CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sacred dance - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"339914a3-0266-4a2a-8af5-37258a829140","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sacred_dance","wgTitle":"Sacred dance","wgCurRevisionId":1228293728,"wgRevisionId":1228293728,"wgArticleId":1543851,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Good articles","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Sacred dance","Ritual dances"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sacred_dance","wgRelevantArticleId":1543851,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false, "wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3304462","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready", "user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg/1200px-Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1886"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg/800px-Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1257"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg/640px-Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1006"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sacred dance - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_dance"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_dance"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sacred_dance rootpage-Sacred_dance skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sacred+dance" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sacred+dance" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sacred+dance" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sacred+dance" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Purposes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_ancient_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_ancient_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In ancient times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_ancient_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_world_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_world_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In world religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_world_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In world religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_world_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_and_Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_and_Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Islam and Sufism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_and_Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syncretic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syncretic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Syncretic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syncretic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_and_New_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_and_New_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Spiritual and New Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_and_New_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Western_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Western_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In Western art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Western_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sacred dance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_sagrada" title="Danza sagrada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Danza sagrada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_danco" title="Sankta danco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankta danco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="رقص مقدس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رقص مقدس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_dance" title="Sacred dance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sacred dance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E8%88%9E" title="神聖舞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="神聖舞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3304462#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_dance" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sacred_dance" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_dance"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_dance"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sacred_dance" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sacred_dance" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&oldid=1228293728" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sacred_dance&id=1228293728&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSacred_dance"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSacred_dance"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sacred_dance&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sacred_dances" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3304462" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Use of dance in religious ceremonies and rituals</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg/300px-Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="471" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg/450px-Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg/600px-Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a>, one of the classical sacred dance styles of India</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sacred dance</b> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a> in religious <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>, present in most religions throughout history and prehistory. Its connection with the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> has caused it to be forbidden by some religions; for example, some branches of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> have prohibited dancing. Dance has formed a major element of worship in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a>, with strictly formalized styles such as <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a>, which require skilled dancers and temple musicians. In the 20th century, sacred dance has been revived by <a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">choreographers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Wosien" title="Bernhard Wosien">Bernhard Wosien</a> as a means of developing community spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_Gaston_2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston_Gaston_2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purposes">Purposes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sang_Hyang_dans_TMnr_60052123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sang_Hyang_dans_TMnr_60052123.jpg/200px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sang_Hyang_dans_TMnr_60052123.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sang_Hyang_dans_TMnr_60052123.jpg/300px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sang_Hyang_dans_TMnr_60052123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sang_Hyang_dans_TMnr_60052123.jpg/400px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sang_Hyang_dans_TMnr_60052123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The Balinese Sacred Dance <a href="/wiki/Sanghyang" title="Sanghyang">Sanghyang</a> Dedari involves girls being possessed by <a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">hyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The theologian <a href="/wiki/W._O._E._Oesterley" title="W. O. E. Oesterley">W. O. E. Oesterley</a> proposed in 1923 that sacred dance had several purposes, the most important being to honour supernatural powers; the other purposes were to "show off" before the powers; to unite the dancer with a supernatural power, as in the dances for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> goddesses <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Lawler_1947_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawler_1947-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the body suitable as a temporary dwelling-place for the deity, by <a href="/wiki/Ecstatic_dance" title="Ecstatic dance">dancing ecstatically</a> to unconsciousness; making crops grow, or helping or encouraging the deity to make them grow, as with Ariadne's Dance as described in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oesterley_2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oesterley_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consecrating a victim for sacrifice (as with the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> circling the altar, or the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> <a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayans</a> circling a sacrificial pig); paying homage to the deity present for an initiation ceremony; helping warriors to victory in battle, and appeasing the spirits of the enemy killed in battle; averting the dangers associated with marriage, at a wedding ceremony; and at a funeral or mourning ceremony, purposes such as driving away the malevolent ghost of the dead person, or preventing the ghost from leaving the grave, or frightening off any evil spirits attracted by the corpse, or temporarily and invisibly bringing the dead person back to join in the dance, or simply honouring the dead person.