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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Segregation's impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segregation's_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tap_Steps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tap_Steps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tap Steps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tap_Steps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tap_shoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tap_shoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tap shoes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tap_shoes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tap shoes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tap_shoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Taps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tap dance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="الرقص النقري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرقص النقري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claqu%C3%A9" title="Claqué – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Claqué" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86)" title="Степ (танц) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Степ (танц)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claqu%C3%A9" title="Claqué – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Claqué" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_(tanec)" title="Step (tanec) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Step (tanec)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step" title="Step – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Step" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepptanz" title="Stepptanz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stepptanz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claqu%C3%A9" title="Claqué – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Claqué" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frapa_dancado" title="Frapa dancado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frapa dancado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klake" title="Klake – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klake" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B3" title="تپ دنس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تپ دنس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claquettes" title="Claquettes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Claquettes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_tap" title="Tip tap – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tip tap" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claqu%C3%A9" title="Claqué – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Claqué" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%AD%EB%8C%84%EC%8A%A4" title="탭댄스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탭댄스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%B9%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Չեչոտկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեչոտկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AA_-_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="टैप - डान्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टैप - डान्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step" title="Step – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Step" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip-tap" title="Tip-tap – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tip-tap" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%A1" title="סטפס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטפס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟ್ಯಾಪ್ ಡ್ಯಾನ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟ್ಯಾಪ್ ಡ್ಯಾನ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ടാപ് നൃത്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടാപ് നൃത്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="تاپ دانس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاپ دانس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapdansen" title="Tapdansen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tapdansen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="タップダンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タップダンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppdans" title="Steppdans – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Steppdans" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepowanie" title="Stepowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stepowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapateado" title="Sapateado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sapateado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86)" title="Чечётка (танец) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чечётка (танец)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_dance" title="Tap dance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tap dance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_(tanec)" title="Step (tanec) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Step (tanec)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step" title="Step – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Step" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step" title="Step – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Step" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppi" title="Steppi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Steppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppdans" title="Steppdans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Steppdans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9B" title="การเต้นแท็ป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเต้นแท็ป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_dans%C4%B1" title="Tap dansı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tap dansı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C)" title="Чечітка (танець) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чечітка (танець)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%A3y_thi%E1%BA%BFt_h%C3%A0i" title="Nhảy thiết hài – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhảy thiết hài" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B8%A2%E8%BA%82%E8%88%9E" title="踢躂舞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="踢躂舞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B8%A2%E8%B8%8F%E8%88%9E" title="踢踏舞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="踢踏舞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q244475#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of dance involving percussive shoes</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iowatapdancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Iowatapdancers.jpg/290px-Iowatapdancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Iowatapdancers.jpg/435px-Iowatapdancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Iowatapdancers.jpg/580px-Iowatapdancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>Tap dancing class at <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa State College">Iowa State College</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tap dance</b> (or <b>tap</b>) is a form of dance that uses the sounds of <a href="/wiki/Tap_shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap shoe">tap shoes</a> striking the floor as a form of percussion; it is often accompanied by music.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tap dancing can also be performed with no musical accompaniment; the sound of the taps is its own music. </p><p>It is an African-American artform that evolved alongside the advent of <a href="/wiki/Jazz_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz music">jazz music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tap is a type of <a href="/wiki/Step_dance" title="Step dance">step dance</a> that began with the combination of <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Irish dance</a> traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Irish soft-shoe and hard-shoe step dances</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a variety of both <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave</a> and freeman step dances. The fusion of African rhythms and performance styles with European techniques of footwork led to the creation of tap dance.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fusion began in the mid-17th century but did not become popular until the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two major versions of tap dance: rhythm (jazz) tap and Broadway tap. Broadway tap focuses on dance; it is widely performed in <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theater</a>. Rhythm tap focuses on <a href="/wiki/Musicality_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicality (dance)">musicality</a>, and practitioners consider themselves to be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> tradition. </p><p>The sound is made by shoes that have a metal "tap" on the heel and toe. Different shoes may differ in their sound.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tap_dance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Slyde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Jimmy_Slyde.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Slyde" title="Jimmy Slyde">Jimmy Slyde</a> tap dancing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura082.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura082.JPG/220px-04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura082.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura082.JPG/330px-04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura082.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura082.JPG/440px-04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura082.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Students performing a tap dance in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tap dance is an African American dance form with roots that go back 300 years to <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West African</a> musical and <a href="/wiki/Step_dance" title="Step dance">step dance</a> traditions, which themselves have <a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_dance#Early_dance" title="History of dance">ancient roots</a>. During the 17th – 19th centuries, it was primarily developed from European step dance forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">jigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clog_dancing" title="Clog dancing">clogs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dances were brought to the American continent by immigrants and eventually grew to incorporate <a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">African rhythms and styles</a>. These fused and evolved into a form of dance called "jigging", which was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel show</a> dancers in the 1800s. Tap dance then became a popular stage entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As minstrel shows began to decline in popularity, tap dance moved to the increasingly popular <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a> stage. Due to Vaudeville's unspoken "two-colored rule", which forbade blacks to perform solo, many Vaudeville tap acts were duets.<sup id="cite_ref-gates_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gates-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such duo was "Buck and Bubbles," which consisted of <a href="/wiki/John_W._Bubbles" title="John W. Bubbles">John "Bubbles" Sublett</a> tap dancing and Ford "Buck" Washington playing a piano. The duo performed a "Class Act", a routine in which the performers wore tuxedos, effectively distinguishing them from the older minstrel show concept of tap dancers as "grinning-and-dancing clowns."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another notable figure during this period is <a href="/wiki/Bill_Robinson" title="Bill Robinson">Bill "Bojangles" Robinson</a>, a protégé of <a href="/wiki/Alice_Whitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice Whitman">Alice Whitman</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Whitman_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whitman Sisters">The Whitman Sisters</a> around 1904 (then known as "Willie Robinson").<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well versed in both <a href="/wiki/Buck-and-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Buck-and-wing">Buck and Wing</a> dancing and Irish Step dancing, Robinson joined the Vaudeville circuit in 1902 in a duo with George W. Cooper. The act quickly became famous, headlining events across the country, and touring England as well. In 1908, the partnership ended and Robinson began dancing solo, which was extremely rare for a black man at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, he had tremendous success and soon became a world-famous celebrity.<sup id="cite_ref-gates_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gates-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to have a leading role in many films, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a> franchise. </p><p>Shortly thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brothers" title="Nicholas Brothers">Nicholas Brothers</a> came on the scene. Consisting of real life brothers Fayard and Harold, this team wowed audiences with their acrobatic feats incorporated into their classy style of dancing. A notable scene in the movie "Stormy Weather" features the pair dancing up a staircase and then descending the staircase in a series of leapfrogs over each other into a full split from which they rise with no hands.