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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translittération_des_consonnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Translittération des consonnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translittération_des_consonnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voyelles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyelles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Voyelles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyelles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lettres_majuscules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lettres_majuscules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lettres majuscules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lettres_majuscules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Translittération Wylie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 40 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie-transliterasie" title="Wylie-transliterasie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wylie-transliterasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="ওয়াইলি প্রতিলিপিকরণ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াইলি প্রতিলিপিকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝའི་ལི་སྒྲ་སྒྱུར། – tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝའི་ལི་སྒྲ་སྒྱུར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteraci%C3%B3_Wylie" title="Transliteració Wylie – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transliteració Wylie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylieho_transliterace_tibet%C5%A1tiny" title="Wylieho transliterace tibetštiny – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wylieho transliterace tibetštiny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вайли – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вайли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umschrift_nach_Wylie" title="Umschrift nach Wylie – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umschrift nach Wylie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Μεταγραφή Γουίλι – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταγραφή Γουίλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Wylie transliteration" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliterumado_Wylie" title="Transliterumado Wylie – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transliterumado Wylie" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteraci%C3%B3n_Wylie" title="Transliteración Wylie – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transliteración Wylie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نویسه‌گردانی وایل – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نویسه‌گردانی وایل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wylie transliteration" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteraci%C3%B3n_Wylie" title="Transliteración Wylie – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transliteración Wylie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="वयली लिप्यंतरण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वयली लिप्यंतरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie-f%C3%A9le_transzliter%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Wylie-féle transzliteráció – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wylie-féle transzliteráció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Վայլի տրանսկրիպցիոն համակարգ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վայլի տրանսկրիպցիոն համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alih_aksara_Wylie" title="Alih aksara Wylie – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alih aksara Wylie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traslitterazione_Wylie" title="Traslitterazione Wylie – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traslitterazione Wylie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="ワイリー方式 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワイリー方式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვაილი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%80%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="와일리 표기법 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="와일리 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translitteratio_Wylie" title="Translitteratio Wylie – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Translitteratio Wylie" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vailio_transliteracija" title="Vailio transliteracija – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vailio transliteracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Транслитерација по Вајли – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Транслитерација по Вајли" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="वयली लिप्यन्तरण – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वयली लिप्यन्तरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_(romanisatie)" title="Wylie (romanisatie) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wylie (romanisatie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie-translitterering" title="Wylie-translitterering – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wylie-translitterering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylietranslitterasjon" title="Wylietranslitterasjon – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wylietranslitterasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਾਇਲੀ ਲਿਪਾਂਤਰਨ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਇਲੀ ਲਿਪਾਂਤਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteracja_Wyliego" title="Transliteracja Wyliego – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transliteracja Wyliego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translitera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Wylie" title="Transliteração Wylie – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transliteração Wylie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Транскрипционная система Вайли – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транскрипционная система Вайли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wylie transliteration" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie-translitterering" title="Wylie-translitterering – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wylie-translitterering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ระบบการถอดอักษรแบบไวลี – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบการถอดอักษรแบบไวลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliterasyonu" title="Wylie transliterasyonu – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wylie transliterasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Вайлі – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вайлі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_chuy%E1%BB%83n_t%E1%BB%B1_Wylie" title="Phương pháp chuyển tự Wylie – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phương pháp chuyển tự Wylie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cette page contient des caractères spéciaux ou non latins. S’ils s’affichent mal (<span style="font-style: normal;">▯, ?