<sup id="cite_ref-Oesterley_2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oesterley_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dancer and scholar Harriet Lihs in 2009 divided religious <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a> into dances of imitation, such as of animals thought to be <a href="/wiki/Spirit_guide" title="Spirit guide">spirit messengers</a>, or of battles; "medicine dances", i.e. dances of healing, like the <a href="/wiki/Paampu_attam" title="Paampu attam">serpent dances in India</a> used to prevent disease; commemorative dances, for events such as the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>; and dances for spiritual connection, as in the whirling dance of the <a href="/wiki/Whirling_Dervish" class="mw-redirect" title="Whirling Dervish">Whirling Dervishes</a> within <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELihs20096–7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELihs20096–7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laura Shannon, a teacher of sacred dance for women,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShannon2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2018 stated the purposes of contemporary sacred dance as practised at the <a href="/wiki/Findhorn_Foundation" title="Findhorn Foundation">Findhorn Foundation</a> as "to be inclusive, mutually supportive, to connect with the earth, spirit and each other, and to become more whole." It was a means of channelling "healing energy" both for the dancers and for their families and communities, indeed for the whole world.<sup id="cite_ref-Shannon_2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shannon_2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within religion, <a href="/wiki/Ecstatic_dance" title="Ecstatic dance">ecstatic dance</a> is one of the ways in which <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">religious ecstasy</a> is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulland_2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulland_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_ancient_times">In ancient times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In ancient times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">Ceremonial dance</a></div> <p>Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">ceremonial dance</a> rituals around the world appear to preserve forms that were widespread in ancient times. For example, processionals and <a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle dances</a> seen in indigenous dance today were <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Dance in ancient Egypt">used in ancient Egypt</a> and among the <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELihs20097–8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELihs20097–8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient Egypt, dancers impersonated a deity such as the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>, taking on the deity's attributes and interpreting the divine world for those watching.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark_2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark_2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient Israel, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> mentions dancing during religious worship.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prophet <a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a> led dancing following the crossing of the Red Sea during the <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Exodus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the return of the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> to Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> danced "before the Lord with all his might".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mark_2017_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark_2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dancing is mentioned as something familiar, implying it was a common practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOesterley201037_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOesterley201037-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sacred dance is described in the Bible by verbs meaning dancing, rotating, jumping, skipping, and whirling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOesterley201044–53_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOesterley201044–53-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dance was accompanied by hand-drums (tambourines), cymbals, flutes, pipes, lyres, harps, and lutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOesterley201052_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOesterley201052-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> are shown in a sacred processional dance in a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 BC</span>rock inscription at the sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya" title="Yazılıkaya">Yazılıkaya</a>, near their city of <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>. A group of men wearing conical hats and tip-tilted shoes, and a group of women, dance in a running step towards a group of named gods and goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOesterley201059_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOesterley201059-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient Greece, sacred dance was widespread; indeed, it formed a part of almost all worship, and the gods <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a> are all described as dancers, while other deities such as <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> were described as dancing with their companions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOesterley201064,_68_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOesterley201064,_68-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">Hula</a> dances to <a href="/wiki/Pele_(deity)" title="Pele (deity)">Pele</a>, the volcano goddess, survive, whereas European <a href="/wiki/Maypole_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Maypole dance">maypole dances</a> have lost their meaning as tree-worship and survive only as folk tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELihs20097–8_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELihs20097–8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewis Farnell, an anthropologist, observed that sacred dance has an "extraordinary uniformity" among indigenous peoples all over the world, something that he found so striking that it suggested either "belief in an ultimately identical tradition, or, perhaps more reasonably, the psychologic theory that ... [humans] at the same stage of development respond with the same ... religious act to the same stimuli" from the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oesterley suggested that these stimuli to sacred dance were people's response to supernatural power, and "the obtaining of food."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOesterley20102–3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOesterley20102–3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hattusa,_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_40.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hittite gods in a processional dance, Yazılıkaya, Hattusa. 13th century BC"><img alt="Hittite gods in a processional dance, Yazılıkaya, Hattusa. 13th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_40.jpg/175px-Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_40.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_40.jpg/263px-Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_40.jpg/350px-Hattusa%2C_capital_of_the_Hittite_Empire_40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4515" data-file-height="2833" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> gods in a processional dance, <a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya" title="Yazılıkaya">Yazılıkaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>. 13th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_the_Dancers_(detail).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dancers in ancient Egypt. Tomb of the Dancers, 17th Dynasty, Thebes. 5th or 4th century BC"><img alt="Dancers in ancient Egypt. Tomb of the Dancers, 17th Dynasty, Thebes. 5th or 4th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tomb_of_the_Dancers_%28detail%29.JPG/175px-Tomb_of_the_Dancers_%28detail%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tomb_of_the_Dancers_%28detail%29.JPG/263px-Tomb_of_the_Dancers_%28detail%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tomb_of_the_Dancers_%28detail%29.JPG/350px-Tomb_of_the_Dancers_%28detail%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dancers in ancient Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Dancers" title="Tomb of the Dancers">Tomb of the Dancers</a>, 17th Dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>. 5th or 4th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancer_at_festival_of_Apollo_Karneios,_wearing_kalatiskos_hat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dancer at festival of Apollo Karneios, wearing kalatiskos straw hat. 5th century BC"><img alt="Dancer at festival of Apollo Karneios, wearing kalatiskos straw hat. 5th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dancer_at_festival_of_Apollo_Karneios%2C_wearing_kalatiskos_hat.jpg/131px-Dancer_at_festival_of_Apollo_Karneios%2C_wearing_kalatiskos_hat.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dancer_at_festival_of_Apollo_Karneios%2C_wearing_kalatiskos_hat.jpg/197px-Dancer_at_festival_of_Apollo_Karneios%2C_wearing_kalatiskos_hat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dancer_at_festival_of_Apollo_Karneios%2C_wearing_kalatiskos_hat.jpg/262px-Dancer_at_festival_of_Apollo_Karneios%2C_wearing_kalatiskos_hat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dancer at festival of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Karneios" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Karneios">Apollo Karneios</a>, wearing <i>kalatiskos</i> straw hat. 5th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hula dance in Hawaii derives from the worship of the volcano goddess Pele."><img alt="Hula dance in Hawaii derives from the worship of the volcano goddess Pele." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg/175px-Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg/263px-Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg/350px-Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="1335" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">Hula</a> dance in Hawaii derives from the worship of the volcano goddess <a href="/wiki/Pele_(deity)" title="Pele (deity)">Pele</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A9nade_relieve_romano_(Museo_del_Prado)_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dancing maenad holding a thyrsus. Roman copy of 5th century BC Greek original"><img alt="Dancing maenad holding a thyrsus. Roman copy of 5th century BC Greek original" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/M%C3%A9nade_relieve_romano_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_04.jpg/104px-M%C3%A9nade_relieve_romano_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/M%C3%A9nade_relieve_romano_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_04.jpg/156px-M%C3%A9nade_relieve_romano_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/M%C3%A9nade_relieve_romano_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_04.jpg/207px-M%C3%A9nade_relieve_romano_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="1925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dancing <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenad</a> holding a <a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">thyrsus</a>. Roman copy of 5th century BC Greek original</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_dancing_before_the_Ark-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King David dancing before the Ark. Italian terracotta, c. 1660"><img alt="King David dancing before the Ark. Italian terracotta, c. 1660" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/David_dancing_before_the_Ark-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/175px-David_dancing_before_the_Ark-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/David_dancing_before_the_Ark-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/263px-David_dancing_before_the_Ark-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/David_dancing_before_the_Ark-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/350px-David_dancing_before_the_Ark-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> dancing before <a href="/wiki/The_Ark_of_the_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ark of the Covenant">the Ark</a>. Italian terracotta, c. 1660</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_world_religions">In world religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In world religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whirling_dervishes,_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Whirling_dervishes%2C_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg/200px-Whirling_dervishes%2C_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Whirling_dervishes%2C_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg/300px-Whirling_dervishes%2C_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Whirling_dervishes%2C_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg/400px-Whirling_dervishes%2C_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Whirling_Dervishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Whirling Dervishes">Whirling Dervishes</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ecstatic_dance" title="Ecstatic dance">Ecstatic dance</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Jewish dance</a></div> <p>Most branches of Judaism observe the festival of <a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a>, which includes dancing in synagogues. The <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> movement, which dates from the 18th century, practices dancing in a religious context. Dancing is also an important part of the celebrations at a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish wedding</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Christian traditions make use of <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical dance">liturgical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Worship_dance" title="Worship dance">worship dance</a>, but it has long been controversial within the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark_2017_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark_2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been supported, sometimes fervently, by both priests and Christian scholars; and opposed, sometimes stridently, by others who for example wrote some 157 tracts against dance between 1685 and 1963. The early church was largely in favour of dance, with the eminent Church Father Augustine arguing that Christian dance ought to be orderly according to a reasoned rhythm, in harmony with the Jewish tradition, but in contrast to ecstatic Greco-Roman dance.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical early Christian dance is the 2nd century AD circle dance in the <i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John" title="Acts of John">Acts of John</a></i> which states that "Grace danceth. I would pipe: dance ye all. The whole world on high hath part in our dancing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELihs200914–16_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELihs200914–16-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWosien197428_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWosien197428-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circle dance is used, in its more meditative form, in worship within religious traditions including the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shiloah_2001_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiloah_2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In northern Greece and southern Bulgaria, in the annual celebrations for <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Saint Constantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helena_(Empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (Empress)">Saint Helen</a>, dancers perform the <a href="/wiki/Anastenaria" title="Anastenaria">Anastenaria</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fire-walking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-walking">fire-walking</a> ritual, as the climax of three days of processions, music, dancing, and animal sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dances</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mohiniattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohiniattam">Mohiniattam</a> can be traced to the Sanskrit text <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeld467_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeld467-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-khokar57_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khokar57-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are a traditional drama-dance expression of religion,<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2013p195_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2013p195-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> related to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, pan-Hindu epics and the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic literature">Vedic literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a religious art, they are either performed inside the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanctum_(Temple)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanctum (Temple) (page does not exist)">sanctum</a> of a Hindu temple, or near it.<sup id="cite_ref-lipner206_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipner206-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holmbowker85_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmbowker85-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_and_Sufism">Islam and Sufism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islam and Sufism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dance is unusual within Islam, but circle dance is used in the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a> dances.<sup id="cite_ref-Shiloah_2001_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiloah_2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi Order</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, ecstatic <a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a> is practised by devotees as a form of active meditation within the <a href="/wiki/Sema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema">Sama</a> (worship ceremony).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MOA_sema_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOA_sema-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Sufi practices including ecstatic dance and the reciting of religious poetry were a focus for political resistance in Iran, reportedly <a href="/wiki/Dancing_ban#islam" title="Dancing ban">banned</a> by <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> clerics.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syncretic">Syncretic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syncretic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> <a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religious tradition</a> <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a>, practiced mainly in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, makes use of music and ecstatic dance in which worshippers become possessed by their own tutelary deities, <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orishas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_and_New_Age">Spiritual and New Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spiritual and New Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_St_Denis_in_Egypta_1910_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ruth_St_Denis_in_Egypta_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Ruth_St_Denis_in_Egypta_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ruth_St_Denis_in_Egypta_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Ruth_St_Denis_in_Egypta_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ruth_St_Denis_in_Egypta_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Ruth_St_Denis_in_Egypta_1910_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">Ruth St. Denis</a>, in a dance pose inspired by the Egyptian goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>. Photographed by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Sarony" title="Otto Sarony">Otto Sarony</a>, 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> and spiritual teacher <a href="/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff">George Gurdjieff</a> collected or authored a series of sacred dances, known as <a href="/wiki/Gurdjieff_movements" title="Gurdjieff movements">Gurdjieff movements</a>, and taught them to his students as part of what he considered the work of "self observation" and "self study".