangs the bridge on this side, depending in huge jagged masses from the parapet, and looking as though a vast cataract had rolled over the top of the bridge, and been petrified in its fall, ere it could reach the ground?....The stalactites stand out six or seven feet from the wall, and depend to a depth of fifteen or twenty feet. Independently of their remarkable conformation, their colouring — a clear yellowish white — combines, with the grey or reddish masonry, to add to the effect of the bridge.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quay_Vulci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Quay_Vulci.jpg/220px-Quay_Vulci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Quay_Vulci.jpg/330px-Quay_Vulci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Quay_Vulci.jpg/440px-Quay_Vulci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Etruscan quay on the river Fiora</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museum">Museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Archaeological Museum of Vulci is located in the Castello dell'Abbadia and houses an extensive collection of finds.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDennis1848" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, George (1848). <i>The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cities+and+Cemeteries+of+Etruria&rft.place=London&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athenaeus Deipnosophists 1.28b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vitruvius iii.3.5 Pliny Natural History 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/03.23.1/">"Bronze chariot inlaid with ivory - Work of Art - Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History - The Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. <i>The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Met%E2%80%99s+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Bronze+chariot+inlaid+with+ivory+-+Work+of+Art+-+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History+-+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fworks-of-art%2F03.23.1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, Chapter XXI Vulci, George Dennis, 1848.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzuoli" class="citation web cs1">Mazzuoli, Giacomo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canino.info/inserti/monografie/etruschi/vari/porti_vulci/">"I porti antichi di Vulci"</a>. <i>www.canino.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canino.info&rft.atitle=I+porti+antichi+di+Vulci&rft.aulast=Mazzuoli&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canino.info%2Finserti%2Fmonografie%2Fetruschi%2Fvari%2Fporti_vulci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzuoli" class="citation web cs1">Mazzuoli, Giacomo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canino.info/inserti/monografie/etruschi/vari/porti_vulci/index1.htm">"I porti antichi di Vulci"</a>. <i>www.canino.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canino.info&rft.atitle=I+porti+antichi+di+Vulci&rft.aulast=Mazzuoli&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canino.info%2Finserti%2Fmonografie%2Fetruschi%2Fvari%2Fporti_vulci%2Findex1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, The Histories, 2.19.7-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">recorded in the Fasti Consulares, preserved in the Capitol.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisi" class="citation web cs1">Risi, Anzio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canino.info/inserti/monografie/etruschi/vulci/citta/citta_00.htm">"Vulci,Città di Vulci"</a>. <i>www.canino.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canino.info&rft.atitle=Vulci%2CCitt%C3%A0+di+Vulci&rft.aulast=Risi&rft.aufirst=Anzio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canino.info%2Finserti%2Fmonografie%2Fetruschi%2Fvulci%2Fcitta%2Fcitta_00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria by George Dennis, London, 1848</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Spivey, ‘Greek Vases in Etruria’, in N. Spivey and T. Rasmussen (eds.), Looking at Greek Vases (Cambridge, 1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/francois.html">"The Francois Tomb, Vulci"</a>. <i>www.mysteriousetruscans.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mysteriousetruscans.com&rft.atitle=The+Francois+Tomb%2C+Vulci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysteriousetruscans.com%2Ffrancois.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rediscovered Etruscans and the Francois Tomb, FRS Ridgway, Journal of Roman Archaeology / Volume 18 / January 2005, pp 466-471</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?place=34996&plaA=34996-3-1">"Collection search: You searched for"</a>. <i>British Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=Collection+search%3A+You+searched+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fsearch.aspx%3Fplace%3D34996%26plaA%3D34996-3-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archaeology Magazine, The Tomb of the Silver Hands, Tuesday, July 15, 2014; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.archaeology.org/issues/138-1407/features/2170-etruscan-tomb-of-the-silver-hands">http://www.archaeology.org/issues/138-1407/features/2170-etruscan-tomb-of-the-silver-hands</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20022885">Ponte dell'Abbadia</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Structurae" title="Structurae">Structurae</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.viaggiando-italia.it/en/the-archaeological-museum-of-vulci-dedicated-to-the-rich-archaeological-history-of-the-ancient-etruscan-city/">The Archaeological Museum of Vulci, dedicated to the rich archaeological history of the ancient Etruscan city</a>, <i>Viaggiando Italia</i>, published 31 October 2023, accessed on 4 September 2024</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>de Puma, Richard D. 1986. <i>Etruscan Tomb Groups: Ancient Pottery and Bronzes in Chicago’s Field Museum of Natural History.</i> Mainz: von Zabern.</li> <li>Haynes, Sybille. 1991. "The Bronze Bust from the “Isis Tomb” Reconsidered." <i>Studi Etruschi</i> 57: 3–9.</li> <li>Holliday, Peter. 1993. "Narrative Structures in the François Tomb", in <i>Narrative and Event in Ancient Art</i> By Peter Holliday, 175–97. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Klinger, Sonia. 2013. "Underworld Demons on an Early Fifth Century BCE Etruscan Black-Figure Stamnos from Vulci, now in Berlin." <i>Etruscan Studies</i> 16, no. 1: 39–74.</li> <li>Pettoello, Giulia. 2016. "Multisensory Museum: A Proposal for Personalized Virtual Knowledge of the Vulci Archaeological Park." <i>Disegnare Con</i> 9, no. 17: 1–10.</li> <li>Riccioni, Giuliana. 1979. "Vulci: A Topographical and Cultural Survey." In <i>Italy before the Romans: The Iron Age, Orientalizing, and Etruscan periods.</i> Edited by David Ridgway and Francesca R. Ridgway, 241–76. New York: Academic Press.</li> <li>Riis, P. J. 1998. <i>Vulcientia Vetustiora: A Study of Archaic Vulcian Bronzes.</i> Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.</li> <li>Rowland, Ingrid. 2007. "Marriage and Mortality in the Tetnies Sarcophagi." <i>Etruscan Studies</i> 11: 151–64.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turfa,_Jean_MacIntosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfa, Jean MacIntosh">Turfa, Jean MacIntosh</a>. 2005. <i>Catalogue of the Etruscan gallery of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.