</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>), consultez la <a href="/wiki/Aide:Unicode" title="Aide:Unicode">page d’aide Unicode</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Wylie" class="mw-disambig" title="Wylie">Wylie</a>. </p> </div></div> <p>La <b>translittération Wylie</b> est une méthode de <a href="/wiki/Transcription_et_translitt%C3%A9ration" title="Transcription et translittération">translittération</a> des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_tib%C3%A9taine" class="mw-redirect" title="Écriture tibétaine">caractères tibétains</a> dans l'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin">alphabet latin</a>. Elle est aujourd'hui la norme, surtout dans les milieux anglophones. </p><p>Elle porte le nom de <a href="/wiki/Turrell_Wylie" title="Turrell Wylie">Turrell Wylie</a> (1927-1984), qui l'a décrite dans un article publié en 1959<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principe_de_départ"><span id="Principe_de_d.C3.A9part"></span>Principe de départ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Principe de départ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Principe de départ"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’objectif initial était de pouvoir retranscrire le tibétain en utilisant uniquement les caractères disponibles sur une <a href="/wiki/Machine_%C3%A0_%C3%A9crire" title="Machine à écrire">machine à écrire</a> anglophone standard. </p><p>La méthode est également prévue pour retranscrire précisément l'écriture des textes tibétains. Tout système de romanisation du tibétain fait en effet face à un dilemme : doit-il essayer de reproduire précisément les sons du tibétain parlé, ou bien l'orthographe de l'écrit ? Les deux formes diffèrent en effet grandement, du fait que l'orthographe fut fixée au <a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, tandis que la prononciation a continué à évoluer depuis. Tant que les méthodes précédentes tentaient de faire les deux, en cherchant un compromis, elles se révélaient imprécises. La translittération Wylie fut, à l'inverse, conçue pour retranscrire précisément les scripts tibétains. De ce fait, elle a gagné sa place dans les milieux universitaires. Elle n'est cependant pas efficace pour retranscrire la prononciation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translittération_des_consonnes"><span id="Translitt.C3.A9ration_des_consonnes"></span>Translittération des consonnes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Translittération des consonnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Translittération des consonnes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le système translittère les caractères tibétains comme suit : </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Wylie_Consonants.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wylie_Consonants.png/220px-Wylie_Consonants.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="564" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Wylie_Consonants.png 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Translittération des consonnes</figcaption></figure> <table cellpadding="10" style="font-size: 120%"> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཀ </span> ka <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ká]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཁ </span> kha <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[kʰá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ག </span> ga <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɡà/kʰːà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ང </span> nga <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ŋà]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཅ </span> ca <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[tɕá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཆ </span> cha <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[tɕʰá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཇ </span> ja <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[dʑà/tɕʰːà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཉ </span> nya <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɲà]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཏ </span> ta <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[tá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཐ </span> tha <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[tʰá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ད </span> da <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[dà/tʰːà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ན </span> na <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[nà]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">པ </span> pa <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[pá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཕ </span> pha <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[pʰá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">བ </span> ba <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[bà/pʰːà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">མ </span> ma <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[mà]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཙ </span> tsa <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[tsá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཚ </span> tsha <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[tsʰá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཛ </span> dza <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[dzà/tsʰːà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཝ </span> wa <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[wà]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཞ </span> zha <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ʑà/ɕːà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཟ </span> za <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[zà/sːà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">འ </span> 'a <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɦà/ʔːà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཡ </span> ya <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[jà]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ར </span> ra <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[rà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ལ </span> la <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[là]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཤ </span> sha <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɕá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ས </span> sa <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[sá]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཧ </span> ha <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[há]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཨ </span> a <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ʔá]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La lettre finale de l'alphabet tibétain, la consonne nulle <span style="font-size:230%;"><span class="lang-bo" lang="bo">ཨ</span></span>, n'est pas translittérée, sa présence étant implicitement indiquée par une syllabe commençant par une voyelle. </p><p>En tibétain, les groupes de consonnes à l'intérieur d'une même syllabe peuvent être représentés par des lettres préfixées ou suffixées, ou par l'utilisation de lettres super-fixées ou sous-fixées à la lettre-racine (formant ainsi un empilement). Le système Wylie ne fait habituellement pas la différence, puisqu'elle ne donne lieu à aucune ambiguïté selon les règles d'écriture du tibétain. L'exception est cependant la séquence gy-, qui peut être écrite soit avec un préfixe g, soit avec un suffixe y. Dans le système Wylie, ces deux cas sont distingués par l'insertion d'un point entre le préfixe g et le y initial. Par exemple : <span style="font-size:230%;"><span class="lang-bo" lang="bo">གྱང</span></span>, « mur », est transcrit gyang ; tandis que <span style="font-size:230%;"><span class="lang-bo" lang="bo">གཡང</span>་</span>, « précipice », devient g.yang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voyelles">Voyelles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Voyelles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voyelles"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les quatre marques des voyelles (appliquées ici à la lettre muette <span style="font-size:230%;">ཨ</span>) sont transcrites comme suit : </p> <table cellpadding="20" style="font-size: 120%"> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཨི </span> i</td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཨུ </span> u</td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཨེ </span> e</td> <td><span style="font-size:230%; color:#9c3000;">ཨོ </span> o </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Quand une syllabe n'a pas de marqueur de voyelle explicite, la lettre « a » est insérée pour représenter la voyelle inhérente "a" (p.ex. <span style="font-size:230%;">ཨ་</span> = a). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lettres_majuscules">Lettres majuscules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Lettres majuscules" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Lettres majuscules"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bon nombre des systèmes préexistants de translittération du tibétain incluaient un système interne de majuscules (en général, quand la première lettre d'un mot était une consonne préfixe), la première lettre de la racine de ce mot était en majuscule, plutôt que la première lettre du mot. Les dictionnaires tibétains sont classés par lettre de la racine et les préfixes sont souvent silencieux; aussi, la connaissance de la racine donne une meilleure idée de la prononciation. Souvent, cependant, ces systèmes n'étaient pas appliqués de manière cohérente et systématique (souvent pour le seul premier mot de la phrase). </p><p>Puisqu'avoir une majuscule au milieu d'un mot était encombrant, d'utilité limitée pour déterminer la prononciation et probablement superflue pour tout lecteur capable d'utiliser un dictionnaire tibétain, Wylie décida que si une majuscule devait être appliquée à un mot, alors c'est la première lettre qui devait être en majuscule, conformément aux pratiques occidentales. Ainsi, par exemple, une des écoles du bouddhisme (<a href="/wiki/Kagyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a>) s'écrit-elle Bka' rgyud et non bKa' rgyud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensions">Extensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Extensions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Extensions"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le système originel de Wylie ne permet pas de translittérer tous les textes en écriture tibétaine. En particulier, il n’offre de correspondance à presque aucun des signes de ponctuation tibétains, et il ne permet pas de représenter les mots non-tibétains écrits en écriture tibétaine (il s’agit essentiellement de mots sanskrits et de mots phonétiques chinois). De ce fait, des auteurs ont créé, pour répondre à leurs besoins propres, leur propre système ad hoc et incomplet. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_tib%C3%A9taine_et_himalayenne" title="Bibliothèque tibétaine et himalayenne">Bibliothèque tibétaine et himalayenne</a> de l’<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Virginie" title="Université de Virginie">université de Virginie</a> ont développé une norme, la <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique_simplifi%C3%A9e_THL" title="Phonétique simplifiée THL">transcription phonétique simplifiée THL</a> (pour l'anglais <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Tibetan and Himalayan Library</span>) du tibétain standard ou <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Extended Wylie transliteration system</span></i> (EWTS), qui traite ces manques de façon systématique. Elle utilise des lettres majuscules et de la ponctuation latine pour représenter les caractères manquants. Plusieurs logiciels, dont <a href="/wiki/IBus" class="mw-redirect" title="IBus">iBus</a> et <a href="/wiki/Fcitx" title="Fcitx">Fcitx</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU/Linux">GNU/Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>), ainsi que les plus anciens <a href="/wiki/Smart_Common_Input_Method" title="Smart Common Input Method">SCIM</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Input_Method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal Input Method (page inexistante)">UIM</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uim" class="extiw" title="en:Uim"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Uim »">(en)</span></a>, le tout via leurs modules de liaison avec <a href="/wiki/M17n" title="M17n">m17n</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ainsi que <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tise (page inexistante)">Tise</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tise" class="extiw" title="en:Tise"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Tise »">(en)</span></a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>), utilisent de nos jours cette norme, permettant de taper sans restriction les écrits en tibétain (incluant tout le jeu de caractères <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> tibétain) à l’aide d’un clavier en caractères latins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_tib%C3%A9tain" title="Pinyin tibétain">Pinyin tibétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique_simplifi%C3%A9e_THL" title="Phonétique simplifiée THL">Phonétique simplifiée