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a>, created in the 1960s by North American Sufis, leading among whom was <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Lewis" title="Samuel L. Lewis">Samuel L. Lewis</a> (Sufi Ahmed Murad Chisti). The very first dance took place on 16 March, 1968 in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California. It uses dancing, Sufi whirling, and singing of sacred phrases from a range different religions and spiritual traditions to raise consciousness and promote peace .<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELihs200917_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELihs200917-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1976, the ballet master and choreographer <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Wosien" title="Bernhard Wosien">Bernhard Wosien</a> introduced circle dance at the Findhorn Foundation in Scotland. He used both traditional dances and his own choreography to develop "group awareness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts20066–10_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts20066–10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wosien's approach was taken up by the dance teacher Anna Barton, both at Findhorn and across Europe in the 1980s, and this style of sacred dance spread around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Shannon_2018_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shannon_2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Western_art">In Western art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Western art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Choreographers starting with <a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Isadora Duncan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">Ruth St. Denis</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Ted Shawn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_dance" title="Contemporary dance">contemporary dance</a> early in the 20th century, often using elements of sacred dance and fusing them with other genres. Later choreographers also made use of themes from the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-SDG_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDG-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clemente_2008_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clemente_2008-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gaston_Gaston_2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaston_Gaston_2014_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGastonGaston2014" class="citation book cs1">Gaston, Anne-Marie (Anjali); Gaston, Tony (1 February 2014). "Dance as a Way of Being Religious". In Brown, Frank Burch (ed.). <i>Oxford Handbooks Online</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">182–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195176674.013.010">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195176674.013.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195176674" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195176674"><bdi>978-0195176674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dance+as+a+Way+of+Being+Religious&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbooks+Online&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195176674.013.010&rft.isbn=978-0195176674&rft.aulast=Gaston&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie+%28Anjali%29&rft.au=Gaston%2C+Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawler_1947-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawler_1947_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawler1947" class="citation journal cs1">Lawler, Lillian Brady (March 1947). "The Dance in Ancient Greece". <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>42</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>349. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/291645">291645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Dance+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E343-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.date=1947-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F291645%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Lillian+Brady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomer" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Iliad" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iliad">The Iliad</a></i>. pp. 18: 590–606.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad&rft.pages=18%3A+590-606&rft.au=Homer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oesterley_2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oesterley_2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oesterley_2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOesterley2010">Oesterley 2010</a>, pp. 22–30 and passim</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELihs20096–7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELihs20096–7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLihs2009">Lihs 2009</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShannon2016_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShannon2016">Shannon 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shannon_2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shannon_2018_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shannon_2018_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShannon2018" class="citation web cs1">Shannon, Laura (30 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findhorn.org/blog/sacred-dance-in-findhorn/">"Sacred Dance, Armenian Dance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Findhorn_Foundation" title="Findhorn Foundation">Findhorn Foundation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Dance%2C+Armenian+Dance&rft.pub=Findhorn+Foundation&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findhorn.org%2Fblog%2Fsacred-dance-in-findhorn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulland_2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ulland_2012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlland2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ulland, Dagfinn (1 January 2012). "Embodied Spirituality". <i>Archive for the Psychology of Religion</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157361212x645340">10.1163/157361212x645340</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220262836">220262836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archive+for+the+Psychology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Embodied+Spirituality&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157361212x645340&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220262836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ulland&rft.aufirst=Dagfinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELihs20097–8-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELihs20097–8_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELihs20097–8_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLihs2009">Lihs 2009</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark_2017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_2017_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_2017_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_2017_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1075/music--dance-in-ancient-egypt/">"Music & Dance in Ancient Egypt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+%26+Dance+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F1075%2Fmusic--dance-in-ancient-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: Exodus 15:20, Exodus 32:19, 2 Samuel 6, 1 Chronicles 15:29, Psalm 149, Psalm 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exodus 15:20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2 <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a> 6:14, 1 <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a> 15:29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOesterley201037-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOesterley201037_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOesterley2010">Oesterley 2010</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOesterley201044–53-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOesterley201044–53_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOesterley2010">Oesterley 2010</a>, pp. 44–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOesterley201052-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOesterley201052_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOesterley2010">Oesterley 2010</a>, pp. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOesterley201059-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOesterley201059_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOesterley2010">Oesterley 2010</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOesterley201064,_68-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOesterley201064,_68_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOesterley2010">Oesterley 2010</a>, pp. 64, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarnell2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Richard_Farnell" title="Lewis Richard Farnell">Farnell, Lewis Richard</a> (2009) [2005]. <i>The Evolution of Religion | An Anthropological Study</i>. Cornell University Library. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1112156984" title="Special:BookSources/978-1112156984"><bdi>978-1112156984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Religion+%7C+An+Anthropological+Study&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Library&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1112156984&rft.aulast=Farnell&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOesterley20102–3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOesterley20102–3_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOesterley2010">Oesterley 2010</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, G. Mick. The reasoned rhythm of ritual: dance in early Christianity. 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELihs200914–16-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELihs200914–16_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLihs2009">Lihs 2009</a>, pp. 14–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWosien197428-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWosien197428_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWosien1974">Wosien 1974</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"We ended with a circle dance." "A short session of circle dance was one of the activities on offer..."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214192607/http://www.st-james-piccadilly.org/sermons/SJPAnnualRpt2006-2007.pdf">"St. James's Church, Piccadilly Annual Report 2006/2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-james-piccadilly.org/sermons/SJPAnnualRpt2006-2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+James%27s+Church%2C+Piccadilly+Annual+Report+2006%2F2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-james-piccadilly.org%2Fsermons%2FSJPAnnualRpt2006-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...we were able to testify our love to the lord using circle dance and hymn singing."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.new-church-lifeline.org.uk/archive/year2001/may2001.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shiloah_2001-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shiloah_2001_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shiloah_2001_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShiloah2001" class="citation book cs1">Shiloah, Amnon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6gwlvp61s4C&pg=PA143"><i>Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-Cultural Study</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2970-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2970-5"><bdi>0-8143-2970-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+World+of+Islam%3A+A+Socio-Cultural+Study&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8143-2970-5&rft.aulast=Shiloah&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6gwlvp61s4C%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXygalatas2008" class="citation book cs1">Xygalatas, Dimitris (2008). "Firewalking and the Brain: The Physiology of High-Arousal Rituals". In Joseph Bulbulia; Richard Sosis; Erica Harris; Russell Genet; Cheryl Genet; Karen Wyman (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/577136"><i>The Evolution of Religion: Studies, Theories, & Critiques</i></a>. Collins Foundation Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">189–</span>195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Firewalking+and+the+Brain%3A+The+Physiology+of+High-Arousal+Rituals&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Religion%3A+Studies%2C+Theories%2C+%26+Critiques&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.pub=Collins+Foundation+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Xygalatas&rft.aufirst=Dimitris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F577136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXygalatas,_Dimitris2011" class="citation journal cs1">Xygalatas, Dimitris (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/51974539/Ethnography_Historiography_and_the_Making_of_History_in_the_Tradition_of_the_Anastenaria_Hist._Anth.pdf">"Ethnography, Historiography, and the Making of History in the Tradition of the Anastenaria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>History and Anthropology</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757206.2011.546855">10.1080/02757206.2011.546855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154450368">154450368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Ethnography%2C+Historiography%2C+and+the+Making+of+History+in+the+Tradition+of+the+Anastenaria&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757206.2011.546855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154450368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Xygalatas%2C+Dimitris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.au.dk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F51974539%2FEthnography_Historiography_and_the_Making_of_History_in_the_Tradition_of_the_Anastenaria_Hist._Anth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanforth,_Loring_M.1989" class="citation book cs1">Danforth, Loring M. (1989). <i>Firewalking and Religious Healing: The Anastenaria of Greece and the American Firewalking Movement</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691028538" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691028538"><bdi>978-0691028538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firewalking+and+Religious+Healing%3A+The+Anastenaria+of+Greece+and+the+American+Firewalking+Movement&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0691028538&rft.au=Danforth%2C+Loring+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lochtefeld467-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeld467_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld,_James_G.2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/467">467</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-3180-4</bdi></a>. <q>the Natyashastra remains the ultimate authority for any dance form that claims to be 'classical' dance, rather than 'folk' dance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+N-Z&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4&rft.au=Lochtefeld%2C+James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khokar57-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khokar57_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhokar,_Mohan1984" class="citation book cs1">Khokar, Mohan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=prjnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Traditions of Indian classical dance</i></a>. Clarion Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780391032750" title="Special:BookSources/9780391032750"><bdi>9780391032750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+Indian+classical+dance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Clarion+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780391032750&rft.au=Khokar%2C+Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DprjnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2013p195-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown2013p195_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Frank_Burch2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Frank Burch, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8g8BAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972103-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972103-0"><bdi>978-0-19-972103-0</bdi></a>. <q>All of the dances considered to be part of the Indian classical canon (Bharata Natyam, Chhau, Kathak, Kathakali, Manipuri, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Sattriya and Yakshagana) trace their roots to religious practices (...) the Indian diaspora has led to the translocation of Hindu dances to Europe, North America and the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Religion+and+the+Arts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972103-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8g8BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevi,_Ragini1990" class="citation book cs1">Devi, Ragini (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi"><i>Dance Dialects of India</i></a></span>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi/page/25">25</a>-30, <span class="nowrap">67–</span>68, 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0674-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0674-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0674-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+Dialects+of+India&rft.pages=25-30%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E68%2C+166&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0674-0&rft.au=Devi%2C+Ragini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdancedialectsofi0000ragi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lipner206-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lipner206_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipner,_Julius2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Lipner, Julius</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qv3fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA206"><i>Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Routledge. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-24061-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-24061-5"><bdi>978-1-135-24061-5</bdi></a>. <q>Hindu classical dance... developed in a religious context and was given high profile as part of temple worship. There are a number of regional and other styles as well as source texts, but the point we wish to stress is the participative nature of such dance. In form and content, the heart of dance as worship in Hinduism has always been 'expression' (abhinaya), i.e. the enacting of various themes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindus%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-24061-5&rft.au=Lipner%2C+Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqv3fCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holmbowker85-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holmbowker85_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolm,_JeanBowker,_John1994" class="citation book cs1">Holm, Jean; Bowker, John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_nUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85"><i>Worship</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85567-111-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85567-111-9"><bdi>978-1-85567-111-9</bdi></a>. <q>Hindu classical dance-forms, like Hindu music, are associated with worship. References to dance and music are found in the vedic literature...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worship&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85567-111-9&rft.au=Holm%2C+Jean&rft.au=Bowker%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds_nUAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErzen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Erzen, Jale (2008). "The Dervishes Dance -- The Sacred Ritual of Love". <i>Contemporary Aesthetics</i>. <b>6</b>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.7523862.0006.007">2027/spo.7523862.0006.007</a>. <q>ecstatic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Aesthetics&rft.atitle=The+Dervishes+Dance+--+The+Sacred+Ritual+of+Love&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.7523862.0006.007&rft.aulast=Erzen&rft.aufirst=Jale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOA_sema-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MOA_sema_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121221021339/http://www.hayatidede.org/popups/about_sema.htm">"The Sema of the Mevlevi"</a>. Mevlevi Order of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hayatidede.org/popups/about_sema.htm">the original</a> on 21 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sema+of+the+Mevlevi&rft.pub=Mevlevi+Order+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hayatidede.org%2Fpopups%2Fabout_sema.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScolieri2008" class="citation journal cs1">Scolieri, Paul (2008). "Introduction Global/Mobile: Re-orienting Dance and Migration Studies". <i>Dance Research Journal</i>. <b>40</b> (2 (Winter)): XVII. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0149767700000346">10.1017/S0149767700000346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dance+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Introduction+Global%2FMobile%3A+Re-orienting+Dance+and+Migration+Studies&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2+%28Winter%29&rft.pages=XVII&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0149767700000346&rft.aulast=Scolieri&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/candomble/ataglance/glance.shtml">"Religions - Candomblé: Candomblé at glance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 15 September 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinStudlar1997" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Matthew; Studlar, Gaylyn (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2_E_gl9BbYC&pg=PA134"><i>Visions of the East: Orientalism in Film</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-305-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-305-7"><bdi>978-1-86064-305-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+the+East%3A+Orientalism+in+Film&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-305-7&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Studlar%2C+Gaylyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq2_E_gl9BbYC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gurdjieff-dances.com/eng/">"Introduction"</a>. Gurdjieff Dances<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.pub=Gurdjieff+Dances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgurdjieff-dances.com%2Feng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dancesofuniversalpeace.org/about.shtm">"About The Dances of Universal Peace"</a>. Dances of Universal Peace<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+The+Dances+of+Universal+Peace&rft.pub=Dances+of+Universal+Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dancesofuniversalpeace.org%2Fabout.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELihs200917-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELihs200917_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLihs2009">Lihs 2009</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts20066–10-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts20066–10_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2006">Watts 2006</a>, pp. 6–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDG-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SDG_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacreddanceguild.org/about/about-sacred-dance/">"About Sacred Dance"</a>. Sacred Dance Guild<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Sacred+Dance&rft.pub=Sacred+Dance+Guild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacreddanceguild.org%2Fabout%2Fabout-sacred-dance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clemente_2008-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clemente_2008_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClemente2008" class="citation journal cs1">Clemente, Karen (2008). "The Sacred or the Profane: The Challenge of Modern Dance in Religious Educational Settings". <i>Journal of Dance Education</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">62–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15290824.2008.10387360">10.1080/15290824.2008.10387360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194955332">194955332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dance+Education&rft.atitle=The+Sacred+or+the+Profane%3A+The+Challenge+of+Modern+Dance+in+Religious+Educational+Settings&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15290824.2008.10387360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194955332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clemente&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_used">Sources used</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLihs2009" class="citation book cs1">Lihs, Harriet (2009). "Chapter 2 | Dance and Religion". <i>Appreciating dance : a guide to the world's liveliest art</i> (4th ed.). Princeton Book Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87127-318-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87127-318-5"><bdi>978-0-87127-318-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316057759">316057759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2+%7C+Dance+and+Religion&rft.btitle=Appreciating+dance+%3A+a+guide+to+the+world%27s+liveliest+art&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Princeton+Book+Company&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316057759&rft.isbn=978-0-87127-318-5&rft.aulast=Lihs&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOesterley2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._O._E._Oesterley" title="W. O. E. Oesterley">Oesterley, William Oscar Emil</a> (2010) [1923]. <i>The Sacred Dance: A Study in Comparative Folklore</i>. Kessinger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1163177228" title="Special:BookSources/978-1163177228"><bdi>978-1163177228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Dance%3A+A+Study+in+Comparative+Folklore&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1163177228&rft.aulast=Oesterley&rft.aufirst=William+Oscar+Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShannon2016" class="citation book cs1">Shannon, Laura, ed. (2016). <i>String of Pearls : celebrating 40 years of sacred dance in the Findhorn Community</i>. Sarsen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9934358-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9934358-5-0"><bdi>978-0-9934358-5-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1001307546">1001307546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=String+of+Pearls+%3A+celebrating+40+years+of+sacred+dance+in+the+Findhorn+Community&rft.pub=Sarsen+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1001307546&rft.isbn=978-0-9934358-5-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatts2006" class="citation book cs1">Watts, June (2006). <i>Circle Dancing: Celebrating Sacred Dance</i>. Green Magic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9547230-8-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9547230-8-8"><bdi>978-0-9547230-8-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circle+Dancing%3A+Celebrating+Sacred+Dance&rft.pub=Green+Magic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9547230-8-8&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWosien1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maria-Gabriele_Wosien" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria-Gabriele Wosien">Wosien, Maria-Gabriele</a> (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacreddanceencou00wosi"><i>Sacred Dance: Encounter with the Gods</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_and_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames and Hudson">Thames and Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-81006-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-81006-0"><bdi>0-500-81006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Dance%3A+Encounter+with+the+Gods&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-500-81006-0&rft.aulast=Wosien&rft.aufirst=Maria-Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacreddanceencou00wosi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+dance" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hellsten, Laura (2021) <i>Through the Bone and Marrow - Re-examining Theological Encounters with Dance in Medieval Europe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">Brepols</a>.