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Stormy Weather" was a six-minute performance performed in one go with no retakes. The <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brothers" title="Nicholas Brothers">Nicholas Brothers</a> danced on pianos and many other structures during this performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1930s, tap dance mixed with <a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a>. "Flying swing outs" and "flying circles" are Lindy Hop moves with tap footwork. In the mid-to-late 1950s, the style of entertainment changed. Jazz music and tap dance declined, while rock and roll and the new <a href="/wiki/Jazz_dance" title="Jazz dance">jazz dance</a> emerged. What is now called <i>jazz dance</i> evolved out of <i>tap dance</i>, so both dances have many moves in common. But jazz evolved separately from tap dance to become a new form in its own right. Well known dancers during the 1960s and 1970s included <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Duncan" title="Arthur Duncan">Arthur Duncan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tune" title="Tommy Tune">Tommy Tune</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/No_Maps_on_My_Taps" title="No Maps on My Taps">No Maps on My Taps</a></i>, the Emmy award winning PBS documentary of 1979, helped begin the recent revival of tap dance. The outstanding success of the <a href="/wiki/Animated_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated film">animated film</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Feet" title="Happy Feet">Happy Feet</a></i>, has further reinforced the popular appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Tap_Dance_Day" title="National Tap Dance Day">National Tap Dance Day</a> in the United States, now celebrated May 25, was signed into law by President George Bush on November 7, 1989. (May 25 was chosen because it is the birthday of famous tapper <a href="/wiki/Bill_Robinson" title="Bill Robinson">Bill "Bojangles" Robinson</a>.) Prominent modern tap dancers have included <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Reich" title="Sarah Reich">Sarah Reich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Bufalino" title="Brenda Bufalino">Brenda Bufalino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melinda_Sullivan" title="Melinda Sullivan">Melinda Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Clark_Brothers" title="The Clark Brothers">The Clark Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_%22Buster%22_Brown_(tap_dancer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James "Buster" Brown (tap dancer)">James "Buster" Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savion_Glover" title="Savion Glover">Savion Glover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Hines" title="Gregory Hines">Gregory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hines" title="Maurice Hines">Maurice Hines</a>, <a href="/wiki/LaVaughn_Robinson" title="LaVaughn Robinson">LaVaughn Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Samuels_Smith" title="Jason Samuels Smith">Jason Samuels Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloe_Arnold" title="Chloe Arnold">Chloe Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Dorrance" title="Michelle Dorrance">Michelle Dorrance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dormeshia_Sumbry-Edwards" title="Dormeshia Sumbry-Edwards">Dormeshia Sumbry-Edwards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Walker" title="Dianne Walker">Dianne "Lady Di" Walker</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indie-pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie-pop">Indie-pop</a> band <a href="/wiki/Tilly_and_the_Wall" title="Tilly and the Wall">Tilly and the Wall</a> also features a tap dancer, Jamie Pressnall, tapping as percussion, Sammie Davis Jr. </p><p>One recent innovation in the world of tap dance is the development of the long form "tap opera," which tells an entire story during single performance, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Narrative_ballet" title="Narrative ballet">story ballet</a>. This format was initially developed by Mark Yonally, founder and artistic director of dance company Chicago Tap Theatre<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Segregation's_impact"><span id="Segregation.27s_impact"></span>Segregation's impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tap_dance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Segregation's impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1930s and the 1940s, Americans were able to watch tap dancers perform on film.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Black tap dancers found it difficult to be a part of these White films because <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> was prominent in America.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the creation of two different styles of tap dance: White tap dancers formed a Broadway style and Black dancers continued to evolve with the traditional rhythm based style.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadway tap dance was performed in mainly Broadway musicals and film, and it did not emphasize classic jazz rhythms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhythm tap integrated more of the classic African roots of tap dance, and it emphasized jazz rhythms, musicality, and improvisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Musicality" title="Musicality">Musicality</a> is the dancer's understanding of the music they are performing to. Improvisation is where a dancer makes up the movement as they perform, and the choreography is not prepared beforehand. </p><p>There was also the "two-color rule," which made sure that black tap dancers were not able to perform solos onstage.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to some tap dancers performing comedic tap duets. There were stereotypes placed on black Americans such as the "Uncle Tom" stereotype, and many tap dancers were forced to wear "<a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">black-face</a>" onstage to perform.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first black tap dancers to be acknowledged by America was <a href="/wiki/Bill_Robinson" title="Bill Robinson">Bill "Bojangles" Robinson</a>, who performed duets with <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bill Robinson's career was reduced to "minstrelsy," which can be defined as White performers using makeup to mock black culture or using black stereotypes in a performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Americans joined these <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel</a> performances, where they would be forced to act on black stereotypes in their performances.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_%22Buster%22_Brown_(tap_dancer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James "Buster" Brown (tap dancer)">James "Buster" Brown</a>, got his start in the segregated clubs of the 1930s, but eventually earned international mainstream recognition and mentored younger more modern tap dancers in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tap_dance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tap_dance_technique" title="Tap dance technique">Tap dance technique</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tap_dance" title="Special:EditPage/Tap dance">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tap+dance%22">"Tap dance"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tap+dance%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tap+dance%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tap+dance%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tap+dance%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tap+dance%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv/220px--Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv/Tapdance-japan-stationfront.