</i> Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.</li> <li>Van Kampen, Iefke. 2007. "A Workshop of Stone Sculpture Production in South Etruria: La Bottega del Gruppo di San Donato." <i>Etruscan Studies</i> 10: 35–46.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulci&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vulci" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vulci">Vulci</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volci" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Volci">Volci</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Vulci</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Vulci&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Vulci">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Vulci&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Vulci/">Vulci - World History Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vulci.it">Vulci Archaeological Naturalistic Park</a><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>-<span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etruriameridionale.beniculturali.it/index.php?en/151/museo-archeologico-nazionale-di-vulci">National Archaeological Museum of Vulci</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404081953/http://www.etruriameridionale.beniculturali.it/index.php?en%2F151%2Fmuseo-archeologico-nazionale-di-vulci">Archived</a> 2020-04-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/velch.html">Velch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/_Periods/Roman/Archaic/Etruscan/_Texts/DENETR*/21.html">Vulci</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris,_W.,_R._Talbert,_T._Elliott,_S._Gillies2022" class="citation web cs1">Harris, W., R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies (28 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/413393">"Places: 413393 (Vulci)"</a>. Pleiades<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places%3A+413393+%28Vulci%29&rft.pub=Pleiades&rft.date=2022-09-28&rft.au=Harris%2C+W.%2C+R.+Talbert%2C+T.+Elliott%2C+S.+Gillies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F413393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVulci" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Lazio" title="Template:Landmarks of Lazio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Lazio" title="Template talk:Landmarks of Lazio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_of_Lazio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks of Lazio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Lazio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of Lazio</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo,_Lazio_e_Molise" class="mw-redirect" title="Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise">Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Circeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Parco Nazionale del Circeo">Circeo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civita_Castellana_Cathedral" title="Civita Castellana Cathedral">Civita Castellana Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Etruscan necropolis of Cerveteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Etruscan necropolis of Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossanova_Abbey" title="Fossanova Abbey">Fossanova Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Ninfa" title="Garden of Ninfa">Garden of Ninfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_e_Monti_della_Laga_National_Park" title="Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park">Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Papi_di_Viterbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo">Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_of_the_Monsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Park of the Monsters">Park of the Monsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volci" class="mw-redirect" title="Volci">Volci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Etruscan_civilization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Etruscans" title="Template:Etruscans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Etruscans" title="Template talk:Etruscans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Etruscans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Etruscans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Etruscan_civilization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_history" title="Etruscan history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_origins" title="Etruscan origins">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_Etruria" title="Padanian Etruria">Padanian Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenus" title="Tyrrhenus">Tyrrhenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenians" title="Tyrrhenians">Tyrrhenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarchon" title="Tarchon">Tarchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Vibenna" title="Aulus Vibenna">Aulus Vibenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelius_Vibenna" title="Caelius Vibenna">Caelius Vibenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capys" title="Capys">Capys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanaquil" title="Tanaquil">Tanaquil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arruns_Tarquinius_(son_of_Tarquin_the_Proud)" title="Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)">Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Porsena" title="Lars Porsena">Lars Porsena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Tolumnius" title="Lars Tolumnius">Lars Tolumnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Vestricius_Spurinna" title="Titus Vestricius Spurinna">Titus Vestricius Spurinna</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo of Veii"><img alt="Apollo of Veii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg/75px-GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg/113px-GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg/150px-GiorcesVeiiApollo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="327" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization#Culture" title="Etruscan civilization">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_society" title="Etruscan society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_of_Veii" title="Apollo of Veii">Apollo of Veii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_of_Arezzo" title="Chimera of Arezzo">Chimera of Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_coins" title="Etruscan coins">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Speculorum_Etruscorum" title="Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum">Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization#Etruscan_League" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Etruscan_names_for_Greek_heroes" title="List of Etruscan names for Greek heroes">Etruscan names for Greek heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiburtine_Sibyl" title="Tiburtine Sibyl">Tiburtine Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanum_Voltumnae" title="Fanum Voltumnae">Fanum Voltumnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruspex" title="Haruspex">Haruspex/Extispicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_jewelry" title="Etruscan jewelry">Jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausus" title="Lausus">Lausus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_of_Piacenza" title="Liver of Piacenza">Liver of Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezentius" title="Mezentius">Mezentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterozzi_necropolis" title="Monterozzi necropolis">Monterozzi necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Etruscan_mythological_figures" title="List of Etruscan mythological figures">Mythological figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persius" title="Persius">Persius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poppilia">Poppilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raeti">Raeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Religion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses" title="Sarcophagus of the Spouses">Sarcophagus of the Spouses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tages" title="Tages">Tages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_terracotta_warriors" title="Etruscan terracotta warriors">Terracotta warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Larcius" title="Titus Larcius">Titus Larcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Roaring_Lions" title="Tomb of the Roaring Lions">Tomb of the Roaring Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegoia" title="Vegoia">Vegoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulca" title="Vulca">Vulca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_military_history" title="Etruscan military history">Military history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alalia" title="Battle of Alalia">Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(509_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rome (509 BC)">Siege of Rome (509 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(508_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rome (508 BC)">Siege of Rome (508 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cremera" title="Battle of the Cremera">Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cumae" title="Battle of Cumae">Battle of Cumae (474 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fidenae_(437_BC)" title="Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)">Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fidenae_(435_BC)" title="Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)">Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Veii" title="Battle of Veii">Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Vadimo_(310_BC)" title="Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)">Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Populonia" title="Battle of Populonia">Battle of Populonia (282 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman-Etruscan_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Etruscan Wars">Roman-Etruscan Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cippus_Perusinus" title="Cippus Perusinus">Cippus Perusinus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Etruscarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Linteus" title="Liber Linteus">Liber Linteus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgi_Tablets" title="Pyrgi Tablets">Pyrgi Tablets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetic language">Raetic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnian_language" title="Lemnian language">Lemnian language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Capuana" title="Tabula Capuana">Tabula Capuana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Cortonensis" title="Tabula Cortonensis">Tabula Cortonensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Etruscan_origin" title="List of English words of Etruscan origin">English words of Etruscan origin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">Archeology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucchero" title="Bucchero">Bucchero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuniculi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuniculi">Cuniculi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscology" title="Etruscology">Etruscology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impasto_(pottery)" title="Impasto (pottery)">Impasto (pottery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monteleone_Chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monteleone Chariot">Monteleone Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">National Etruscan Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negau_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Negau helmet">Negau helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portonaccio" title="Portonaccio">Portonaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Orcus" title="Tomb of Orcus">Tomb of Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_of_Montefortini" title="Tumulus of Montefortini">Tumulus of Montefortini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicus_Tuscus" title="Vicus Tuscus">Vicus Tuscus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_cities" title="Etruscan cities">Key sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquarossa,_Italy" title="Acquarossa, Italy">Acquarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adria" title="Adria">Adria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A9ria" title="Aléria">Aleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baratti_(town)" title="Baratti (town)">Baratti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caere" title="Caere">Caere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceri" title="Ceri">Ceri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civita_di_Bagnoregio" title="Civita di Bagnoregio">Civita di Bagnoregio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusium" title="Clusium">Clusium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falerii" title="Falerii">Falerii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fescennia" title="Fescennia">Fescennia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidenae" title="Fidenae">Fidenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norchia" title="Norchia">Norchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusia" title="Perusia">Perusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poggio_Colla" title="Poggio Colla">Poggio Colla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populonia" title="Populonia">Populonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgi" title="Pyrgi">Pyrgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusellae" title="Rusellae">Rusellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovenale" title="San Giovenale">San Giovenale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spina" title="Spina">Spina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscania" title="Tuscania">Tuscania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veii" title="Veii">Veii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetulonia" title="Vetulonia">Vetulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vie_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Vie Cave">Vie Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volsinii" title="Volsinii">Volsinii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volterra" title="Volterra">Volterra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4064068-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vulci (zaniklé město)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131350&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/413393">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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