</li> <li>Dickason, Kathryn (2020) <i>Ringleaders of Redemption - How Medieval Dance Became Sacred</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Roth" title="Gabrielle Roth">Roth, Gabrielle</a> (1999) <i>Sweat Your Prayers: Movement as Spiritual Practice</i>. Newleaf.</li> <li>Stewart, Iris J. (1997) <i>Sacred Woman, Sacred Dance: Awakening Spirituality Through Dance and Ritual</i>. Inner Traditions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacreddancer.com/reviews/re_organicanews.htm">Review</a></li> <li>Winton-Henry, Cynthia (2009) <i>Dance - The Sacred Art: The Joy of Movement as a Spiritual Practice</i>. Skylight Paths Publishing.</li> <li>Zehr, Leslie (2008) <i>The Alchemy of Dance: Sacred Dance as a Path to the Universal Dancer</i>. iUniverse.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacreddanceguild.org">Sacred Dance Guild</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findhorn.org/blog/sacred-dance-in-findhorn/">Armenian Sacred Dance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiandance.com">Christian Sacred Dance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231105324/https://www.christiandance.com/">Archived</a> 2021-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishsacreddance.com">Jewish Sacred Dance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacreddance-wosien.net/Einzeln/Sufism/sufism.html">Mevlevi Dervish Turning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurdjieffdominican.com/Gurdjieff_Movements.html">Gurdjieff Dominican Group: Gurdjieff Movements and Sacred Dances</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brantbambery.com/the-centrepiece/">The Centrepiece sessions</a> - Network , for Sacred & Circle and traditional dance</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacreddance.de/">Ausbildungsinstitut Meditation des Tanzes</a> - Sacred Dance</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dance369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dance" title="Template:Dance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dance" title="Template talk:Dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dance369" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_dance_articles" title="Index of dance articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_dance" title="Outline of dance">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dances" title="List of dances">List of dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dancers" title="List of dancers">List of dancers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solo_dance" title="Solo dance">Solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner_dance" title="Partner dance">Partner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Close_embrace" title="Close embrace">close embrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_position" title="Closed position">closed position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_position" title="Open position">open position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_dance" title="Slow dance">slow dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra_dance" title="Contra dance">contra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_dance" title="Line dance">line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_dance" title="Round dance">round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">square</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_dance" title="Social dance">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_dance" title="Competitive dance">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_dance" title="Concert dance">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstatic_dance" title="Ecstatic dance">Ecstatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_dance" title="Erotic dance">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_go_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Go go dance">Go go dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(dance)" title="Grinding (dance)">Grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoochie_coochie" title="Hoochie coochie">Hoochie coochie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_dance" title="Lap dance">Lap dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Burlesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Burlesque">Neo-Burlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_dance" title="Pole dance">Pole dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">Striptease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_dance" title="Table dance">Table dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twerking" title="Twerking">Twerking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_crazes" title="Dance crazes">Dance crazes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_dance" title="War dance">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_styles" title="List of dance styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acro_dance" title="Acro dance">Acro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dance" title="Ballroom dance">Ballroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_dance" title="Formation dance">formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_(funk_dance)" title="Boogaloo (funk dance)">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">Breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_dance" title="Contemporary dance">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country%E2%80%93western_dance" title="Country–western dance">Country–western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" title="Hip-hop dance">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_dance" title="Historical dance">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_dance" title="Jazz dance">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_dance" title="Latin dance">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_dance" title="Lyrical dance">Lyrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_dance" title="Postmodern dance">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_dance" title="Tap dance">Tap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-step_(dance_move)" title="Two-step (dance move)">Two-step</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_technique" title="Category:Dance technique">Technique</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_technique" title="Ballet technique">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreography_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choreography (dance)">Choreography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connection_(dance)" title="Connection (dance)">Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_theory" title="Dance theory">Dance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_technique" title="Graham technique">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_and_follow" title="Lead and follow">Lead and follow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_move" title="Dance move">Moves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dance_moves" title="Glossary of dance moves">glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicality" title="Musicality">Musicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_technique" title="Pointe technique">Pointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_dance" title="Pole dance">Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_dance" title="Sequence dance">Sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotting_(dance_technique)" title="Spotting (dance technique)">Spotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnout_(ballet)" title="Turnout (ballet)">Turnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_(dance_and_gymnastics)" title="Turn (dance and gymnastics)">Turns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic,_regional,_and_folk_dances_by_origin" title="List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin">Regional</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_dances" title="List of national dances">national<br />dances</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_dance" title="African dance">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_dances" title="List of Albanian dances">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_folk_dances" title="Arab folk dances">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_folk_dance" title="Austrian folk dance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_traditional_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian traditional dance">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian dances">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_dance" title="Burmese dance">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia" title="Dance in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cameroon" title="Dance in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Canada" title="Dance in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian dances">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba" title="Dance from Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_folk_dance" title="Danish folk dance">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_chain_dance" title="Faroese chain dance">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_dance" title="Balinese dance">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese dance">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundanese dance">Sunda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Dances in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_folk_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli folk dancing">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_traditional_dance" title="Japanese traditional dance">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dance" title="Korean