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>(video) A man practices tap dancing in front of a station in Japan.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teen_Tap_Dancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Teen_Tap_Dancer.jpg/170px-Teen_Tap_Dancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Teen_Tap_Dancer.jpg/255px-Teen_Tap_Dancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Teen_Tap_Dancer.jpg/340px-Teen_Tap_Dancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="3463" /></a><figcaption>A teen tap dancer is performing a tap step known as a "toe stand" onstage.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tap dancers make frequent use of <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopation</a>. Choreography typically starts on the eighth or first <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beat</a> count. Another aspect of tap dancing is <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a>. Tap dancing can either be done with music following the beats provided, or without musical accompaniment; the latter is known as "<i>a cappella</i>" tap dancing. </p><p>Hoofers are tap dancers who dance primarily "closer to the floor", using mostly footwork and not showing very much arm or body movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Tap_Dancing_America_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tap_Dancing_America-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kind of tap dancing, also called <i>rhythm tap</i>, was employed by slaves in America.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Steve_Condos" title="Steve Condos">Steve Condos</a> developed an innovative rhythmic tap style that influenced the work of later tap dancers such as <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Hines" title="Gregory Hines">Gregory Hines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savion_Glover" title="Savion Glover">Savion Glover</a>. The majority of early hoofers, such as <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a>, Glover, Hines, and <a href="/wiki/LaVaughn_Robinson" title="LaVaughn Robinson">LaVaughn Robinson</a> were African American men.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Savion_Glover" title="Savion Glover">Savion Glover</a> helped bring tap dance into mainstream media by choreographing <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Feet" title="Happy Feet">Happy Feet</a></i>, a film about a tap dancing penguin. Another well-known tap film is 1989's <i><a href="/wiki/Tap_(film)" title="Tap (film)">Tap</a></i>, starring Gregory Hines and many old-time hoofers. </p><p>Early tappers like <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> provided a more <a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballroom dancing">ballroom</a> look to tap dancing, while <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> introduced ballet elements and style into tap. This style of tap led to what is today known as <i>Broadway style</i>, which is popular in American culture. It often involves high heeled tap shoes and show music, and is usually the type of tap first taught to beginners. Examples of this style are found in Broadway musicals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Anything_Goes" title="Anything Goes">Anything Goes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_(musical)" title="42nd Street (musical)">42nd Street</a></i>. </p><p>"Soft-Shoe" is a rhythm form of tap dancing that does not require special shoes, and though rhythm is generated by tapping of the feet, it also uses sliding of the feet (even sometimes using scattered sand on the stage to enhance the sound of sliding feet) more often than modern rhythm tap. It preceded what is currently considered to be modern tap, but has since declined in popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tap_Steps">Tap Steps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tap_dance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tap Steps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basic tap steps are known as "one-sound steps" and are either weight shifting or non-weight-shifting steps. Common basic tap steps include heel drops, toe drops, heel digs, toe taps, a brush, scuff, chug, pull, hop, leap and step.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In advanced tap dancing, basic steps are often combined together to create new steps. Many steps also have single, double, and triple variations, or can have a variation with a pickup, which is essentially adding an additional brush sound. Popular steps with many variations include pullbacks, timesteps, riffs,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and drawbacks. </p><p>Time steps is an umbrella term that is widely used in tap for any combination of steps that follows a specific rhythm or pattern. These consist of a rhythm that is changed to make new time steps by adding or removing steps. There are many variations of the basic time step, including the single, double, and triple time steps. Time steps consist of single- and multi-sound step combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In tap, various types of turns can be done, including step heel turns, Maxi Ford turns, cramp-roll turns, and drag turns. All tap turns can be practiced in both directions.<sup id="cite_ref-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other common tap steps include the shuffle, shuffle ball change, double shuffle, leap shuffle, flap, flap ball change, running flaps, flap heel, cramp-roll, buffalo, Maxi Ford, Maxi Ford with a pullback, pullbacks, wings, Cincinnati, the shim sham shimmy (also called the Lindy), Irish, Waltz Clog, the paddle roll, the paradiddle, stomp, brushes, scuffs, spanks, single and double toe punches, hot steps, heel clicks toe stands, over-the-tops, military time step, back to broadway, toe stand turns, New Yorkers, and Shiggy Bops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tap_shoes">Tap shoes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tap_dance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tap shoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapshoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tapshoes.jpg/220px-Tapshoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tapshoes.jpg/330px-Tapshoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tapshoes.jpg/440px-Tapshoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Tap shoes</figcaption></figure> <p>In the earliest years of tap dancing, tap shoes often had wooden soles.