THL</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription</i>, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Harvard-Yenching Institute, vol. 22, p. 261-267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitaltibetan.org/index.php/Tibetan_Input_Method_for_Linux"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Tibetan Input Method for Linux</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">digitaltibetan.org</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.debian.org/Tibetan"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Tibetan</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">debian.org</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Romanisation" title="Modèle:Palette Romanisation"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Romanisation&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Quelques <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Romanisation (écriture)">romanisations</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">écriture chinoise</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Romanisation des langues chinoises">Mandarin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27EFEO" title="Romanisation de l'EFEO">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin">hanyu pinyin</a>/ISO 7098</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sinwenz" title="Latinxua Sinwenz">Latinxua Sinwenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lessing-Othmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lessing-Othmer (page inexistante)">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (page inexistante)">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_postal" title="Pinyin postal">pinyin postal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qieyin_Xinzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qieyin Xinzi (page inexistante)">Qieyin Xinzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_pinyin" title="Tongyong pinyin">tongyong pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Wade-Giles" title="Romanisation Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Yale" title="Romanisation Yale">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">Cantonais</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Barnett-Chao" title="Romanisation Barnett-Chao">Barnett-Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanisation_du_gouvernement_de_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanisation du gouvernement de Hong Kong (page inexistante)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meyer-Wempe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meyer-Wempe (page inexistante)">Meyer-Wempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_cantonais" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin cantonais">Pinyin cantonais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Yale" title="Romanisation Yale">Yale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanisation_Sidney_Lau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanisation Sidney Lau (page inexistante)">Sidney Lau</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Hakka</i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_de_transcription_du_hakka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plan de transcription du hakka (page inexistante)">transcription du hakka</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Minnan</i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_de_transcription_du_hainanais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plan de transcription du hainanais (page inexistante)">transcription du hainanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_du_wu" title="Romanisation du wu">Wu</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_du_wu" title="Romanisation du wu">Méthode phonétique du shangaïen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">écriture coréenne</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_McCune-Reischauer" title="Romanisation McCune-Reischauer">McCune-Reischauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_r%C3%A9vis%C3%A9e_du_cor%C3%A9en" title="Romanisation révisée du coréen">Romanisation révisée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Yale" title="Romanisation Yale">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji">écriture japonaise</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_Hepburn" title="Méthode Hepburn">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei" title="Kunrei">Kunrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon-shiki" title="Nippon-shiki">Nippon-shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese:_The_Spoken_Language" title="Japanese: The Spoken Language">JSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">wāpuro rōmaji</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">écriture arabe</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27arabe" title="Romanisation de l'arabe">Arabe</a></i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArabTeX" title="ArabTeX">ArabTeX</a></li> <li>BGN/PCGN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN 31635</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die_de_l%27Islam" title="Encyclopédie de l'Islam">EI</a></li> <li>GENUNG 1972</li> <li>IGN 1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO 233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233-2" title="ISO 233-2">ISO 233-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calame" title="Calame">Calame</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_du_persan" title="Romanisation du persan">Persan</a></i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li>BGN/PCGN</li> <li>GENUNG</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO 233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233-3" title="ISO 233-3">ISO 233-3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">écriture cyrillique</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_du_bi%C3%A9lorusse" title="Romanisation du biélorusse"><i>Biélorusse</i></a> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li>BGN/PCGN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_%C5%82acinka" title="Alphabet łacinka">alphabet łacinka</a></li> <li>transcription scientifique internationale</li> <li>système national</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bulgare</i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li>BGN/PCGN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_bulgare_officiel_de_translitt%C3%A9ration_des_caract%C3%A8res_cyrilliques" title="Système bulgare officiel de translittération des caractères cyrilliques">système national</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Macédonien</i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li>BGN/PCGN</li> <li>GENUNG</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO/R 