dance">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Malaysia" title="Dance in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk dance of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Nepal" title="Dance in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_folk_dance" title="Dutch folk dance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian dances">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine dance">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_folk_dance" title="Russian folk dance">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dances" title="Serbian dances">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore" title="Dance in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Dance in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Uzbekistan" title="Dance in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Venezuela" title="Dance in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Vietnamese dance">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Dance of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Zimbabwe" title="Dance in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance" title="Category:Dance">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physically_integrated_dance" title="Physically integrated dance">Dance and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_and_health" title="Dance and health">Dance and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_awards" title="List of dance awards">Dance awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_costume" title="Dance costume">Dance costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_etiquette" title="Dance etiquette">Dance etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">Dance notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_mythology_and_religion" title="Dance in mythology and religion">Dance in mythology and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_occupations" title="List of dance occupations">Dance occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_on_television" title="Dance on television">Dance on television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_research" title="Dance research">Dance research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_science" title="Dance science">Dance science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_technology" title="Dance technology">Dance technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_troupe" title="Dance troupe">Dance troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_mania" title="Dancing mania">Dancing mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_dance" title="History of dance">History of dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Women in dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Circle_dance130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Circle_dance" title="Template:Circle dance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Circle_dance" title="Template talk:Circle dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Circle_dance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Circle dance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Circle_dance130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">Circle dance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_(dance)" title="Adana (dance)">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_dro" title="An dro">An dro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khigga" title="Khigga">khigga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballu_tundu" title="Ballu tundu">Ballu tundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berd" title="Berd">Berd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachua" title="Cachua">Cachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">Dabke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroese dance">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganggangsullae" title="Ganggangsullae">Ganggangsullae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost dance">Ghost dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halay" title="Halay">Halay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hora_(dance)" title="Hora (dance)">Hora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karik%C3%A1z%C3%B3" title="Karikázó">Karikázó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorovod" title="Khorovod">Khorovod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolo_(dance)" title="Kolo (dance)">Kolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rt%C3%A1nc" title="Körtánc">Körtánc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Kurdish dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letkajenkka" title="Letkajenkka">Letkajenkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayim_Mayim" title="Mayim Mayim">Mayim Mayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamzara" title="Tamzara">Tamzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantella" title="Tarantella">Tarantella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabal_chongba" title="Thabal chongba">Thabal chongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tresenica" title="Tresenica">Tresenica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barmaley_Fountain" title="Barmaley Fountain">Barmaley Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">Circumambulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstatic_dance" title="Ecstatic dance">Ecstatic dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation dance">Participation dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_a_Ring_o%27_Roses" title="Ring a Ring o' Roses">Ring a Ring o' Roses</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sacred dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Wosien" title="Bernhard Wosien">Bernhard Wosien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_dances" title="List of dances">List of dances</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&oldid=1228293728">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&oldid=1228293728</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sacred_dance" title="Category:Sacred dance">Sacred dance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ritual_dances" title="Category:Ritual dances">Ritual dances</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 June 2024, at 13:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_dance&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sacred dance</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>5 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.next-6567bdfc66-zh764","wgBackendResponseTime":181,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.653","walltime":"0.769","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3054,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":87226,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2028,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":138811,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 638.607 1 -total"," 38.65% 246.806 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.30% 167.967 18 Template:Cite_book"," 13.98% 89.282 2 Template:Navbox"," 12.55% 80.142 1 Template:Dance"," 11.86% 75.716 14 Template:Sfn"," 10.02% 64.002 19 Template:Main_other"," 7.45% 47.605 1 Template:Good_article"," 7.31% 46.714 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.84% 43.682 1 Template:Top_icon"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.394","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6757383,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBernsteinStudlar1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown,_Frank_Burch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClemente2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanforth,_Loring_M.1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevi,_Ragini1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErzen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarnell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGastonGaston2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolm,_JeanBowker,_John1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHomer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhokar,_Mohan1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawler1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLihs2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipner,_Julius2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochtefeld,_James_G.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOesterley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScolieri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShannon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShannon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiloah2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUlland2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWosien1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXygalatas,_Dimitris2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXygalatas2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Circle dance\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Sacred Dance\"] = 1,\n [\"Dance\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Further information\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.migration-774cd4ffb-qpmmj","timestamp":"20250302033903","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sacred dance","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sacred_dance","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3304462","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3304462","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-02-25T10:02:18Z","dateModified":"2024-06-10T13:01:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6a\/Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg","headline":"use of dance in religious ceremonies and rituals"}</script> </body> </html>