<sup id="cite_ref-beholders_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beholders-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soles of modern tap shoes are either full-sole or split-sole. A full-sole tap shoe has a continuous base material along the underside of the shoes; a split-sole tap shoe has a gap in the base material under the arch of the foot, making them more flexible. Modern tap shoes have soles with heels of varying height (one inch or more) and are commonly made of wood or stacked leather.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some beginner tap shoes have heels made of plastic.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toe box of the tap shoe is located on the front of the shoe for the purpose of reinforcing the shoe; however there are tap shoes that use a soft leather instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single tap shoe has two taps: one under the heel, and another under the toes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular tap shoe makers include <a href="/wiki/Bloch_(company)" title="Bloch (company)">Bloch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capezio" title="Capezio">Capezio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles">Styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tap_dance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several styles of tap shoes:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mary Jane</li> <li>Character Heel</li> <li>Oxford</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taps">Taps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tap_dance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Taps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on manufacturer and model, tap characteristics can vary considerably. For example, some taps have relatively low weight and small footprint whereas others may be thicker and fill out the edge of the shoe more, making them heavier as a result. A tap's "tone" is influenced by its weight as well as its surface shape, which may be concave or convex.<sup id="cite_ref-DanceAdvantage_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DanceAdvantage-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tonal quality of a tap can also be influenced by the material it is made from, and the presence of a soundboard. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TapShoeSide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Side view of tap shoe, showing taps mounted to bottoms of heel and toe"><img alt="Side view of tap shoe, showing taps mounted to bottoms of heel and toe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TapShoeSide.jpg/200px-TapShoeSide.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TapShoeSide.jpg/300px-TapShoeSide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TapShoeSide.jpg/400px-TapShoeSide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5366" data-file-height="3019" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Side view of tap shoe, showing taps mounted to bottoms of heel and toe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TapShoeHeel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metal tap on bottom of heel"><img alt="Metal tap on bottom of heel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/TapShoeHeel.jpg/200px-TapShoeHeel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/TapShoeHeel.jpg/300px-TapShoeHeel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/TapShoeHeel.jpg/400px-TapShoeHeel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2274" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Metal tap on bottom of heel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TapShoeToe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metal tap on bottom of toe"><img alt="Metal tap on bottom of toe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TapShoeToe.jpg/200px-TapShoeToe.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TapShoeToe.jpg/300px-TapShoeToe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TapShoeToe.jpg/400px-TapShoeToe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3723" data-file-height="3312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Metal tap on bottom of toe</div> </li> </ul> <p>Taps are mounted to the sole of the shoe with screws, and sometimes adhesive as well. The screws are driven into a <i>soundboard</i> – a thin fiberboard integrated into the sole that can be firmly "gripped" by the screws – to reliably attach the tap to the shoe. When no adhesive is used, the screws can be loosened or tightened to produce different sounds, whereas tonal quality is fixed when adhesive is used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tap_dance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Step_dance" title="Step dance">Step dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping (African-American)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Irish dance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tap_dance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michiels_Hernandez_29–40_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMichiels_HernandezOzmunKeeton2013" class="citation journal cs1">Michiels Hernandez, Barbara L.; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=%27Bojangles%27+salutes+tap+dancer+who+broke+race+barriers&rft.date=2001-02-02&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2001%2F0202%2Fp18s2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATap+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDURKIN2010" class="citation journal cs1">DURKIN, HANNAH (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26234258">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"TAP DANCING ON THE RACIAL BOUNDARY": RACIAL REPRESENTATION AND ARTISTIC EXPERIMENTATION IN BILL "BOJANGLES" ROBINSON'S STORMY WEATHER PERFORMANCE"</a>. <i>IJAS Online</i> (2): <span class="nowrap">98–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2009-2377">2009-2377</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26234258">26234258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IJAS+Online&rft.atitle=%22TAP+DANCING+ON+THE+RACIAL+BOUNDARY%22%3A+RACIAL+REPRESENTATION+AND+ARTISTIC+EXPERIMENTATION+IN+BILL+%22BOJANGLES%22+ROBINSON%27S+STORMY+WEATHER+PERFORMANCE&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26234258%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2009-2377&rft.aulast=DURKIN&rft.aufirst=HANNAH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26234258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATap+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill2014" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Constance Valis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_HERDAAAQBAJ&q=%22James+Buster+Brown%22"><i>Tap Dancing America: A Cultural