9:1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9:1995</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Gagaouze</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_gagaouze_officiel_de_translitt%C3%A9ration_des_caract%C3%A8res_cyrilliques" title="Système gagaouze officiel de translittération des caractères cyrilliques">système national</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Moldave</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_moldave_officiel_de_translitt%C3%A9ration_des_caract%C3%A8res_cyrilliques" title="Système moldave officiel de translittération des caractères cyrilliques">système national</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Roumain</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillique_roumain" title="Cyrillique roumain">système national</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_du_russe" title="Romanisation du russe">Russe</a></i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li>BGN/PCGN</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Standard_2979&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Standard 2979 (page inexistante)">BS 2979</a>:1958</li> <li>GENUNG 1987</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOST_16876&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GOST 16876 (page inexistante)">GOST 16876</a>-1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">GOST 7.79</a>-2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GOST_52535.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GOST 52535.1 (page inexistante)">GOST 52535.1</a>-2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO/R 9</a>:1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9:1995</a></li> <li>Passeports 1997</li> <li>transcription scientifique internationale</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27ukrainien" title="Romanisation de l'ukrainien">Ukrainien</a></i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li>BGN/PCGN</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Standard_2979&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Standard 2979 (page inexistante)">BS 2979</a>:1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a></li> <li>transcription scientifique internationale</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">écritures brahmiques (Asie du Sud et du Sud-Est)</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i>Dhivehi</i>  <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li>Système maldivien (BGN/PCGN et GENUNG)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Devanagari</i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_Hunter" title="Système de Hunter">Système de Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Oriya</i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li>GENUNG</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sanskrit</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Thaï</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">ISO 11940</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Tibétain</i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">translittération Wylie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">autres</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amharique" title="Amharique">Amharique</a></i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li>BGN/PCGN</li> <li>GENUNG/EMA</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27alphabet_arm%C3%A9nien" title="Romanisation de l'alphabet arménien">Arménien</a></i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li>BGN/PCGN</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCbschmann-Meillet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hübschmann-Meillet (page inexistante)">Hübschmann-Meillet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_9985&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 9985 (page inexistante)">ISO 9985</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27alphabet_g%C3%A9orgien" title="Romanisation de l'alphabet géorgien">Géorgien</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_national_de_romanisation_du_g%C3%A9orgien" title="Système national de romanisation du géorgien">Système géorgien</a></li> <li>ALA-LC</li> <li>BGN/PCGN</li> <li>IKE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9984" title="ISO 9984">ISO 9984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIN_32707&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIN 32707 (page inexistante)">DIN 32707</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_du_grec" title="Romanisation du grec">Grec</a></i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Code" title="Beta Code">Beta Code</a></li> <li>BGN/PCGN</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIN_31634&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIN 31634 (page inexistante)">DIN 31634</a></li> <li>GENUNG/ELOT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">ISO 843</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transcription_de_l%27h%C3%A9breu" title="Transcription de l'hébreu">Hébreu</a></i> <ul><li>ALA-LC</li> <li>BGN/PCGN</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIN_31636&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIN 31636 (page inexistante)">DIN 31636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">ISO 259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_litt%C3%A9rature_biblique" title="Transcription de la Société de littérature biblique">SBL</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Romanisations devenues alphabets officiels</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li>Azéri : <a href="/wiki/Az%C3%A9ri" title="Azéri">alphabet azéri</a></li> <li>Ouzbek : <a href="/wiki/Ouzbek#Alphabet_ouzbek" title="Ouzbek">alphabet ouzbek</a></li> <li>Turc : <a href="/wiki/Turc#Alphabet" title="Turc">alphabet turc</a></li> <li>Turkmène : <a href="/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8ne#Alphabet_turkmène" title="Turkmène">alphabet turkmène</a></li> <li>Vietnamien : <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_qu%E1%BB%91c_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Chữ quốc ngữ">Chữ quốc ngữ</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="background-color:#ddddff;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><b>Listes</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_ALA-LC" title="Romanisation ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_BGN/PCGN" title="Romanisation BGN/PCGN">BG/PCGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_DIN" title="Romanisation DIN">DIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_ISO" title="Romanisation ISO">ISO</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Catégories</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Romanisation" title="Catégorie:Romanisation">Catégorie:Romanisation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langues" title="Portail des langues"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/24px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" 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