History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022538-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022538-4"><bdi>978-0-19-022538-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tap+Dancing+America%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-022538-4&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Constance+Valis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_HERDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522James%2BBuster%2BBrown%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATap+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tap_Dancing_America-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tap_Dancing_America_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValis_Hill2010" class="citation book cs1">Valis Hill, Constantine (2010). <i>Tap Dancing America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539082-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539082-7"><bdi>978-0-19-539082-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tap+Dancing+America&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539082-7&rft.aulast=Valis+Hill&rft.aufirst=Constantine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATap+dance" class="Z3988"></span>"Hoofer, a tap dancer who emphasizes movements from the waist down, and concentrates on the flat-footed percussive intricacies of the feet"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2020" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Mary (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs2753906700003338">"Jamie A. Thomas and Christina Jackson (editors), Embodied Difference: Divergent Bodies in Public Discourse. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2019 (ISBN: 978-1-4985-6386-4)"</a>. <i>Hypatia Reviews Online</i>. <b>2020</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs2753906700003338">10.1017/s2753906700003338</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2753-9067">2753-9067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypatia+Reviews+Online&rft.atitle=Jamie+A.+Thomas+and+Christina+Jackson+%28editors%29%2C+Embodied+Difference%3A+Divergent+Bodies+in+Public+Discourse.+Lanham%2C+Md.%3A+Lexington+Books%2C+2019+%28ISBN%3A+978-1-4985-6386-4%29&rft.volume=2020&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs2753906700003338&rft.issn=2753-9067&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs2753906700003338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATap+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122162725/https://themovingarts.com/soft-shoes-dance/">A Brief History of the Soft Shoes Dance</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup><i>themovingarts.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilao2021" class="citation journal cs1">Silao, Nia (2021-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23734833.2021.1954852">"RIFFS: A Theory of Instruction and Reference for Step Progression in Tap Dance"</a>. <i>Dance Education in Practice</i>. <b>7</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23734833.2021.1954852">10.1080/23734833.2021.1954852</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2373-4833">2373-4833</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237548320">237548320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dance+Education+in+Practice&rft.atitle=RIFFS%3A+A+Theory+of+Instruction+and+Reference+for+Step+Progression+in+Tap+Dance&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2021-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237548320%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2373-4833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23734833.2021.1954852&rft.aulast=Silao&rft.aufirst=Nia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F23734833.2021.1954852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATap+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beholders-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beholders_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Origin Of Tap Dance, Beholders.org, 12 Sept 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.blochworld.com/blogs/advice-and-education/tap-shoe-guide">"Tap Shoe Guide | Bloch US"</a>. <i>BLOCH Dance US</i>. 2022-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BLOCH+Dance+US&rft.atitle=Tap+Shoe+Guide+%7C+Bloch+US&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fus.blochworld.com%2Fblogs%2Fadvice-and-education%2Ftap-shoe-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATap+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abbystandingtap.com/anatomy-of-a-tap-shoe">"Anatomy of a tap shoe"</a>. <i>www.abbystandingtap.com</i>. 2016-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abbystandingtap.com&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+a+tap+shoe&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abbystandingtap.com%2Fanatomy-of-a-tap-shoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATap+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellerose2021" class="citation web cs1">Bellerose, Author Samantha (2021-09-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://danceparent101.com/how-to-choose-the-right-shoes-for-tap-dance-classes/">"How to Choose the Right Shoes for Tap Dance Classes?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Choose+the+Right+Shoes+for+Tap+Dance+Classes%3F&rft.date=2021-09-12&rft.aulast=Bellerose&rft.aufirst=Author+Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdanceparent101.com%2Fhow-to-choose-the-right-shoes-for-tap-dance-classes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATap+dance" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DanceAdvantage-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DanceAdvantage_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danceadvantage.net/2011/07/05/the-taps/">"Customizing Your Tap Shoes: The Taps"</a>. Dance Advantage. 2011-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Customizing+Your+Tap+Shoes%3A+The+Taps&rft.pub=Dance+Advantage&rft.date=2011-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danceadvantage.net%2F2011%2F07%2F05%2Fthe-taps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATap+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tap_dance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmesSiegelman1977" class="citation book cs1">Ames, Jerry; Siegelman, Jim (1977). <i>The Book of Tap: Recovering America's Long Lost Dance</i>. David McKay Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679506152" title="Special:BookSources/0679506152"><bdi>0679506152</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2493445">2493445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Tap%3A+Recovering+America%27s+Long+Lost+Dance&rft.pub=David+McKay+Company&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2493445&rft.isbn=0679506152&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.au=Siegelman%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATap+dance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeibert2015" class="citation book cs1">Seibert, Brian (2015). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whateyehearshist0000seib"><i>What the Eye Hears: A History of Tap Dancing</i></a></span>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429947619" title="Special:BookSources/9781429947619"><bdi>9781429947619</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898419561">898419561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+the+Eye+Hears%3A+A+History+of+Tap+Dancing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898419561&rft.isbn=9781429947619&rft.aulast=Seibert&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhateyehearshist0000seib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATap+dance" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tap_dance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tap_dance" class="extiw" title="commons:Tap dance"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Tap dance</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012225818/http://beholders.org/mind/artshistoryculture/138-origintapdance.html">The Origin of Tap Dance</a> at beholders.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatredance.com/tap/">All About Tap Dance</a> at TheatreDance</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danceviewtimes.com/dvny/features/2003/o%27connor.html">Interview with Donald O'Connor on the history of tap dancing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100822231422/http://fora.tv/2010/07/01/Tap_Cutting_Edge_American_Dance_Form">Archival footage of Dianne Walker, Derick K. Grant, and Constance Vallis Hill in <i>PillowTalks: Tap Dancing in America</i> at Jacob's Pillow, 7/1/2010</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tapdancedictionary.com">Tap dance dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afropop.org/audio-programs/the-black-history-of-tap-dancing-2">"The Black History of Tap Dancing"</a>—<i><a href="/wiki/Afropop_Worldwide" title="Afropop Worldwide">Afropop Worldwide</a></i>, 1 December 2022</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:African-American_dance" title="Template:African-American dance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African-American_dance" title="Template talk:African-American dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African-American_dance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African-American dance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African-American_dance26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">African-American dance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey_American_Dance_Theater" title="Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater">Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Negro_Ballet_Company" title="American Negro Ballet Company">American Negro Ballet Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Buck dance">Buck dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cakewalk" title="Cakewalk">Cakewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_stepping" title="Chicago stepping">Chicago stepping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_for_eels" title="Dancing for eels">Dancing for eels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_down" title="Get down">Get down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" title="Hip-hop dance">Hip-hop dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">Breakdancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locking_(dance)" title="Locking (dance)">Locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_(freestyle_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogaloo (freestyle dance)">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strutting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strutting (page does not exist)">Strutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">Popping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_dance" title="Juba dance">Juba dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_de_flo%27" title="Set de flo'">Set de flo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_drag_(dance)" title="Slow drag (dance)">Slow drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_dance_(African-American)" title="Stick dance (African-American)">Stick dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tap dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(dance)" title="Vogue (dance)">Vogue</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_(V)_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="..."><img alt="..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_%28V%29_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/69px-William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_%28V%29_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_%28V%29_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/104px-William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_%28V%29_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_%28V%29_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/138px-William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_%28V%29_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dance369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dance" title="Template:Dance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dance" title="Template talk:Dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dance369" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_dance_articles" title="Index of dance articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_dance" title="Outline of dance">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dances" title="List of dances">List of dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dancers" title="List of dancers">List of dancers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solo_dance" title="Solo dance">Solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner_dance" title="Partner dance">Partner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Close_embrace" title="Close embrace">close embrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_position" title="Closed position">closed position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_position" title="Open position">open position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_dance" title="Slow dance">slow dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra_dance" title="Contra dance">contra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_dance" title="Line dance">line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_dance" title="Round dance">round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">square</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_dance" title="Social dance">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_dance" title="Competitive dance">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_dance" title="Concert dance">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstatic_dance" title="Ecstatic dance">Ecstatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_dance" title="Erotic dance">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_go_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Go go dance">Go go dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(dance)" title="Grinding (dance)">Grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoochie_coochie" title="Hoochie coochie">Hoochie coochie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_dance" title="Lap dance">Lap dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Burlesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Burlesque">Neo-Burlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_dance" title="Pole dance">Pole dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">Striptease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_dance" title="Table dance">Table dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twerking" title="Twerking">Twerking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_crazes" title="Dance crazes">Dance crazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_dance" title="Sacred dance">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_dance" title="War dance">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_styles" title="List of dance styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acro_dance" title="Acro dance">Acro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dance" title="Ballroom dance">Ballroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_dance" title="Formation dance">formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_(funk_dance)" title="Boogaloo (funk dance)">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">Breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_dance" title="Contemporary dance">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country%E2%80%93western_dance" title="Country–western dance">Country–western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" title="Hip-hop dance">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_dance" title="Historical dance">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_dance" title="Jazz dance">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_dance" title="Latin dance">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_dance" title="Lyrical dance">Lyrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_dance" title="Postmodern dance">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-step_(dance_move)" title="Two-step (dance move)">Two-step</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_technique" title="Category:Dance technique">Technique</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_technique" title="Ballet technique">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreography_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choreography (dance)">Choreography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connection_(dance)" title="Connection (dance)">Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_theory" title="Dance theory">Dance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_technique" title="Graham technique">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_and_follow" title="Lead and follow">Lead and follow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_move" title="Dance move">Moves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dance_moves" title="Glossary of dance moves">glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicality" title="Musicality">Musicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_technique" title="Pointe technique">Pointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_dance" title="Pole dance">Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_dance" title="Sequence dance">Sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotting_(dance_technique)" title="Spotting (dance technique)">Spotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnout_(ballet)" title="Turnout (ballet)">Turnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_(dance_and_gymnastics)" title="Turn (dance and gymnastics)">Turns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic,_regional,_and_folk_dances_by_origin" title="List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin">Regional</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_dances" title="List of national dances">national<br />dances</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_dance" title="African dance">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_dances" title="List of Albanian dances">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_folk_dances" title="Arab folk dances">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_folk_dance" title="Austrian folk dance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_traditional_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian traditional dance">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian dances">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_dance" title="Burmese dance">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia" title="Dance in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cameroon" title="Dance in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Canada" title="Dance in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian dances">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba" title="Dance from Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_folk_dance" title="Danish folk dance">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_chain_dance" title="Faroese chain dance">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_dance" title="Balinese dance">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese dance">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundanese dance">Sunda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Dances in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_folk_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli folk dancing">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_traditional_dance" title="Japanese traditional dance">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dance" title="Korean dance">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Malaysia" title="Dance in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk dance of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Nepal" title="Dance in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_folk_dance" title="Dutch folk dance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian dances">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine dance">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_folk_dance" title="Russian folk dance">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dances" title="Serbian dances">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore" title="Dance in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Dance in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Uzbekistan" title="Dance in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Venezuela" title="Dance in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Vietnamese dance">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Dance of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Zimbabwe" title="Dance in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance" title="Category:Dance">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physically_integrated_dance" title="Physically integrated dance">Dance and disability</a></li> <li><a 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